Modèle de tenségrité viscoélastique pour l'étude de la réponse dynamique des cellules adhérentes
208
0
0
Texte intégral
(2) 81,9(56,7(3$5,6;,,²9$/'(0$51( 8)56&,(1&(6(77(&+12/2*,( . 7+(6('('2&725$7 SRXUO·REWHQWLRQGXJUDGHGH . 1DWWULEXpSDUODELEOLRWKqTXH _B_B_B_B_B_B_B_B_. '2&7(85'(/·81,9(56,7(3$5,6;,,²9$/'(0$51( 'LVFLSOLQH 0(&$1,48(%,20(&$1,48( SUpVHQWpHHWVRXWHQXHSXEOLTXHPHQWSDU 3DWULFN&$f$'$6 OHPDL 7LWUH . 02'(/('(7(16(*5,7(9,6&2(/$67,48( 3285/·(78'('(/$5(3216('<1$0,48('(6 &(//8/(6$'+(5(17(6. -DFTXHV2+$<21 -HDQ)UDQoRLV672/7= 'LGLHU%(//(7 'DQLHO1$9$-$6 . 'HYDQWOHMXU\FRPSRVpGH UDSSRUWHXU 3URIHVVHXUjO·8QLYHUVLWpGH6DYRLH UDSSRUWHXU 3URIHVVHXUjO·8QLYHUVLWp+HQU\3RLQFDUp 3URIHVVHXUjO·,13GH7RXORXVH 3URIHVVHXUjO·8QLYHUVLWDWGH%DUFHORQD. 6\OYLH:(1'/,1*0$168< 'DQLHO,6$%(< . 'LUHFWHXUVGHWKqVH . 0DvWUHGH&RQIpUHQFHVjO·8QLYHUVLWp3DULV;,, 'LUHFWHXUGH5HFKHUFKH&156jO·,16(508 .
(3)
(4) 7DEOHGHVPDWLqUHV . ,QWURGXFWLRQJpQpUDOH . . . . . . . SDJH. 3DUWLH$ /HVPRGqOHVGXFRPSRUWHPHQWPpFDQLTXHGHODFHOOXOH DGKpUHQWHGDQVVRQPLFURHQYLURQQHPHQW²(WDWGHO·DUW SDJH. . ,²'HVFULSWLRQGHODFHOOXOHDGKpUHQWHGDQVVRQPLFURHQYLURQQHPHQWSDJH. . ,²2UJDQLVDWLRQJOREDOHGHODFHOOXOHDGKpUHQWH . . . SDJH. ,²2UJDQLVDWLRQVWUXFWXUDOHGXF\WRVTXHOHWWH. . . SDJH. . SDJH SDJH SDJH. . SDJH. . SDJH. ,,²3URSULpWpVPpFDQLTXHVGHODFHOOXOHDGKpUHQWHGDQVVRQ PLFURHQYLURQQHPHQW . SDJH. ,,²5HYXHGHVSURSULpWpVPpFDQLTXHVGHFHOOXOHVYLYDQWHVWHVWpHV H[SpULPHQWDOHPHQW. SDJH . . . ,²/HUpVHDXG·DFWLQH
(5) /HUpVHDXSURIRQGGHILEUHVGHWHQVLRQV RXILEUHVGHVWUHVV
(6)
(7) /HUpVHDXSpULSKpULTXHRXUpVHDXFRUWLFDOG·DFWLQH ,²/HUpVHDXGHPLFURWXEXOHV ,²/HUpVHDXGHILODPHQWVLQWHUPpGLDLUHV . ,,²3URSULpWpVPpFDQLTXHVJOREDOHVGHODFHOOXOH D
(8) 3DUDPqWUHVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVGHODYLVFRpODVWLFLWpFHOOXODLUH E
(9) 7HFKQLTXHVH[SpULPHQWDOHVVSpFLILTXHVGX&64 F
(10) 5pIOH[LRQ ,,²5{OHPpFDQLTXHGHVILODPHQWVGXF\WRVTXHOHWWH
(11) 5{OHPpFDQLTXHGHVILODPHQWVG·DFWLQH
(12) 5{OHPpFDQLTXHGHVPLFURWXEXOHVHWGHVILODPHQWVLQWHUPpGLDLUHV ,,²&RQFOXVLRQ ,,²/HVPRGqOHVWKpRULTXHVGHODUpSRQVHPpFDQLTXHFHOOXODLUH ,,²/HVSUHPLHUVPRGqOHV ODFHOOXOHFRPPHXQPLOLHXFRQWLQX ,,²/HVSUHPLHUVPRGqOHVVWUXFWXUDX[
(13) /HVPRGqOHVGHJHOVGHSRO\PqUHVHWGHWUDQVLWLRQGHSKDVH
(14) /HVPRGqOHVGHPRXVVHV
(15) /HVPRGqOHVGHEDUUHVpWXGLpVVXLYDQWXQHDSSURFKHDX[pOpPHQWVILQLV. SDJH SDJH SDJH SDJH SDJH SDJH SDJH SDJH SDJH SDJH SDJH SDJH SDJH SDJH.
(16) ,,²/HVPRGqOHVGHWHQVpJULWp
(17) 'pILQLWLRQHWRULJLQHGHVPRGqOHVGHWHQVpJULWp
(18) $SSOLFDWLRQjODELRPpFDQLTXH D
(19) $QDORJLHV6WUXFWXUHGHWHQVpJULWpHW6WUXFWXUHGXF\WRVTXHOHWWH E
(20) 0RGqOHVGHWHQVpJULWpWKpRULTXHV ,,,²&RQFOXVLRQ . . SDJH SDJH SDJH SDJH SDJH. . SDJH. 3DUWLH% (WXGHWKpRULTXHGXFRPSRUWHPHQWPpFDQLTXH GXPRGqOHGHWHQVpJULWpYLVFRpODVWLTXH 079
(21) . SDJH. ,²'HVFULSWLRQGXPRGqOHGHWHQVpJULWpYLVFRpODVWLTXH 079
(22) . SDJH. ,²'pILQLWLRQGXPRGqOHGHWHQVpJULWpYLVFRpODVWLTXH. . . SDJH. ,²&RQGLWLRQVG·pWXGH . . . SDJH. . . . . . . . ,,²(WXGHWKpRULTXHGXFRPSRUWHPHQWPpFDQLTXHHQIOXDJH GX0RGqOH1XPpULTXHGH7HQVpJULWp9LVFRpODVWLTXH 0179
(23) . SDJH . ,,²(TXDWLRQVGHODPpFDQLTXH. . . . ,,²0pWKRGHGHUpVROXWLRQQXPpULTXH . . . . . SDJH . . . . . SDJH. ,,,²(WXGHWKpRULTXHGXFRPSRUWHPHQWPpFDQLTXHG\QDPLTXH GX0RGqOH1XPpULTXHGH7HQVpJULWp9LVFRpODVWLTXH 0179
(24) SDJH. . ,,,²(TXDWLRQVGHODPpFDQLTXH
(25)
(26)
(27) . 6ROXWLRQGXSUREOqPHKRPRJqQHpTXLYDOHQW 6ROXWLRQSDUWLFXOLqUHGHO·pTXDWLRQGLIIpUHQWLHOOHJOREDOH 6ROXWLRQJpQpUDOHGHO·pTXDWLRQGLIIpUHQWLHOOHJOREDOH . ,,,²0pWKRGHGHUpVROXWLRQQXPpULTXH . . . . . SDJH SDJH SDJH SDJH. . SDJH. ,9²$QDO\VHDGLPHQVLRQQHOOHGXFRPSRUWHPHQWPpFDQLTXH GX0RGqOHGH7HQVpJULWp9LVFRpODVWLTXH 079
(28) . SDJH . 3DUWLH& 'HVFULSWLRQGXSURWRFROHH[SpULPHQWDOSRXU ODPHVXUHGHODUpSRQVHHQIUpTXHQFHGXF\WRVTXHOHWWH WHVWpHSDUPDJQpWRF\WRPpWULH . . SDJH. ,²'HVFULSWLRQGXEDQFGHPDJQpWRF\WRPpWULH 07&
(29) . . SDJH. ,,²7UDQVIRUPDWLRQGXGLVSRVLWLIH[SpULPHQWDO . . SDJH. . . .
(30) . ,,,²'HVFULSWLRQGXSURWRFROHH[SpULPHQWDO . . . . 3DUWLH' &DUDFWpULVDWLRQPpFDQLTXHGHVPRGqOHVGH WHQVpJULWp UpVXOWDWVWKpRULTXHVHWH[SpULPHQWDX[²V\QWKqVH . SDJH. SDJH. ,²5pVXOWDWVLVVXVGHVVLPXODWLRQVVXUOHVPRGqOHVQXPpULTXHV SDJH GHWHQVpJULWpYLVFRpODVWLTXH . ,²6LPXODWLRQVGHWHVWVGHIOXDJHGX0RGqOHGH7HQVpJULWp9LVFRpODVWLTXH 079
(31) HQSHWLWHVGpIRUPDWLRQV SDJH ,
(32) (IIHWVGHODUpSDUWLWLRQDQLVRWURSHGHVWHQVLRQVGDQVOHVpOpPHQWV FRQVWLWXWLIVGX079VXUVHVSURSULpWpVYLVFRpODVWLTXHVJOREDOHV SDJH ,
(33) $QDO\VHGHO·HIIHWG·pFKHOOH WDLOOH/
(34) HWGHODWHQVLRQLQWHUQH 7
(35) VXU OHVSURSULpWpVYLVFRpODVWLTXHVGX079 SDJH D
(36) 5{OHGHODWDLOOHGHODVWUXFWXUH SDJH E
(37) 5{OHGHODWHQVLRQLQWHUQHGHODVWUXFWXUH SDJH F
(38) FRPSDUDLVRQDYHFOHVUpVXOWDWVHQVWDWLTXHDYHFGHVPRGqOHVpTXLYDOHQWV SXUHPHQWpODVWLTXHV U{OHGHVFRQGLWLRQVG·DQFUDJH SDJH ,
(39) 5pFDSLWXODWLI SDJH ,²6LPXODWLRQVGHWHVWVGHIOXDJHVXUOH079HQJUDQGHVGpIRUPDWLRQVSDJH ,²6LPXODWLRQVG·RVFLOODWLRQVIRUFpHV SDJH ,²'pSHQGDQFHGHVSURSULpWpVYLVFRpODVWLTXHVHQIRQFWLRQGHOD IUpTXHQFHLPSRVpH SDJH ,²5{OHGHVSDUDPqWUHVORFDX[/ HW7 VXUOHVSURSULpWpV YLVFRpODVWLTXHVGX079VRXVVROOLFLWDWLRQKDUPRQLTXH SDJH D
(40) 5HODWLRQV( 7 E
(41) 5HODWLRQV( / RXHIIHWG·pFKHOOH . ,,²5pVXOWDWVH[SpULPHQWDX[VXUOHPRGqOHSK\VLTXHGH WHQVpJULWpYLVFRpODVWLTXH. . SDJH. ,,,²6\QWKqVH. . . . . . 3DUWLH( 'LVFXVVLRQJpQpUDOH . . . . . . SDJH . . . . . . SDJH. ,²5{OHGHODYLVFRpODVWLFLWpVWUXFWXUDOHGDQVOHFRPSRUWHPHQW PpFDQLTXHGHODFHOOXOHDGKpUHQWH . ,,²&RPSDUDLVRQDYHFXQDXWUHPRGqOHVWUXFWXUDOGHODUpSRQVH. SDJH.
(42) PpFDQLTXHFHOOXODLUH . . . . . . . SDJH. ,,,²(IIHWG·pFKHOOHGHODWDLOOHGHODVRQGHFRPPHH[SOLFDWLRQ SRVVLEOHGHVGLYHUJHQFHVREVHUYpHVGDQVOHVUpVXOWDWVH[SpULPHQWDX[ SDJH REWHQXVSDUPLFURPDQLSXODWLRQVFHOOXODLUHV . &RQFOXVLRQJpQpUDOH /LVWHGHSXEOLFDWLRQV . . . . . . . . SDJH. . . . . . . . SDJH. . SDJH. $11(;($²(OpPHQWUKpRORJLTXHGHW\SH©9RLJWª . $11(;($²(WDEOLVVHPHQWGXPRGqOHPDWKpPDWLTXH SRXUODUpVROXWLRQGHODVROXWLRQDQDO\WLTXHHQIOXDJH . SDJH . $11(;($²'pILQLWLRQGXSUREOqPHPpFDQLTXHHW UpVROXWLRQSDUXQFRGHGHFDOFXOQXPpULTXHXWLOLVDQWOD PpWKRGH16&' . SDJH. . . . $11(;($²'pWHFWLRQ6\QFKURQHHW0DJQpWRF\WRPpWULH. SDJH. $11(;($²9DOLGDWLRQGHO·DSSOLFDWLRQGHODPpWKRGH 16&'jO·pWXGHGHODUpSRQVHYLVFRpODVWLTXHGHVPRGqOHV GHWHQVpJULWpYLVFRpODVWLTXHV . SDJH. $11(;($²'HO·K\VWpUpVLYLWp. SDJH . . . . . . . . $11(;($²&DOFXOGHVSURSULpWpVYLVFRpODVWLTXHVGX &64jSDUWLUGHGRQQpHVELRORJLTXHVSRXUOHVPRGqOHVGH WHQVpJULWpYLVFRpODVWLTXHHWGHVROLGHDOYpRODLUHYLVFRpODVWLTXH. SDJH. 5pIpUHQFHV. SDJH. . . . . . . . . . .
