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(2) //. \\. Z^—4^. OP THE. Theological Seminary, PRINCETON,. N. J-t\a~r-e. Case, Shelf,. Book,. booV..

(3) / jy^f*^'. • '^. i^^r*'/'/^/'^. DICTIONARY O. T«. F. ET. ENGLISH LANGUAGE: IN. The. WORDS. Explained. WHICH. deduced from. are. their. Different Meanings,. in their. NAMES. Authorized by the in whofe. Works. AbftracSed from the. By S. A. MU. A GRAMMAR. In. which. of the. WRITERS. of the they are found.. Fo Lio. E L j'O To. Originals,. is. Edition,. HN. S. O. N,. A. M.. prefixed,. ENGLISH LANGUAGE.. TWO VOLUMES. V O L. L. LONDON, Printed for J.. C. Hitch and L. Hawes A. Millar; Dodsley; and M. and T, Longman*. Knapton. R. and J.. ;. ;. MDCCLVI.. ..

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(5) THE. PREFACE. 'AVING. been long employed in the fludy and cultivation of the Englifh language, I lately pubHlhed a Hftionary like thofe compiled by the academies of Italy. _. and France,. for the ufe of fuch. as afpire to. exadnefs of. criticifm or elegance of ftyle.. Butit has been fince confidered that works of that kind by no means neceflliry to the greater number of readers, who, feldom intending to write or prefuming to judge, turn over books only to amufe their leifure, and to gain degrees of knowledge fuitable to lower charadlers, or neceffary. are. to the common bufinefs of life : thefe know not any other ufe of a diflionary than that of adjufting orthography, or explaining terms of fcience or words of infrequent occurrence or remote derivation.. many didlionaries have been written and with different degrees ol fkili ; but none of them have yet fallen into my hands by which even the loweft expefl tions could be fatisfied. Some of their authors wanted induftry, and others liierarure fome knew not their own defeds, and others were too idle to fupply them. For. by. thefe purpofes. different authors,. :. For this reafon a fmall didionary appeared yet to be wantand, as I may without arrogance ing to common readers claim to myfelf a longer acquaintance with the lexicography of our language than any other writer has had, i ihaLl hope to be confidered as having more experience at lead: than molt of my predeceffors, and as more likely to accommodate the nation with a vocabulary ot daily ufe. I therefore offer to the publick an abftrad or epitome of my former work. :. In.

(6) P. The. R E F A C. E.. In comparing this with other didlionaries of the fame kind be lound to have fcveral advantages.. it will. I.. It. many words not to be found in any other. barbarous terms and phrafes by which other dic-. contains. Many. II.. may vitiate the flyle are reje6led from this. The words are more corredlly fpelled, partly by. tionaries III.. at-. tention to their etymology, and partly by obfervation of the praftice cf the bcft authors.. The. IV.. etymologies and derivations, whether from. reign languages or from native roots, are. more. fc-. diligently. more diftind:ly noted. V. The fenfes of each word are more copioufly enumerated, and more clearly explained. VI. Many words occurring in the elder authors, fuch as Spenfer, Shakefpeare, and Milton, v/hich had been hitherfo that this book to omitted, are here carefully inlerted traced, and. ;. may. ferve as a glofiary or expofitory index to the poetical. writers.. VII.. To the words, and to the different. are fubjoined. writers by. fenfes. of each word,. from the large didionary the names. whom. they have been ufed. -,. of]. thofe. fo that the reader. who. knov/s the different periods of the language, and the tmie of its authors, may judge of the elegance or prevaand without relence of any word, or meaning of a word curring to other books, may know what are antiquated, what are unufual, and what are recommended by the belt •,. authority.. The words. of. this. didionary,. as. oppofed to others, are. more accurately fpelled, more Of faithfully explained, and more authentically afcertained. more and I hope, it ; an abftrad it is not neceffary to fay. more. diligently. will not be. colleded,. found that truth requires me to fay. lefs..

(7) MAR. G R A O. T H. F. ENGLISH GRAMMAR, art. of. ufi-iig. which ijjords. is. the. properly,. comprifes four parts ; Orthogi aphy, Etymology, Syntax, and Prorody. In this divifion and order of the parts of I follow the common grammarians,. grammar. vrithout enquiring; whether a fitter diftribu-. Experience has tion might not he found. long fhown this method to be fo diftinct as to obviate confufion, and fo comprcheiifive I as to prevent any inconvenient omilhons. likewife ufe the terms already received, and already underftood, though perhaps others more proper might fometimes be invented. Sylburjjius, and other innovators, whcfe new terms have funk their learning into negledl, have left fufficient warning againft the trifling ambition of teaching arts in a new language.. E. T0NGU:E. Roman.. p. ItalJck.. Oldjngliih.. Name..

(8) GRAMMAR. A. For u we often write iy vowel, ranv,. make. to. greiv,. after a. a diphthong;. 'vieav,. 'vonxi,. as. Jlo'xving,. loTt:nefs.. The. The open,. founds of. all. the letters are. various.. THE. OF. pronunciation bound ior hand,. ruftick. j. as. maun. w^k,. for. a approaches to the a. fhort. z% grafs.. The. prolonged by e at is always flender, as graze, fame. A forms a diphthong only with / or Ai ox ay, as 'wiplaitty y, and u or vj. '^ain, zav, clay, has Only the found long a,. if. the end of the word,. In treating on the. letters,. I iTiall not,. like. fome other grammarians, enquire. into the of their form as an antiquarian ; nor into their formation ani prolation by " '"/^^^anick, anatomilt, tom^'or or phyfiologift : nor mto the properties and gradation offounds, or the elegance or harfhnefs of particular combinations, as a writer of univcrfal and tranfcendental grammar. I confider the Englift alphabet only as it is Englim ; and even in this narrow view I follow the example of former grammarians, perhaps with more reverence than judgment, becaufe by writing in Englifh I fuppofe my reader already acquainted with the Englifli language and.becaufe of foui«ds. original. fJT\"". ^ ^^^^^ o .. ^^^ fl^^^er. .. m. not. fers. plane,. a,. and difr frOm. ,. •. ,. the pronunciation. ntjaJie.. Ju or a^W has the found of the German a, as ra^, naughty. * -^. ^f. fometimes found in Latin words not completely naturalifed or affimilated, but is no Englifli diphthong and is more properly is. ;. expreifed by fingle. Emas.. as Ccfar,. e,. ;. it m?y be obferved, that words are to defciibc them. account therefore of the prirr.itive and fimple letters is ufelefs almoft alike to thofe who know their. In general. An. unable. found, and thofe. it. not.. VOWELS.. Of. A has. who know. E. three founds, the fiender,. open, and broad. fiender is found in moft words, z.%face, 7nane; and in words ending. A. jn at I on, as creation, falvaticn, gene-. the letter which occurs moft frequent-. is. ly in the Englifli language.. E. long, as in fce/ie. is. as in cellar, jiparate,. ;. or. fliort,. mhty. celebrate,. then. It is always fiiort before a double confonant, or two conforiants, relent, nudl .r, reptile,, firpent, cellar, ccjja-. tion,. E. hlcjfmg, fell, felling, deht.. always mute at the end of a word, e.xcept in monofyllables that have no other vowel, as the or proper names, as Penelope, Phehe, Derbe; being ufed to modify the foregoing is. ;. ration.. The a (lender is the vropcr Englifli a, call ed very juftly by Erpenius, in his Arabick Grammar, a Anglicum cmt: e mifium, as hav ing a middle found between the open a and the c. The French have a fimilar found in the word pais, and in their irmafculinc.. coniOTi'dnt, BS fnce, once,. as. ban,. tiln,. fire -reopen. is. heJjj^e,. oblige;. or to lengthen the preceding vowel, tune ;. bjne ;. can, cane. ;. rob, robe. cur, care. ;. ;. ;. pin, pine. pop, pope;. ;. flr^. tub, tube.. the a of the Italian, or. Almofl: all words which now terminate in nearly refembles it; 2S father, rather, confonants ended anciently in e, as year, congratu ate, fancy, glfiyeare ; tuild/iep, ivi IdneJJ'c ; which e probabroad refembles the a of the bly had the force of the French c feminine,. A. German. ;. as all, ^isall, call.. Many words pronounced with a broad were anciently written witli au, as fault, mault and we ftill fay fault, 'vault. This was probably the Saxon found, for it is \et s-etaineJ in the northern dialedls, and in the ;. and conftituted a fyllable with its affociate confonant ; for, in old editions, words are fometimes divided thus, dea-re, fd-k, kncnuled~ This e was perhaps for a time vocal or filent in poetry as convenience required ; but it has been long wholly mute, Camden. ge.. calls it. the fiient. e.. It.

(9) ENGLISH TONGUE. The ftiort o has fometimes the found of a It does not always lengthen the foregoing vowel, as gL've, li^vc, clofe Uf as fon, ceme, give. O coalefces into a diphthong with It has fometimes in the end of a, as jnoan^ groan, approach ; cja has words a found obfcure, and fcarcely the found of o long. perceptible, as ope», JJjcpen, Ihotten, thijlle, participle,. E. metre, lucre.. near. wuh. ;. as. i,. deiti,. receive. united to. is. forms a diphthong with a. as. ;. and. ;. with u or -Tu, as neiv, flewc. Ea founds like e long, as mean ; or like ee, as dear, clear, near. Ei is founded like e long, a.ifeize, perceiving.. Eu. Greek,. e. in. ceconomy. as. fome words derived from but oe being not aa ;. Englifli diphthong, they are better written as. they are founded, with only. With. as. /,. e,. economy. •. moil, noijome.. vil, foil,. This coalition of letters feems to unite the founds of the two letters as far as two founds can be united without being deftroyed, and therefore approaches more nearly. founds as u long and foft. E, a, u are combined in beauty than any combination in our tongue to the and its derivatives, but have only notion of a diphthong. the found of u. With 0; as hoct, hoot, cooler ; oo E may be faid to form a diph- has the found of the Italian u. thong by reduplication, as agree, With II or 'It', as our, ponxer,f,o'W' Jleeping.. but in fome words has only the long, as in foul, bo-ixl, jo-zv, gro<Tv. Thefe different founds er. ;. found of. Eo as e. found in yeomen, where it fhort ; and in people, wliere is. Rounccd like. founded it is pro-. is. are ufed to diflinguifh different iig-. ce,. nifications. /has a found long, Zi/lne fhort,. ;. and the head. is eminently obfervable in /, which be likewife remarked in other letters, that the fhort found is not the long found contracted, but a found wholly different.. The. fonu, the. long found in monofyllables always marked by the e linal, as is. ;. as firt, firfi, jhirt.. often founded before r as a fhort. forms a diphLhong only with e, which is founded as except y)-/VW, wixich the double ee is founded &sfrevii. It. ;. /is joined with euia. which triphthongs. lieu,. and eiu la njietu j tl>i; open u.. are founded as. is. is. ^^ court. ing. \. or. b'j7ie,. fliort, as. honor,. or,. and are. labor, faiior.. late innovators have ejeflcd the a, without confidering that the laft fyllable gives the found neither of o/- nor ur, but a found between them, 'if not compounded oi both J befides that they are probably derived to us from the French nouns iii cur, as bi71!. ur, fai;eur.. u.. U. hUch, biock, oLiicue,. as. pronounced. ji^mf/?.. is. lis,. It is. laft fyllable. Some. chcdient, corrZd-. Kil.. Wcmcii. in the Latin end in. Engliih, as honour, labour, fa'vour, from. o. long, as. ;. frequently ufed. of words which in. made. Jirldy fiield,. is. ;. fometimes pronounced like fometimes like o Ihort, as cough ; fometimes like u ciofe, as could; or u open, as rcughy tough ; which ufe only can teach. Oil. foft,. Ou. I. O. of. fhe of a boar. fel.. thin, thine.. Z'i. inftrument. bonv, a depreffion. :. That. a. ;. bc^J, an orfotv, to fcatter feed bicular body ; bov:l, a wooden vef-. SLifin.. may. is. ;. bo'w, an. as. ;. for (hooting. 1.. has. long. in iile, coTifufion. ;. or n.ort*. con^ijfiu'i.. coaleices. rather. in. Vv'ith. thtfe. «, e,. /,. c. ;. but. coivibivi.'iriona.

