ADVERTIMENT. Lʼaccés als continguts dʼaquesta tesi queda condicionat a lʼacceptació de les condicions dʼús establertes per la següent llicència Creative Commons: http://cat.creativecommons.org/?page_id=184 ADVERTENCIA.El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis queda condicionado a la aceptación de las condiciones de uso establecidas por la siguiente licencia Creative Commons: http://es.creativecommons.org/blog/licencias/
WARNING.The access to the contents of this doctoral thesis it is limited to the acceptance of the use conditions set by the following Creative Commons license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=en
Les estratègies d'aprenentatge en un context de composició musical col·lectiva en infants de 7 i 8 anys
Irene Fontdevila Sibat
,B,BCA%C-02,B+Z%?A,:,:C%C0, ,:D:)<:C,IC+,
)<9?<B2)2>9DB2)%8)<8`8,)C2G%
,:2:/%:CB+,r2s%:JB
013+ ,3 &3& *>601 22&/42&*;*23&&-10-1*
4*33 &!,& 2 *>4&/
@,&5 12&3343.,-+ 1 *-, IGHM
!
!
I
J
,B,BCA%C-02,B+Z%?A,:,:C%C0,,:D:
)<:C,IC+,)<9?<B2)2>9DB2)%8)<8`8,)C2G%
,:2:/%:CB+,r2s%:JB
A,:,<:C+,G28%2(%C
,B2+<)C<A%8+2A202+%?,A%2% 28%+<C %88G,A+E
013+ ,3 &3& *>601 22&/42&*;*23&&-10-1*
4*33 &!,& 2 *>4&/
@,&5 12&3343.,-+ 1 *-, IGHM
K
L
,B,BCA%C-02,B+Z%?A,:,:C%C0,,:D:
)<:C,IC+,)<9?<B2)2>9DB2)%8)<8`8,)C2G%
,:2:/%:CB+,r2s%:JB
,9=A2%?A,B,:C%+%?,A A,:,<:C+,G28%2(%C
,A%B?2A%A%80A%D+,
<)C<A%,:2+&)C2)%+,8%9EB2)%
013+ ,3 &3& *>601 22&/42&*;*23&&-10-1*
4*33 &!,& 2 *>4&/
@,&5 12&3343.,-+ 1 *-,
1 *-,;2 3 +1 IGHM
M
N 8B9,DB?%A,BU@D,%9(%9<A20,:,A<B2C%CU 1%:B%(DCCA%:B9,CA,Z98Z,B?,A2C)A3C2)28,B0%:,B+,)<:-2I,A@D,9Z1%:?<AC%C/2:B
%@D3U2%C<C%AA,DX ,:%A)U,89,D0,A9&2%92)U
?,8(<:1D9<A2%BB2BC-:)2%C-):2)%U%8%G2+%,:0,:,A%82?,A%@D,BC%C,B2X 8%EA2%U8%%A2%U28%%C&82%U?,AC<C2D:,B)A<@D,C,BUD:%8C,88UD:,B9%8,C,B2C<CB ,8B(,:,/2)2B+,8Z%92BC%CX
O
P
0A%49,:CB