(43) ,QWURGXFWLRQJpQpUDOH /H FRUSV KXPDLQ HVW FRQVWLWXp GH WLVVXV HW G·RUJDQHV SRXPRQ F±XU UHLQ VTXHOHWWH RVVHX[ PXVFOHV ±LO HWF
(44) UHSUpVHQWDQW DXWDQW G·HQWLWpV DQDWRPLTXHV HW SK\VLRORJLTXHV DX[ IRQFWLRQV VSpFLILTXHV WUqV YDULpHV ELHQ TX·LVVXHV G·XQH VHXOH HW PrPH FHOOXOH LQLWLDOH &HWWH VSpFLDOLVDWLRQ HVW O·DERXWLVVHPHQW G·XQ SURFHVVXV GH GpYHORSSHPHQW ORQJ HW FRPSOH[H GRQW RQ VDLW PDLQWHQDQW TX·LO PHW HQ MHX OH PLFURHQYLURQQHPHQW FHOOXODLUH 0DWULFH ([WUDFHOOXODLUH RX 0(&HWFHOOXOHVYRLVLQHV
(45) HWOHVLQWHUDFWLRQVELRFKLPLTXHVSK\VLFRFKLPLTXHVHWPpFDQLTXHVDYHF FHOXLFL /·H[HPSOH GX GpYHORSSHPHQW SXOPRQDLUH SHUPHW G·LOOXVWUHU FH SURFHVVXV LO HVW QRWRLUHPHQW FRQQX TXH O·DEVHQFH GH PRXYHPHQWV UHVSLUDWRLUHV LQWUDXWpULQV HW GH GLVWHQVLRQV PpFDQLTXHV LQGXLWHV SDU OHV IOXLGHV UHPSOLVVDQW OH SRXPRQ I±WDO
(46) HQWUDvQH XQH LPPDWXULWp K\SRSODVLH
(47) SXOPRQDLUH HW TX·j O·LQYHUVH GHV GLVWHQVLRQV PpFDQLTXHV LQGXLWHV VXU OH SRXPRQ I±WDO HQWUDvQH XQH VXUPDWXUDWLRQ FHOOXODLUH YLHLOOLVVHPHQW DFFpOpUp GHV FHOOXOHV pSLWKpOLDOHV DOYpRODLUHVFDUDFWpULVpSDUODWUDQVIRUPDWLRQGHVSQHXPRF\WHVGHW\SH,,HQW\SH,
(48) >:LUW]HWFROO %HQDFKLHWFROO @ 6L OD FHOOXOH FRQVWLWXH VHORQ O·DSSURFKH ELRORJLTXH FODVVLTXH O·XQLWp VWUXFWXUDOH HW IRQFWLRQQHOOH FRPPXQH j O·RUJDQLVDWLRQ GH WRXW rWUH YLYDQW ² LO V·DJLWGHODSOXVSHWLWHHQWLWpGH PDWLqUH YLYDQWH TXL SXLVVH YLYUH LVROpH HW VH UHSURGXLUH ² LO Q·HQ GHPHXUH SDV PRLQV TXH VHV IRQFWLRQV ELRORJLTXHV GLIIpUHQFLDWLRQ DSRSWRVH RX PRUW FHOOXODLUH SURJUDPPpH SUROLIpUDWLRQ VLJQDOLVDWLRQPRXYHPHQWGHVFKURPRVRPHVPLJUDWLRQFRQWUDFWLOLWpUHPRGHODJHGHOD0(&HWF
(49) VRQW VRXV OH FRQWU{OH pWURLW GX PLFURHQYLURQQHPHQW FHOOXODLUH &H W\SH GH FRQVLGpUDWLRQ IRQGDPHQWDOH D DPHQp ',QJEHUGH+DUYDUG6FKRRORI3XEOLF+HDOWK %RVWRQ
(50) >,QJEHUHWFROO ,QJEHU @UHOD\pSDUOHVELRLQJpQLHXUV1:DQJ>:DQJHWFROO @HW'6WDPHQRYLF >6WDPHQRYLFHWFROO @jVXEVWLWXHUXQPRGqOHDUFKLWHFWXUDOGHW\SH©VWUXFWXUHGHWHQVpJULWpª DX PRGqOH FHOOXODLUH FODVVLTXH HQ ELRORJLH FHOOXODLUH j VDYRLU XQ PLOLHX FRQWLQX GLSKDVLTXH . .
(51) FRQVWLWXp G·XQH PHPEUDQHpODVWLTXHpYHQWXHOOHPHQWVRXVWHQVLRQHQWRXUDQWXQIOXLGHYLVTXHX[ RX YLVFRpODVWLTXH OH F\WRVRO
(52) (Q )UDQFH HW SOXV ODUJHPHQW HQ (XURSH XQH WHOOH DSSURFKH VWUXFWXUDOHSRXUODFHOOXOHDGpPDUUpDYHFOHVWUDYDX[GHWKqVHGH6:HQGOLQJ>:HQGOLQJHWFROO @/HVUpVXOWDWVREWHQXVFHVGHUQLqUHVDQQpHVQ·RQWIDLWTXHFRQILUPHUOHOLHQSK\VLTXHpWURLW PROpFXODLUH
(53) HQWUH OH PLFURHQYLURQQHPHQW HW OD FHOOXOH $LQVL SDU H[HPSOH XQ HQVHPEOH GH WUDYDX[ UpFHQWV D GpPRQWUp SRXU OHV FHOOXOHV QXFOppHV RX HXFDU\RWHV
(54) OD OLDLVRQ PpFDQLTXH H[LVWDQW HQWUH OHV UpFHSWHXUV WUDQVPHPEUDQDLUHV OLpV j OD 0(& HW OH QR\DX R VH UHWURXYHQW QRWDPPHQW OHV FKURPRVRPHV SRUWHXUV GX PHVVDJH JpQpWLTXH &H OLHQ SK\VLTXH HQWUH OH PLOLHX H[WUDFHOOXODLUH HW OH QR\DX HVW UpDOLVp SDU OH F\WRVTXHOHWWH VWUXFWXUH GH SRO\PqUHV ILQHPHQW LQWHUFRQQHFWpVTXLSDUDLOOHXUVGRQQHODIRUPHFHOOXODLUHHWDVVXUHODVWDELOLWpG·XQHFHOOXOHVXUVRQ VXEVWUDW >0DQLRWLV HW FROO ,QJEHU HW FROO -DQPH\ @ &HWWH YLVLRQ JOREDOH G·XQ F\WRVTXHOHWWHLQWHUQHHQDXWRpTXLOLEUHDYHFOHVXEVWUDWHWOHVFHOOXOHVYRLVLQHVQ·HVWWRXWHIRLVSDV VXIILVDQWH /HV PRGqOHV FHOOXODLUHV OHV SOXV UpFHQWV FRQVLGqUHQW TXH FH F\WRVTXHOHWWH LQWHUQH HVW pJDOHPHQW HQ pTXLOLEUH DYHF OD FRPSRVDQWH VRXVPHPEUDQDLUH GX F\WRVTXHOHWWH TXL DVVXUH OD WHQVLRQLQWHUQHGHODPHPEUDQHFHOOXODLUHRXPHPEUDQH F\WR
(55) SODVPLTXHFRQVWLWXpHG·XQHGRXEOH FRXFKH OLSLGLTXH ,O DSSDUDvW GHV VRXV VWUXFWXUHV F\WRVTXHOHWWLTXHV TXL RQW OHXUV SURSUHV WHQVLRQ LQWHUQHHWSURSULpWpVPpFDQLTXHV,OUHYLHQWj9/DXUHQWG·DYRLUSURSRVpGDQVVRQWUDYDLOGHWKqVH XQH DQDO\VH TXDQWLILpH HW VWUXFWXUDOH GHV SURSULpWpV PpFDQLTXHV GH FHV GHX[ FRPSRVDQWHV IRQGDPHQWDOHVGXF\WRVTXHOHWWH>/DXUHQWHWFROODE@6LODFRQWULEXWLRQGXQR\DXDX[ SURSULpWpVPpFDQLTXHVG·XQHFHOOXOHDGKpUHQWH W\SHHQGRWKpOLDOH
(56) DpWpUpFHPPHQWpWXGLpH>&DLOOH HW FROO @ GH QRPEUHX[ SRLQWV UHVWHQW HQFRUH j pOXFLGHU FRQFHUQDQW OD FRQWULEXWLRQ GHV pOpPHQWV FRPSRVDQW OH F\WRSODVPH RUJDQLWHV FRPPH OH UpWLFXOXP HQGRSODVPLTXH OHV PLWRFKRQGULHV HWF
(57) DLQVL TXH FHX[ FRQIpUDQW j OD PHPEUDQH FHOOXODLUH VD WHQVLRQ LQWHUQH HW VD UpVLVWDQFHjODGpIRUPDWLRQVRXVO·DFWLRQGHVIRUFHVRVPRWLTXHVRXPpFDQLTXHV . . .
(58) /·LQWpUrWGXFRQFHSWGHWHQVpJULWpHVWG·DSUqVVHVSURSUHVLQYHQWHXUVHWHQSUHPLHUOLHX% )XOOHU>)XOOHU @GHSHUPHWWUHXQHDQDO\VHEDVpHVXUO·pTXLOLEUHLQWHUQHHQWUHXQUpVHDXFRQWLQX G·pOpPHQWV HQ WHQVLRQ HW XQ UpVHDX GLVFRQWLQX G·pOpPHQWVHQFRPSUHVVLRQTXHOOHVTXHVRLHQWOD QDWXUH HW O·pFKHOOH GHV pOpPHQWV FRQVWLWXWLIV $LQVL GHSXLV O·pFKHOOH GX FRUSV KXPDLQ DYHF VD VWUXFWXUH GLVFUqWH G·RV WUDYDLOODQW HQ FRPSUHVVLRQ VRXV O·HIIHW GX UpVHDX FRQWLQX GHV QRPEUHX[ pOpPHQWV HQ WHQVLRQ PXVFOHV WHQGRQV HW OLJDPHQWV
(59) MXVTX·j OD FHOOXOH GDQV VRQ HQYLURQQHPHQW PpFDQLTXH OHV V\VWqPHV YLYDQWV SHXYHQW rWUH DQDO\VpV j SDUWLU GH VWUXFWXUHV GH WHQVpJULWp LPEULTXpHV HW KLpUDUFKLVpHV /·DXWRVWDELOLWp GH OD VWUXFWXUH SHXW rWUH YpULILpH j O·pFKHOOH GX FRUSV HQWLHU HQ FRQVWDWDQW TX·XQH UXSWXUH G·XQ WHQGRQ HQWUDvQH XQH SHUWH GX FRQWU{OH ORFDO PDLV QH FRPSURPHWSDVODVWDELOLWpGHO·HQVHPEOHGXFRUSV>,QJEHUHWFROO@/DKLpUDUFKLVDWLRQGHV VWUXFWXUHVYLYDQWHVSHXWrWUHLOOXVWUpHSDUOHFDVGHODUHVSLUDWLRQTXLHVWLQGXLWHSDUODFRQWUDFWLRQ GHV PXVFOHV GX FRX HW GHV LQWHUFRVWDX[ OH GpSODFHPHQW GHV F{WHV YHUV O·H[WpULHXU GX WKRUD[ O·DXJPHQWDWLRQ GX YROXPH SXOPRQDLUH O·RXYHUWXUH GHV DOYpROHV OH UHOkFKHPHQW GHV EDQGHV G·pODVWLQH OH UDLGLVVHPHQW GHV ILEUHV GH FROODJqQH TXL pWDLHQW HQ IODPEHPHQW HW HQILQ OH UDLGLVVHPHQW GH OD PHPEUDQH SXOPRQDLUH EDVDOH WUDQVPLV DX[ FHOOXOHV DGKpUHQWHV HW j OHXU F\WRVTXHOHWWH (Q VLWXDWLRQ QRUPDOH FHV GpSODFHPHQWV F\FOLTXHV FRPSOH[HV HW LQWHUGpSHQGDQWV Q·HQWUDvQHQW DXFXQH UXSWXUH GHV WLVVXV HW OD GpIRUPDWLRQ HVW SUHVTXH WRWDOHPHQW UpYHUVLEOH &H SURFHVVXVGHGpIRUPDWLRQHVWG\QDPLTXHHWFRQVWDQWGDQVOHWHPSV SDVGHUXSWXUHjODIDWLJXH
(60) /H FRQFHSW GH WHQVpJULWp SHUPHW G·H[SOLTXHU FHV JUDQGHV GpIRUPDWLRQV PXOWLpFKHOOHV VDQV UXSWXUH ,O HVW FODLU WRXWHIRLV TXH OHV SKpQRPqQHV GH GpIRUPDWLRQ DX QLYHDX PLFURPpWULTXH \ FRPSULVGDQVOHXUFRPSRVDQWHLUUpYHUVLEOH YLVFRpODVWLTXH
(61) VRQWOHVPRLQVELHQFRQQXVHWPpULWHQW XQHDWWHQWLRQSDUWLFXOLqUHTXLDRULHQWpFHWUDYDLOGHWKqVH /H F\WRVTXHOHWWH RX VTXHOHWWH FHOOXODLUH
(62) HVW XQH VWUXFWXUH WULGLPHQVLRQQHOOH FRPSOH[H LVVXH GH O·DVVHPEODJH j GLIIpUHQWV QLYHDX[ GH ELRSRO\PqUHV ILODPHQWHX[ LQWHUFRQQHFWpV ,O HQ H[LVWH WURLV FODVVHV OHV ILODPHQWV G·DFWLQH RX PLFURILODPHQWV HQFRUH DSSHOpV DFWLQH)
(63) OHV. . .