(10) GRAMMAR. A. force of the. the. fometimes. in «/ the. as in juice.. fore a,. e,. confonant,. quite,. quit,. qiiejl,. (juoJJ,. <vj. /. laJiguifo. and. ;. is. fo'lowed by. e in -virtue, -but. the. e. has. no found. Ue is fometimes mute of the. in imitation. as calmy. k,. copper, incorporate,. curio-. C might be omitted in the language without lofs, fincc one of its founds might be fuppUcd by /, and the other by k, but that it preferves to theeye the etymology of words,. buy.. U. founds like. it. concupifcence.. Jit;,. y, as guard, guejl, guife,. i,. u,. lofcs its found,- concavity,. fometimes mute be-. It is. THE. ©F. cular, ciJJern, city, ftccity: before «,. as. horn faces, cafiive from. as face. at tlie end of a woid, French, as prorogue,. Ch has a found which. Jynagogue, flaguc, -vague, harangue.. capti-vui,. is. analyfed. into tjh, as church, chin, crutch.. ^'. lame found which the. the. ris a vowel, which, as Quintilian obferves ot one of the Roman letters,. give to the. c. fimple before. It is. Italians. and. i. e^. as citta, ccrro.. we might want. without inconveniCh is founded like k in words deas chymijfy ence, but that we have it. It fup- rived from the Greek, plies the place of i at the end of fche?nc, cholcr. Arch is commonly words, as thy before an i, as dyirig ; founded ark before a vowel, as archand is commonly retained in deriva- argel ; and with the Engliih found of live words where it was part of a ch before a confonant, as archbijhop. ;. diphthong. in the primitive; as dejiroy.. dejiroyer. betray, betrayed, betrayer. ;. pray, prayer. ;. fay, fayer. ;. ;. da:, days. Ch, in fome French words not yet aflimi-. founds. latcJ,. T. being the Saxon vowel y, which was ufcd where / is now put, occurs *ery frequently in all old books.. commonly. never blocke,. It. word j therefore we write which were originally picke,. is. in fuch. vowel. is. commonly. now mute.. D. before two cor.fonants, Hiort, as 'Opportunity.. Jn monofyllables. a fingle vowel before a fingle confonant is fhort, as J'^-S^. is. beginning or mid-. in the. dle fyllable,. C. words.. ufed before /and r, as clock, crsfs,. General Rules. A. English. to. ends a Hock,. Pick,. machim, chaife. orthography,. as. like_y7-i,. according. C,. Is. uniform. in. found, as death,. its. diligent. It. is. ufed before. r,. as. draw,. drojs. j. and 19,. as diucll.. frog.. F.. Of. CONSONANTS. B.. F, though having a. name begin-. is numbered by the grammarians among the fe-. ning with a vowel,. ic. mivowels, yet has this quality of a has one unvaried found, fuch mute, that it is commodioufly foundas ic obtains in other languages. ed before a liquid, -d^jiajk, fy, frecIt is mute in debt, debtor, fubtle, kle. It has an unvariable found, exi-juht, uvnh, limb, dumb, thumb, climb, cept that of is fometimes fpoken comb, <ivo7nb. nearly as o-u.. B. It. is ufeti. before. / arr>; r,. as Hack,. broiuti,. G. .. C J. ;. has before. C. (T. and. G. /. has two founds, one hard, as gun; the other foft, as in gem, giant.. the found of in gay, go,. as Jmcerely, centrick, century, cir-. At.

(11) ENGLISH TONG At the end of a word. it is. bard, ring, fnug, fong, frog. Before e and i the found is uncertain.. G. before e is foft, as gem, generaexcept in gear, geld, geefe, get, geivgaiu, and derivatives from words tion,. ending in ^, asjinging, Jlrongcr, and generally before er at the end of words, Z.S finger.. G is mute. before n, as gnajh, fign,. foreign.. G. before. /. is. hard,. U. always. as gl've, ex-. cept in giant, gigantick, gibbet gibe,. E.. K.. K. has the found of hard <r, and ufed before e and /, where, according to Englilh analogy, c would. is. be. as. foft,. for fo. it. king, fkirt, fkeptick^. kept,. fhould be written, noifcep-. tick.. It. is. ufed before r, ap knell, knot, but to-. tally lofes its found.. K. is. before. never doubled it. but. ;. to (horten the. double confonant, as. c is. ufed. vowel by. at. cockle, pickle.. ,. giblets,. giles,. gill,. giliijioojcer,. gin,. ginger, gingle, gipfy.. L has in Engli(h the fame liquid Gb in the beginning of a word found as in other languages. has the found of the hard g, as and fomeghojily ; in the middle, The cuftom is to double the / at the end times at the end, it is quite filent, as of monofyllables, as kill, will, full. Thefi^ though, right, fought, fpoken tho\ words were originally written kille, tville, and when the e firft grew filent, and fulle _. ;. rite, foute.. was afterwards omttied, the. //. was retained,. has often at the end the found to give force, according to the analogy of ofy, zs laugh ; whence laughter re- our language, to the foregoing vowel. tains the fame found in the middle j L is fometimes mute, as in calf, cctigh, trough, fough, tough, enough, It. halfcs,. half,. flough.. fhould, pfal/n, not to be doubted, but that in the ogb K.id tlie force of a confonant, deeply guttural, which is flill Scotch. among the continued It. is. liginal pronunciation. G. is. ufed before h,. /,. and. r.. The. Saxons,. calves, talk,. who. could,. nuouldf. falmon, falcon. delighted. in -guttural. founds, fometimes afpirated the /at the beginning of words, as hli'p, a loaf, or bread \ hlapcfi'T),. now. a. lord]. but this pronunciation. is. difufed,. H. Le at the end of words is pronounced like a weak el, in which, note of afpiration, and the e\i almoftmute, as tabfe,Jhuttle. fliows that the follovvfing vowel muft be pronounced with a llrong emiffiM.. H. h. z. on of the breath,. as hat,. M. horfe. has always the fame found, as feldom, perhaps never, begins murmur, nwnufnental. any but the firit fyllable, in which it is always founded with a full breath, N. except in heir, herb, hofller, honour, has always the fame found^ as bumble, honeji, humour, and their noble, manners. derivatives. is fometimes mute after m, as damn, condemn, hymn.. It. N. N. J.. y confonant founds the foft g, ufelefs,. and. is. except in etymology, as eja-. as'aiic.'i .j^jhr, jocund,. P.. uniformly like. therefore a letter juice.. P. always the fame found, which the VVelih and Germans confound with 5. has.

(12) GRAMMAR. A. OF THE. fometimes mute, as in pfulm, like/ if it follows a confonant, as cDwverJicn. and between 7n and t, as tempt. Jt founds like z before e mute, as Ph is ufed for /in words derived from the Greek, as philofopher, phi- refu/e, and before y final, as rojy ; and in thofe words, hoj'om, dejire, lanthropy, Philip.. P. is. ijoifdom, prifon, prifoiser, prejent, pre-. damjel, cafement.. fer! t,. ^,. in other languages,. as. al-. i>. it. the peculiar quality of /,. is. that. it. ways followed by u, and has a iound may be founded before all confonants, exwhich our S ixon ancellors well ex- cept and x;, in which/ is comprifed, x being only Z., and « a hard or grols/. This prefledbycP c^w, ^^ qud'dr ant, amen, » ^ a;. „. ^. .,. .. equejlrian,. quilt,. ^ ^ns. .. enquiry, quire,. quo-. ihererore. '^^,^:.^,y„. never followed \>y u. fometimes founded, in words derived from the French, like k, as. tidian.. termed bv grammarians wee ^he reafon of which the ~ ~ , ^ to learned Dr. Clarke erroneoufly fuppofed be, that in feme words it might be doubled. /IS. *. is. .. —. .. •. ,. .. Thus we. at pleafure.. guages. conquer, liquor, rifque, chequer.. /,,,,^. find in. feveral lan-. :. 25£VV0|Wi fcatter, fdegno, fdmcdolo, ffa-vellare, ,. R. the. has. fgombrare, fgranare,. fhake, Jlumber,. fmtll, jlrifc, [pace, fplendour,. (pring, jqueexe,. <r^ly^,. R.. fame rough fnarling. fi'-,'iv,Jhp,jinngth,Jiramcn,J-vcntu,-a,f'well.. as in other tongues.. found. S. is. mute. in. ifiand, deinefne^. ijJe,. I'tfcoimt.. The Saxons as before. Rh. is. Greek,. /. ufed often to put h before. it,. T.. at the, beginning of words.. ufed. in. words derived. T. from the. as myrrh, myrrhlnc, catarrhus, rheum,. has. its. cuftomary. found,. as. take, tanptation.. rbcuma'Ack, rkyuie.. Ti before a vowel has the found of /, as falvation, except an / of words end fome deRe, at the goes before, as qiiejlion, excepting rived from the Latin or French, is likewiie derivatives itomy, as fnighty^ pronounced like a weak er, as the- mightier. atre, fejyidchre.. Th has two founds as. thus, ivhether. as thing, think.. S has a hilling found,. as fihilatioii,. fijhr.. A. in. there,. feldom ends any word, except the third peifon of verbs, as lo-ves, groivs ; and the plurals of nouns, as trees, tujbcs, dijlrejj'cs ; the pronoyns this, his, ours, yours, us; the adverb r/;«i ; and words derived from Latin, as rebus, jiirplus ; the clofe being alfinglc. J. ways. either in Je, as houfe, horfc, or in fs, as grafs, drejs, l>lifs, lejs, sncicntly graJJ'e,. The. words, with their. thele. compounds,. that,. the one foft,. ;. other hard,. the. ;. found. foft. derivatives thou,. thee,. thence,. thejc,. th)\ thi'ne, their, they, this, thefe, them,. thus, and in all words between two vowels, as father, nuhether and between r and a vowel,. though,. ;. as burthen.. In other words. it is. hard, as thick,. thunder, faith, faithful.. drejl'e.. is. and and. then,. is. Where. it. foftened at the end of a word, an. at the end of words, has ^ fijcnt mult be added, as breath, .S fingle, n _. __ _ found, like that^ of as z, z grofler ijyg^^jj^.^ cloth, clothe. trees, eyes, except //'//, thus, us, re/. V.. bus, furplus. It. founds like. ;::. vowel goes bclore,. before. ion,. as intnfion;. if a. V has. and that of. a found of near affinity to. /, 'vain, 'vanity.. from.

