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(2) INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE.
(3) Frédéric Boussinot, Jean-Ferdy Susini. N˚ 3247 Septembre 1997. THÈME 1. ISSN 0249-6399. apport de recherche.
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(45) . . . Å. zÕ5.
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(54) 0/ 6 &D n9/Xng ] jBmnPO ^4T<B#fTp > g ]iX&BKS 6_]ifg&D n9/Xng ] jBmnPJg]i9pB]fg #?Y*T L ]T[ f\ eMn$/Xng] XjBmnQM n$/Xng ] XjBmnPO ]T[ f\ e{#?YUM #$?Y.O V lZfg#j&B ^4 (#B fTpP#4TB njg nC9# j&B,[S hg ]i$ p]fBg fhg]T L iXn_] iTg 0 ^Xn_ieMnC9# j&B,[S fhg* ]<T n$X / ng ] X jBmZnkeMnC$X j&B,[S$S4SZ> g]i&B,T fg* ]<\T eYn$/ ng ] Xjhmn(T O V lZfg#j&B ^4 (#B fTp@_6 ]iZfhg&D ]X46 ]ifhg&DPSGT L iXn_] iTgpg]iX&B X?Y &Y n$X/ ng ] X jBmZnPO V lZfg#j&B ^ iX]Xn#p]Xn$? &Y ]Xn j#pB]f0X/ j_]Zfg.SZ j#pB[ fg#nWmj#pB[ fg#n<T L 34X/ ng] n9X/ ng ] M mj#pB[fhg#nke D n_]434X/ ng ]PS n9/ ngT] jBmZn(T[O B d fB])pB[.S n$/ ng ]e{^iXn, ngpnKDS mZj#p[ fhg n<TT L pj( nU8453,6$3 4A 1 `(iXn_] iTg #?AY eMj#p]f /\DS mj#ph[ fg#n(T O pj( n 6$3 4 1 ` iXn_] iTg6$1(798\O ? nTl j;<B ]`(i n_] iTg6R:<6$8.O V V ^ iZf Xj_]Xn ]ifhg. . V. + #,+ -\% [2#&! Td#j)fB],GFT5WPGFn3jiOhgB ]i p]Zfg,QSnDj¥l;^Sn"WmQ`nDOQ>gXlZf0DFV3GFj@BAiG j#pB]f0/Xj_]ZfgHE,GFWPAi^Uj¥][G;WPRD]PnDO 6;:<6$c8 AiGW[AiGVl;^$n VDz$Ri][Q`WP^Sn*O ni^`WViTUG&jÜW[AiGFnWGFtQSRDQ`WPG&Ok W&d¸BGFtQ`RDQ`WP^Sn]PGFWPRi][nDO(QSOPGS . . . . HE G&Q`ninizWPADQ`WkWPAiGVlF^Sn VDz$Ri]mQtWP^SnQS W[G j^S]kOni^`W O[QtWPOcVDG jWPAiG n¢W[AiGEHG;W[Ai^Uj¢OfWP^$hDOFHd¸BGFtQt¡ RDQ`WP^Sn]PGFWPRi][nDOBW[]PRDGSDEHG&Q`ninizHWPA3QtWgW[AiGl;^$n VDz$Ri][Q`WP^Sn¥QS W[G j^S]KOXOPQ`WPOMVDG&jiW[AiGFnW[AiG Td#j)fh] W[GF][EHnDQ`WPG&OKQSnDjc][G;WPRD]PnDO"14354¥ W[AiG,GFnDj^` WPADGl;RD]P][GFn"WKnDOfW[QSn$WOKni^SWQ`][G QSjiY][G Q$lmAiG j 6$1(7;8 ^SWPAiG ]POPGS Gi^$]G;TiQSE,hDGVG tQ`RDQtW[^$n^`WPADGl;^$n VDzSRD][Q`WP^Snl;^$]P][G OPh3^$nDjUnizWP^ J gX_] nLV][G;WPRD]PnDO W[]PRDGV 9 nBQSOkni^SWzSG niGF]mQtW[G j#Q`n3j jXp]f0/Xj]fgc]PGFWPRi][nDO 6$1(798 nWPAiO,lFQSOPGSc@BAiO OlF^SAiG ]PG n"W WPA¥W[AiG wDQ$Oflhi][nDlFhDGk^S=s3IAilmAcOZWmQtWPG&OBWPA3QtWgW[AiG Q`wDOPGFn3l;Gk^` Q`nG SGFn"WglFQSnini^SWgw3GjiG l;jUG&j w.G;^$]PGW[AiGkGFnDj¥^SÜWPADG l;Ri][]PG n"WBnDOfW[QSn$W& . 4 <B $B (4 _d#j)fB] n] ng,?< g]iZp]fg L ^ iZf0X/ j_]XnU>gXlZf0D pgXlZf0D\O ^4T <#B fTp TdXj)fB]\S >gXlZf0D pg lZf0DT L ]_[ fepgXlZf0DNMHpgXlZf0D\O V lZfg#j&B ^4 (#B fTp@_6 ]iZfhg&D ]X46 ]ifhg&DPSGT L i n_] iTgjd#j)fB] HpgXlZf0D\O V ^ #f_p p Tj. . . Å. zÕ5.
(55) &B 4 <B &B C9 &B,[S $ T L 0 C9 &B,[S *T 0D $C$ &B, S4S4S <T * *T D T O. lZfg#j ^ XfTpP# _njg n #j hg ]i p]fg fhg ] iXn_] i_g ^Xn_ieMn #j fhg B] pg lZf eMn #j _d#j#fB] fg ] \ecpg lZf. V. &B. ? & Y]Xn j#pB]f0/Xj_]Zfg.SZ j#pB[ fhg nWmj#pB[ fg#n<T L fl S pg lZf0DeYl)f Xn?PS{mZj#pB[ZfhgXn(T4TWiXn_] i_g6;:<6$8.O fl S pg lZf0 D eMn9X/ j&B;# j] nXDS m)j#ph[fhgXn<T$WT iXn_] i_g6$1(798.O ]Xn_im$fg#j_]XnXS T[O iXn_] i_g mj#pB[ fg#nkef0T3 g,?,_7 l#hg*B ]Xjg ]XSG T 691(798 ` 13454.O. lZfg#j. ^ iX_] n#p]Xn. V V. % "#&+ -. : g ]f9B GFT"W[GFnDjDO fhg#j_iYhg]Tip]fg¤Q`nDj?EHhiGFEHG n$WmO¥hi]PG GFEHhUW[^$n£GFT5G&l;RUW[^$n?^S WPAiGQBTnTl_] nDOfWP][RDlW[^$nÜl Q`G&j W[AiG J w.^UjUY_LmÜOkQSw3^$]fW[G j¢AiGFnQ`n*GF$GFn"W l;^SnXVDzSRi]mQtW[^$n w.G l;^$EHG OWP][RiG$ nDG O[QYUOKWPAiG nW[ADQtWTB nTl_]O J hD]PG GFEHhUWPG&jTLw5YWPADGHlF^Sn V3zSRi]mQtW[^$n¢Q`n3jn¢WPADOkl QSOPGSl;^$n"WP][^S#zS^5G OKW[^ if0TD [ ]AilmA¥OglFQSG jWPAiG J ADQSnDjUGF]cLm @BADGkhi]PG GFEHhUW[^$nEHhiG EHGFn"WPG&jw5YA: g ]f9B O J G QSL\_B nTlT]Oni^`WghD]PG SGFn"W[G jWP^H]PG&QSl;WQ`WWPAiG . . . $GF][YVnDOZWmQ`n"W^`#hi][GFGFEHhUW[^$n. 4 <B $B (4 : g]f9B n] ng,?