%9,G%CA%6,)C=A2%,:8Z&9(2C+,8%+2+&)C2)%+,8Z,I?A,BB2>9DB2)%8UG%)<9,:*%A,8mkksU@D%:
B<AC2%?,A8%?<AC%+,8Z,+2/2)2+,8%G%8+,8%%)D8C%C+,,<0A%/2%22BC=A2%+,8%:2G,AB2C%C+,
%A),8<:%U 1%G,:C %)%(%C ,8 ,: 2BC=A2% +,8 >: <:C,9?<A%:2 )<9?%AC2C %9( 28<8<02%
%C%8%:%X %G2% /,C )%B +,8 ?A</,BB<A +Z2BC=A2% <+,A:%U ,B?,)2%82BC% ,: ,8B DBCA2,BU :0,8
%B%8BU@D,,8mkko,9G%+2A[CD/,B,8U2+,B?A.B,8 @D,G2:+A%:,8B9&BC,ABU288%G<AB B,A& 9.B )<9?82)%C %2I= +, )<:C2:D%A ,BCD+2%:C\X ,88 GD88 %0A%2A^82 %@D,BC )<:B,88 @D, 9Z1%
?,A9-B ?A,B,:C%A %GD2 8% C,B2 +<)C<A%8 B,:B, ,8B ,:CA,(%:)BU B<(A,C<C ,)<:=92)BU +, 8% :<G%
A,/<A9%,+D)%C2G%,:8Z :B,:J%9,:CD?,A2<AX
@D,889%C,2I%:JmkkoU)<9,:*%G%%CA,(%88%A%8<:B,AG%C<A2+,82),DU,:D:%,B)<8%B2CD%+%
%8 (%AA2 +, %AA2& %:C^,AG%B2<: G%20 )<9,:*%A % CA,(%88%A )<9 % 9,BCA% +, ,:B2(282CK%)2> 2
?A29,AB )DAB<B +, :2G,88 8,9,:C%8X D88 %0A%2A % C<C 8Z,@D2? +, 8Z B)<8% 2),D^<:%:<G%U % 8%
,A,B%U8%,99%U8Z::%U8ZBD:U2B<(A,C<CU%8%%2C%:,U)<9?%:J%2%920%+,/,2:%U/,BC,B2 /%C20D,BU?,AC<CB%@D,BCB%:JB+Z%?A,:,:C%C0,29%+DA%)2>)<9%+<),:CU9EB2)2?,AB<:%X
:?%A,88+Z%:JB9.BC%A+UG<A%,8mkkqG%%AA2(%A^9,%8,B9%:BUD:/D88,C>B<(A,D:?<BC0A%DU
%GD2,IC2:02CU,:CA,,8<:B,AG%C<A2D:2)2?%8+,9EB2)%+,%A),8<:%28%:2G,AB2C%CDC=:<9%
+, %A),8<:%U B<(A, 2+&)C2)% +, 8Z,I?A,BB2> 9DB2)%8 ?,A % B)<8,B +, 9EB2)%U 2 G%20 G,DA, 8Z<?<ACD:2C%C+Z%9?82%A,8B9,DB)<:,2I,9,:CB9DB2)%8B%:2G,88BD?,A2<AX
8,B1<A,BG%B,AU6%/,2%C,9?B@D,1%G2%%)%(%C,82?8<9%,: +D)%)2>!288,9BU21%G2%)DAB%C
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
%:%C)<:BCAD2:C/2:B%GD2X
HG
A% (.U %@D,BC CA,(%88 :< 1%DA2% ?<0DC B,A B,:B, [,8 B3U GD88\ +, 8% %2% 28%+<CU @D%: G%20 +,9%:%A^82@D,,9+2A203B,8?A<6,)C,+,C,B2X,88%GD88%0A%2A,8B,DBD?<AC2:)<:+2)2<:%8,:8%9,G%A,),A)%U8%B,G%)%?%)2C%C+Z,:)<A%C6%A^9,U+Z,BC29D8%A^9,U+Z%829,:C%A^9,aC%9(.%9(