(13) ENGLISH TONGUE. From. the Iflandick alphabet, cnly diftjiiguiihed by a diacritical point, y"iii. -v. is. W. Ofay, which. diphthongs. in. is. of-. ten an undoubted vowel, fome gram-. Moft of the writers of Englifh grammar have given long tables of v.ords pronounced otherwife than they are written, and feem not fufficiently tc^have confidercd, that of Englifh, as of all living tongues, there is a double pronunciation, one curfory and colloquial, the other regular and folemn. The turfory pronunciation is always vague and uncertain, being made different in different mouths by negligence, unfki fulncfs, or af-. marians have doubted whether it ever be a confonant ; and not rathec as it is called a double u or oa, es teftation. The folemn pronunciation, though nvater may be refolved into ouater ; by no means immutable and permanent, is but letters of the fame found are al- yet always lefs remote from the orthography, ways reckoned confonants in other and lefs liable to capricious innovation. They have however generally formed their alphabets and it may be obfcrved, tables according to the curfory fpeech of thole that follows a vowel vvithout any with whom they happened to converfe and j hiatus or difiiculty of utterance, as concluding that the whole nation combines :. w. to vitiate language in one. ffojly nvinter.. Wh. has a found accounted peculiar to the Englifh. which the Saxons better exprefl'ed by hp,. h^vo, as <vjhat,. in. nvhore only,. nvhence,. •vjhiting. and fometimes. ;. in nvkolefome, ixh. founded like a fimple. is. h.. X.. X begins no Englifh she lound of. ks,. word. ;. it. has. as axle, extraneous.. Y. Y,. when. it. follows a confonant,. when it precedes either a vowel vowel or diphthong, is a confonant, 3ii ye, -young. It is thought by fome to be in all cafes a vowel. But it may be obferved of y as of ^m, that it follows a vowel without any hiatus, is. ;. as rofy youth.. Z.. Z lifh. ;. begins no word originally Engit has the found, as its name. izzard or uttered. /hard. uich. expreffes, of an. clofer. /'. comprelhon of. the palate by the tongue, as freeze, froze. In orthography I have fuppofed orthoepy, or jufi utterance of ivords, to be included ; orthography being only the art of cxpreflir.g certain founds by proper characters. I have therefore obferved in Jettcrs are. mute,. what words any of the. manner, have often cftablifhed the jargon of the loweft of the people as the modtl cf fpeecli.. For pronunciation the beft general rule is, to confider thcll- as the moli: elegant fpeakers who deviate Itaft from the written words.. There have been many fcl;emes ofrered for the emendation and fettlement of our orthography, which, like that of other nations, being I'o) med by chance, or according to the fancy of the earliefl writers in rude ages, was is. at firli very various. yet fuf^.ciently. and uncertain, and. irregular.. Of. thefe re-. formers fome have endeavoured to accommodate orthography better to the pronunciation, without confidering that this is to meafure by a fliadow, to take that for a model or ftandard which is changing while they apply it. Others, lefs abfurdly indeed, but with equal unlikelihood of fuccefs, have endeavoured to proportion the number of letters to that of founds, that eveiy found an ay have its own charafter, and every charaifter a fingle found. Such would be the orthography of a new language to be formed by a fynod of grammarians upon principles of fcience. But who can hope to prevail on nations to change their pradlcc, and make all their old books ufelefs ? or what advantage would a new orthography procure equivalent to the confufion and perplexity of fuch an alteration. ?. Some of hibit,. thefe fchemes I fhall however exwhich may be ufed according to the. diverfities of genius,. as a guide to reformers,. or terrour to innovators.. One of the firfl: who propofcd a fcheme of regular orthography, was Sir Thomas Smith, Queen Elizabeth, a man of real learning, and muchpraf^iled in gramfccretary of ftate to. Had he written the following lines according to Lis theme, they would have appeared thusi matic-al difquifitions.. •. At.

(14) GRAMMAR. A. length Erafmus, that great injur'd. At The. name,. glory of the priefthood, and the fhame, the wild torrent of a harb'rous age. drove thofe holy Vaodals off the ftage.. Stemm'd. And. At lengS. Erafmus, «at gret Yn jurd nam,. Ae glorV of <5e prefthiid, and ?.e zam, Stemmd Se wild torrent of a barb'rous. And. aj,. dibv iSbs hbli Vandals offSe ftaj.. OF THE. Dr. Gill was followed by Charles Butler, a man who did not want an underftanding which might have qualified him for better employment. He feems to have been more fanguine than his predecefibrs, for he printed his book accordijig to his own fcheme f which the following fpecimen will make eafily. underftood.. „ ^ But whenfoever you haveoccanon to trouwas We their patience, or te come among them ,. Af^er him another mo-le of writing being troabled, it is better to ftand upon your offered by Dr. Gill, the celebrated mafter of guard, than to truft to their gentlenefs. For St Paul's fchool in London ; which leanthe fafeguard of your face, which tiiey have jjot reprefent exadly for want of types, but moft mmd unto, provide a purfehood, made vill approach as neailv as I can by means of of coarfe boultermg, to be drawn and kilit charaflers now in ufe fo as to make it underabout your collar, which for more fafety is ftood exhibiting twoftanias of Spenfer in to be lined agamft the eminent parts with ^i--„.f J orthography. -.fU„„r,„W„. the reformed woollen cloth. Firft cut a piece about aa inch and a half broad, and half a yard long, Spenfer, book iii. canta 5. to reach round by the temples and forehead, from one ear to the other ; which being Unthankful wretch, faid he, is this the meed. fowed in his place, join unto it two fhort With which her fovereign mercy thou doft pieces of the fame breadth under the eyes, quite ? for the balls of thechceks, and then fet anThy life (he faved by her grncious deed ; other piece about the breadth of a fliilling But thou doft ween with villanous defpight. top of the nofe. At other times, To blot her honour, and her heav'nly light. againfl the when they are not angered, a little piece Die, rather die, than fo difioyally, half a quarter broad, to cover the eyes and Deem of her high defert, or feem fo light, parts about them, may ferve though it be in fair death it is to rtiun more fliame 5 then the heat of the day. die.. Die, rather die, than ever love difioyally. But if to love difloyalty it be. Shall I then hate her, that from deathes door brought ? ah far be fuch reproach from. Me. !. What. lefs do, than her love therefore,. can I Sith I her-due reward cannot reftore ? die, and dying do her ferve, rather Die, Dying her ferve, and living her adore. Thy life fte gave, thy life fhe doth defervc ; Die, rather die, than ever from her fervice fwcrve.. Vnlitfnkful wrea, f lid hi,. Wi'^. Dj. lif. p. But Sou. Tu. iz. 5is J5e mjd,. hJiD hsr fo'i3i:aln mErfi iSou duft qujt ?. falud duft. bj. wen. her grafius djd ; wil) Ijihnus difpjt,. bloc hsr honor,. D], roSsr. Dim. dj,. of her. Fair dd). S n =. hi/j dszErt,. iz tu. it. and htr. helinlj. li/'t.. fo didoi.jlj,. ;. Ssn. dj.. Ui, rr.Sirdj, J5;n itja- lull difloii.Ij. "Butiftu iulidifloialtj itbj, Sal I San hat har Sat from d^S^z diwr JA\ broii/tt ? ah\ iar bj fuD r?pro3 from mj.. VJat kan. I. las. do. <S=n. h:. is to b.r hned awit Woollen clot about an in3 and a half Firft cut a jieec broad, and half a yard long, to reaa round by Se temples and for'head, from one ear to SeoSer; pia baing fowed in his plac', join unto it two port p«ces of the fam breadt under Seeys, for the bah of Se cheeks, and thun fet an oSer ptcc' about iz breadz of a At cSer pilling againft the top of Se nofe. tim's, penSey ar' not angered, a little piec'. collar,. gamft. pD for mor 8 eminent. faf ty. parts. iSe eys and parts about them, may ferve Sowj it be in Se Butkr on the Nature and heat of Se day. Proferties of Bees, 1634.. half a quarter broad, to cover. or fjm fo liM.. fun mt;r fim. Bet penfcever you hav' occafion to trubble or to coom among tSem b<;«ng trubled, it is better to ftand upon your gard, San to truft to Seir gentlenes. For Se I'af gard of your tac , p.o «ey hav moft mind mad of c.wfe ""to. Vovid a purfeh^sd boultermg, to b.. drawn and knit about your. JSeir patienc",. lull Strfoir,. her du riv.ard kanor reftwr ? Di ivi'Serdj, and djij du hafirb, Djij hn ftrl), and liUig hsr adajr. Dj Ijf ri pii's *i 'jf r.i '-"^ dszerb ; Dj,'r.:i£r di, i,n i'Oii hoxa ha uiiiis. ,S')h I. fw-'jb.. In the time of Charles. I.. there. was. a ve-. ry prevalent inclination to change the orthography} as appears, among other books, in. fuch editions of the works of Milton as Of thefe rewere publifhed by himfelf. formers everv man hsd his own fcheme ; ot acbut they a jreed in one ^encrsl -dclign.