(64) PLFURWXEXOHV HW OHV ILODPHQWV LQWHUPpGLDLUHV &H UpVHDX GH ELRSRO\PqUHV SUpVHQWH OHV FDUDFWpULVWLTXHV G·XQH FKDUSHQWH WULGLPHQVLRQQHOOH SHUPHWWDQW j OD FHOOXOH GH VH GpIRUPHU G·DGDSWHU VD IRUPH HQ IRQFWLRQ GHV IRUFHV PpFDQLTXHV YHQXHV GH O·HQYLURQQHPHQW WULGLPHQVLRQQHOTXLFDUDFWpULVHQWOHVFRQGLWLRQVLQYLYR(QHIIHWOHVFHOOXOHVHQGRWKpOLDOHVWDSLVVDQW OHV YDLVVHDX[ VDQJXLQV VXELVVHQW GHV HIIRUWV G·pWLUHPHQW GH FRPSUHVVLRQ HW GH FLVDLOOHPHQW DX SDVVDJH GX IOX[ VDQJXLQ 'H PrPH OHV FHOOXOHV SXOPRQDLUHV VRQW VRXPLVHV j GHV GpIRUPDWLRQV FRPSOH[HV SDUIRLV LPSRUWDQWHV DX FRXUV GH OD UHVSLUDWLRQ GX IDLW GHV DPSOHV PRXYHPHQWV GHV WLVVXV FHVWHQVLRQVPpFDQLTXHVSRXYDQWHQWUDvQHUGHVUXSWXUHVWLVVXODLUHVHWGHYHQLUGHYpULWDEOHV ©DJUHVVLRQVªPpFDQLTXHVGDQVOHVFDVSDWKRORJLTXHVHWRXLQGXLWVSDUXQHYHQWLODWLRQPpFDQLTXH EDURWUDXPDWLVDQWH>'RV6DQWRVHWFROO@ /·REMHW GH OD SUpVHQWH pWXGH HVW G·DQDO\VHU HW GH FDUDFWpULVHU OH U{OH GH OD UHGLVWULEXWLRQ VSDWLDOH GHV pOpPHQWV GX F\WRVTXHOHWWH VXU OD UpSRQVH G\QDPLTXH GH OD FHOOXOH DGKpUHQWH QRWDPPHQWHQWHUPHG·pQHUJLHGLVVLSpH
(65) ORUVTX·HOOHHVWVRXPLVHjGLIIpUHQWVW\SHVGHFRQWUDLQWHV PpFDQLTXHV H[WpULHXUHV &RPSDUp DX[ SUpFpGHQWHV pWXGHV FRQGXLWHV GDQV GHV FRQGLWLRQV TXDVL VWDWLTXHVLOV·DJLWLFLG·pFODLUHUOHFRQFHSWGHYLVFRVLWpVWUXFWXUDOHHWGHFRPSDUHUDYHFOHVGLYHUVHV PHVXUHV H[SpULPHQWDOHV HIIHFWXpHV VXU FHOOXOHV DGKpUHQWHV GDQV GHV FRQGLWLRQV YDULpHV GH PLFURPDQLSXODWLRQFHOOXODLUH&HFRQFHSWGHYLVFRVLWpVWUXFWXUDOHGX&64DpWpDERUGpLFLSDUOD VHXOHSULVHHQFRPSWHGHVSURSULpWpVYLVTXHXVHVGHVILODPHQWVF\WRVTXHOHWWLTXHVVDQVFRQVLGpUHU G·pYHQWXHOVSKpQRPqQHVGHGLVVLSDWLRQpQHUJpWLTXHSRXYDQWDYRLUOLHXGDQVOHXULQWHUFRQQH[LRQ O·DQDO\VH GX U{OH GHV OLDLVRQV HQWUH ILODPHQWV GX &64 GDQV FH FRQFHSW GH YLVFRVLWp VWUXFWXUDOH UHVWDQW HQ HIIHW j GRFXPHQWHU GDYDQWDJH HVW SURSRVpH SRXU GHV pWXGHV XOWpULHXUHV 'HX[ DSSURFKHV SDUDOOqOHV HW FRPSOpPHQWDLUHV RQW DLQVL pWp VXLYLHV XQH DSSURFKH PRGpOLVDWLRQ XWLOLVDQW XQ PRGqOH VWUXFWXUDO GH F\WRVTXHOHWWH EDVp VXU XQ PRGqOH GH WHQVpJULWp YLVFRpODVWLTXH VHPEODEOH DX[ PRGqOHV GH WHQVpJULWp SXUHPHQW pODVWLTXHV TXL MXVTX·DORUV Q·DYDLHQW pWp pWXGLpV TX·HQ FRQGLWLRQV TXDVLVWDWLTXHV HW XQH SDUWLH H[SpULPHQWDOH VXU GHV FXOWXUHV GH FHOOXOHV. . .
(66) pSLWKpOLDOHVDGKpUHQWHVpYDOXpHVSDUODWHFKQLTXHGHPDJQpWRF\WRPpWULHRVFLOODQWHGpYHORSSpHDX ODERUDWRLUH &HWWH SUHPLqUH SDUWLH GH O·pWXGH D G·DERUG QpFHVVLWp XQH UpVROXWLRQ QXPpULTXH SXLV GHVVLPXODWLRQVQXPpULTXHVYDOLGpHVSDUTXHOTXHVH[SpULHQFHVVXUEDQFDYHFXQPRGqOHSK\VLTXH GH VWUXFWXUH GH WHQVpJULWp pTXLYDOHQW j FHOXL pWXGLp QXPpULTXHPHQW /HV UpVXOWDWV VRQW REWHQXV GDQVGHVFRQGLWLRQVROHVpOpPHQWVVRQWSDVVLIVHWQRQDFWLIVFRPPHGDQVODUpDOLWpELRORJLTXH ,OVVRQWFRPSDUpVjFHX[REWHQXVSDUG·DXWUHVPRGqOHVGHVWUXFWXUHFRPPHOHPRGqOHVGHVROLGH DOYpRODLUHYLVFRpODVWLTXGpULYDQWGHODWKpRULHGHVPRXVVHV(QHIIHWGHQRPEUHXVHVH[SpULHQFHV HIIHFWXpHV HQ VWDWLTXH VXU GHV FXOWXUHV GH FHOOXOHV pSUHXYHV GH IOXDJH RX GH UHOD[DWLRQ
(67) RQW PRQWUpOHFDUDFWqUHWHPSRUHOGHODUpSRQVHPpFDQLTXHFHOOXODLUHTXLVHWURXYHFDUDFWpULVpHSDUXQH FRPSRVDQWHGLVVLSDWULFHDVVRFLpHjGHVHIIHWVGHYLVFRVLWpSUHQDQWQDLVVDQFHGDQVFKDTXHpOpPHQW PDLVPRGXOpVSDUODUHGLVWULEXWLRQVSDWLDOHDVVRFLpHjODGpIRUPDWLRQVWUXFWXUDOH3DUDOOqOHPHQWOHV pWXGHVUpFHQWHVHIIHFWXpHVVXUGHVFHOOXOHVHQFRQGLWLRQVG\QDPLTXHV RVFLOODWLRQVLPSRVpHV
(68) RQW PRQWUp TXH OHV SURSULpWpV YLVFRpODVWLTXHV GHV FHOOXOHV WHVWpHV H[SpULPHQWDOHPHQW VRQW GpSHQGDQWHV GH OD IUpTXHQFH LPSRVpH SDU OH FKDUJHPHQW FHV UpVXOWDWV VXJJpUDQW O·H[LVWHQFH GH SKpQRPqQHV GH FRXSODJH YLD OD VWUXFWXUH
(69) HQWUH OHV SURSULpWpV pODVWLTXHV HW OHV SURSULpWpV YLVTXHXVHVTXLQ·RQWHQFRUHMDPDLVpWpGpPRQWUpVSRXUOHVPRGqOHVGHWHQVpJULWp $SUqV DYRLU GpFULW ELRORJLTXHPHQW HW PpFDQLTXHPHQW OD FHOOXOH DGKpUHQWH LQWHUDJLVVDQW DYHF VRQ PLFUR VRQ HQYLURQQHPHQW HW VRQ F\WRVTXHOHWWH DLQVL TXH OHV GLIIpUHQWV PRGqOHV GpYHORSSpV ORUV GHV pWXGHV HQ ELRPpFDQLTXH FHOOXODLUH 3DUWLH $
(70) O·pWXGH GX FRPSRUWHPHQW PpFDQLTXH GH PRGqOHV GH WHQVpJULWp YLVFRpODVWLTXHV GX F\WRVTXHOHWWH WHVWpV SDU VLPXODWLRQV QXPpULTXHVHVWSUpVHQWpHVXLYDQWGHX[GpPDUFKHV SDUXQFDOFXODQDO\WLTXHPDWULFLHOVXLYDQWXQH PpWKRGHLQFUpPHQWDOHOLQpDULVpHHQXWLOLVDQWXQORJLFLHOFRPPHUFLDO 0DWODE
(71) HWSDUODPpWKRGH G\QDPLTXHGXFRQWDFWQRQUpJXOLHU RXPpWKRGH16&'
(72) TXLHVWDSSOLTXpHGHIDoRQTXHOTXHSHX RULJLQDOH j O·pWXGH GH VWUXFWXUHV GH WHQVpJULWp HQ XWLOLVDQW XQ FRGHGHFDOFXO /0*&
(73) GHVWLQpDX SUpDODEOHjO·pWXGHHQG\QDPLTXHGXFRQWDFWIURWWDQW 3DUWLH%>-HDQ @
(74) /D3DUWLH&GpFULWOD. . .
(75) WHFKQLTXH H[SpULPHQWDOH GH PDJQpWRF\WRPpWULH RVFLOODQWH SRXU O·pWXGH GX FRPSRUWHPHQW PpFDQLTXHHQIUpTXHQFHGHFHOOXOHVDGKpUHQWHVHQFXOWXUHO·HQVHPEOHGHVUpVXOWDWVpWDQWSUpVHQWpV GDQVODSDUWLH'TXLSUpVHQWHDXVVLXQHpWXGHH[SpULPHQWDOHVXUXQPRGqOHSK\VLTXHTXLDSHUPLV GH YDOLGHU OH PRGqOH QXPpULTXH 8QH GLVFXVVLRQ JOREDOH VXU O·LQWHUSUpWDWLRQ ELRORJLTXH GH FHV UpVXOWDWV HVW GpYHORSSpH GDQV OD SDUWLH ( OD FRQFOXVLRQ JpQpUDOH DLQVL TXH OHV SHUVSHFWLYHV RXYHUWHV SDU OD SUpVHQWH pWXGH pWDQW ILQDOHPHQW H[SRVpHV GDQV OD GHUQLqUH SDUWLH GX SUpVHQW PpPRLUH. . .
(76) 3DUWLH $ /HV PRGqOHV GX FRPSRUWHPHQW PpFDQLTXH GH OD FHOOXOH DGKpUHQWHGDQVVRQPLFURHQYLURQQHPHQW²(WDWGHO·DUW &HFKDSLWUHELEOLRJUDSKLTXHVHSUpVHQWHHQGHX[JUDQGHVSDUWLHV /D SUHPLqUH GpFULW OD FHOOXOH QXFOppH DGKpUHQWH HQ FRQGLWLRQV LQ YLYR j XQH PDWULFH H[WUDFHOOXODLUHDYHFODTXHOOHHOOHLQWHUDJLWFKLPLTXHPHQWHWPpFDQLTXHPHQW8QDFFHQWSDUWLFXOLHU HVW PLV VXU OD GHVFULSWLRQ GX F\WRVTXHOHWWH &64
(77) GRQW O·RUJDQLVDWLRQ VWUXFWXUDOH HW PXOWL FRPSDUWLPHQWpHIRXUQLWjODFHOOXOHDGKpUHQWHXQHFKDUSHQWHWULGLPHQVLRQQHOOHLPSOLTXpHGDQVOD IRUPHHWODVWDELOLVDWLRQFHOOXODLUHVODVWUXFWXUHF\WRVTXHOHWWLTXHMRXDQWXQU{OHIRQGDPHQWDOGDQV ODUpSRQVHPpFDQLTXHGHODFHOOXOH /D VHFRQGH SDUWLH GH FH FKDSLWUH SUpVHQWH GH PDQLqUH QRQ H[KDXVWLYH XQH UHYXH GHV SURSULpWpVYLVFRpODVWLTXHVGHFHOOXOHVYLYDQWHVHQFXOWXUHWHVWpHVG·XQHSDUWH[SpULPHQWDOHPHQWSDU GLIIpUHQWHV WHFKQLTXHV GH PLFURPDQLSXODWLRQ SDUDJUDSKH ,,
(78) HW LQWHUSUpWpHV G·DXWUH SDUW j O·DLGH GH GLIIpUHQWV PRGqOHV WKpRULTXHV SDUDJUDSKH ,,
(79) &HV PRGqOHV GpYHORSSpV SRXU OD TXDQWLILFDWLRQ HW O·DQDO\VH GH OD UpSRQVH PpFDQLTXH FHOOXODLUH VH UpSDUWLVVHQW HQ GHX[ JUDQGHV FDWpJRULHV OHVSUHPLHUVPRGqOHVTXLGDWHQWGXPLOLHXGXVLqFOHGHUQLHUHWLVVXVGHODPpFDQLTXH GHV PLOLHX[ FRQWLQXV SXLV SOXV UpFHPPHQW VRQW DSSDUXV OHV PRGqOHV VWUXFWXUDX[ GRQW QRWDPPHQWOHVPRGqOHVGHWHQVpJULWp SDUWLH,,
(80) SRXUGpFULUHOHFRPSRUWHPHQWPpFDQLTXHGHV FHOOXOHVYLYDQWHVHQLQWHUDFWLRQDYHFOHXUPLFURHQYLURQQHPHQW . . .
(81) ,²'HVFULSWLRQGHODFHOOXOHDGKpUHQWHGDQVVRQPLFURHQYLURQQHPHQW /DFHOOXOHHVWODSOXVSHWLWHSRUWLRQELRORJLTXHFDSDEOHGHVHUHSURGXLUHHWUHSUpVHQWHDLQVL XQHHQWLWpXQLWDLUHjWUDYHUVODTXHOOHV·RUJDQLVHODYLH9pULWDEOHEULTXHFRQVWLWXDQWO·pGLILFHGHWRXW rWUH YLYDQW HOOH H[LVWH VRXV GHX[ SULQFLSDOHV IRUPHV GDQV OH UqJQH DQLPDO QXFOppH RX VDQV YpULWDEOHQR\DX/DFHOOXOHQXFOppH HXFDU\RWH
(82) HVWKDXWHPHQWVWUXFWXUpHHWHQVRQVHLQVHWURXYHXQ QR\DXELHQGpILQLGpOLPLWpSDUXQHPHPEUDQHQXFOpDLUHHWFRQWHQDQWOHPHVVDJHJpQpWLTXHSRUWpSDU OHVFKURPRVRPHV&·HVWOHFDVGHODSOXSDUWGHVW\SHVFHOOXODLUHVGXFRUSVKXPDLQFRPPHOHVFHOOXOHV pSLWKpOLDOHV HQGRWKpOLDOHV JOLDOHV OHV QHXURQHV HWF 3RXU VD SDUW OD FHOOXOH VDQV QR\DX GpILQL SURFDU\RWH
(83) GRQW OHV EDFWpULHV VRQW OH SURWRW\SH Q·D SDV GH UpHOOH VWUXFWXUH LQWHUQH /H FKDPS G·DSSOLFDWLRQGHODSUpVHQWHpWXGHHVWFHQWUpVXUODFHOOXOHQXFOppHTXLSUpVHQWHXQHRUJDQLVDWLRQ LQWHUQH VWUXFWXUpH HW TXL DGKqUH HQ FRQGLWLRQV LQ YLYR j XQH PDWULFH H[WUDFHOOXODLUH DLQVL TX·DX[ FHOOXOHV YRLVLQHV FRPSRVDQW VRQ PLFURHQYLURQQHPHQW LPPpGLDW DYHF OHTXHO HOOH LQWHUDJLW PpFDQLTXHPHQW . ,²2UJDQLVDWLRQJOREDOHGHODFHOOXOHDGKpUHQWH $X FRXUV GH VD YLH OD FHOOXOH VXLW XQ F\FOH TXL VH GpFRPSRVH HQ SOXVLHXUV SKDVHV HQ SDUWLFXOLHU GHV SKDVHV GH SUpSDUDWLRQ j OD GLYLVLRQ FHOOXODLUH HW OD GLYLVLRQ HOOHPrPH SKDVHV GH SUROLIpUDWLRQ
(84) DLQVL TX·XQH SKDVH G·DSSDUHQWH ©ODWHQFHª DX FRXUV GH ODTXHOOH OD FHOOXOH D XQH DFWLYLWpPpWDEROLTXHHQDSSDUHQFH©IDLEOHªHWDWWHLQWXQHRUJDQLVDWLRQLQWHUQH©VWDEOHªDXUHJDUG GHVDXWUHVVWDGHVGXF\FOH SKDVHGHGLIIpUHQWLDWLRQFHOOXODLUH
(85) >&DXHWFROO@&HWWHGHUQLqUH SKDVH HVW GH WRXWHV OD SOXV ORQJXH GDQV OH WHPSV HW FRQVWLWXH OH FKDPS G·DSSOLFDWLRQ GH OD SUpVHQWHpWXGH(QHIIHWO·RUJDQLVDWLRQLQWHUQHjODFHOOXOHGLIIqUHFRPSOqWHPHQWHQWUHOHVGLYHUVHV SKDVHV DX FRXUV GHV SKDVHV GH GLYLVLRQ FHUWDLQV ILODPHQWV F\WRSODVPLTXHV OHV PLFURWXEXOHV
(86) UD\RQQHQWGHSXLVGHX[FHQWURVRPHVIRUPDQWOHVGHX[IDLVFHDX[PLWRWLTXHVSHUPHWWDQWGHVpSDUHU . .