0%8,C,BB,:B,08DC,:bU+Z</,A2A^9,,8BB,DB)<:,2I,9,:CBU2%)A,DA,,:8,B9,G,B?<BB2(282C%CB )<9%2:G,BC20%+<A%X%B,G%+,+2)%)2>U)DA%2,I?,AC,B%,:,8)%9?+,8%A,),A)%9Z1%:B,AG2C +,9<+,8?,A,:)%A%A%@D,BC2/DCDABCA,(%88B+Z2:G,BC20%)2>X
:D:%8CA,B,:C2CU%@D,BC%A,),A)%C%9?<)1%DA2%?<0DCB,AB,:B,,8)<:B,:C29,:C+,8Z B)<8%2 +,C<C,B8,B/%9382,B+,8B%8D9:,B?%AC2)2?%:CBU@D,+,B+,8)<9,:*%9,:CG%:/,A^9,)<:/2%:*%U 2 G%: 9<BCA%A ,8 B,D ,:CDB2%B9, ?,A 8% 9,G% /,2:% )<9 % +<),:C 2 )<9 % 2:G,BC20%+<A%X 8B
&:29BU ,:)<A%C6%9,:CU (<:% +2B?<B2)2> 2 )<8`8%(<A%)2> +, C<CB ,88B 1%: ?,A9-B @D, %@D,BC%
A,),A)% ?<0D.B +,B,:G<8D?%A^B,X 8Z%/,)C,U )<:B2+,A%)2> 2 %8,0A2% +, C<CB ,8B %8D9:,B
?%AC2)2?%:CB@D,G%:/,A^B,B,D,8[?A<6,)C,+,8%A,:,\X
C<CB,8B%92)B@D,1%:?%C2C8%B3:+A<9,[C,B2U1,+,/,AC,B2<1,+Z%)%(%A8%C,B2\X8%%A2%U ,:%)2&U8%A,:,U8%8,%U8%,%U8Z:%U,:<A+2U8%%A2U8%,)382%U,:<0,AU2D:%8CA,)<?%8%
EA2%U?,8B&:29BU,8B0<CBU8,B/,BC,B28%?%)2-:)2%X8%,A,B%U?,AC<CB%@D,BCB%:JB+Z%92BC%CU )<:B,88B2)<:/2%:*%,:92U2%8%E82%U?,8BE8C29BH1%CB%??B9<C2G%)2<:%8BX8ZA2%+:%U+,C<C%
8%G2+%UBD?,A%:C+2BC&:)2,BU%9(,8)<A2D:%)%B%%<A9,:C,A%X
A,92B<9D:B@D%:CB,:8%+DA%CA%G,BB%)%?%8+2?=B2C+,C,B2U:<9.B+,B2C6<@D,,:<0,AU8%
<B,AU8%%2%U8%%A228%%A2%U(,:%G2%CU?D0D2:A,+%)C%A,8B%0A%49,:CBU)<96<U%GD2X
1,&.78&9,&'/1&;/89
HH
"
lplX
mllXlX %B,B,?2BC,9<8=02@D,B
mllXlXlX ?A<I29%)2>%8)<:BCAD)C2G2B9,B<)2<)D8CDA%8
mllXlXmX %)<:BCAD))2>)<:6D:C%+,8)<:,2I,9,:C
mmlXlXnX 888,:0D%C0,2,8+2B)DAB+Z%D8%
mqlXmX 8?A<).B)A,%C2D9DB2)%8
nklXmXlX 9?A<G2B%)2>U)<9?<B2)2>2)A,%)2>9DB2)%8
nklXmXmX B?%2B+Z%?A,:,:C%C0,)A,%C2D9DB2)%8)<9?%AC2C
nmlXnX ,B,BCA%C-02,B+Z%?A,:,:C%C0,,:D:)<:C,IC+,)<9?<B2)2>9 9DB2)%8
)<8`8,)C2G%
nplXnXlX ,/2:2)2>U)%A%)C,A3BC2@D,B2)8%BB2/2)%)2>+,8)<:),?C,+Z,BCA%C-02%
+Z%?A,:,:C%C0,
nplXnXlXlX BCA%C-02,B+Z%?A,:,:C%C0,9DB2)%8
ollXnXlXmX ,B,BCA%C-02,B+Z%?A,:,:C%C0,,:D:)<:C,IC+,
)<9?<B2)2>9DB2)%8)<8`8,)C2G%
oplXnXmX Z%+@D2B2)2>+Z%DC<:<92%28Z,I?,AC,B%,:D:)<:C,IC+,
)<9?<B2)2>9DB2)%8)<8`8,)C2G%