(15) ;. ;. :. E N G L commodating the. I. H T ON G U. S. the pronunciation, by ejecting fuch as they thought fuperfluous. Some of them would have written thefe lines thus letters to. Bifliop. Wilkins afterwards,. work of the. in his. it. original article, beonly the Saxon an, or aen, oncy. is. new ufe, as the German cin, and the French un ; the n being cut oft' before a confonant in the fpeed of utterance. applied to a. great. Grammarians of the. philofophical language, propofed,. without expecting to be followed, a regular orthography j by which the Lord's prayer is. reft, that. to be written thus. lifh. Yar Fadherhaitfh art in heven, halloed bi dhyi nam, dhyi cingdym cym, dhyi aill bi c'yn in erth as it is in heven, &c.. We. have fince had no general reformers but fome ingenious men have endeavoured to deferve well of their country, by writing honor and labor for honour and labour, red for read in the preter-tenfe, fat's for fays, repete. h. an. fliould. ETYMOLOGY. ETYMOLOGY dedudion one word from. teaches the. laft age dibe ufed before. whence. it appears that the Enganciently afpirated lefs. An is Hill ufed before the filent h, as, an ;. an. herb,. a. ;. honejl }jian:. but otherwife. as,. A horfe,. a horfe, a horfe.. The. my kingdom. for. Shakefpeare.. has a particular and definite. fignification.. for repeat, explar.e for explain, or declame for declaim. Of thefe it may be faid, that as. they have done no good, they have done little harm ; both becaufe they have innovated little, and becaufe few have followed them.. as,. made an the. I have. caufe. •All the erth Shall then be paradis, far happier place Than this of Eden, an4 far happier dais.. E:. the plural without an article; thefe are good books,. The. Of that. fruit. forbidden tree, whofe mor-. tal tafte. Brought death into the world. Milton.. That. is,. and So He and green. that particular f-uit,. this i.vorld in ivhich ixe li've.. gi^oeth fodder for the cattle, of and the various modifica- herbs for the ife of man ; that is, for tions by which the fenfe of the fame thoje beings that are cattle, and his Vvord is diverfified ; as horfe, horfes ; ife that is man.. another,. .. I love, I. lonjed.. The. Of. the. Article.. I. am. is. ufed in both numbers.. as free. as. Nature. made'. firft. man.. The Englifh have two or «, and the. An,. articles,. an Ere the bafe laws of fervitude began. wild in woods the nohle. When. a.. A. has an indefinite fignification, and means one, with fome reference to more ; as, ^his is a good hook, thsit one. is,. among. ivas killed hy a J^word^ that \s,Jome Jhvord. This is a better book for a ?nan. than a hoy, that is, for one of thofe that are inen than one of thfe that are hoys. An army might enter niiithcut refifance, that is, any army.. we ufe a we fpeak. In the fenfes in which in. the. ;. fingularj. are ufed without ar-. as,. Proper names,. 1.. fa-. Dry den.. rail.. Many words ticles. the books that are good.. He. an. vage. as John,. Alex-. ander, Longimts,^AriJiarchus, Jcrufalem, Athetis,. GoD. Rome, London.. ufed as a proper name. 2. Abftradt names, as. is. blackmfs^. ixitchcraft, 'virtue, -vice, beauty, ug-. or. linefs,. in. kindnefs.. b. love, hatred, anger, goodnature,. c.. Words.

(16) :. GRAMMAR. A Words. 3.. in. which nothing but. THE. OF. might have apfame to the genitive in equitum Troja oris, or any other Latin geni-. no more. propriety than he. plied the. the mere being of any thing is implied This is not heer, but nuater ; This is not im/s, hutjiee/.. decui,. :. tive.. This termination of the noun feems to conftitute a real genitive indicating pofTefTion.. Nouns Substantives.. O/". The relations of Englifh nouns to words going before or following are not exprefled by cafes, or changes of termination, but as in moil of the other European languages by prepofitions, unlefs we may be faid to have a genitive cafe.. It is derived to us from thofe v/ho declined fmiS, afmith ; Gen. fmiiSer, of a fmitb j Plur. pmiSep, or j-miSap, fmiths ; and fd in two other of their feven declenfions It is a further confirmation of this opinion, that in the old poets both the genitive and plural were longer by a fyllable than the ori-. lea-vis,. ;. knitis,. for knight'' s, in. Chaucer;. for leaves, in Spenfer.. When a word ends in s, the genitive may be the fame with the nominative, as Venus temple.. Singular.. Nom,. word. ginal. ^^^Mafter. <2 Mailer, Maglftcr, plural is formed by adding s, Magiftri, of a Matter, of the Mafter, as table, tables ; file, flies ; ftfler, crMafters, ?-6eMafters. fiflers ; <vjood, ivoods ; or es where s Magiftro, /o a Mafter, w ^/^^ Mafter.. The. Gen. Dat.. Ace. Voc. Abl.. the Mafter.. Magiftrum, a Mafter,. Mafter. Mafter, Magiftroj/cwa Mafter,/rw« /;f><;MaftMagifter,. [er.. could not otherwife be founded, as after ch, s, fh, x, z after c founded like s, and g like J ; the mute r is vocal before s, as lance, lances; ;. Plural,. Voc.. Mafters, the Mafters. Magiflrorum,o/Mafters,o/?i£Mafters. Magiftris, rJMafters, fo f/jeMafters. Magiftros, Mafte.s,?i)^ Mafters. Mafters. Mafters, Magiftri,. Abl.. Magiftrisj. l^om.. outrage, outrages.. M-Jgiftri,. Gen. Dat. Ace.. from Ma&eis,from rii^Maft[ers.. Our nouns. The. A. few words yet make the plural in n, women, onen, f-wine, and more anciently eycn and Jhoon. Th'« formation is that which generally prevails in the Teuto-. as men,. niclc dialeiSts.. are therefore only de-. Words. clined thus Mafter, Scholar,. Gen, Mafters. Gtn, Scholars.. Mafters.. P!ur,. Plur. Scholars.. Thefe genitives are always written with a mark of elifion, mafter'' s, j'cholars, according to an opinion long received, that the 'i is a. contraftion of. bis,. as the Joldier^ s -valour,. -valour: but this cannot be the irua original, becaufe 'j is put to female nouns, TVomans beauty ; the 'Virgin s delicacy ; Uaughtyfuno' s unrelenting hate : and coUedlive nouns, as JVomcn' s pajjions 5 the rabble's in-. ioi' the joldier his. folence. ;. formation of the plural and genitive. fingular is the fame.. the multitude'' s folly. ;. in. all. it is. apparent that. We. fay likewile, the foundation. d'lamond'' s luftre,. his ca;iilot. thefe cafes. underftood.. ',s. s ftrength,. the ivinter^s fei/crity. ;. the. form. that end in. their. loaves. i. plural. calf,. by. f commonly. Except a few, muff, muffs So. hoof,. roof,. as. Joaf,. chief,. chiefs.. fves,. calves.. proof,. relief,. j. mij'chief,. d-warf, handkerchief, grief. Irregular plurals are teeth from. puffg. cuff,. ,. tooth,. lice. from loiije, mice from mouje, gcefe from goofe^ fet from foot, dice from die, pence i\om penny, brethren from brother, children from child.. Plurals ending in tives. ;. le/tcies,. but. we. fay,. and Weigh. s. have no geni-. Womens. the. mens. excel-. ix)its. a-. but in. gainji the ladies hairs. Pope. be underftood, he and his having formerly been applied to neuters in Dr. Wallis thinks the Lords houfe may be the place now fupplied by it and its. faid for the houfe of Lords ; but fuch phrafes The learned, the fagacious Wallis, to Englifh are not now in ufe whom every Englifli grammarian owes a tri- ear rebels againft ; and furely an tliem. b ute of reverence, calls this modification of thefe cafes his. th. e. noun an. may. adjeftive. p'^fj'cjfv-i j. I. think with. Of.

(17) ;. ;. ENGLISH TONGUE. Of Adjectives.. ranee, or agreeablenefs of found,. Adjedtives in the EngHlh language are wholly indeclinable ; having. gender,. neither cafe,. nor number,. is. not eafily reduced to rules. Monofyllables are commonly compared.. Polyfyllables, or words of more than two fyllables, are feldom comany change pared otherwife than by more and as, a good ivoman, good ivotnen, of a mof, as deplorable, more deplorable, good nvoman ; a good man, good tnsfiy 7nof deplorable, good men. tf Diffyllables are feldom compared if they terminate mfome, d^zfidfome, The Comparifon of AdjeSlinjes.. and being added. to fubftantives in. relations without. all. toilfome. The. \\sful,. ;. as careful, fpleenful^. comparative degree of addreadful; in ing, as trifing, charmJedlives is formed by adding er, the ing ; in ous, as porous ; in lefs, as fuperlative by adding efl, to the politive. ;. izxxer, fa.iref. as, fair,. ;. /ove-. loveli^ ; fivect, fweet?;-, iow, lower, loweji ; high,. ly, lovelier,. iweeteji. ;. highifr, highly?.. Some words pared;. nuorfe, <worJi. nearer, next. ;. ;. ny (or moe), (for. moeft). ;. com-. are irregularly better,. left. ;. had,. little, lejs,. leaf. ;. 7iear,. as good,. comparatives form a fuperlative by adding mof, as nether, nethermof ; outer, outmof ; under, ujtup,. in ed, as njcretched;. certain. <woody. as tncrtal. al,. in ent, as recent, fervent. in ive, as miJ/Jve. ;. in ain, as. ;. \nd\, as. ;. in fy, as puffy ; in ky, as rocky, except lucky ; in my, as roo7)y\ ;. ex-. in ny, as fifiny ;. in py, as rcpy, ; in ry, as hoary.. much, more, mofl ; mamore (for moer), mof Some comparatives and fuperlatives are yet later, latefl or found in good writers formed without regard late,. Some. ;. ;. candid; in. in id, as. cept happy. laf.. dermoji. carelefs, harmlefs. upper, uppermojl. ;. fore,. former, foremoji. Mojl is fometimee added to a fub-. to the foregoing rules ; but in a language fubjeded fo little and fo lately to grammar, fuch anomalies muft frequently occur.. So Jhady is compared by Mihcn, She in jhaditfi covert hid, Tun'd her noctsmal note. Farad.. And. What. llantive, as topmoft, fouthmofl.. flie. wills to fay or do.. Seems wifeft, -virtuoufjl, do not admit of Parad. comparifon by terminations, and are So trifting by Ray, who is indeed of no only compared by 7nore and tnofl, as authority.. Many. benevolent, more bettenjolent,. All adjeftives. mof. be-. may be compared. even when they have comparatives and fuperlatives regularly formed ; as fair ; fairer, or more fair ; fairef, or ?»oJl fair.. by more and. baft.. difcreetcft,. adjedtives. nevolent.. wo/?,. In adjedlives that admit a regular comthe comparative more is oftener ufed than the fuperlative mojl, as more fair is oftener written for fairer, than nwji fair paiifon,. foxfuireji.. Loji,. virtuous-. Loft.. great. It is not fo decorous, in refpeft of God, that he fhould immediately do all the meaneft and trifiingeft things himfelf, without. making. ufe of any inferior or fubordiiiate. Ray. minifter.. on the Creation,. Famous, by Milton, I fhall be. named among. Of women, Iri'venti've,. the fimcufft fung at folemn feftivals. Milton s ylgonijles.. by Afham.. Thofe have the. inventi-veft. heads for all. purpofes, and roundeft tongues in. Afkanis. ters.. ail. mat-. Schoolmajler.. Mortal, by Bacon.. The. comparifon of adjeftives is very uncertain ; and being much regulated by comraodiovjfnefs of utte-. The Weft. rnortaleft. blood, fatj or. b. poifons. praftifed. Indians, have feme mixture. 2.. flefli. of man.. by the of the Bacon.. isaturifl..