(87) OHVFKURPRVRPHVDSUqVODGXSOLFDWLRQGHO·$'1WDQGLVTXHG·DXWUHVSURWpLQHVF\WRSODVPLTXHV HQ SDUWLFXOLHUO·DFWLQH
(88) V·RUJDQLVHQWWUqVUDSLGHPHQWGHIDoRQjUDPHQHUODPHPEUDQHF\WRSODVPLTXH YHUVOHPLOLHXGHODFHOOXOH©PqUHªSXLVjVFLQGHUODPHPEUDQHSRXUSHUPHWWUHODGLYLVLRQHQGHX[ FHOOXOHV ©ILOOHVª $ O·RSSRVp DX FRXUV GH OD SKDVH GH GLIIpUHQWLDWLRQ OH F\WRSODVPH DWWHLQW XQH DXWUH RUJDQLVDWLRQ GRQW OD VWDELOLWp VWUXFWXUDOH SHUPHW j OD FHOOXOH GH UHPSOLU OD SOXSDUW GHV IRQFWLRQVELRORJLTXHVSRXUOHVTXHOOHVHOOHHVWJpQpWLTXHPHQWSURJUDPPpH H[SUHVVLRQGHFHUWDLQV JqQHVV\QWKqVHSURWpLTXHPLJUDWLRQHWF
(89) >&DXHWFROO@ /DFHOOXOHDGKpUHQWHHVWFRQVWLWXpHG·XQHPHPEUDQHF\WRSODVPLTXH RXSODVPLTXH
(90) GpOLPLWDQWOH PLOLHXH[WUDFHOOXODLUHGXPLOLHXLQWUDFHOOXODLUHG·XQF\WRSODVPHVLWXpHQWUHOHQR\DXHWODPHPEUDQH SODVPLTXH DLQVL TXH GX QR\DX VpSDUp GX PLOLHX LQWUDFHOOXODLUH SDU OD PHPEUDQH QXFOpDLUH $X QLYHDX GH OD PHPEUDQH F\WRSODVPLTXH VH WURXYHQW GHV FRPSOH[HV PROpFXODLUHV FRPSRVpV GH PROpFXOHV WUDQVPHPEUDQDLUHV LQWpJULQHV FDGKpULQHV 9&$0 ,&$0 HWF
(91) TXL UHSUpVHQWHQW XQ QRPEUHILQLGHOLHQVSK\VLTXHVGLUHFWVHQWUHOHF\WRSODVPHHWOHPLOLHXH[WUDFHOOXODLUH FHVRQWOHV SRLQWVG·DQFUDJHGHODFHOOXOHDGKpUHQWHjVRQYRLVLQDJHLPPpGLDWDSSHOpVSRLQWIRFDX[G·DGKpUHQFH RX SODTXHV G·DGKpVLRQ (Q HIIHW OD FHOOXOH Q·DGKqUH SDV GH IDoRQ FRQWLQXH VXU O·HQVHPEOH GH VD VXUIDFHHQFRQWDFWDYHFODPDWULFHH[WUDFHOOXODLUHHWRXOHVFHOOXOHVHQYLURQQDQWHVPDLVGHIDoRQ GLVFUqWHVSpFLILTXHPHQWHQFHVSRLQWVIRFDX[G·DGKpUHQFH /HF\WRSODVPHHVWFRPSRVpG·XQIOXLGHYLVTXHX[DSSHOpF\WRVROGDQVOHTXHOEDLJQHQWGLYHUV RUJDQLWHV SDUPL OHVTXHOV RQ UHWURXYH OHV PLWRFKRQGULHV OH UpWLFXOXP HQGRSODVPLTXH O·DSSDUHLO GH *ROJL DLQVL TXH OH F\WRVTXHOHWWH &64
(92) &H GHUQLHU UHSUpVHQWH XQH YpULWDEOH FKDUSHQWH SRXU OD FHOOXOH DGKpUHQWHHWFRQVWLWXHXQFRQWLQXXPSK\VLTXHHQWUHOHVSRLQWVIRFDX[G·DGKpUHQFHHWOHQR\DX/H &64 VH SUpVHQWH VRXV OD IRUPH G·XQH VWUXFWXUH WULGLPHQVLRQQHOOH FRPSOH[H DVVXUDQW XQ OLHQ SK\VLTXHHQWUHOHQR\DXHWOHVUpFHSWHXUVPHPEUDQDLUHVHWSULQFLSDOHPHQWIRUPpHGHWURLVW\SHV. . .
(93) GH ILODPHQWV YpULWDEOHV ELRSRO\PqUHV LVVXV GH O·DVVHPEODJH GH PDFURSURWpLQHV LQWHUDJLVVDQW HQWUH HX[>0DQLRWLVHWFROO -DQPH\ @ OHVILODPHQWVG·DFWLQH DFWLQH)
(94) RXPLFURILODPHQWVSRO\PqUHVG·XQGLDPqWUHPR\HQGHQPHW G·XQH ORQJXHXU PR\HQQH GH O·RUGUH GX PLFURPqWUH 3RODULVpV LOV PRQWUHQW XQH G\QDPLTXH ELRORJLTXH DX VHQV R LOV VRQW HQJDJpV GDQV XQ GRXEOH SURFHVVXV GH SRO\PpULVDWLRQ j XQH H[WUpPLWpGXILODPHQWHWGHGpSRO\PpULVDWLRQjO·DXWUHH[WUpPLWp/HVPLFURILODPHQWVV·RUJDQLVHQW HQ VRXVUpVHDX[ TXL GLIIqUHQW VWUXFWXUHOOHPHQW HQ IRQFWLRQ GH OHXU ORFDOLVDWLRQ GDQV OD FHOOXOH >&KHQJHWFROO .DWRKHWFROO@ OHV PLFURWXEXOHV ILEUHV FUHXVHV SRO\PpULTXHV FRQVWLWXpHV GH PRQRPqUHV GH WXEXOLQH GH GLDPqWUHV H[WpULHXU GH QP HW LQWpULHXU GH QP G·XQH ORQJXHXU YDULDQW HQWUH HW P GDQVOHFDVGHVFHOOXOHVHQGRWKpOLDOHVHWPXVFXODLUHVHWSRXYDQWDWWHLQGUHPGDQVOHFDVGHV FHOOXOHVQHUYHXVHV'HPrPHTXHSRXUOHVILODPHQWVG·DFWLQHOHVPLFURWXEXOHVVHSRO\PpULVHQWHW VH GpSRO\PpULVHQW FRQWLQXHOOHPHQW HW PRQWUHQW XQH SOXV JUDQGH ©LQVWDELOLWpª ELRFKLPLTXH DX UHJDUG GHV DXWUHV W\SHV GH ILODPHQWV F\WRVTXHOHWWLTXHV ,O D HQ HIIHW pWp REVHUYp TXH OHV PLFURWXEXOHVSHXYHQWIDFLOHPHQWVHGpVDJUpJHUHQIRQFWLRQGHO·pWDWG·DGKpVLRQGHODFHOOXOHELHQ TXHOHVSRLQWVIRFDX[G·DGKpUHQFHVHPEOHQWSDUWLFLSHUjOHXUVWDELOLVDWLRQ>.DYHULQDHWFROO @ OHVILODPHQWVLQWHUPpGLDLUHVSRO\PqUHVG·XQGLDPqWUHGHPGLPHQVLRQ©LQWHUPpGLDLUHª HQWUH FHOOH GHV PLFURILODPHQWV HW FHOOH GHV PLFURWXEXOHV ,O Q·HVW SDV WRWDOHPHQW pWDEOL TX·XQ SURFHVVXVGHSRO\PpULVDWLRQGpSRO\PpULVDWLRQH[LVWHUpHOOHPHQWGDQVFHVILODPHQWVTXLVHPEOHQW DLQVL ELRFKLPLTXHPHQW SOXV ©VWDEOHVª TXH OHV GHX[ DXWUHV SULQFLSDX[ FRPSRVDQWV GX &64 >&RXORPEHHWFROO@ &HVWURLVVRXVUpVHDX[ILODPHQWHX[V·RUJDQLVHQWHQLQWHUDJLVVDQWHQWUHHX[HWHQJpQpUDQW XQH WHQVLRQ LQWHUQH DX F\WRVTXHOHWWH >+DUULV HW FROO +HLGHPDQQ HW FROO @ (Q HIIHW +DUULVDFXOWLYpGHVILEUREODVWHVVXUXQVXEVWUDWGpIRUPDEOH VLOLFRQH
(95) HWDREVHUYpTXHFHOXLFLVH SOLVVDLW DX QLYHDX GHV ]RQHV G·DGKpVLRQ GHV FHOOXOHV LQGLTXDQW O·H[LVWHQFH G·XQH WHQVLRQ LQWHUQH. . .
(96) DX[ FHOOXOHV TXL V·H[HUFH VXU OH VXEVWUDW >+DUULV HW FROO @ 3RXU VD SDUW ,QJEHU D PLV HQ pYLGHQFH OH OLHQ LQWLPH HQWUH OD VWUXFWXUH GX &64 HW OD IRUPH JOREDOH GH OD FHOOXOH DLQVL TXH O·LPSRUWDQFH GX UpDUUDQJHPHQW VSDWLDO GHV ILODPHQWV GX &64 HQ FRXUV GH GpIRUPDWLRQ JOREDOH FHOOXODLUH>,QJEHUHWFROO @$LQVLOHVILODPHQWVGX&64VHUpRUJDQLVHQWHWJpQqUHQWGHVIRUFHV GH WHQVLRQ HQ GLYHUV HQGURLWV GX F\WRSODVPH SHUPHWWDQW OD PLJUDWLRQ GH OD FHOOXOH VXU VRQ VXEVWUDW 3OXV JOREDOHPHQW OH F\WRVTXHOHWWH SRVVqGH XQH RUJDQLVDWLRQ VSpFLILTXH PXOWL FRPSDUWLPHQWpHGRQWFKDTXHFRPSDUWLPHQWSRVVqGHXQHFRPSRVLWLRQHWXQU{OHPpFDQLTXHTXL OXL HVW SURSUH &HWWH RUJDQLVDWLRQ VWUXFWXUDOH HW OD IRUPH JOREDOH GH OD FHOOXOH UHYrWHQW XQH LPSRUWDQFHIRQGDPHQWDOHGDQVOHVJUDQGHVIRQFWLRQVFHOOXODLUHV>&DXHWFROO@ . ,²2UJDQLVDWLRQVWUXFWXUDOHGXF\WRVTXHOHWWH 'H QRPEUHX[ DXWHXUV RQW PRQWUp TXH OH FRPSRUWHPHQW PpFDQLTXH GH OD FHOOXOH DGKpUHQWHHVWHVVHQWLHOOHPHQWGRPLQpSDUOHVSURSULpWpVUKpRORJLTXHVHWVWUXFWXUDOHVGHVRQ&64 >,QJEHU :DQJHWFROO -DQPH\ @(QSDUWLFXOLHULOVHPEOHH[LVWHUXQOLHQpWURLW HQWUH O·RUJDQLVDWLRQ DUFKLWHFWXUDOH GHV ILODPHQWV GX &64 HW OD UpSRQVH PpFDQLTXH FHOOXODLUH 3DU H[HPSOH OHV FRXUWV ILODPHQWV G·DFWLQH FRXSOpV j GHV PROpFXOHV FRPPH OD WURSRP\RVLQH HW OD P\RVLQH,,FRQVWLWXDQWXQILQUpVHDXVRXVPHPEUDQDLUH OHFRUWH[FHOOXODLUH
(97) IRXUQLVVHQWjODFHOOXOH XQH WHQVLRQ FRUWLFDOH HW OXL SHUPHWWHQW GH V·DGDSWHU WUqV UDSLGHPHQW HQ SDUWLFXOLHU GDQV OHV PRXYHPHQWV FHOOXODLUHV DLQVL TXH GDQV GHV SURFHVVXV ORFDX[ LPSOLTXDQW GHV UpDFWLRQV EUqYHV FRPPH O·HQGRF\WRVH >$OEUHFKW%XHKOHU +DUWZLJ HW FROO %HQQHWW %UHWVFKHU )R[ HW FROO &KHQJ HW FROO @ $ O·RSSRVp OHV ORQJV ILODPHQWV KDXWHPHQW SRO\PpULVpV FRQVWLWXDQW OD SDUWLH SOXV LQWHUQH GX F\WRVTXHOHWWH SHUPHWWHQW GH JDUDQWLU XQH VWDELOLWpJOREDOHGHODFHOOXOHFRQGLWLRQHVVHQWLHOOHSRXUTX·HOOHSXLVVHUHPSOLUSOHLQHPHQWVRQU{OH ELRORJLTXHHQLQWHUDFWLRQDYHFVRQPLOLHXHQYLURQQDQW>0DQLRWLVHWFROO ,QJEHU @3DU DLOOHXUVORUVTX·XQHFHOOXOHHXFDU\RWHQ·DGKqUHSDVjXQVXEVWUDWHOOHSUHQGXQHIRUPHDUURQGLHHW . .