ormX "
plmXlX 8),:CA,
plmXmX 8?A<6,)C,)DAA2)D8%A
pmmXnX %:C,AG,:)2>+2+&)C2)%
pomXoX 8B?%AC2)2?%:CB
ptnX
qnnXlX A,0D:C,B2<(6,)C2DB
qnnXmX 2BB,:J9,C<+<8=02)
qpnXmXlX BCD+2+,)%B
qqnXmXmX :BCAD9,:CB?,A%8%A,)<882+%+,+%+,B
qrHI
ooX
qtoXlX %B,W:+2)%+<AB+Z%:&82B2,:D:?A<).B+,)<9?<B2)2>9DB2)%8)<8`8,)C2G%
qtoXlXlX A<),+29,:C+,A,)<882+%+,+%+,B2G2B2>0,:,A%8+,8Z%:&82B2
rloXlXmX A29,A%C%D8%+Z%:&82B2lW:2G,88B+Z%BB<829,:C+,8B)<:C2:0DCB+,
8%?A<0A%9%)2>
rnoXlXnX ,0<:%C%D8%+Z%:&82B2mWC2?<8<02%2)8%BB2/2)%)2>?,A:2G,88B+,8B
2:+2)%+<AB
rroXlXnXlX :+2)%+<AB,BC%(8,ACB
smoXlXnXmX :+2)%+<AB)8%BB2/2)%CB?,AC2?<8<02%2:2G,88B+Z%?A,:,:C%C0,
snoXlXoX ,A),A%C%D8%+Z%:&82B2nW/%B,B+,8?A<).B)<9?<B2C2D
ssoXlXpX ,BD8C%CB+,8%%B,,:A,8%)2>%8?A29,A<(6,)C2D+,A,),A)%
tmoXmX %B,W,B,BCA%C-02,B+Z%?A,:,:C%C0,?,A%8%)<9?<B2)2>9DB2)%8
)<8`8,)C2G%
tpoXmXlX A<),+29,:C+Z%:&82B2W)A,%)2>+,8%@D%AC%C%D8%+Z%:&82B2oU
2:)<A?<A%)2>+Z,BCA%C-02,B2/28CA%C0,+Z2:+2)%+<AB
tqoXmXmX ,BD8C%CB+,8%%B,,:A,8%)2>%8B,0<:<(6,)C2D+,A,),A)%W
3:C,B2+,8,B%?<AC%)2<:B+,8%%D8%o
lkloXmXmXlX 2?<8<02%0,:,A%82)%C,0<AC2K%)2>+,8,B,BCA%C-02,B?,A%8%
)A,%)2>9DB2)%8)<8`8,)C2G%
lkloXmXmXmX ,B)A2?)2>+,8,B,BCA%C-02,B+Z%?A,:,:C%C0,?,A%8%
)<9?<B2)2>9DB2)%8)<8`8,)C2G%
lknoXmXmXnX %?%AC2)2?%)2>+<),:C
llpoXnX %B,WZ%G,:*,:%DC<:<92%2,I?,AC,B%,:D:?A<).B+,)<9?<B2)2>
9DB2)%8)<8`8,)C2G%
llroXnXlX A<),+29,:C+Z%:&82B2W%?82)%)2>+,8%%D8%oaob,:@D%CA,
?A<),B<B+,)<9?<B2)2>9DB2)%8)<8`8,)C2G%
llroXnXlXlX G<8D)2>+,80AD?,:A,8%)2>%8B:2G,88B+ZDB<B2A,8%)2<:B
,:CA,2:+2)%+<AB2,BCA%C-02,B,:@D%CA,?A<),BB<B+, )<9?<B2)2>9DB2)%8)<8`8,)C2G%
lmm
• <9?<B2)2>p+,9%A*:2C%Cm^,BB2>m
lmm• <9?<B2)2>mk+,9%A*U:2C%Cm^,BB2>o
lms• <9?<B2)2>lo+,9%20U:2C%Cn^,BB2>m
lnp• <9?<B2)2>ms+,9%20U:2C%Cn^,BB2>n
loloXnXlXmX %?%AC2)2?%)2>+<),:C
loqoXnXmX ,BD8C%CB+,8%%B,,:A,8%)2>%8C,A),A<(6,)C2D+,A,),A)%
lpkoXnXmXlX ,B?,)C,%8Z%G,:*0,:,A%8+,80AD?