< fg#j_i4Yg]iZp]fg L ^ iZf0X/ j_]XnU>gXlZf0D pgXlZf0D\O ^ iZf0X/ j_]Xn X&BTnjg j#p]f0/ n Xjg,?&BTn M l j&B&nPO ^ iZf0X/ j_]Xn X&TB njg iXn(0mZn ?YNM ]Ti#nPO ^4T <#B fTpI: g]f9B S > gXlZf0D pgXl)f0D.J hg*]ipB]fg #$?Y.J hg ]Ti p]fg [#jg,?,TB n_i*T L ]T[ f epgXlZf DNHM pgXlZf D.O TB nTl_]M #?$Y.O if0TD [ ] M [#jg&?,BTn_i.O V ^4T <#B fTpI: g]f9B S > gXlZf0D pgXl)f0D.J hg* ]i pB]fg #$?YT L ]T[ f epgXlZf DNHM pgXlZf D.O TB nTl_]M #?$Y.O if0TD [ ] M g#nd X _]_[ fhg&D\S T[O V ^4T <#B fTpQX/ #fR? iXn( n_]PSGT L 0 ^#n_iAeDiXn( n]\SGT[O j#p]f0/ n Xjg,?&TB n M l j&B& nPO iXn(0 mZn ?YNM ]Ti# nPO V ^ #f_p p Tj. ÕÕ Ö Ö0×ÉmÏFË.
(56) &B 4 (B 4B C9 &B,[S $ T L 0 C9 &B,[S * <T D C$ &B,[S4S$S : ;B(T T 0D*T[O. lZfg#j ^ #fTpP# Tnjg n #j hg ]i p]fBg fhg ] iXn_] Ti g ^Xn_ieMn #j fhg ] HpgXlZf eMn Xj Tg ]f Tf g h] 1epgXl#f. V. &B 4 (B @6 &D 46 &DPSGT L S 0D &DT $ G? ,B W 9B 0D.O G? ,B 9B D &B T if0DT[] ng&?O. lZfg#j ^ #fTp _]iZfhg ]X ]ifhg fl if T[] fhg ]XjgpnTl X_]T[fhg iXn_] iTg _nTlT] g ]f )pgXl)f iXn_] iT g _nTlT] Tg ]f #pgXlZf jXp] #j. V. &B. $? &Y]Xn j#pB]f0/Xj_]Zfg.SZ j#pB[ fg#nWmj#pB[ fg#n<T L fl Sj#p]f /Xn Xjg&?,TB n<TWiXn_]$ iTg if0D_[ ]eMj#pB]f0/\SDmZj#pB[ fg#n(T[O fl SiXn(0mn ?$YT L bb X?Y f ]X #n n Xn#p0 ] n? 4Y]Xn iXn(@M _B nTlT]eMjXp]f0/\S{mj#pB[ZfhgXn<T O/bTb dXnj ^ iXnnhm#^ ]fg fBl S i n( M 691(798P T iXn] iTg iXn,KO i n(0 mn ?Y M l j&B& nPO V fl S pg lZf0 D eYl)f Xn?P S mj#p[ fg#n,T4WT iXn_] iTg6;:<6$8\O fl S pgXl)f0 D eMn$/ j&B;# j_]nXDS m)j#ph[ fg#n<T$T L bb jXp]# j&B ^iXnnBm#^]fg jXp]f0X/ nXjg,?,_B n@M ]i# nPO fBl DS mZj#pB[ fhgXnkefR_3 g,?,_7 l#hg* ]jg ]XSGTT iXn_] iTg6$1(798\O i n_] iTg iZf0TD [ ]eYj#p]f0/PDS mj#pB[Zfhg#n,T[O V iXn(0 mn ?$YUM ]Ti# nPO bb ]X iXn)nXn#p0 ]Xn ]T[#n #$?Y j_] gXn]Hfhg] jg ] iXn_] iTg6$1(798\O. lZfg#j. ^ iX]Xn#p]Xn.
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