(18) GRAMMAR. A by. Naiiira!,. now. I will. deliver a. few of the propereft. and «ijf!/ra/M confiderations that belong to muoni AnhitcBure.. this piece.. Wretched, by yohnjon.. The helps. wretcheder are the contemners of all fuch as prefiiming on their own na-. ;. turals, deride diligence, and. when. mock. r,\ Mi T,A-, iton.. Johnf.. in. doubt-. Whatheav'ns great king hath /)ow%/K//tyZ to fend. A?ainft us from about nis throne. Farad.. mzy. termination in ip. Lofl.. be accounted. infomefort a degree of comparlfon, by which the fignification. is. diminiflied below the pofi-. ^°^_. as black, biackifo,. tive,. or tending to black-. having a little tafte of fait : thev therefore admit no comparifon. This termination is feldom added but to words exprefiing lenfible qualities, nor often to words of above one fyllable, and is fcarceiy ufed in the folemn or fublime ftyle. nefs. j. They. 7. Applied to. A^7,/•„.. tT„„ -"^r. Them. 5. feminines.. Nom.. It. They. QUIqh^^. Jjs. Them. ,. o-. ^^^'?«^-. Applied to I j neuters or things.. „. .. ters. z/. was. fait, faltip, or. r. •. the praftice of ancient wnf j r r-. and. to uie be,. •. tor. its,. bis.. pronouns, like 0ther adjedives, are without cafes or change of termination. «, „. _,^ c a r the nrit perlon is The poflellive ofr ..u fecond. 7?iy, mhie, our, ours j of the thy, thine, you, yours i of the third, from he, his, ixOm Jhe, her, and hers, r^ln^Ql their, /A-a,-.thrive for for theirs, j^ ^j^^ the plural ^^^ in and "OtH lexes.. The. ful fight.. The. She. For. „ Fcwerful, by. have fuftain'd one day. Plural.. 2\r(;;«.. terms. at. B. they underftand not things.. We. OF THE Singular.. fFotton.. poiTeffive. Our, yours, hers, theirs, are ufed when the fubftantive preceding is feparated by a verb, as I'heje are ouxbooks. T'heje books are ours. Your children excel ours in feature, but ours farpafs. yours. in learning-. Of Pronouns.. Ours, yours, hers, theirs, notwithftanding their feeming plural termination, are appli«. Pronouns, in the Englifli language, are, /, thou, he, with their plurals. ed equally to Angular and plural fubftantives, as This book is ours. Ihcje books are ours. Mine and thine were formerly ufed before. 'we, ye, they,. it, njcho,. nvhich, ivhat,. ^whether, nvhofocver, tvhatfo-ver, my, ^L ^L- ^ .,„.,„ .,o.,,.r our, ours, thy, thine, your, yours,. mme^, '. other, another,. The. 1. .. 7. 7. bis, her, hers, their,. 1-. 1. theirs, this, that,. a vowel, as mine amiable lady ; which though now difufed in profe, might be fHIl properly continued in poetry: they are ufed as ours , l*^, ri. when they are referred to a fuband>w«,. rj... fl^ntive preceding.. thejame.. ,. pronoujis perfonal are irregular ly infleded.. Singular. Plural.. I. We. Me. Us. i\W.. Thou. Oblique.. Thee. Ye You. Nom. Accuf. and other. 7. oblique cafes. 3. Their and theirs are the pofTeflives likewife of//, and are therefore applied to things.. Pronouns relative ever.. Singular and Plural.. Who. No7n.. Whofe. Gen.. commonly. ufed in modern writers for ye, particularly in the language of ceremony, v;here the fecond pevfon plural is. You. is. ufed for the fecond perfon fmgular. You ar?. Vyfriend.. Oblique,. Other oblioue. Whom. Cafes. Which. Nom. Gen.. Of which, or whofe Which. 0,ther oblique cafes.. Singular. No?n.. are, ^.vho, <vjhich,. nvhat, nvhether, <v:hofoe'ver, ^^hatjo-. Plural.. He They J Applied to Him Them^ mafculines,. WhoK nownjfed. in relation to perfons,. ivhich in relation to things aj.ci?ntly confpwftdtd,. j. and. but they were.

(19) ENGLISH TONGUE. ff^oje. rather the poetical than regular. is. genitive of ivhich. :. The. Of that. Oivn fingular. fruit. own. our. forbidden tree, luhofe mortal tafte into the world, Milton,. Brought death. added to and plural,. is. both. my own. hatid,. as. It. hoiife.. and implies a. pofleffives,. filent. is. emphatical,. contrariety or. oppofition ; as, I live in 77iy cvon houfcy Whether is only ufed in the nominative that is, not in a hired houfe. This 1 and accufative cafes ; and has no plural, be- did ^i.vith my oiu« ha7id, that is, ivithing applied only to one of a number, comot'.t help, or 7iot by proxy. monly to one of two, as Whether of thcfe is Self is added to pofTeflives, as myWhether JhnII J choofe i' It /eft I knew not. is. now. almoft obfolete.. What, whether. yoiofel'ves ; and fometimes to perfonal pronouns, as himfelf, itfelf, It then, like ot«7z, exrelative or inter- themfelves. felf,. prelTes eraphafis and oppofition, as without variation. being com- / did this fnyfelf, that is, }iot another j pounded of nxho or HJ^hat, and fo- or it forms a reciprocal pronoun, as cver^ follow the rule of their primi- We hurt Gurfelves by vain rage,. rogative,. is. VVhofoe'ver, njuhatfoefcr,. tives... IT T all In. The. r. cafes,. Thefe Thofe. r This J That ^ ^^^^^ C Whether. plural cthen. is. Others. not ufed but. other. hcrfes,. horfcs.. J have. not. when. there,. has. and. 'uchere,. joined. with certain particles, have a relative and pronominal ufe. Hereof, herein, thereof,. hereby, therein,. hereafter,. heren,vith,. thereby,. thereupon,. thereiuith, ^whereof, ixiherein, •whereby,. ivhereupon,. ivherenx-ith,. which. of this, in this, &c. of that, in that, &C. of ivhich, in ivhich, &c. fignify,. Therefore and nuherefore, which are properly there for, and njjhere that, for nxhich, are now reckoned conjunftions, and continued in ufe. The reft feem to be. for, for. paffing by degrees into negleft, though proper, ufeful, and ana-. logous.. They. Verb.. Of the. Englifh verbs are aftive, as Ilo-ve ters. plural.. Here,. by. fuppofed. is. ;. / Inn^vifh. The neuare formed like the adives.. or neuter, as. Another, being only an other,. no. it is. as. but others.. themfelves,. itfelf,. Wallis to be put by corruption, for hisfelf, it' fetf, their felijes \ fo that/f/y is ahvays a fubftantive. This feems juftly obferved, far we fay. He came himfelf; Himfelf Jhall do this I where himfelf cannot be an accufative.. I have Jint the fame. referred to a fubftantive preceding, jf.nt. Himfelf,. Plural.. Singular.. are referred both to. Moft verbs. fignifying. fignify condition or habit, as. Hove,. lam. in love. j. tf(f7/oK,. m.ay iikewife. and become Ifirike,. I. neuters^. am now. ftriking.. Verbs have only two. tenfes. in-. the prefent, and fimple preterite ; the other tenfes are compounded of the auxiliary verbs have, f?all, ivill, let, jnay, can, and the infinitive of the aftive or neuter verb. The pafiive voice is formed by joining the participle preterite to the fubftantive verb, as / am loved. flefted. in. To Have. Sing.. and plural antecedents. There are two more words ufed Plur. only in conjundion with pronouns.. I. terminations,. their. Indicative. Mood.. Prefent Tenfe. have, thou haft, he hath or. lingular. has. We. ;. have,. ^-e. have, they have..

(20) ;. ;. GRAMMAR. A. flas is a termination corrupted. OF THE. from hath.. Future.. but now more frequently ufed both in verfc Si»g. /fhall have, as in the Indicaand profc, j-yg^. Simple Preterite.. 9. fF' lie had, ye had, they had. Flur. i^'f'/"''l;'f'i'^l,f/ /have had, has had J. thou haft had,. y. ^\'^^ll^'^f^^ ^. ^^^^. Potential.. //&(?«. they. {hall. potential. mood of the. „,. ^^«''' ;. have, j^ Ihall have,. ^^^^ J ^^^ "^^X ^^^ "^^X h^^^' ->'^ "^^^ ^^v^» they may have.. We. Plur.. have. ^^^'*. •. J^^^/. •^^'^. T. .. Imperative. i»,. be ob-. 1. Mood:. Have. or have thouy let /&^ot have Plur. Let us have, have or have jc,. Sing.. "^'g"*^ '^^^^'. Prefent.. Plur.. We. have, /v have ; have, j^ have, they have. //"oa. I can have,. ;. "^'S^^ ^ave,. thou Canft have,. can have P/«r. /i?^<? can have, ^^ ^^^ j^^^^^ •. ye. -^. can have.. Preterite. 5//?^.. Plur.. Conjunaive Mood.'. /have,. ->'^. might have.. J^g. them have.. t?/;?^.. thou mightft. ^^ might have. p^^^^^^^. may. ferved the variations oi Jhall zn6. luiU.. let. ,. will have.. reading thefe future tcnfes. ii/»|-.. /might have. '^0-. will have, ;r will have,. //..J. By. freferite.. ^'"S' Second Future. will have, thou wilt have, he „,. will. verb.. /ni ay have, thou may ft have.. /i..jftiallhave.. SiW. /. form of fpeaking. t> r ^ Prejent.. p^ltffg. have. tive. ^^"g'. have, thou Ihalt have,. We. .. exprefTed by may, can, in the prehadft had, he ^en^ ; and »2;;g'_>6^ r^a/^, ox Jhould, in the preterite, joined with the infini-. P/;«-.. P/ur.. j^^^. fhall. ^^. had hadWe had hid, ^^ had had, had had.. Ihall. ^^^^. fhalt. have had, j^ fhall J^^e had, they ihall have. The. /had had,. y?-^. thou. ^^'^^. '. Zing,. Ihall. ^'. /^^. Pretertluperfea.. I. /. /. ^ad.'. mur.. Sing.. F. j^^^^ j^^^^ ^^ ^^^j. ^^^'. Compound Preterite. ^ing.. /•. /fhallTave^aX. ^i"S' ^. /could have, /'/^owcouldft have, ^^ could have ;. We. could have,. ye. could have,. they could have.. In like m^inxiex J/jpuld. is. united to. the verb.. xhere is likewife a double. Preterite.. have had, thou (houldft have had, he fhould have had ; Preterite compound. ^lirg. /have had, they have had, he Flur, We Ihould have had, ye (hould have had, they fhould have have had Plur. We have had, ye have had, had. they have had. Preteritefmple as in the Indicative.. ^i»g' /fhould. .. J.