(98) VRQ F\WRVTXHOHWWH V·RUJDQLVH HVVHQWLHOOHPHQW DX QLYHDX GX FRUWH[ FHOOXODLUH VDQV UpHOOH VWUXFWXUH GpILQLHGDQVODSDUWLHSURIRQGHGXF\WRSODVPH$XVVLLOSDUDvWIRQGDPHQWDOGHFRPSUHQGUHOHU{OH GH O·RUJDQLVDWLRQ VWUXFWXUDOH GX F\WRVTXHOHWWH GDQV OH FRPSRUWHPHQW PpFDQLTXH GHV FHOOXOHV LQWHUDJLVVDQWDYHFOHPLFURHQYLURQQHPHQW ,/HUpVHDXG·DFWLQH /·DFWLQH V·RUJDQLVH HQ GLIIpUHQWHV VRXVVWUXFWXUHV F\WRVTXHOHWWLTXHV FKDFXQH pWDQW SRXUYXHG·XQHRUJDQLVDWLRQFDUDFWpULVWLTXHGpSHQGDQWGHVDORFDOLVDWLRQGDQVOHF\WRSODVPH YRLU ILJXUH $
(99) HW DVVRFLpH j GHV VSpFLILFLWpVELRORJLTXHVDLQVLTXHPpFDQLTXHV>&KHQJHWFROO .DQRHWFROO .DWRKHWFROO @3DUPLOHVGLIIpUHQWHVVWUXFWXUHVG·DFWLQH) OHVSOXVFLWpHVVRQWOHVODPHOOLSRGHVHWILORSRGHVOHUpVHDXFRUWLFDODVVHPEOpHQXQILQHQWUHODFHPHQWGH FRXUWV PLFURILODPHQWV SOXV SDUWLFXOLqUHPHQW VLWXp VRXV OD PHPEUDQH F\WRSODVPLTXH F\WRVTXHOHWWH FRUWLFDOG·DFWLQH
(100) HWGHVDUUDQJHPHQWVHQIDLVFHDX[GHWHQVLRQKDXWHPHQWSRO\PpULVpVGRQWOHVILEUHV GHWHQVLRQ . . .
(101) )LJXUH $ ,PDJH GH ILEUHV GH WHQVLRQ HW GH ILODPHQWV G·DFWLQH DFWLQH) PDUTXpH j OD *)3
(102) G·XQH FHOOXOH pSLWKpOLDOH OLJQpH$
(103) HQPLFURVFRSLHFRQIRFDOH $
(104) OHFRGHGHFRXOHXUFRUUHVSRQGjODKDXWHXUGHSXLVODIDFH EDVDOH HQURXJH
(105) MXVTX·jODIDFHDSLFDOH HQEOHX
(106) GHODFHOOXOH5HFRQVWUXFWLRQ'GHVUpVHDX[FRUWLFDO EOHXFLHO
(107) HW SURIRQG EOHX IRQFp
(108) G·XQH FHOOXOH pSLWKpOLDOH $
(109) j SDUWLU GH FRXSHV HQ PLFURVFRSLH FRQIRFDOH %
(110) &RXSH WUDQVYHUVDOHLVVXHGHO·LPDJH %
(111) PRQWUDQWO·RUJDQLVDWLRQGHVILEUHVGHWHQVLRQOHVTXHOOHVUHVVHPEOHQWOLWWpUDOHPHQWj GHYpULWDEOHVFkEOHV,PDJHVSURYHQDQWGHO·,16(508
(112) /HUpVHDXSURIRQGGHILEUHVGHWHQVLRQ RXILEUHVGHVWUHVV
(113) /HV ILEUHV GH WHQVLRQ VRQW FRPSRVpHV GH ILODPHQWV G·DFWLQH FRXSOpV j GHV ILODPHQWV GH P\RVLQH HW FRQVWLWXHQW GH YpULWDEOHV SURWRW\SHV GHV VDUFRPqUHV XQLWpV FRQWUDFWLOHV GHV FHOOXOHV PXVFXODLUHV >.DWRK HW FROO @ '·XQH ORQJXHXU SRXYDQW YDULHU GH P j TXHOTXHV GL]DLQHV GH PLFURPqWUHV LQ YLYR HW MXVTX·j SUqV GH P LQYLWUR OHV ILEUHV GH WHQVLRQ RQW XQH pSDLVVHXU PR\HQQH GH P HW OHXU QRPEUH SHXW YDULHU GH TXHOTXHV GL]DLQHV j SOXVLHXUV. . .
(114) FHQWDLQHVSDUFHOOXOH>.DWRKHWFROO@2QOHVUHWURXYHSULQFLSDOHPHQWSUqVGHODIDFHEDVDOH FHOOXODLUHRHOOHVJDUDQWLVVHQWVWDELOLWpHWFRRUGLQDWLRQGHO·HQVHPEOHGHODFHOOXOHDGKpUHQWHHQVH OLDQWjOHXUVGHX[H[WUpPLWpVDX[LQWpJULQHV>,QJEHUHWFROO @(OOHVV·RUJDQLVHQW SULQFLSDOHPHQW GH GHX[ IDoRQV VSpFLILTXHV HQ ILEUHV ©FHQWUDOHVª WUDYHUVDQW UHFWLOLJQHPHQW GH SDUWHQSDUWODIDFHEDVDOHHWHQILEUHV©SpULSKpULTXHVªSUpVHQWDQWXQHFRXUEXUHYHUVOHFHQWUHGH OD FHOOXOH TXL SRXUUDLW VXJJpUHU O·H[LVWHQFH G·XQH WHQVLRQ WHQGDQW j OHV ©DWWLUHUª YHUV O·LQWpULHXU YRLUILJXUH$HW>.DQRHWFROO .DWRKHWFROO @
(115) (QRXWUHLODSSDUDvWTXHFHVGHX[ W\SHV G·RUJDQLVDWLRQ ©FHQWUDOHª HW ©SpULSKpULTXHª
(116) GH ILEUHV GH WHQVLRQ HQ DSSDUHQFH VWUXFWXUHOOHPHQW HW ELRFKLPLTXHPHQW VHPEODEOHV VRQW DVVRFLpV j GHV FRQWU{OHV ELRORJLTXHV GLVWLQFWV VXJJpUDQW GHV IRQFWLRQV ELRFKLPLTXHV HWRX PpFDQLTXHV VSpFLILTXHV OHV ILEUHV ©FHQWUDOHVªVRQWHVVHQWLHOOHPHQWUpJXOpHVSDUGHVSURWpLQHVDSSHOpHV5KRNLQDVHVWDQGLVTXHOHV ©SpULSKpULTXHVªVRQWSOXW{WVHQVLEOHVDX[0\RVLQ/LJKW&KDLQ.LQDVHV 0/&.
(117) >.DWRKHWFROO @ 3DU DLOOHXUV .DWRK HW FROO HQ HW DLQVL TXH .DQR HW FROO HQ RQW PRQWUp O·H[LVWHQFH GH ILEUHV GH VWUHVV UHOLDQW OHV IDFHV DSLFDOH HW EDVDOH GH OD FHOOXOHDGKpUHQWHFHUWDLQHV PrPH SUpVHQWDQW OD IRUPH G·DUFKHV GRQW OD EDVH HVW UHOLpH j OD IDFH EDVDOH DX[ LQWpJULQHV HW OH VRPPHW j OD IDFH DSLFDOH FHOOXODLUH j WUDYHUV GHV FRQQH[LRQV j GHV FRPSOH[HV PROpFXODLUHV WUDQVPHPEUDQDLUHVVHPEODEOHVDX[LQWpJULQHV
(118) /HUpVHDXSpULSKpULTXHRXUpVHDXFRUWLFDOG·DFWLQH /H UpVHDX FRUWLFDO G·DFWLQH GLIIqUH JUDQGHPHQW GDQV VRQ RUJDQLVDWLRQ DLQVL TXH GDQV VD FRPSRVLWLRQSDUUDSSRUWDXUpVHDXSOXVSURIRQGGHILEUHVGHWHQVLRQ,OHVWHQHIIHWFRPSRVpGH WUqV QRPEUHX[ PLFURILODPHQWV FRXUWV G·XQH ORQJXHXU PR\HQQH GH O·RUGUH GH OD FHQWDLQH GH QDQRPqWUHGHQPGHGLDPqWUHHWVRQWDXQRPEUHGHjILODPHQWV HVWLPDWLRQjSDUWLUGH &KHQJHWFROO
(119) &HVPLFURILODPHQWVFRXUWVVRQWFRQQHFWpVjG·DXWUHVSURWpLQHVTXLUpJXOHQW OHXU RUJDQLVDWLRQ VSHFWULQH WURSRP\RVLQH P\RVLQH ,,«
(120) DLQVL TX·j OD PHPEUDQH FHOOXODLUH j. . .
(121) ODTXHOOH LOV IRXUQLVVHQW VD WRSRORJLH >+DUWZLJ HW FROO %HQQHWW )R[ HW FROO /RGLVK HW FROO :DFKVVWRFN HW FROO @ 'H SOXV FH F\WRVTXHOHWWH FRUWLFDO VHPEOH LQWLPHPHQW LPSOLTXp GDQV GH QRPEUHXVHV IRQFWLRQV FHOOXODLUHV DVVRFLpHV j OD PHPEUDQH F\WRSODVPLTXH HQGRF\WRVHH[FUpWLRQRXYHUWXUHGHFDQDX[LRQLTXHV«
(122) >%UHWVFKHU +DPLOO HWFROO@'DQVOHVFHOOXOHVDGKpUHQWHVFHUpVHDXFRUWLFDOVHSUpVHQWHVRXVODIRUPHG·XQHILQH VWUXFWXUH WULGLPHQVLRQQHOOH SRO\JRQDOH GH TXHOTXHV FHQWDLQHV GH QDQRPqWUHV G·pSDLVVHXU YRLU ILJXUH $
(123) HW VHPEOH HVVHQWLHOOHPHQW SUpVHQWDX QLYHDX GH ODIDFHDSLFDOH>&KHQJHW FROO@ &HSHQGDQWG·DXWUHVDXWHXUVRQWPRQWUpTX·XQILQUpVHDXG·DFWLQH)SRXYDLWpJDOHPHQWVHWURXYHU DLOOHXUVGDQVOHF\WRSODVPHSDUH[HPSOHHQSpULSKpULHGHVILEUHVGHVWUHVV>.DWRKHWFROO &KHQJHWFROO@ 'HPrPHORUVGXSURFHVVXVGHPLJUDWLRQODFHOOXOHGpSORLHGHVODPHOOLSRGHVHWILORSRGHV TXLVRQWGHVH[WHQVLRQVPHPEUDQDLUHVFRQVWLWXpHVGHFRXUWVILODPHQWVG·DFWLQHRUJDQLVpVHQXQH VWUXFWXUHWULGLPHQVLRQQHOOHGHSHWLWHWDLOOHDXUHJDUGGHODGLPHQVLRQGHODFHOOXOH GHO·RUGUHGHOD GL]DLQHGHPLFURPqWUHV
(124) ><DPDGDHWFROO@ . . .
(125) ,/HUpVHDXGHPLFURWXEXOHV . )LJXUH $ ([HPSOHV G·RUJDQLVDWLRQ GH PLFURWXEXOHV DX VHLQ GH GLYHUV W\SHV FHOOXODLUHV QHXURQH HQ D
(126) PpODQRSKRUH GH SRLVVRQ E
(127)
(128) HQ LQWHUDFWLRQ DYHF OH UpVHDX F\WRVTXHOHWWLTXH G·DFWLQH ,O HVW j QRWHU TXH OHV PLFURWXEXOHVHWOHVILODPHQWVG·DFWLQHFRRSqUHQWOHWUDQVSRUWGHYpVLFXOHVLQWUDFHOOXODLUHV5HSURGXFWLRQG·DSUqV*RRGH HWFROO /HV PLFURWXEXOHV G·XQH FHOOXOH DGKpUHQWH V·RUJDQLVHQW HQ UD\RQQDQW YHUV OD PHPEUDQH F\WRSODVPLTXH j SDUWLU GX FHQWURVRPH VLWXp SUqV GX QR\DX >&DX HW FROO @ ,O SHXW H[LVWHU SOXVLHXUV FHQWURVRPHV DX VHLQ G·XQH FHOOXOH DGKpUHQWH QRWDPPHQW ORUV GH OD GLYLVLRQFHOOXODLUH &HWWH RUJDQLVDWLRQ UDGLDOH GHV PLFURWXEXOHV DVVRFLpH j OHXU G\QDPLTXH ELRORJLTXH SDUWLFLSH JUDQGHPHQW j OD VLJQDOLVDWLRQ LQWUDFHOOXODLUH YRLUH ILJXUH $
(129) (Q HIIHW GHV pOpPHQWV F\WRSODVPLTXHV PLWRFKRQGULHV YpVLFXOHV«
(130) OLpV j XQ PRQRPqUH GH WXEXOLQH ©XWLOLVHQWª OH SURFHVVXV GH SRO\PpULVDWLRQGpSRO\PpULVDWLRQ G·XQ PLFURWXEXOH SRXU UHMRLQGUH GHV UpJLRQV. . .
(131) pORLJQpHVGXF\WRSODVPHSOXVUDSLGHPHQWTXHSDUVLPSOHGLIIXVLRQ3DUDLOOHXUVLOVHPEOHTXHOHV PLFURWXEXOHV VRLHQW FRQQHFWpV j O·DFWLQH) SDU GHV SURWpLQHV VSpFLILTXHV GH OLDLVRQ HQ IRUPDQW GHVDQJOHVSDUWLFXOLHUVHWTXHOHXULQWHUDFWLRQFRQWULEXHjIRXUQLUXQHWHQVLRQLQWHUQH RXWRQXV FHOOXODLUH
(132) HWXQHDUFKLWHFWXUHVWDEOHDX[HXFDU\RWHV>.DYHULQDHWFROO *RRGHHWFROO +DUULVHWFROO ,QJEHUHWFROO @,ODpJDOHPHQWpWpREVHUYpGHVFRQQH[LRQVFRPSOH[HV HQWUHXQHH[WUpPLWpGHVPLFURWXEXOHVHWGHVSODTXHVG·DGKpVLRQRVRQWDXVVLOLpHVGHVILEUHVGH WHQVLRQ SUpVHQWDQWHOOHVPrPHVGHVSRQWVPROpFXODLUHVDYHFFHVPLFURWXEXOHV>.DYHULQDHWFROO @'HIDoRQJpQpUDOHPLFURWXEXOHVHWDFWLQH)VRQWDVVRFLpVGDQVGHQRPEUHXVHVIRQFWLRQV FHOOXODLUHV YRLUILJXUH$HW*RRGHHWFROO
(133) ,/HUpVHDXGHILODPHQWVLQWHUPpGLDLUHV . )LJXUH$ ([HPSOHVGHILODPHQWVLQWHUPpGLDLUHV6WUXFWXUHSRO\PpULTXHHWDUFKLWHFWXUHGHUpVHDX[GHILODPHQWV LQWHUPpGLDLUHVUHFRQVWLWXpVLQYLWUR DE
(134) )LODPHQWVLQWHUPpGLDLUHV ..HQ F
(135) HWYLPHQWLQHHQ G
(136)
(137) SUpVHQWV GDQVOHVFHOOXOHVpSLWKpOLDOHV 3W.
