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SARS-CoV-2 : Mécanisme d’émergence et pathogénèse

Bruno Lina

Lab Virology, IAI, Nat Ref Centre for respiratory viruses, Hospices Civils de Lyon, F-69004, Lyon Virpath, CIRI, Université de Lyon, INSERM U1111, CNRS 5308, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, F-69372, Lyon

(2)

?

Les Coronavirus : le deuxième virus respiratoire a potentiel pandémique

(3)

Différences SARS - MERS - SARS-CoV-2

Emergence

Diffusion

Pathogénèse

Réplication chez l’hote principal

transmissibilité

Evolutions épidémiologiques

Zoonose inverse

(4)

Novembre 2002-Janvier 2003: dans la province de Guangdong,

quelques cas de pneumonies atypiques progressant vers une détresse respiratoire

Janvier-Février 2003:épidémies nosocomiales (1)

Février 2003:épisode de l’hôtel M. à Hong Kong (2)

- diffusion mondiale en China (5327), à Hong Kong (1755), à Taiwan (686), à Singapour (206), au Vietnam (63), au Canada (250) et en Europe (37) ….

Mars 2003: début du contrôle (3)

-mise en place des stratégies pour contenir l’épidémie - identification du SARS-CoV

Juillet 2003: Notification par l’OMS de la fin de l’épidémie (4)

Phases: précoce intermédiaire tardive extinction

(1) (2) (3) (4)

8460 cas probables et 808 décès

Différences SARS - MERS - SARS-CoV-2

(5)

Différences SARS - MERS - SARS-CoV-2

(6)

Différences SARS - MERS - SARS-CoV-2

(7)

SARS-CoV-2 situation au 23 novembre 2020

Différences SARS - MERS - SARS-CoV-2

(8)

Différences SARS - MERS - SARS-CoV-2

(9)

Identification du SARS-CoV et du MERS-CoV (2012) : hypothèses sur le réservoir

(10)

BetaCoV 2019-2020

Orange … bat RaTG13 Red … BetaCoV 2019-2020 Blue … SARS CoV

Purple … MERS CoV

Green … common cold CoV

Full genome tree all CoV families

Phylogenetic tree of Wuhan CoV full genome sequences in context of representatives of all CoV families (whole genome Neighbor Joining, Maximum Composite Likelihood, uniform rates, 500 bootstrap, MegaX)

New nearest bat precursor shared by ZhengliShi’s lab included (RaTG13/EPI_ISL_402131)

Genome identity to BetaCoV:

96% RaTG13 (nearest bat precursor)

88% ZC45/ZXC21 bat precursor

80% SARS-CoV

by BII, A*STAR Singapore

Identification du SARS-CoV 2 : confirmation des hypothèses sur le réservoir

(11)

Light Orange … previous bat CoVs

Orange … previous closest bat precursor (Yunnan 2013) Red … new bat CoVs (Yunnan 2019)

Light blue … hCoV-19 2019-2020

Green … pangolin CoV (Southern China 2019) Blue … SARS CoV

Phylogénie génome entier des précurseurs de SARS-CoV-2

New nearest bat precursor from Yunnan 2019 (high identity in Orf1ab, greatest difference in Spike protein, recombination or mixed viruses in metagenomic sample, not yet peer-reviewed)

Nearest pangolin precursors from Guangdong (Southern China)

Previous closest bat precursor also from Yunnan (Southern China) but sample from 2013

(12)

Le virus

Pizzorno MA et al, 2020 Yao H et al, 2020

(13)

Représentation schématique du mécanisme d’entrée du virus

(14)

Cyan … ACE2 human host receptor Gray… CoV spike glycoprotein

Red … mutations between either SARS (left side) or bat precursor RaTG13 (right side) vs human outbreak WIV04 CoV

Surface proteins are 76% and 98%

identical, respectively

Antigenic surface highly divergent compared to SARS

Bat precursor differences in receptor binding interface indicative of changes that allowed host switch

SARS vs BetaCoV RaTG13 vs BetaCoV

Les différentes capacités d’attachement au récepteur de SARS-CoV-2 et du precurseur

(15)

Evolution du RBD (lien avec récepteur ACE2)

Bat – Sars-CoV-2

MERS – Sars-CoV-2

SARS – Sars-CoV-2

Naqvi AAT et al, BBA molecular Basis of Diseases, 2020

(16)

La diffusion du virus

(17)

Phase « Wuhan » précoce

(18)

Début d’internationalisation (fin janvier)

(19)

by BII/GIS, A*STAR Singapore

Phylogenetic tree created with RAXML-NG (Maximum Likelihood tree search, 10 randomized parsimony starting trees, GTR model, Gamma distributed rates, 500 bootstrap) and visualized in FigTree

We gratefully acknowledge the Authors from Originating and Submitting laboratories of sequence data on which the analysis is based.

Black … China (Wuhan cases listed as C#) Blue … Asia (not China) Green … Oceania Magenta … North America

Red … Europe Wuhan Market sample

Wuhan_7thFeb202 0

France_8thFeb2020

Wuhan Market samples

Beijing

Hennan C20

Shanghai

Shenzhen

Virus du début de l’internationalisation (fin janvier-debut fevrier)

(20)

Phase de diffusion (fin février)

(21)

10-3-20

S

V G

We gratefully acknowledge the Authors from Originating and Submitting laboratories of sequence data on which the analysis is based.

Virus du début de la diffusion (debut mars)

(22)

30-4-20

• Larger clades were named based on marker variants:

S … ORF8-L84S G … S-D614G V … NS3-G251V

S V

G

0%

50%

100%

O S V G

We gratefully acknowledge the Authors from Originating and Submitting laboratories of sequence data on which the analysis is based.