(21) ;. ;. ;. ENGLISH TONGUE.. The paffive is formed by the ad* In like manner we ufe, / might dition of the participle preterite, to have had ; / roa/^ have had, ^c. the different tenfes of the verb to be, which mult therefore be here exhiInfinitive Mood; Prefent. Preterite.. To have. To have. bited.. had.. Had.. Participle preterite.. C. Verb. Indicative.. Having.. Participle prefent.. To. adlive.. Sing.. I am,. Plur.. We. are or be, ye are or be, the* are or be.. lo've.. The Indicative;. ^i»g:. I love,. We. plural be. b ufe.. now little. is. Prefent.. tbou loveft, he loveth or Preterite.. ^. loves. Plur.. Prefent, thou art, he is ;. ^. love, ye love, they love.. Sing.. I was, was. Plur.. We were, ye. thou waft or wert, ht. were,. were.. /Z;-!?^. Preterite ftmple.. Sing, /loved, thoii^ovQA^, he loved. Plur.. We. Wert is properly of the conjunaive mood, and ought not to be ufed in the indicative.. ;. loved, jf loved, they loved.. PreterperfeSl compared.. I have loved, Preterite compound.. PreterpluperfeB.. /had. PreterpluperfeSl.. Future. 1 Ihall love, ijc.. I. I have been, ^r.. I had been,. i^e. Future, /fhall or will be, is'c. loved, l^c. will love.. Imperative. Sing.. Imperative. Sing.. Love or love. Plur. Let us. him love love, love orlovQyc, let thou, let. P/«r.. Be. thou. Let. us. ;. be. let ;. him be. bej^ ;. Conjunftive.. them love. Sing,. I be,. ^(f be, ye be,. Prettrite fimple, as in the Indicative.. Sing.. I were,. /have loved, ^c. future. I fhall love, ^c. Second Future. I fhall have loved.. P/«r.. We. Sing.. Plur.. Prefent.. I love, thouXo'VQ, he love ; li'e love, jc love, they love.. Preterite compound,. them. be. Prefetit,. he be. /^o?< beefl,. P/«r.. Conjuntftive.. let. ;. />6();. ;. be.. Preterite. /.^(??/ wert, he were ; were, ^i? were, //^^y were. Preterite compound. I have been, ^V. Future. I Ihall have been, tfrV.. Potential.. Potential.. I may or can love, ^c. Preterite, /might, could, or fhould love, Qc. Double Pr^/. /might, could, or Ihould have loved, k^c.. / may. or can. would, could, or ; be; could, would, or fliculd have been, ^c.. fliould. Prefent.. Infinitive.. To be. Preterite. To have been.. Prefent.. Participle prefent ^ Being. Infinitive.. To love. Preterite. To have. Participle preterite.. Having been.. Prefent.. Participle pafl.. loved.. Loving. Loved.. Participle prefetit.. Paffive Voice. Indicative Mood. / am loved, id'c. I was loved, i3c. / have been loved, ^'c. Con•.

(22) r. GRAMMAR. A. /do. Conjunflive Mood. If / be loved, Cfr. If /were loved, l^c. If /Ihall have been lovedj b'V.. lo'ue thee, a?id nxihen. Chaos. is. thee. Shakefp.. come again.. It is frequently joined with ane^r. /might, gative as, I like her, but I do not fhould be.loved, ijc I lo've her ; / 'vnjhed him fuccefs, hut. or can be loved,. could, or. I lo've. Jiot,. Mood.. Potential. / may. ;. THE. OF. ;. might, could, or lliould have been. did not help him. The Imperative prohibitory is feldom applied in the fecond perfon, at leaft in profe, without the word flo ; as, Stop him, but do not hurt him j. loved, i^c. Infinitive.. To be loved. Preterite. To have been Prefent.. loved.. Praife beauty, but do not dote on it. Its chief ufe is in interrogative There is another form ofEnglim forms of fpeech, in which it is ufed through all tne perfons ; as Do / verbs, in which the infinitive mood litte f' Doft thou finke me ? Do they is joined to the verb do in its various rebel? Did. I complain? Did ft thou infledtions, which are therefore to lo've her ? Did JIpe die ? So likewife be learned in this place. in negative interrogations ; Do / not yet grie-ve ? Did. Jhe not die ? To Do. Do is thus ufed only in the fimple. Participle.. Loved.. Indicative.. Sing.. I do,. P/ur.. We do, ye. Prefent.. thou doft, he doth. tenfes. ;. There is another manner of conjugating neuter verbs, v.hich, when ufed, may not improperly deit is nominate them neuter pajji-ves, as they are infleded according to the paffive form by the help of the verb fubftantive to be. They anfwer nearly to the reciprocal verbs in French. do, they do.. Preterite.. Sing, /did, thou didft, he did. ;. Plur. M'e did, )e did, they did.. I have done, Uc. had done, i^c. Future. I ihall or will do, i^c.. Preterite, lf!c.. x. as,. Imperative. Sing.. Do. Let. Plur.. us. / am. him do ; do, do ye, let them do.. thou,. let. rifen,. fuis leve,. I '-Mas Prefent. Conjundlive. Sing. I do, thou do, he do ; Plur. We do, ye do, they do.. tois. furrexi, Latin. nxialked out,. To do. Participle prejent.. ;. exieram. j. Je m'e-. In like manner we commonly exprefs the I. She. grieving, doko.. reft are as in the indicative.. Infinitive.. me. Je. promene.. prefent tenfe; as,. The. ;. Freiich.. am is. going,. eo,. I. am. dying,-///a moritur.. I am tempeft IS raging. y«r;V ^;-u«//j. So the purfuing an enemy, hojlcm injequor. Iruj/^aivalking, We •were other tenfes, a?.. The. have done. Doing. to. I have been ivalking, I bad hen walking, IJhall or ivill be 'walking. There is another manner of ufing the acDo is fometimes ufed fuperfluoufly, tive participle, which gives it a paffive fignias, / do lo<^je, I did loi)e ; fimply fication ; as, The grammar is now printing, for I lo^ve, or I lo'ued ; but this is giammaticajammir.c charthimpiimitur. The IS, COnfldered as a vitious mode of brafs is forging, ara excuduntur. This. Participle preter.. fpeech \ .. It IS. as,. '. vo/MEV 'E-e^trraiSvlii;,. Done.. r J. 1. •. ti. fometimes ufed cmpliatically. ;. *" "^y opinion, a vitious expreffion, probabl? corrupted from a phrafe more pure, but fomewhat obfolete : TZ^ book n a /r/V.7-. J^ ing,. The. brajs. is. a forging. ;. a being properly at..

(23) :,. ENGLISH tongue; and printing and forging verbal nouns fignifying a(£^ion, according io the analogy of. ef,. this language.. The indicative and conjundlive moods are by modern writers frequently confounded, or rather the conjundlive is wholly neglected, when fome convenience of verfification It is ufed among does not invite its revival. the purer writers after if, though, ere, hefcre,. whether, except,. ur.lefs,. •whatfoc'ver, •zvhomfo-. and words of wifhing ; as, Doubtlefs though Abraham be ignorant of us, and IJrael acknowledge us not. fver,. thou art our father,. even in folemn language as, dijcelt ; fometimes after X, ed is changed into/; as -vext. /,. ;. crept, felt,. not ccnftant. long vowel is often changed iato a {hort one ; thus, kept,ftept, nxept^ crept fojcpt ; from the verbs, io keep this. is. A. ,. to feep, to ^cveep, to creep, to fji:eep.. Where ^or. / go before, the addior/, in this contrat^ed form, coalefce into one letter with. tional letter. i/. ^ or / : if / were the radical, they coalefce into /; but if ^. 'the radical. Of Irregular Veres.. were the radical, then into d or t, as the one or the other letter may be Ben Johnfon into four conjugations, more eafily pronounced; as, >ead^ without any reafon arifing from the led, fpread, fed, Ihred, hid, hid, chid, nature of the language, which has fed, bled, bred, fped, ftrid, rid ; from properly but one conjugation, fuch as the verbs, to read, to lead, to fpread, from which to fed, to read, to bid, to hide, to has been exemplified. The Englifh verbs were. divided by. f. ;. deviations are to be confidered as chide, to feed, to bleed, to breed, to anomalies, which are indeed in our feed, to ride, to fide, to ride. And. all. f. monofyllable Saxon verbs and the verbs derived from them very frequent ; but almcil all the verbs which have been adopted from other languages, follow the regular form.. Our verbs ars obferved by Dr. Wallis to be irregular only in the formation of the preIndeed, in the terite, and its participle. fcantinefs of our conjugations, there is fcarcely any other place for irregularity.. The. irregularity,. firil-. a. is. flight. deviation from the regular form, by rapid utterance or poetical contraction. :. the. laft. fyllable. edh. o.^ten join-. thus, caft, hurt, coji, burf, eat, beat, fixeat, ft, quit, fnit, nvrif, bit, hit,. met,fot ; from the verbs, to caf, to hurt, to ccf, to bur/i, to eat, to beat, to fiveat, to ft, to quit, to fmite, to tvrite, to bite, to hit, to ?>:cet, to foot.. And girt. manner, from the verbsj. in like ;. The participle preterite or pafHve is often formed in en, inftead oi ed ; as, taken,. heLH,. Many. words have two or more par-. eaten,. f, tk,. k,. X,. and. ch,JJj,. not only. llrongly pronounced,. and fometimes after m, n, ceded by a fhort vowel, /. if. ;-,. pre-. <ucrit:ev,. bitten,. beaten, hidden, chidden, flatten,. after the confonantsy^* » chofen, broken. when more. kncivn,. faiit,. to be, to take, to gi^e,. to fay, to knoi'j.. e; as lo'u'dioT. c,. gi-ven,. from the verbs. ticiples, as. after. to lend, to fend,. to rend, to gird.. ed with the former by fuppreifion of Io--ced;. lent,fent, rent,. ;. but likewife. -xcvvV, bit,. eat, beat, hid, chid, /lot, chofe, brcke,. are promifcuoufly ufcd in the. parti-. ciple, from the verbs to tvi-ite. to pronunciation, but very feldom in bite, to eat, to beat, to hide, to chide, writing, rather than d ; as plac''t, to jhoot, to choofe, to break, and ma/natch' t, fijh'^t n.vak^t, dzvePt, ftntPt, ny fjch like.. for placed, d%vsl'd,. is ufejd. fnntch^d, Jijh'd,. fmefd;. fijhed, nvakcd,. tvak'd,. or placed, fnatchcd,. divellcd, jmelled.. Thofe words which terminate /or. //,. in. in. or p, Kjake their preterite in. fn the he^.'.n,. fame manner ^ww,. _/^<'7c7/,. 7no-Mn, loaden, laden, as well as. /oixd, /kevSd, lienxd, mo'vfd, loaded, laded, from the X'erbs tof-iu, tofe-uj, to heiK!, to. c. TKi'v:,. to Isad, or. Ifide.. Cc-n-.

