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Irradiation of Fish, Shellfish and Frog-legs A Compilation of Technical Data for Authorization and Control | IAEA

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Chaque année avant le 1er mars, vous devez transmettre une copie de la section 3 du cahier de vie de l’année antérieure au service en charge du contrôle.. Vous devez conserver et

NOTE: The controller must send zeros during the writing of a PLO synchronization field. TRANSITION REOUIRED ONLY IFTHE DISK IS READ AFTER A FORIoIAT, AND PRIOR TO A DATA FlaD