Le virus en phase d’extension (avril-mai)

(23)

SURVEILLANCE GENOMIQUE DU SARS-COV-2 EN FRANCE

458 SNPS

https://clades.nextstrain.org/tree HCL

20A

Lignage unique

De 0 à 14 nucleotides de

différence au maximum avec le virus de reference

des substitutions observées dans seulement 458 positions (1.5% of the genome)

(24)

Impact : Normalized excess mortality

(25)

by BII/GIS, A*STAR Singapore

S V

G

Full genome tree derived from all outbreak sequences 2020-10-16

We gratefully

acknowledge the Authors from Originating and Submitting laboratories of sequence data on which the analysis is based.

Notable changes:

135707 full genomes (+3834) (excluding low coverage, out of 145201 entries)

Updated clades:

S clade 6358 (+70) L clade 4181 (+53) V clade 5251 (+48) G clade [#S477X] 30972 [92] (+1329 [+0])

GR clade [#S477X] 53178 [7351] (+1151 [+5]) GH clade [#S477X] 31930 [618] (+1151 [+52]) Other clades 3837 (+32)

GH

GR

L

Blue: new from Asia Green: new from Oceania Magenta: new from Americas Red: new from Europe Yellow: new from Africa Grey: from previous updates

Mutations leading to split into genetic groups (clades)

(26)

Mutations with occurrence

>100 Mutations with occurrence >10 Trimer complex

of viral spike glycoprotein Common spike mutations within the outbreak –

Sep 2020

by BII/GIS, A*STAR Singapore

Surface antigen mutations appear random and not driven by antigenic selection (sites on top) so far

Polymerase hCoV-19 vs SARS

nsp12 (gray=identical, red=mutated) complex with nsp7 (yellow) and nsp8 (cyan, green)

Remdesivir

Vaccines, mAbs Small molecule drugs

Inhibitors developed against the SARS-CoV polymerase have good potential to bind similarly to hCoV-19 -> Drug repurposing

(27)

By BII/GIS A*STAR Singapore

2 of 4 reinfection cases have mutations possibly interfering with the structural conformation of glycosylation sites in a region that is also broadly recognized by antibodies which would provide a hypothetical mechanism for immune escape potentially contributing to permitting second infection. However, this doesn’t apply to all cases and many other factors could play a role too. Importantly, these mutations are rare and occur sporadically without causing large clusters so far.

E780Q A222V

L18F T20 N

Glycan at N17 Antibody

Spike

glycoprotein monomer

D614 G

S1055L

T572I

PDB:7C2L

Spike

glycoprotein trimer Antibody

Evolution lors de ré-infections?

(28)

Evolution vers le Vison (K453F)

(29)

Identification et caractérisation des virus issus des élevages de Visons en Europe et en Amérique du Nord

(30)

Evolution du virus a 11 mois de surveillance (193 000 sequences)

(31)

Les cibles du SARS-CoV-2

Day after onset 1* 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 // 20

Blood

case #1 nd - - - - - nd nd - -

case #2 nd nd - nd nd nd nd nd //

case #3 + + + nd nd +

case #4 nd - - - - nd nd nd nd nd

case #5 nd - nd nd nd

Stools

case #1 nd - - nd nd - - nd nd -

case #2 nd nd - nd nd nd nd nd //

case #3 nd - nd - nd -

case #4 nd + + nd nd + nd nd + nd

case #5 nd nd + nd +

Conjunctiva

case #1 nd nd - - nd - nd nd - -

case #3 nd nd - nd - nd nd

case #4 nd nd - - - nd - nd - nd

case #5 nd nd - nd -

Pleural fluidcase #3 nd nd nd nd nd +

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

Viral load in nasopharyngeal swab (cycle threshold) C A S E 1 - H u s b a n d

C A S E 2 - B o r d e a u x

C A S E 4 - W i f e C A S E 3 - F a t h e r

C A S E 5 - D a u g h t e r

Lescure X et al, Lancet ID, 2020

(32)

Auto-immunité contre les Interferon de type I

Trouillet-Assant S et al, JACI, 2020

(33)

Anomalies génétiques associées au risque de faire des formes sévères

(34)

Conclusions

Le risque d’émergence « coronavirus » ressemblent beaucoup a celui des virus influenza

Le risque d’évolution du virus est réel, mais limité

Nous avons rapidement appris sur la pathogénèse, la COVID n’est pas encore parfaitement comprise

Certaines des réponses peuvent aussi concerner d’autres infections virales respiratoires

De nombreuses questions restent sans réponse pour les syndromes dits « post-COVID)

Une réponse reste certaine, l’immunité collective est un enjeu majeur de court terme

(35)

www.chu-lyon.fr

MERCI

Respiratory virus National Reference Center (NRC) : NGS team

Antonin Bal (PhD Student)

Grégory Destras (PhD Student) Grégory Quéromès (PhD Student) Hadrien Regue (Bioinformatician) Gwendolyne Burfin (technician) Solenne Brun (technician)

Public resources for SARS-CoV-2 genome analysis :

GISAID

NextStrain

COV-GLUE Pr Florence Morfin

Dr Alexandre Gaymard Dr Emilie Frobert

Dr Martine Valette Pr Bruno Lina

Virpath lab (Université de Lyon) Dr Olivier Terrier

Dr Manuel Rosa-Calatrava

Mario Andres Pizzorno (Post-Doc)

Claire Nicolas de Lamballerie (Post-Doc) Aurelien Traversier (technician)

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