(138) GXUHLQ)LODPHQWVGHYLPHQWLQHGDQVXQHFHOOXOHpSLWKpOLDOHGXUHLQGHKDPVWHU H
(139) 5HSURGXFWLRQVG·DSUqV&RXORPEHHWFROO. . .
(140) /HU{OHELRORJLTXHGHVILODPHQWVLQWHUPpGLDLUHV YRLUILJXUH$
(141) HVWPRLQVELHQFRQQXTXH FHOXLGHVGHX[DXWUHVW\SHVGHFRPSRVDQWVGX&64HWGHQRPEUHXVHVpWXGHVVRQWHQFRXUVSRXU FRPSUHQGUH OHXU FRPSRUWHPHQW DLQVL TXH OHXU IRQFWLRQ 6XLYDQW OH W\SH FHOOXODLUH OHV ILODPHQWV LQWHUPpGLDLUHVVHGpFOLQHQWHQGLIIpUHQWHVIDPLOOHVGRQWOHVILODPHQWVGHNpUDWLQHOHVILODPHQWVGH GHVPLQH OHV ILODPHQWV GH YLPHQWLQH RX HQFRUH OHV QHXURILODPHQWV /D NpUDWLQH IRUPH XQ ©PDQWHDXª DXWRXU GX QR\DX FRQWULEXDQW j OH VWDELOLVHU DX FHQWUH GH OD FHOOXOH /D NpUDWLQH VH UHWURXYHDXVVLRUJDQLVpHHQXQUpVHDXWHQGXHQWUHOHVSODTXHVG·DGKpUHQFHSDUWLFLSDQWjODVWDELOLWp FHOOXODLUH/HVILODPHQWVGHGHVPLQHUHOLHQWODWpUDOHPHQWOHVILEUHVGHP\RVLQHDX[GLVTXHV=HWFHV GHUQLHUVjODPHPEUDQHF\WRSODVPLTXHGHVFHOOXOHVPXVFXODLUHV/DYLPHQWLQHHVWHOOHDXVVLWUqV SUpVHQWHDXWRXUGXQR\DXGHVILEUREODVWHVTX·HOOHFRQWULEXHDLQVLjPDLQWHQLUYHUVOHFHQWUHGHOD FHOOXOH 'HVPLQH HW YLPHQWLQH FRH[LVWHQW GDQV OHV FHOOXOHV PXVFXODLUHV HW QRQ PXVFXODLUHV GH PrPHTXHNpUDWLQHHWYLPHQWLQHVRQWDVVRFLpHVGDQVOHVFHOOXOHVpSLWKpOLDOHV'HPDQLqUHJpQpUDOH OHV ILODPHQWV LQWHUPpGLDLUHV VHPEOHQW LPSOLTXpV GDQV OD VWDELOLWp F\WRSODVPLTXH HW O·DGKpVLRQ FHOOXODLUH PDLV LOV SHXYHQW DXVVL IRUPHU XQH VRUWH GH VWUXFWXUH GH VRXWqQHPHQW DXWRXU GHV PLFURWXEXOHV HPSrFKDQW OHXU IODPEHPHQW HW FRQWULEXDQW DLQVL j OHV ULJLGLILHU >%URGODQG HW FROO @ . ,, 3URSULpWpV PpFDQLTXHV GH OD FHOOXOH DGKpUHQWH GDQV VRQ PLFURHQYLURQQHPHQW /HV JUDQGHV IRQFWLRQV ELRORJLTXHV GH OD FHOOXOH GpSHQGHQW IRUWHPHQW GH VRQ HQYLURQQHPHQW SK\VLTXH 'HV FHOOXOHV DGKpUHQWHV VRXPLVHV j GHV FRQWUDLQWHV PpFDQLTXHV H[WpULHXUHV SHXYHQW rWUH DFWLYpHV GDQV OHXU SURFHVVXV GH SUROLIpUDWLRQ HW GH PLJUDWLRQ ORUV GX. . .
(142) PpFDQLVPH GH FLFDWULVDWLRQ G·XQH EOHVVXUH $ O·RSSRVp HQ O·DEVHQFH GH IRUFHV H[WHUQHV FHV PrPHV FHOOXOHV QH SRXYDQW DGKpUHU QRUPDOHPHQW WHQGHQW j V·DUURQGLU HW XQ FHUWDLQ QRPEUH G·HQWUHHOOHV DFWLYHQW XQ SURFHVVXV GH PRUW SURJUDPPpH DSSHOp DSRSWRVH /D IRUPH DUURQGLH FRUUHVSRQG jODVLWXDWLRQRWURSGHFHOOXOHVVRQWHQFRQFXUUHQFHVXUODPDWULFHH[WUDFHOOXODLUH FHUWDLQHV GRLYHQW PRXULU SRXU HPSrFKHU XQH SUROLIpUDWLRQ LQFRQWU{OpH HW OD IRUPDWLRQ G XQH WXPHXU >,QJEHU @ &HV REVHUYDWLRQV VXU O·LQWLPH OLHQ HQWUH IRUPH VWUXFWXUH HW IRQFWLRQ GHV FHOOXOHV RQW DPHQp OHV ELRORJLVWHV HW ELRPpFDQLFLHQV j V·LQWpUHVVHU j OD UKpRORJLH FHOOXODLUH HW j GpWHUPLQHUGHVORLVGHFRPSRUWHPHQWPpFDQLTXHGHVFHOOXOHVSRXUWHQWHUGHOHVFRXSOHUDYHFOHV UpSRQVHVELRORJLTXHVHWELRFKLPLTXHVDVVRFLpHVFRPPHO·DFWLYDWLRQGHVFDQDX[GHODPHPEUDQH F\WRSODVPLTXH SHUPHWWDQW OH SDVVDJH G·LRQV FDOFLXP &D2+ HQ UpSRQVH j XQ VWLPXOXV PpFDQLTXH H[WpULHXU . ,, ² 5HYXH GHV SURSULpWpV PpFDQLTXHV GH FHOOXOHV YLYDQWHV WHVWpHV H[SpULPHQWDOHPHQW 3RXUDSSUpKHQGHUODUpSRQVHPpFDQLTXHGHODFHOOXOHYLYDQWHHWGpWHUPLQHUOHVSULQFLSDX[ SDUDPqWUHVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVPLVHQMHXOHVFKHUFKHXUVRQWGpYHORSSpGHSXLVSUqVG·XQGHPLVLqFOH SOXVLHXUV WHFKQLTXHV H[SpULPHQWDOHV GH PLFURPDQLSXODWLRQ GH FHOOXOHV YLYDQWHV /HV SOXV IUpTXHPPHQW FLWpHV VRQWODPLFURSLSHWWH OHV SURFpGpV PDJQpWLTXHVGRQWODPDJQpWRF\WRPpWULH OHVSLQFHVRSWLTXHVOHVPLFURSODTXHVHWODPLFURVFRSLHjIRUFHDWRPLTXHDLQVLTXHO·LQGHQWDWLRQ &HV H[SpULPHQWDWLRQV GH OD UpSRQVH PpFDQLTXH GH OD FHOOXOH RQW pWp HIIHFWXpHV VXU GLIIpUHQWV PRGqOHVFHOOXODLUHVELRORJLTXHV FHOOXOHVLVROpHVHQVXVSHQVLRQFHOOXOHVLVROpHVDGKpUHQWHVPRQR FRXFKH FHOOXODLUH DGKpUHQWH PDFURSKDJHV PLJUDQW VXU XQ WDSLV FHOOXODLUH HWF
(143) &HV WHFKQLTXHV H[SpULPHQWDOHV VH GLIIpUHQWLHQW QRWDPPHQW SDU OH W\SH G·HIIRUW HWRX GH GpIRUPDWLRQ DSSOLTXp. . .
(144) SDUODYLWHVVHGHFKDUJHPHQWHWRXGHGpIRUPDWLRQDLQVLTXHSDUODIRUPHHWODWDLOOHGHODVRQGH /HV PRGqOHV FHOOXODLUHV WHVWpV SURSRVHQW XQH YDVWH JDPPH GH FRQILJXUDWLRQV PRUSKRORJLTXHV DVVRFLpHV j GLIIpUHQWHV FRQGLWLRQV HQYLURQQHPHQWDOHV HW LQWUDFHOOXODLUHV DGKpUHQFH PLJUDWLRQ PDWXULWpSUpVHQFHGHFHUWDLQHVGURJXHVPRGLILDQWODVWUXFWXUHLQWHUQHGX&64HWF
(145) (QSDUDOOqOH GLYHUV PRGqOHV UKpRORJLTXHV WKpRULTXHV RQW pWp GpYHORSSpV SRXU O·LQWHUSUpWDWLRQ GHV UpVXOWDWV H[SpULPHQWDX[ ,,²3URSULpWpVPpFDQLTXHVJOREDOHVGHODFHOOXOH /DSOXSDUWGHVUpVXOWDWVLVVXVGHVH[SpULHQFHVGHPLFURPDQLSXODWLRQPRQWUHTXHODFHOOXOH YLYDQWHHVWXQ©PDWpULDXªYLVFRpODVWLTXHWDQW{WFRQVLGpUpFRPPH©IOXLGHª HQSDUWLFXOLHUSRXU OHVFHOOXOHVHQVXVSHQVLRQWHVWpHVSDUPLFURSLSHWWH
(146) WDQW{WFRPPH©VROLGHªORUVTX·HOOHDGKqUHj XQHPDWULFHH[WUDFHOOXODLUH$LQVL5DJVGDOHHWFROORQWDSSURFKpGHVUpVXOWDWVREWHQXVLQYLWURSDU PLFURVFRSLH IOXRUHVFHQWH VXU GHV ILEUREODVWHV 6ZLVV 7 DGKpUDQW jXQVXEVWUDWSDUXQPRGqOH UKpRORJLTXH GH VROLGH YLVFRpODVWLTXH >5DJVGDOH HW FROO @ 'H PrPH /DXUHQW HW FROO RQW PRQWUp TXH OHV PrPHV FHOOXOHV pSLWKpOLDOHV OLJQpH $
(147) V·pFRXOHQW FRPPH XQ IOXLGH GDQV OD PLFURSLSHWWHGDQVODTXHOOHHOOHVVRQWDVSLUpHVORUVTX·HOOHVVRQWHQVXVSHQVLRQWDQGLVTX·HOOHVRQW XQH UpSRQVH PpFDQLTXH GH W\SH VROLGH VL HOOHV VRQW WHVWpHV HQ PRQR FRXFKH DGKpUHQWH SDU OD WHFKQLTXHGHPDJQpWRF\WRPpWULH>/DXUHQWHWFROO@ D
(148) 3DUDPqWUHVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVGHODYLVFRpODVWLFLWpFHOOXODLUH ,ODSSDUDvWGDQVODOLWWpUDWXUHXQHIRUWHGLYHUVLWpGHVUpVXOWDWVH[SpULPHQWDX[HQWHUPHGH PHVXUH GHV SURSULpWpV YLVFRpODVWLTXHV GHV FHOOXOHV /HV IDFWHXUV LQIOXHQWV VRQW SULQFLSDOHPHQW OD PpWKRGHXWLOLVpHHWOHVFRQGLWLRQVH[SpULPHQWDOHVOHW\SHGHFHOOXOHpWXGLpHOHWDX[GHFRQWUDLQWH. . .
(149) RX GH GpIRUPDWLRQ DSSOLTXpH DLQVL TXH OD WDLOOH GH OD VRQGH XWLOLVpH H[SpULPHQWDOHPHQW SRXU DSSOLTXHUGHVIRUFHVDX[FHOOXOHVHQFXOWXUH (QHIIHWSRXUXQHFXOWXUHGHILEUREODVWHV 6ZLVV7
(150) OHVUpVXOWDWVGHPRGXOHGHYLVFRVLWp REWHQXV VHORQWURLVPpWKRGHVGLIIpUHQWHV YDULHQWJUDQGHPHQW 0DVWUR HWFROOHQ HVWLPHQW −. −. SDUXQHWHFKQLTXHDSSHOpHHOHFWURQVSLQUHVRQDQFHXQHYLVFRVLWpFRPSULVHHQWUH HW 3DV −. UpVXOWDW SURFKH GHV 3DV REWHQXV SDU /XE\3KHOSV HW FROO HQ SDU )35 PDLV WUqV pORLJQpGHV3DVPHVXUpVSDUPLFURVFRSLHIOXRUHVFHQWHSDU5DJVGDOHHWFROOHQ 'H PrPH SRXU GHV FHOOXOHV pSLWKpOLDOHV VHPEODEOHV 90 /DXUHQW D PRQWUp TXH OHV YDOHXUV GH ULJLGLWp HW GH YLVFRVLWp FHOOXODLUH YDULHQW JUDQGHPHQW HQ IRQFWLRQ GH O·DGKpVLRQ FHOOXODLUH ORUVTX·HOOHV VRQW QRQ DGKpUHQWHV HW WHVWpHV SDU PLFURSLSHWWH OHV FHOOXOHV pSLWKpOLDOHV PRQWUHQW XQHULJLGLWpHWXQHYLVFRVLWpUHVSHFWLYHPHQW HW IRLV SOXV JUDQGHTXHORUVTX·HOOHV VRQWWHVWpHVHQPRQRFRXFKHDGKpUHQWHjXQVXEVWUDWSDUPDJQpWRF\WRPpWULH(QRXWUH=DQHUHW 9DOEHUJPRQWUHQWTXHODYLVFRVLWpGpFURvWTXDQGOHWDX[GHGpIRUPDWLRQDXJPHQWH>=DQHUHWFROO @ 3DU DLOOHXUV OD UpSRQVH PpFDQLTXH FHOOXODLUH GpSHQG DXVVL JUDQGHPHQW GH OD IDoRQ G·DSSOLTXHUOHVFRQWUDLQWHVjODFHOOXOHWHVWpH(QHIIHW0DQLRWLVHWFROOHQ DLQVLTXH,QJEHU HQRQWPRQWUpTXHVLOHVIRUFHVVRQWDSSOLTXpHVVSpFLILTXHPHQWjODVWUXFWXUHGX&64YLDOHV UpFHSWHXUVLQWpJULQHVLOHQUpVXOWHXQHUHGLVWULEXWLRQVSDWLDOHGHVILODPHQWVF\WRVTXHOHWWLTXHVHWXQ pWLUHPHQWGXQR\DX'HPrPH0DWKXUHWFROORQWVSpFLILTXHPHQWDSSOLTXpGHVIRUFHVDX[SRLQWV IRFDX[G·DGKpVLRQGHODIDFHDSLFDOHSDUPLFURVFRSLHjIRUFHDWRPLTXH $)0
(151) HWRQWREVHUYpHQ FRXUV GH FKDUJHPHQW SDU OH ELDLV G·XQ JXLGH G·RQGH G·XQH SDUW XQH UHGLVWULEXWLRQ VSDWLDOH GHV SODTXHV G·DGKpUHQFH GH OD IDFH EDVDOH HW G·DXWUH SDUW GHV YDULDWLRQV GH O·DLUH GH FKDFXQH GH FHV SODTXHV>0DWKXUHWFROODE@3DUPLOHVPpFDQRUpFHSWHXUVSRVVLEOHVOHVSULQFLSDX[PLV. . .