lpkoXnXmXmX ,B?,)C,%8,BA,8%)2<:B,:CA,,BCA%C-02,B
lpmHJ
ooXoX ,B?,A),?)2<:B+,8Z%8D9:%C
lpoppX
lrnppXlX %A%)C,A3BC2@D,B2+,/2:2)2>+,8,B,BCA%C-02,B+,8?A<).B+,)<9?<B2)2>
))<8`8,)C2G%
lrnppXmX Z%G,:*,:%DC<:<92%2,I?,AC,B%
lrrppXnX Z,:B,:J%9,:C2%?A,:,:C%C0,+Z,BCA%C-02,B?,A%8%)A,%)2>9DB2)%8
))<8`8,)C2G%2G%8<A%)2>+,8Z%?A,:,:C%C0,+,8B?%AC2)2?%:CB
lrt,/,A-:)2,B(2(82<0A&/2@D,B
lslHK
HL
<C2G%)2<:B26DBC2/2)%)2>+,8%A,),A)%
,8B9,DB2:C,A,BB<B?,AB<:%8BUA,8%C2DB%8%9EB2)%U8%)A,%)2>9DB2)%81%B20DCB,9?A, D:% )<:BC%:C @D, 9Z1% %)<9?%:J%C 2 +,/2:2C )<9 % 9EB2) 2 2:C-A?A,CX % 9,G%
,I?,A2-:)2% 2:/%:C28 G2B)D+% )<9 % %8D9:% +ZD:% ,B)<8% <: BZ%?82)%G% 8% 9,C<+<8<02%
!288,9BU G% ?A<?<A)2<:%A^9, ,8 9%A) 2+,%8 ?,A +,B,:G<8D?%A 8% )%?%)2C%C %AC3BC2)%
9DB2)%8U292C6%:*%:C8%G,DU2B,0<:B8,B)%+-:)2,B%?A,B,BU%9(,8B9,DB)<9?%:JB+, 8Z B)<8% +, 9EB2)% +, %:C A,0<A2U %9( lk^lm %:JBU .A,9 )%?%*<B +Z2:G,:C%A^:<B 9,8<+2,B%9(,8:<9+,8,B:<C,B2%)<9?%:J%A^:<B%9(,8?2%:<X
.BC%A+,9G%20,B?,)2%82CK%A,:8%9,C<+<8<02%29?D8B%+%?,A +0%A!288,9BU)<9%
+<),:CU2G%20)<9,:*%A%CA,(%88%A%8<:B,AG%C<A2+,82),DX8,B1<A,BU8%)A,%)2>:<,B )<:C,9?8%G%+ZD:%9%:,A%,B?,)3/2)%,:,8)DAA3)D8D9UC<C2@D,6<9%C,2I%8ZDC282CK%G%
,:8%9,G%?A<0A%9%)2>+Z%D8%XZ,:B,:J%G%)<98Z1%G2%%?A-BU2+,92)%,:92)%U/AD2C +,8Z,I?,A2-:)2%)<9%+<),:C+,8B?A29,AB)DAB<B+,8,:0D%C0,9DB2)%8,:,8)<:C,IC +Z B)<8%+,9EB2)%a+,B+,8mkkobUG%202:C,A,BB%A^9,,:,8?A<).B+,)<:BCAD))2>+,8
?,:B%9,:C9DB2)%82)<9BZ,I?A,BB%,:,89<9,:C+,8%)A,%)2>X
%A%8`8,8%9,:CU%9?82%G%,8B9,DB)<:,2I,9,:CBB<(A,(%B,B?B2)<?,+%0=02@D,BB<(A, 8% )<:BCAD))2> B<)2%8 +,8 )<:,2I,9,:CU B<(A,C<C +, 20<CB72V 9Z2:2)2%G% ,: 8,B (%B,B 9,C<+<8=02@D,B B<(A, ,8B )%:G2B +, A<8B ,: 8Z%?A,:,:C%C0, ,:CA, +<),:C^%8D9:%C +Z%)<A+ %9( ,8B ?<BCD8%CB +, AD:,A alttrb 2 <0<// alttnbU 2 8% )<:BCAD))2> +, )<9D:2C%CB+Z%?A,:,:C%C0,+Z +H%A+B2,A),AaltssbX2I3)<9C%9(.UB,0D2:C%@D,BCB
%DC<AB 2 )<9?8,9,:C%:C^1< %9( 8,B %?<AC%)2<:B +, 28%+<C amkksbU )<9,:*%G% %
)<9?A,:+A,8%2:/8D-:)2%+,8+2B)DAB+Z%D8%U)<9%CA%:B92BB<A2,2:%?,A+,B,:G<8D?%A
,8)<:,2I,9,:C%8Z%D8%+,9EB2)%X
HM :% A,/<A9% +,8 ?A<6,)C, )DAA2)D8%A +,8 ,:CA,
lG% ?<AC%A D:% :<G% 9,C<+<8<02%