(24) GRAMMAR. A. THE. OF. Concerning thefe double partici- acr/V, ahid, rid. In the preterite fonne are likewife formed by a, as it is difficult to give any rule ; but he ihall feldom err who isinem- brake, /pake, bare,Jhare, f^are^ tarcy bers, that when a verb has a parti- ivai-e, cla've, gat, begat, forgat, and as, perhaps feme others, but more rareciple dilHnit from its preterite pies. ;. participle. that diftincl. ^written,. ivrote,. ^j:rite,. In. ly.. are. the participle paffive. more proper and elegant, many of them formed by. is. en,. ta-. as. The book is wnttcn, is better than ke)i, Jhaken, forfaken, broken, fpoken, The hook is wrote, though wrote may born,Jhorn, fivorn, torn, "j:orn, ^jjonjen^ cloven, thri-ven, dri-jen, rifen, /mitten. be ufed in poetry.. zs. are other anomalies in the ridden, chofen, trodden, gotten, hegotAnd many fodden. ^^"i forgotten, Win, begin; fv:im, ftrike, do likewife retain the analogy in. There. preterite.. ffin,. 1.. ring,. pck,-fing, Jiing, fang, fpring,. ,. grind,. bind,. run, f::d,. co;;::,. ^cvring,. drink, ftnk, prink, fink,. Ik'sing,. v>:ind,. both,. as. awaked, Jheared,. nuaked,. iveaved, leaved, abided, feethed. 4- G/a;f, ^/X//, make in the pre-. gave, bade, fate. both in the preterite imperfeft and. terite.. participle palfive, give tvon,fpun, be-. ticiple paffive,. gun, fv-jum, ftruck, fuck, fung, filing, ftmg, rung, n.vrung, fprung, fuowng, drunk, fuiik, fljrunk, hung, come, run, And found, 'bound, ground, nxsound. moii of them are alfo formed in the. but in both. ;. in the par-. bidden, fitten. ;. bid.. ^ravj,. 5-. hlcv:,. given,. gronu,. knonv,. a. crovj like. tbrov:,. COck,. fly, flay, preterite drenAj,. fe«, b, make their kne^v, gre^v, threvj,. blevj,. crevj,. favj, lay; their particifprang, drank, came, ran, and fome ples paffive by n, dravjn, knonvn, "others ; but moil of thefe are now grovcn, thro^vn, blovsn, flo^n, flain, obfolete. Some in the participle fee^, I'^en, lain. Yet from flee is paffive likewife take f;z, ^% fricken, vaz^efled; hom go, nxient, from the old ivend, and the participle gone, fu-ucken, drunken, bounden. preterite. by. fouvht, <^. bring, think, ivork, '. 7. caught,. fought, be-. rn,. brought,. ^^j^\,,. bought,. many of. thefe retain. likewife the regular form, as teached,. 7.7/. J. 7. ^. 1. J. 'J. reached, be eecbed, catched, vjorKed. '-. L. n. 1. r. r 7^. L. 3 lake,_/hake, forfake, nvake, anvake, flarid, break, fpeak, bear, pear,. fvjear, tear, tveave, cleave, firive, thrive, drive, fl^ine, rife, arije , Jmite, vcrite, bide,. abide, ride, choofe, chufe,. tread, get, beget, forget^feethe, vn^ikQin. t. ion _. •/. i -n .„ the Enghlh language may lbe more underftood, it is neceffary to enquire ^. That. how. thought, nvrought.. Bwt a great. Qr Dg. riva. make. 117. rauzht,. tauzht, -S. '. joiight, '. fl^"^^, flevj,. Fight, teach, reach, feek, befeech,. 2.. catch, buy, "'^. ravg,fang,. a, zs began,. its. _,. words are deduced from. derivative. their primitives, and. how. the primitives are. borrowed from other languages. In this enquiry I fhall fcmetimes copyDr.Wallis, and » ? _ j ,_ to » r, ujrxv iometimes endeavour lupply his defects, and redify his errours. t. ^. Nouns. The. are derived from verbs. thing implied in the verb as. done or. produced,. is. commonly. either the prefent of the verb. j. as,. both preterite and participle /'i3o^,yoy- to love, love; to fright, z. fright ; to fook, vjoke, a-Tvoke, flood, broke, fpoke, Ught a flght ; or the preterite ofthft bore, fore, fvjore, tore, vjore, wove, verb, as, to ftrike, I ftrick or ftrook, clove, flrove, throve,,drove, fkone, rofe, crofe, fmote, vorote, bode, abode, rode. chofe,. trade,. got,. begot, forgot, fod.. Eut we fay likewife, thrive,. rife,fmit,. zflroke.. The. a£lion. is. the fame with the. participle prefent, as loving, frighii>ig,. fighting, fir iking..

(25) ;;;. ;. ,. ENGLISH TONGUE. The. agent, or perfon afling,. is. Thus. helplefs.. comfort, ccmfortlcfs. denoted by the fyllable er added to. fap, faplejs.. the verb, as lover frigkter, Jlriker. Subftantives, adjedlives, and fometimes other parts of fpeech, are. Privation or contrariety is very often denoted by the particle un pre-. y. fixed to. many. adjedtives, or in before. changed into verbs in which cafe words derived from the Latin ; as, the vowel is often lengthened, or pleaiant, unpleafant wife, uiiivifei :. ;. the confonant foftened ; as, a houfe, profitable, raiproftable ; patient, imThus uni.vorth)-, unhealthy, to houfe ; brafs, to braze ; glafs, to patient.. glaze. grafs, to graze. ;. breath, oyl,. to. forward,. to. breathe. ;. price, to prize;. a. for~<xard. further ; hinder, to. to ;. hinder.. The. added, efpecially to adjedives. ;. is. as,. lengthen;. flrength, to firengthen; fhort, to Jhort-. tofafen black, to blachn ;. fall,. ;. v/hite, to tvhiten. ;. ;. hard, to hardoi. ;. foft, to foften.. From jedlives. formed adby adding the. fubftantives are. of plenty,. termination y ; as, a loufe, loufy ; wealth, ^wealthy ; health, healthy might, mighty ; worth, ijjorthy ; wit, ^witty ; luft, iufty ; water, <vcatery ; earth, earthy; wood, a wood, 'u:oody ; air, airy ; a heait, hearty ; a hand, haJidy.. From. k vn. 5. but as. the infepara-. indijl'tct,. have. bJe particles un and in fufion, from which it. into connot eafy to difen-. is. fallen. tangle them.. Un iilli,. en. original Engliih prlvltive. waoften borrow from the Latin, or its defcendents, words already fignifying privation, as inefiiaaom, impious,. Sometimes the termination en halte, tohaflen; length, to. and many more.. unfruitful, unufeful,. to fjl?. fiih,. further,. oyl; to. ;. is. as. prefixed to. words originally Ena;untaught, unhand-. all. untrue, untiutb,. some.. Un is prefixed to all participjes made privative adjectives, as unfeeling, unajjijiing, unaided, ur,dellgbted, uncrdearcd.. Un ought never to be mark a. ciple prefent, to tion, as. prefixed to a partiforbearance of ac-. unfighing; but a privation of habit,. as unpitying.. Un is prefixed to moft fubftantives which h?ve an Englijh termination, as unfa-tikrefs, unpeifecinefs, which, if they have borrowed take. terminations, imperfeSiion. j. in. or im, as. uncivil, inci-vility. ;. infertility,. ur.ahii'e, :n-. aiii'vity.. formed adjeftives of plenty, by adding the termination/;^/, denoting abundance; fubftantives are. as, ']0y, joyful ; ixait, fruitful. ;. youth,. youthful; care, careful; ufe, ufeful delight, delightful; plenty, plentiful;. particle prefixed,. proper. ;. almofl the fame ienfe, but with fome kind of diminution thereof, the termination fome is added, denoting fotnething, or in in. but if. it is. if. as ir.dcccr.cy, inelegant,. we borrow. prefix un, as unpolitc,. mis,. we receive them. ufual to retain the. the. add the privative particle,. The. help, helpful.. Sometimes,. In borrowing adjeiSives, already compounded,. adje«^tive,. imaiyl. we commonly. ur.gallai-.t. ard and m^s. prepofitive particles dis. derived. from the. .^.f. of the French, fig':ify ahnoll/.the fame as un ; yet dis rather imports contrariety than privation, fince it feme degree ; as, delight, delight/omi. ; anf.vers to the Latin prepofition de. game, gamejome ; irk, irhfame ; bur- Mi: inlinuates fome error, and for den, burdenfofne ; trouble, trouhlefo7ne; the moll part may be rendered by light, lightfome ; hand, handfome ; the Latin words male or pfrpcran:. To like, to diflikc ; honour, dijhor.our; alone, lonejotne ; toil, toilfome. On the contrary, the termination to honour, to grace, to c-ilhoncur, tO deign, to difdeign ; lefs added to fubilanrives, makes ad- to dijgrace ; jedtives fignifying want ; as, irjorth- chance, hap, mijchance, mijbap; to UfSi nx'itUfs^ hditlefi, joy lefs, carelefs, take, to mijiahc ; deed, ?iiijdeed ; to ufe; C Z. .. ^.