(152) HQ DYDQW VRQW OHV LQWpJULQHV OHV FDGKpULQHV OHV ,&$0 HW OHV 9&$0 $ O·RSSRVp DXFXQ FKDQJHPHQW JOREDO GH OD VWUXFWXUH LQWHUQH GX &64 Q·HVW REVHUYp ORUVTXH OHV IRUFHV VRQW DSSOLTXpHV j G·DXWUHV UpFHSWHXUV WUDQVPHPEUDQDLUHV RX SOXV JpQpUDOHPHQW j OD PHPEUDQH GH IDoRQQRQVSpFLILTXHGX&64'DQVFHFDVVHXOHXQHUpSRQVHPpFDQLTXHORFDOLVpHDXQLYHDXGHOD VRQGHH[SpULPHQWDOHHVWPHVXUpH>,QJEHUHWFROO@ (Q RXWUH 9DOEHUJ HW )HOGPDQ SUpFLVHQW TXH OD WDLOOH GH OD VRQGH ELOOH
(153) LQIOXHQFH OD PHVXUH(QSDUWLFXOLHUXQHELOOHGHSHWLWGLDPqWUHSDUUDSSRUWDX[JUDQGHXUVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVGX PDLOODJHGXUpVHDXF\WRVTXHOHWWLTXHSRXUUDLWUpYpOHUOHVSURSULpWpVPpFDQLTXHVQRQVHXOHPHQWGH ODVWUXFWXUHVROLGHGXF\WRVTXHOHWWHPDLVDXVVLHWVXUWRXWGXIOXLGHYLVTXHX[O·HQYLURQQDQW>9DOEHUJ HW FROO @ 'H SOXV HQ UHJURXSDQW OHV YDOHXUV GH ULJLGLWp PHVXUpHV H[SpULPHQWDOHPHQW SDU GLIIpUHQWHVWHFKQLTXHVVXUGLYHUVW\SHVFHOOXODLUHVLODSSDUDvWXQDFFURLVVHPHQWGHFHWWHYDOHXUGH ULJLGLWpPHVXUpHDYHFODUpGXFWLRQGHODWDLOOHGHODVRQGH>0DNV\PHWFROO@ 3RXUUpVXPHUGHVWHFKQLTXHVH[SpULPHQWDOHVFRQWU{OpHVVRQWLQGLVSHQVDEOHVSRXUpYDOXHU OHVSURSULpWpVPpFDQLTXHVGHO·HQVHPEOHGHODFHOOXOH,OV·DJLWQRWDPPHQWG·DSSOLTXHUOHVIRUFHV RX OHV GpIRUPDWLRQV
(154) GLUHFWHPHQW j OD VWUXFWXUH F\WRVTXHOHWWLTXH UHVSRQVDEOH GH OD UpSRQVH PpFDQLTXHFHOOXODLUHWRXWHQYHLOODQWjFRQWU{OHUOHPD[LPXPGHSDUDPqWUHVFRPPHODWDLOOHGHOD VRQGHH[SpULPHQWDOHRXVRQGHJUpG·LPPHUVLRQGDQVFHF\WRSODVPH>/DXUHQWHWFROOD@ E
(155) 7HFKQLTXHVH[SpULPHQWDOHVVSpFLILTXHGX&64 /D PDJQpWRF\WRPpWULH IDLW SDUWLH GH FHV WHFKQLTXHV VSpFLILTXHV GX F\WRVTXHOHWWH (OOH GpULYHG·XQHPpWKRGHPLVHDXSRLQWSDU=DQHUTXLXWLOLVHXQSURFpGpPDJQpWLTXHSDUOHTXHOGHV FRQWUDLQWHVPpFDQLTXHVVRQWGLUHFWHPHQWDSSOLTXpHVDX&64GHFHOOXOHVHQFXOWXUHSDUOHELDLVGH PLFURELOOHV IHUURPDJQpWLTXHV FRQQHFWpHV j OD VWUXFWXUH F\WRVTXHOHWWLTXH >=DQHU HW FROO @ 'DQV OD WHFKQLTXH GH =DQHU GHV ELOOHV GH O·RUGUH GX FHQWLqPH GX PLFURQ GH GLDPqWUH VRQW. . .
(156) SKDJRF\WpHV SDU GHV PDFURSKDJHV HW VH WURXYHQW DLQVL HQ UHODWLRQ pWURLWH DYHF GHV ILODPHQWV G·DFWLQH(QHIIHWORUVTX·XQFRUSV©pWUDQJHUªHVWSKDJRF\WpSDUGHVPDFURSKDJHVLOVHUHWURXYH OLWWpUDOHPHQW HQFDSVXOp SDU XQH SDUWLH GH OD PHPEUDQH F\WRSODVPLTXH FHWWH FDSVXOH pWDQW HOOH PrPH OLpH DX[ PLFURILODPHQWV &HV ELOOHV PDJQpWLVpHV VRQW VRXPLVHV j XQ JUDGLHQW GH IRUFHV PDJQpWLTXHV HW OD PHVXUH GH OHXU GpSODFHPHQW WUDQVODWLRQ
(157) SHUPHW G·DWWHLQGUH OD ULJLGLWp GX F\WRVTXHOHWWH (Q PDJQpWRF\WRPpWULH GHV ELOOHV IHUURPDJQpWLTXHV GH GLDPqWUH SOXV JUDQG TXHOTXHV PLFURQV
(158) VRQWXWLOLVpHV(OOHVVRQWUHFRXYHUWHVG·XQOLJDQGVSpFLILTXHjGHVUpFHSWHXUV WUDQVPHPEUDQDLUHV OHVLQWpJULQHVRXOHVFDGKpULQHV
(159) HX[PrPHFRQQHFWpVDX[ILODPHQWVG·DFWLQH GX&64/·HQVHPEOHGHODFXOWXUHFHOOXODLUHHWGHVELOOHVHVWVRXPLVjXQEUHIFKDPSPDJQpWLTXH GH KDXWH LQWHQVLWpGHVRUWHTXHFHVPLFURELOOHVVHFRPSRUWHQWFRPPHGHVGLS{OHVPDJQpWLTXHV $LQVL ORUVTXH OD FXOWXUH GH FHOOXOHV DYHF OHV ELOOHV PDJQpWLVpHV HQYLURQV ELOOHV SRXU FHOOXOHV VRLW XQ UDSSRUW G·HQYLURQV GHX[ ELOOHVFHOOXOH
(160) HVW VRXPLVH j XQ FKDPS PDJQpWLTXH GH GLUHFWLRQ SHUSHQGLFXODLUH j OHXU VHQV GH SRODULVDWLRQ OHV ELOOHV VRQW FRQWUDLQWHV j VXLYUH XQ PRXYHPHQW GH URWDWLRQ HQWUDvQDQW O·HQVHPEOH GH OD VWUXFWXUH GX &64 TXL GH IDLW VH GpIRUPH >:DQJHWFROO @/HVGLIIpUHQWHVpWXGHVSXEOLpHVSRUWDQWVXUODUpSRQVHPpFDQLTXHFHOOXODLUH WHVWpHSDUPDJQpWRF\WRPpWULHPRQWUHQWTXHODUHODWLRQFRQWUDLQWH²GpIRUPDWLRQHVWQRQOLQpDLUH ODULJLGLWpDXJPHQWHDYHFOHQLYHDXGHFRQWUDLQWHDSSOLTXpH'HSOXVFHWWHULJLGLWpHVWVHQVLEOHjOD SUpVHQFHGHGURJXHVVSpFLILTXHVGHVILODPHQWVGXF\WRVTXHOHWWHOHVTXHOOHVSHXYHQWIDLUHFKXWHUOD WHQVLRQ LQWHUQH j OD VWUXFWXUH RX GpWUXLUH WRWDOHPHQW OH UpVHDX GH ILODPHQWV F\WRVTXHOHWWLTXHV >:DQJHWFROO :HQGOLQJHWFROOE@(QSDUWDQWGHO·K\SRWKqVHTXHOHVDFWLQH)JpQqUHQW XQHWHQVLRQLQWHUQHLODpWpPRQWUpTXHODULJLGLWpFHOOXODLUHGLPLQXHSRXUGHVFXOWXUHVFHOOXODLUHV WUDLWpHVjODF\WRFKDODVLQH' F\WR'
(161) ODSHQWHGHODUHODWLRQ©FRQWUDLQWHGpIRUPDWLRQªGpFURvW>:DQJ HW FROO @
(162) /D F\WR' HVW XQH GURJXH SKDUPDFHXWLTXH HPSrFKDQW OD SRO\PpULVDWLRQ GHV ILODPHQWVG·DFWLQHFHTXLDSRXUHIIHWGHUpGXLUHODWHQVLRQLQWHUQHDXF\WRVTXHOHWWH>:HQGOLQJHW FROOE@'HPrPHODGHVWUXFWLRQGHVPLFURWXEXOHVRXGHVILODPHQWVLQWHUPpGLDLUHVGLPLQXH OD ULJLGLWp FHOOXODLUH GDQV XQH PRLQGUH PHVXUH WRXWHIRLV TXH ORUV GX WUDLWHPHQW SDU OD F\WR' . .
(163) VXJJpUDQW TXH O·DFWLQH) HVW GHV WURLV W\SHV GH ILODPHQWV F\WRVTXHOHWWLTXHV OH SULQFLSDOH UHVSRQVDEOHGHVSURSULpWpVpODVWLTXHVGHODFHOOXOH>:DQJHWFROO @3DUDLOOHXUVHQXWLOLVDQWOD PrPH WHFKQLTXH GDQV GHV FRQGLWLRQV G\QDPLTXHV FRXSOHV PDJQpWLTXHV F\FOLTXHV
(164) 0DNV\P HW FROO RQW PRQWUp TXH OH PRGXOH G·pODVWLFLWp DXJPHQWH DYHF OD IUpTXHQFH DORUV TXH OH PRGXOH GH YLVFRVLWpGLPLQXHDYHFODIUpTXHQFH OHUDSSRUWHQWUHpQHUJLHGLVVLSpHHWpQHUJLHVWRFNpHDSSHOp K\VWpUpVLYLWpUHVWHTXDQWjOXLFRQVWDQW>0DNV\PHWFROO@ F
(165) 5pIOH[LRQ /D UpSRQVHPpFDQLTXHGHODFHOOXOHDGKpUHQWHpWXGLpHHQXWLOLVDQWGLIIpUHQWHVWHFKQLTXHV GH PLFURPDQLSXODWLRQ HVW JpQpUDOHPHQW UHFRQQXH GX W\SH VROLGH YLVFRpODVWLTXH /HV SURSULpWpV PpFDQLTXHV GX F\WRSODVPH VRQW WUqV KpWpURJqQHV >0DWKXU HW FROO D E@ /HV JUDQGHV YDOHXUV GH ULJLGLWp VRQW PHVXUpHV DX YRLVLQDJH GX QR\DX HW OHV SOXV SHWLWHV DX QLYHDX GH OD PHPEUDQH FHOOXODLUH 3RXU ELHQ UHQGUH FRPSWH GH FHWWH KpWpURJpQpLWp GHV SURSULpWpV YLVFRpODVWLTXHVFHOOXODLUHVPHVXUpHVH[SpULPHQWDOHPHQW<DPDGDSRVWXOHTX·LOIDXGUDLWXWLOLVHUGHV PRGqOHVUKpRORJLTXHVFRPSRVpVG·DXPRLQVVRXVXQLWpVYLVFRpODVWLTXHV><DPDGDHWFROO@ /DXUHQWHWFROORQWPRQWUppJDOHPHQWTXHOH&64SURIRQGHVWMXVTX·jIRLVSOXVULJLGHIRLV SOXVYLVTXHX[HWSRVVqGHXQHFRQVWDQWHGHWHPSVMXVTX·jIRLVSOXVJUDQGHTXHOH&64FRUWLFDO >/DXUHQWHWFROOE@'HPrPHOHF\WRVTXHOHWWHSURIRQGDSSDUDvWFRPPHpWDQWSOXVWHQGXHW SOXVSRO\PpULVpTXHOHFRUWLFDOFHTXLSRXUUDLWH[SOLTXHUTXHODVHQVLELOLWpjO·HIIHWGHOD&\WR' HVWVXSpULHXUHGDQVOH&64SURIRQGTXHGDQVOH&64FRUWLFDO>/DXUHQWE@ &HV REVHUYDWLRQV VRQW HQ DFFRUG DYHF O·LGpH GX U{OH VSpFLILTXH GH FKDTXH VRXVUpVHDX WDQGLV TXH OH &64 FRUWLFDO RIIUH XQH FDSDFLWp G·DGDSWDWLRQ ORFDOH UDSLGH GHV SURFHVVXV PHPEUDQDLUHV HQGRF\WRVH«
(166) OH &64 SURIRQG D HVVHQWLHOOHPHQW XQ U{OH GH VWDELOLVDWLRQ HW GH FRRUGLQDWLRQJOREDOHGXF\WRSODVPHGHODFHOOXOHDGKpUHQWH>0DQLRWLVHWFROO @. . .
