Theoretical part: An overview of the related literature

XI

Contents page

Dedication ……….

…………..

Acknowledgements………. II.

Abstract………... III

List of abbreviations……… IV

List of Figures………... V

List of Tables………... VI.

List of Contents……….. VII

Introduction ¹

1- Statement of the Problem……… 1

2- Hypothesis………..………… 2

3 -Objectives………...………… 2

4 -Background and Significance of the Study……… 3

5- Basic Assumptions………..………. 3

6- Limitation of the Study………...………… 4

7- Research Methodology ………...………... 4

7-1- Choice of the Method………. 4

7-2- Population ………..……… 5

7-3- Sample………...……... 5

7-3-1- Sampling Procedure……… 6

7-4-Data gathering tools ……… 6

7-4-1- Questionnaires………. 7

7-4-2- Tests’ Observation grids ……….. 7

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Part one:

Theoretical part: An overview of the related literature

Chapter I: The Development of the Speaking Skill in Different Teaching Methods

Introduction………. 08

-A.I.1. Grammar Translation Method (GTM)……….. 08

-A.I.2. The Direct Method……….. 09

-A.I.3. The Audio-Lingual method……….. 11

-A.I.4. The Silent Way……….. 12

-A.I.5. The Total Physical Response……… 13

-A.I.6. The Communicative Approach……… 15

-A.I.7. The importance of the oral language in EFL classroom………… 16

-A.I.8. The reality of the oral language in EFL Classrooms……… 18

-A.I.9. The oral language skills that students need to develop………… 19

Conclusion……….. 21

Chapter II : The Listening Skill Introduction……… 22

-A.II.1. The difference between "Hearing and Listening"……….. 22

-A.II.2. The definition of listening……….. 23

-A.II.3. The active nature of listening comprehension……… 25

-A.II.4. Bottom –up Vs Top down processing……… 25

-A.II.4.1. Bottom – up processing……….. 25

-A.II.4.2. Top down processing……… 26

-A.II.5. Types of listeners in FL……….. 27

-A.II.5.1. Competent listener………... 27

-A.II.5.2. Listener of modest ability………. 28

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-A.II.5.3. Listener of limited ability………... 28

-A.II.6. Types of listening……….... 28

-A.II.6.1. Extensive and intensive listening………. 28

-A.II.6.1.1. Extensive listening……… 29

-A.II.6.1.2. Intensive listening……….. 30

-A.II.6.2. Listening and critical thinking……… 30

-A.II.6.2.1. Appreciative listening………... 30

-A.II.6.2.2. Empathetic listening………. 31

-A.II.6.2.3. Comprehensive listening………... 31

-A.II.6.2.4. Critical listening……… 31

-A.II.7. Stages in listening tasks………... 32

-A.II.7.1. The pre-listening stage ………. 32

-A.II.7.2. The while listening stage……….. 32

-A.II.7.3. The post listening stage………. 33

-A.II.8. Listening problems………... 34

-A.II.8.1. Problems related to the listeners……… 34

-A.II.8.1.1. Lack of concentration and attention……… 34

-A.II.8.1.2. Lack of prior knowledge and proficiency……… 35

-A.II.8.2. Problems related to the message……… 35

-A.II.8.2.1. The content………. 35

-A.II.8.3. Problems related to the speaker ………. 36

-A.II.8.4. Problems related to the physical setting………. 36

-A.II.9. Laboratory based teaching……… 37

-A.II.9.1. Characteristics of laboratory based teaching……….. 37

-A.II.9.2. Advantages of language laboratories……….. 38

-A.II.10. The use of tapes for listening comprehension………. 39 -A.II.11. Benefits of tapes or cassette recorder in the language classroom… 40