+Z%?A,:,:C%C0, 9DB2)%8 @D, BZ,I?82)%A& 9.B +,C%88%+%9,:C ,: ,8 )%?3C<8 +,+2)%C %8
<:C,IC+,8%A,),A)%X :83:2,B0,:,A%8BU8Z%?82)%)2>+Z%@D,BC:<D?A<6,)C,)DAA2)D8%AU +>:% D: 88<) 29?<AC%:C % 8% )A,%C2G2C%CU ?,A= ,B )<:),? % 0A%:B CA,CBU )<9 D:
?A<),+29,:C +Z%G%8D%)2> 2 B3:C,B2 +,8B )<:C2:0DCB ?A,B,:C%CB % )%+% D:2C%C +2+&)C2)%X 2I= 8292C%U ,: ),AC% 9%:,A%U 8Z,I?A,BB2G2C%C 9DB2)%8U B<(A,C<C %8B ?A29,AB )DAB<B +Z%?A,:,:C%C0,9DB2)%822:BCAD9,:C%8U@D%:,8+<92:2+,8%C-):2)%+,8Z2:BCAD9,:C2,8 )<:,2I,9,:C 9DB2)%8 .B 2:2)2%8X Z29?D8B )A,%C2D ,B +2A20,2I % A,B?<:+A, @F,BC2<:B A,8%)2<:%+,B %9( 8Z%?A,:,:C%C0, +Z,8,9,:CB )<:)A,CB +,8 88,:0D%C0,U 2 :< BZ%C.: % 8%
:,),BB2C%C+Z,+D)%A%AC3BC2)%9,:C,8?,:B%9,:C9DB2)%8+,8Z%8D9:%CX
<:B,@F,:C9,:CU 2 ,: D: ?A29,A 9<9,:C +Z<(B,AG%)2> +, 8,B ?A<+D))2<:B 2:BCAD9,:C%8B +,8B %8D9:,B +,8B ?A29,AB )DAB<BU G%20 )<:B2+,A%A @D, ,B +<:%G% D:%
+2BB<)2%)2> ,:CA, ,8 )<:,2I,9,:C 9DB2)%8 2 ,8 ?,:B%9,:C )A,%C2DX B % +2AU )<9 % ,BCA%C-02,B)A,%C2G,BU,8B%8D9:,BC,:+2,:%A,?A<+D2A,8,9,:CB2C-):2@D,B+,8A,?,AC<A2
@D, 1%: 2:C,A?A,C%C ?A-G2%9,:CU B,:B, DC282CK%A )<:B)2,:C9,:C ,8B )<:,2I,9,:CB 9DB2)%8BG2B)DCB%8Z&A,%+,88,:0D%C0,X
<9%+<),:CU)<:B2+,A<@D,,8?A<).B+Z%?A,:,:C%C0,9DB2)%81%+,B,AD:/,:<9,:
08<(%8U@D,?,A9,C28Z%8D9:,+,B,:G<8D?%A^B,)<9?,C,:C9,:C%9,BDA%@D,BZ%?A<?2%
+,8 )<:,2I,9,:CX <8+A2% )A,%A D: )<:C,IC +Z%?A,:,:C%C0, )<9?%AC2C a% 9<+, +Z2:C,AG,:)2> +2+&)C2)%b <: 8% A,/8,I2> 2 ,I?,A29,:C%)2> B<(A, ,8B A,)DAB<B 9DB2)%8B ,9?A%CB ?,A9,C.B /,A %G%:*%A D:% )<:B)2-:)2% %AC3BC2)% 2 +, )<:,2I,9,:C 9DB2)%8 ,:
8Z%8D9:%CX
A,)2B%9,:CU 8% A,),A)% B<(A, %@D,BCB [A,)DAB<B 9DB2)%8B\ G% ?<AC%A % <A2,:C%A 8%
A,),A)%)%?%8)<:,2I,9,:C+,8,B<?,A%)2<:BU?A<),BB<B2,BCA%C-02,B@D,8Z%8D9:%C/%
B,AG2A+,9%:,A%9.B<9,:JB)<:B)2,:C?,AC%8+,)<:BCAD2A,8)<:,2I,9,:C2%G%:*%A ,: 8Z%?A,:,:C%C0,X %: B20DC A,G,8%+<A,B ?,A %@D,BC% 2:G,BC20%)2> 8,B %?<AC%)2<:B +, ,8CA': alttnU mkknb 2 +, <:,A,< alttoU mkkrb @D,U A,)<882:C %80D:,B 2+,,B +, 8%
H B)<8% +, 9EB2)% <:%:<G%^<:B,AG%C<A2 +,8 2),DX ,A % 8Z +D)%)2> 9DB2)%8 +, :2G,88 &B2)U BZ1% 29?8%:C%C 8%9,C<+<8<02%+Z 9282<<82:%a:BC2CDC<+, +D)%)2>:DB2)%8U%+A2+bX