(167) ,,²5{OHPpFDQLTXHGHVILODPHQWVGXF\WRVTXHOHWWH /DUpSRQVHPpFDQLTXHFHOOXODLUHHVWpWURLWHPHQWOLpHDX[FDUDFWpULVWLTXHVUKpRORJLTXHVGX F\WRVTXHOHWWH &64
(168) /D GpWHUPLQDWLRQ GHV SURSULpWpV PpFDQLTXHV GX &64 QpFHVVLWH OD FRQQDLVVDQFHGHVSURSULpWpVVSpFLILTXHVGHFKDFXQGHVUpVHDX[TXLOHFRPSRVHQW
(169) 5{OHPpFDQLTXHGHVILODPHQWVG·DFWLQH /HVILODPHQWVG·DFWLQHLQWHUYLHQQHQWJUDQGHPHQWGDQVODPLJUDWLRQFHOOXODLUHDXFRXUVGH ODTXHOOHODFHOOXOHGpYHORSSHjO·DYDQWGXPRXYHPHQWXQRXSOXVLHXUVODPHOOLSRGHVGDQVOHVTXHOOHV O·DFWLQH) HVW WUqV SUpVHQWH 'H SOXV OHV ILODPHQWV G·DFWLQH UHJURXSpV HQ IDLVFHDX[ GH ILEUHV GH WHQVLRQ VRQW FRXSOpV j GHV PROpFXOHV GH P\RVLQH HW IRUPHQW DLQVL GH YpULWDEOHV ©PRWHXUV PROpFXODLUHªTXLJpQqUHQWXQHWHQVLRQDXVHLQGHODVWUXFWXUHGX&64SHUPHWWDQWDLQVLODPRWLOLWp FHOOXODLUH 3DU DLOOHXUV OHV FRXUWV PLFURILODPHQWV FRPSRVDQW OH &64 FRUWLFDO VH FRXSOHQW j OD P\RVLQH,,DLQVLTX·jODWURSRP\RVLQHHWFRQWULEXHQWjJpQpUHUXQHWHQVLRQFRUWLFDOHIDLEOHDLQVL TX·jVWDELOLVHUODPHPEUDQHSODVPLTXHHQFRPSOpPHQWGHODWHQVLRQSOXVLPSRUWDQWHJpQpUpHSDU OH&64F\WRVROLTXHOHTXHODVVXUHODVWDELOLWpJOREDOHGHODFHOOXOH>/RGLVKHWFROO @$LQVLO·XQ GHVU{OHVSULQFLSDX[GHO·DFWLQHHVWGHJpQpUHUjGLIIpUHQWHVORFDOLVDWLRQVGDQVOHF\WRSODVPHXQH WHQVLRQFHOOXODLUH(QRXWUHOHVILEUHVGHWHQVLRQSHXYHQWVHGpIRUPHUMXVTX·j>)XQJ .DWRK HW FROO @ WDQGLV TXH OHV ILODPHQWV G·DFWLQH VHXOV URPSHQW DX GHOj GH GH GpIRUPDWLRQ >-DQPH\ HW FROO @ O·DFWLQH LQWHUYHQDQW JUDQGHPHQW GDQV OHV SURSULpWpV PpFDQLTXHVFHOOXODLUHV(QHIIHWGHQRPEUHX[DXWHXUVSDUOHQWG·XQHSUpGRPLQDQFHGHVSURSULpWpV GXUpVHDXG·DFWLQHGDQVOHVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVYLVFRpODVWLTXHVGHODFHOOXOH$LQVL=DQHUHW9DOEHUJ G·XQHSDUWHW6DWFKHUHW'HZH\G·DXWUHSDUWRQWSXDSSURFKHUO·pODVWLFLWpGHVFHOOXOHVYLYDQWHVSDU. . .
(170) OHPRGXOHG·pODVWLFLWpPHVXUpSRXUO·DFWLQH>=DQHUHWFROO 6DWFKHUHWFROO @'HPrPH :DQJ HW FROOPRQWUHQWTXHO·DFWLQHSDUWLFLSH jHQYLURQV GHOD ULJLGLWp JOREDOH GHOD FHOOXOH >:DQJHW,QJEHU @ 3OXVLHXUV WHFKQLTXHV RQW pWp GpYHORSSpHV DILQ GH GpWHUPLQHU OHV FDUDFWpULVWLTXHV UKpRORJLTXHVGHVPLFURILODPHQWV/·DFWLQHDSSDUDvWFRPPHXQPDWpULDXYLVFRpODVWLTXHOHVDXWHXUV QHSRXYDQWWRXWHIRLVSDVWRXMRXUVFHUWLILHUTXHOHVVROXWLRQVGHILODPHQWVG·DFWLQHWHVWpHVRQWXQ FRPSRUWHPHQW PpFDQLTXH SOXW{W GH W\SH IOXLGH YLVFRpODVWLTXH RX GH W\SH VROLGH YLVFRpODVWLTXH >-DQPH\ HW FROO :DFKVVWRFN HW FROO @ 6HORQ :DFKVVWRFN HW FROO XQH VROXWLRQ G·DFWLQH HQ SUpVHQFH G·αDFWLQLQH VH FRPSRUWH FRPPH XQ IOXLGH YLVFRpODVWLTXH DORUV TX·HQ SUpVHQFH G·XQH DXWUH SURWpLQH OD ELRWLQH JpQpUDOHPHQW XWLOLVpH SRXU PDUTXHU OHV PLFURILODPHQWV PDLV TXL DXUDLW VHORQ OHV DXWHXUV DXVVL OH SRXYRLU GH FUpHU GHV Q±XGV HQWUH HX[ ORUVTX·HOOH HVW DVVRFLpH j O·DYLGLQH
(171) RQ WHQG SOXW{W YHUV XQ FRPSRUWHPHQW GH VROLGH LVRWURSH OH QRPEUH GH OLDLVRQ pWDQW HQ HIIHW SOXV LPSRUWDQW TX·DYHF O·αDFWLQLQH HW OHXU SOXV JUDQGH UpVLVWDQFH ULJLGLILH OD VWUXFWXUH DLQVL IRUPpH 3RXU OHXU SDUW =DQHU HW 9DOEHUJ REWLHQQHQW SDU YLVFRVLPpWULHVXUGHVVROXWLRQVGHPJPOGHPLFURILODPHQWVGHVUpVXOWDWVFRQIRUPHVjFHX[GHV VROLGHV YLVFRpODVWLTXHV SRXU GH SHWLWHV pFKHOOHV GH WHPSV WDQGLV TXH O·RQ V·DSSURFKH GHV IOXLGHV GLVVLSDQW DX[JUDQGHVpFKHOOHV>=DQHUHWFROO @'·DXWUHSDUW-DQPH\HWFROOPRQWUHQWSDU GHVHVVDLVGHIOXDJHVXUGHVVROXWLRQVGHPJPOGHILODPHQWVG·DFWLQHTXHOHXUFRPSRUWHPHQW HVWHQDFFRUGDYHFFHOXLGHVVROLGHVYLVFRpODVWLTXHV>-DQPH\HWFROO @ 6RPPHWRXWHLOVHPEOHTXHFHWWHGLIILFXOWpj©WUDQFKHUªHQWUHXQFRPSRUWHPHQWGHW\SH VROLGH RX IOXLGH VRLW GXH j OD JUDQGH YDULDELOLWp GHV PHVXUHV GH SURSULpWpV YLVFRpODVWLTXHV GHV PLFURILODPHQWV HQ IRQFWLRQ GH GLYHUV IDFWHXUV GRQW SULQFLSDOHPHQW OD FRQFHQWUDWLRQ GHV VROXWLRQV HQ DFWLQH) OD ORQJXHXU GHV ILODPHQWV OD SUpVHQFH RX QRQ G·DXWUHV SURWpLQHV F\WRSODVPLTXHVD\DQWOHSRXYRLUGHFRQQHFWHUGHVILODPHQWVG·DFWLQHHQWUHHX[RXGHOHVFRXSHU OHVpFKHOOHVWHPSRUHOOHVGHVH[SpULHQFHVDLQVLTXHOHVGpIRUPDWLRQVLPSRVpHV. . .
(172) $LQVLODYLVFRVLWpPHVXUpHYDULHGHTXHOTXHVGL]DLQHVGH3DVFDOVVHFRQGHVSRXUGHVJHOVGH *DFWLQH DFWLQHVRXVIRUPHPRQRPpULTXH
(173) jXQRUGUHGHJUDQGHXUFRPSULVHQWUHHW3DV SRXUGHVVROXWLRQVG·DFWLQH)'HSOXV-DQPH\HWFROO
(174) PRQWUHQWTXHODYLVFRVLWpGHO·DFWLQH GpSHQGGXWDX[GHGpIRUPDWLRQDSSOLTXpDLQVLTXHGHODORQJXHXUGHVPLFURILODPHQWV%X[EDXP HW FROO
(175) HW GH -DYLQ HW &RKHQ
(176) REWLHQQHQW XQH YLVFRVLWp GH O·DFWLQH SURSRUWLRQQHOOH UHVSHFWLYHPHQW j O·LQYHUVH SXLVVDQFH ²
(177) HW j OD SXLVVDQFH ² GX WDX[ GH GpIRUPDWLRQ &HFL FRUUHVSRQGVHORQOHVDXWHXUVDXFRPSRUWHPHQWG·XQV\VWqPHGHWLJHVVROLGHVJOLVVDQWOHVXQHVSDU UDSSRUWDX[DXWUHVHWGRQWODYLVFRVLWpSURYLHQGUDLWGHFHVPRXYHPHQWV-DQPH\HVWLPHTXDQWjOXL TXHOHVSURSULpWpVGHVILODPHQWVG·DFWLQHGpSHQGHQWGHOHXUORQJXHXU HWGRQFGHODSUpVHQFHRX QRQ GH SURWpLQHV D\DQW SRXU HIIHW GH FRXSHU OHV ILODPHQWV
(178) GH O·H[LVWHQFH GH OLDLVRQV HQWUH OHV PLFURILODPHQWVDLQVLTXHGHODQDWXUHGHFHVQ±XGV HWGRQFGHODSUpVHQFHRXQRQGHSURWpLQHV GHOLDLVRQFRPPHO·$%3RXO·αDFWLQLQH
(179) HWGHODFRQFHQWUDWLRQHQILODPHQWVG·DFWLQHGHVVROXWLRQV pWXGLpHV(QHIIHWSRXUXQHFRQFHQWUDWLRQLQIpULHXUHjPJPOOHVJHOVG·DFWLQHVRQWLVRWURSHV WDQGLVTX·DXGHOjLO\DIRUPDWLRQGHIDLVFHDX[>-DQPH\HWFROO @ 7RXWHIRLVFHVWUDYDX[VRQWSRXUODSOXSDUWHIIHFWXpVQRQSDVVXUGHVILODPHQWVLVROpVPDLV VXU GHV VROXWLRQV RX GHV JHOV
(180) G·DFWLQH VRXPLVHV j GHV HIIRUWV PpFDQLTXHV JOREDX[ ,O HVW DORUV GLIILFLOHGHELHQFDUDFWpULVHUPpFDQLTXHPHQWOHVILODPHQWVG·DFWLQHHX[PrPH&HSHQGDQW3DOPHU HW FROO RQW UpFHPPHQW XWLOLVp XQH WHFKQLTXH QRQ LQYDVLYH DSSHOpH GLIIXVLQJ ZDYH VSHFWURVFRS\ PLFURUKHRORJ\ HW JUkFH j ODTXHOOH LOV RQW SX pWXGLHU GLUHFWHPHQW OHV SURSULpWpV UKpRORJLTXHV GH UpVHDX[ G·DFWLQH) HQ XWLOLVDQW FRPPH VRQGH H[SpULPHQWDOH GHV LRQV QDWXUHOOHPHQW OLpV DX[ PLFURILODPHQWV /HXUV UpVXOWDWV PRQWUHQW OD GpSHQGDQFH HQ OD IUpTXHQFH GHV SURSULpWpV YLVFRpODVWLTXHV MXVTX·j XQH YDOHXU GH O·RUGUH GX +HUW] OHV ILODPHQWV G·DFWLQH RQW XQH UpSRQVH PpFDQLTXH GH W\SH VROLGH YLVFRpODVWLTXH DYHF XQH FRQVWDQWH GH WHPSV GH O·RUGUH GH V DORUV TX·DX GHOj GH+]OHFRPSRUWHPHQWPpFDQLTXHFRUUHVSRQGjFHOXLG·XQIOXLGHYLVFRpODVWLTXH >3DOPHUHWFROO @ . .
(181) (Q GpILQLWLYHO·K\SRWKqVHUHWHQXHGDQVFHWWHpWXGHSRXUOHVILODPHQWVG·DFWLQHHVWFHOOH G·XQ FRPSRUWHPHQW GH W\SH VROLGH YLVFRpODVWLTXH OHV UpVXOWDWV VXJJpUDQW XQ FRPSRUWHQW IOXLGH D\DQW pWp REWHQXV j SDUWLU G·H[SpULHQFHV PHQpHV VXU GH O·DFWLQH HQ VROXWLRQ HW QRQ VXU GHV PLFURILODPHQWV LVROpV RX GDQV GHV FRQGLWLRQV H[SpULPHQWDOHV SHX SURFKHV GH OD UpDOLWp SK\VLRORJLTXH SDU H[HPSOH IUpTXHQFH G·RVFLOODWLRQV VXSpULHXUH j +] GDQV 3DOPHU HW FROO
(182) 1pDQPRLQV 3DOPHU HW FROO SUpFLVHQW TXH O·DFWLQH VHXOH QH VXIILUDLW SDV j FRQIpUHU WRXWHV VHV SURSULpWpVPpFDQLTXHVjODFHOOXOHHWTXHOHVDXWUHVILODPHQWVGXF\WRVTXHOHWWHMRXHQWDXVVLXQU{OH QRQQpJOLJHDEOH>3DOPHUHWFROO @
Documents relatifs
Après cette partie introductive, nous développons dans le chapitre 2, des modélisations aux éléments finis pour, dans un premier temps montrer l’influence de la
J’ai adapt´ e les diagrammes d’´ etats du langage SysML pour d´ ecrire la vuln´ erabilit´ e d’un syst` eme.. Ce diagramme, ` a l’origine, permet de d´ ecrire les diff´
Stochasticité dans la réponse d’individus bactériens à une perturbation : étude dynamique..
Au cours d’essais de chargements cycliques en compression uniaxiale, conduits sur des cylindres de mousse de polyuréthane, on peut observer deux phénomènes très intéressants:
Chapitre VI : Caractérisation par une approche combinée Euler-Lagrange de l’écoulement turbulent généré par les mobiles TTP 125 et EE 150 au sein du bioréacteur à cuve
Arrondissement d’Ahuntsic-Cartierville Rapport financier annuel Exercice terminé le 31
University Es-Senia, Oran Faculty of letters, Language and Arts Department of Anglo-Saxon Languages. Section
représenter, pour un couple particulier de valeurs de K et G, les courbes de dispersion et le spectre de fréquence du modèle. Ce spectre est comparé à des