(26) ;. ;. GRAMMAR. A. employ,. to. yfe, to. mifufe. employ. to apply, to 7i:i!atpiy. ;. Words. ;. Vi'if-. derived from Latin written. with de or. the fame figni-. dis retain. diftinguo. dijtinguip,. as. fication,. detraho. dctraSi,. to. ;. ports a fuccefnon of fmaller and then greater founds; and fo in jifjgle, jangle, tingle^ tangle, and many other made words. Much hoivtver of this is arbitrary and fan-. depending wbclly. ciful,. and ofWaUis.. en oral utterance,. therefore fcarccly •worthy the notice. defanio. deja:r.e,. THE. OF. ;. Of. detain^ detineo. concrete adjcflives are. made. added to abftraft fubftantives^, by adding ^the The termination nefs, and a few in hood or fabilantives, and fometimes to adcharafter or qualities jedives, forms adjectives that im- head, noting as, white, ivhitenefs ; hard, hafduefs ; aor fimilitude kind of fome port fKilful, Jkilfulnefs, ; greement, being formed by contrac- great, greatnefs termination. tion of lick or. A. ly. iinjkilfulnefs. like.. giant, giantly, giantlike. earthly;. \i.t?LVC\^,. hewvenly. ;. earth,. world,. ;. ;. godhead, fnanhocd, viaid-. enhead, njoido<vjhood, knighthood, friejihood, likelihood, falsehood.. There are other abilrafls, partly God, godl}; good, goodly. ,. ^. ^ from adjeftives, and partly derived to added termination/), fame The f'om verbs, which are formed by adieftives, forms adverbs of like. •worldly;. ,. fiPnification. as,. ;. beautiful, heauti-. .. ,. ,. ,. the addition of the termination th,. a fmall change being fometimes made; ful'y; fweet, f^^eetly; that is, in a length ; &xox^a frength ; as, \oxii, beautiful manner ; n^ith fome degree of broad, wide, breadth, nvidth; deep. Jcweetnefs.. The. termination. //?-. added toad- ^epth. ;. true, trzith. ;. warm, warmth;. merry, imports diminution ; and dear, dera-th ; flow, fowth ; health; well, weal, added to fublhntivcs, imports fimili- ''">^/-' ; heal, dry, droughth; young, jo«/Z-'; tude or tendency to a charafter ; as, "^'^^/^'^ 5 fo moon, month. green, greenijh ; white, whitifi ; foft, and , , , Like thefe are fome words derived fftifh; a thief, //./V-t;./.; a wolf, from verbs ; dy, «W/^ ; till, tiito; c-j,ol'vifb;.^zV\\i^, childijh. growth ; mow, later mowth, h:iv£ forms of diminutives in grow, though not frequent ; after /;:cai;V^; commonly fpoken and ieftives,. .. We. fubftantives,. a. as,. rel;. hill,. 2i. a. mke,. hillock; tickrel. ;. a cock, acockthis. is. written later. a French fiealth. ;. »;«//^,. zHt^x. math. fleal,. ;. bear, birth; xn^, ruth. and. ;. probably earth from to ^^r or flaw ; lamb, %, M'^t ; weigh, weight; fray, a is a German termination: draught. a lamhkin; a chick, a chicken; a man, Ak^'i i ^o draw, a manikin; a pipe, a pipkin; and Thefe fliould rather be written fighth, thus Halkin, v*'hence the patronimick frighth, only that cuftpm prevails, left h llawkitis, PFilkin, Jhomkin, and o- ihould be twice repeated. The {irs\tiQxxaxv.ii-\\r\. faith, ^pight, wreathe, thers. terminacion. .. a goofe,. a. goflin. ;. this. •zvrath, broth, froth, breath, footh, ivorth, light,. Yet ftill there is another form of diminuamong the Englilh, by leffen'ing the. tion. found it felf, efpecially of A'oweis '; as there is a form of augmenting them by enlarging, or even lengthening it ; and that fometimes not fo much by change of the letters, as of their prommciation ; as, Jup, fu, JooP,fcp, fiptet, where, befjcies tne extenuation of the vowd, there IS added the French termination _. .. ct; tcp, tip; [pit, fpout; babe, baby, booby, /StfTrat; ; great pronounced long, el'pedally jfwJih a ftronsier found, grea-t ; lif.lc pro-. Eoujiced long,. lee-tle;. ting, tang,. long,. ii'ight,. and the like, whofe primitives. either. entirely obfolete,. or I'eldom. are. occur.. Perhap5 they are derived hom fy or foy, 4t;?j, ivreai, brew, mow, fry, bray, Jay,. j^,.^^. ,^^;'Qrk.. g^j^g ending in ///>, imply an of^ i:^;^^ ^^e, employment, or COnulClOn ,. ... ;. as,. hngpip, wardjhip, guaramnflnp,parinerfhip,. fidoa.rdjhip.,. beadjhip,. lord-. Ay^. im-. Thus.

(27) ENGLISH TONGUE. Thus •worjhip,. that. is,. luorthpip. whence henings,. \. Some few ending in dr^n, rich, nxick, do efpecially denote dominion, at leafl ftate or condition. ;. as, kbigdo7n,. dukedom, earldom, princedom, popeaotn, chrijiendom, freedom, vsifdom, vjhore-. ^om, bijkoprick, baHyivick. Menf and a^e are piain'yFrench terminations, and are of the fame import with us as among them, fcarce\y ever occuring, except in words derived from the French, as comtnandment, vfa-J.. founds. of letters fmailer... clofer,. fofter,. on. aSj. J. beetle,. to. a ha. their. a. heat,. tie-door,. meaning and bat, batoon,. to. a. derivati-. a kind. battle,. hatter, butter,. a. of glutinous conipofition for food. All thefe are of Cmilar fignificarion, and perhaps derived from the Latin lattw. tickle,. tack,. tackle. ;. all. Thus. imply a. jundtion, from the Latin. tatigo,. take, touch,. local. contac-. tetigi,. ium.. From Itvel've,. tii'o. are formed ttvain, tivice, ttvefity,. tivins,. louder,. fharper,. more ob-. clearer,. more ftridulous, do very often intimate the like efteftsin the things ficnlfied. Thus words that begin v.'ith jir intimate the force and eft'ect of the thing lignificd, as if probably derived from ^pmv/xi, o: ftremtus'y as , ftrwg, ftrengtkjf.re^^v, ft> ike, flreaki, flrck;,. Jiripe,Jirfve,Jirife,J}r!!ggle,f:rout,ftru:,Jh-stchf. narrow,. firaitjftriEi/fireight, that is. diftrain^. dijirejs, firing,. firap, ftj-cam, ftreamer, flrand, Jhip, jiray, Jlruggie, ftrange, pide, fireji,. ttvine,. tivift,. tivirl,. tivig,. a. Icfs. iivinge, between,. bcttvixt,. manner. IL'ie. degree, io. implies ftrength, but in. much. only as. is f. fficient to. what has been already communi-. preferve. cated, rather than acquire any. new. degree. j. were derived from the Latiny?c : for exzmpls, /land, Jlay, that is, to remain, or as if it. to prop. tha't IS,. that. fiaff, fiay,. J. to. tofi'iff, fiific,. is,. fay, that. an obftacic. mer, flagger,. ;. fling,. is. to oppofej fiop, to flop ; afiay,. flick, jlut, flutter, Jlam-r. flicklc, flick, flake,. and any thing depofited. at play. to fling, flunk, flitch,. a /harp pale, ;. flock, flan,. ftanchton,. flud,. flub, flubble, to flub up, fltump, whence flumble,. ttvitch,. ftroi?ger,. Jiraddic.. are in Englifh often long trains of. words alhed by. is, IhJTctii,. fcure, and. St in. There. blaxe, to blow, that. blaft,. and perhaps blood and biufD. ; In the native words of our tongue is to be found a great agreement between the letters and the thing figniiied j and therefore the. bloom. ^mrfhjpful, toivorjhip.. flalk,. tivilight,. feet,. to flalk,. whence. itiiihil.. flamp with tie. flip, to. to flajnp,. imprelTion and a. that. ftamp. ;. is,. or fioivard,. beftoiv, fl.civard,. make an. to. flioiu,. to fltciv,. ii. ftead,. fl:ady, following remarks, extraited from fleadfafl, ft able, a ft able, a jiall, to ftali,ftooU_ Wallis, are ingenious, but of more fubtlety flail, ftill, ftall, ftallage, p.ill,fl.age, ftill than folidity, and fuch as perhaps might in. The. every language be enlarged without end.. adj.. and. ftill. adv. flale, flout, fturdy, fteed, toftarve with. ftcat, ftalUon, fliff, ftark-dead,. hunger. or. cold. ^. 3. flone, fteel, fl.crn, fianch, to. wo/e, and what reftancb blood, to flare, jiecp, fteeple, flair, the Latin najus are derived ftar.dard, a ftated meafure, ftately. In all the French ncs and the Englifh r.oje ; and thefe, and perhaps fome others, ft denotes nejfe, a promontory, as projedling like a nofe. fomething firm and fixed.. S« ufually implies the. lates to. But. it.. From. from the confonants nz taken from and tranfpofed that they may the bet. ter correfpond, yjz denotes ?iaj':is : and thence are derived many words that relate to the as if. jiafits,. nofe, as jnout, Jneexe, j'c,ore,fiiu-t, fnear, ^nicker, fnot, j'nt'vel, fnitc, j'nuff, Jnuffe, fv.'jjle, J'narle,. fnudge.. Thr imples a more violent degree of motion, as tkrazu, thrift, throng, throb, through, threat, threaten, thrall,. throtvs.. IFr imply fome fort of obliquity or diftorticn, as tcry,. to. ivreatbe,. lureft,. tor eft It,. ivnng, ivrong, ivrinch, wrench, 'wrangle^ ivr.inkle, wrath, ivreak, lurack, ivretch, ivrift,. There is another Jn, -which may perhaps tvrap. be derived from tlie Latin ftnuo, 2isjnake, kiv imply a filent agitation, or a fof»«r (neak, jnail, jnare ; fo likewife jnap and kind of lateral motion as, Jivay, Jivag, tt 3 fnatch, jnib, fnub. El implies a blaji. fiuay, fivagger, fiuer-je, fiueat, jivecp, jwill,. as, bloto, blaft, to blajl, Jivnn, fivii/g, ; Jwift, ftweci, fivitch, fivingc. and, metaphorically, to blaj] one's Nor is there much difference of fm in reputation ; bleat, bleak, a bleak pl?.ce, to firxothe, flmug, flnile, Jmirk, Jmite, wliich look bleak or weather-beaten, bleak, bla\', figniiies the fame asloftrike, but is a fofter to blight,. bleach, biuficr, blurt, hlifier, blab, bladder, bleb, bliJ.0r,blabber-lipt, blubber-cbicki't, bioted, bhti-. word. J. ftnull, ftnell,. ^mart blow properly. fmack, jmcther, jw.art, a figniiies fuch a kind of il;oke. A. *.

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