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Conclusion………... 42

Chapter III: The Speaking Skill. Introduction……… 43

-A.III.1. Speech production in foreign language ………. 44

-A.III.2. Differences between L1 and L2 speaking……….. 45

-A.III.3. Classroom speaking activities……… 46

-A.III.3.1. Disscussion ( debate)………... 47

-A.III.3.2. Role plays……… 49

-A.III.3.2.1. Role cards……… . 50 -A.III.3.2.2. Simulation……….. 52

-A.III.3.3. Formation gap activities……… 52

-A.III.3.4. Talkingcircles……… 54

-A.III.3.5. Storytelling based activities………. 54

-A.III.3.6. Questionnaires……….. 55

-A.III.4. Criteria in a speaking test……… 56

-A.III.4.1. Pronunciation ……….. 57

-A.III.4.2. Fluency……… 58

-A.III.4.3. Accuracy………. 58

-A.III.4.4. Interactive communication………. 59

-A.III.5. Learners' speaking difficulties……….. 59

-A.III.5.1. Lack of motivation / interest……….. 60

-A.III.5.2. Inhibition………. 60

-A.III.5.3. Vocabulary and grammar constraints……… 61

-A.III.5.4. Poor listening practice……… 61

-A.III.5.5. Pronunciation problems………. 62

Conclusion ……….. 63 Chapter IV: Storytelling

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Introduction ……… 65

-A.IV.1. Storytelling……….. 66

-A.IV.2. Stories and history teaching……… 66

-A.IV.3. Storytelling in a foreign language classroom……… 67

-A.IV.4. The role of stories in a foreign language classroom……… 68

-A.IV.5. Reasons for using stories………. 69

-A.IV.5.1. A source of motivation……… 70

-A.IV.5.2.Meaning………. 70

-A.IV.5.3. Communication………. 70

-A.IV.5.4. Stimulus for speaking and writing……… 71

-A.IV.6. Stories and culture ……… 71

-A.IV.7. Selection of stories………. 72

-A.IV.8. Classroom storytelling stages……… 73

-A.IV.8.1. Before storytelling……… 73

-A.IV.8.2. While Storytelling……… 74

-A.IV.8.3. Post storytelling ( games and activities )……… 74

-A.IV.8.3.1. Comprehension questions……… 75

-A.IV.8.3.2. True/ False questions……… 75

-A.IV.8.3.3. Multiple choice questions……… 75

-A.IV.8.3.4. Story mapping……… 75

-A.IV.8.3.5. Theme discussion ……… 75

-A.IV.8.3.6. Story retelling……… 76

-A.IV.8.3.7. Dramatization……… 76

Conclusion……… 77

Part B: Field Work

ChapterV: Analysis of Students and Teachers Questionnaires.

Introduction………

…

78

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-B.V.1. Design and description of the two questionnaires 78

-B.V.1.1. Students' questionnaire………. 79

-B.V.1.2. Teachers' questionnaire……… 80

-B.V.2. Results and analysis……… 82

Conclusion ……….. 150

Chapter VI An Experimental Investigation into the Effect of Introducing Storytelling Activities in EFL Classes on the Learners Oral Performance. Introduction……… 151

-B.VI.1. Rational………. 151

-B.VI.2. Design of the experiment……….. 153

-B.VI.2.1. Participants………. 154

-B.VI.2.2. Material selection……… 155

-B.VI.2.3. Speaking / Listening tasks' implementation……… 156

-B.VI.2.3.1. Listening tasks………. 157

-B.VI.2.3.2. Speaking tasks……….. ………….. 158

-B.VI.2.3.3. Story based lessons……….. 158

-B.VI.3. Pre test observation grid……… 160

-B.VI.4. First test observation grid ……… 165

-B.VI.5. Second test observation grid………... 172

-B.VI.6. Third test observation grid………... 179

-B.VI.7. Summary of the tests' results………... 186

-B.VI.7.1. Pretest ………. 186

-B.VI.7.2. Test one………. 187

-B.VI.7.3. Test two………. 188

-B.VI.7.4. Test three……….. 189

-B.VI.8. Analysis and interpretation……… 191

-B.VI.9. Statistical procedures for listening tests……… 194

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-B.VI.10. Statistical procedures for speaking tests……….. 200

Conclusion……… 205 Chapter VII:Pedagogical Implementations Introduction……….. 206

-B.VII.1. Recommendations……… 206

-B.VII.1.1. Teaching listening……….. 206

-B.VII.1.2. Teaching speaking……….. 207

-B.VII.1.3. Introducing storytelling activities to teach listening and speaking……… 209 General conclusion……… 211

Bibliography Appendices