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Quaternary geology of the Middle Aterno Valley,
2009 L’Aquila earthquake area (Abruzzi Apennines,
Italy)
S. Pucci, F. Villani, R. Civico, D. Pantosti, P. del Carlo, A. Smedile, P. de
Martini, E. Pons-Branchu, A. Gueli
To cite this version:
S. Pucci, F. Villani, R. Civico, D. Pantosti, P. del Carlo, et al.. Quaternary geology of the Middle Aterno Valley, 2009 L’Aquila earthquake area (Abruzzi Apennines, Italy). Journal of Maps, Taylor & Francis, 2015, 11 (5), pp.689 - 697. �10.1080/17445647.2014.927128�. �hal-01806114�
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Journal of Maps
ISSN: (Print) 1744-5647 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tjom20
Quaternary geology of the Middle Aterno Valley,
2009 L'Aquila earthquake area (Abruzzi Apennines,
Italy)
S. Pucci, F. Villani, R. Civico, D. Pantosti, P. Del Carlo, A. Smedile, P. M. De
Martini, E. Pons-Branchu & A. Gueli
To cite this article: S. Pucci, F. Villani, R. Civico, D. Pantosti, P. Del Carlo, A. Smedile, P. M. De Martini, E. Pons-Branchu & A. Gueli (2015) Quaternary geology of the Middle Aterno Valley, 2009 L'Aquila earthquake area (Abruzzi Apennines, Italy), Journal of Maps, 11:5, 689-697, DOI: 10.1080/17445647.2014.927128
To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2014.927128
© 2014 S. Pucci View supplementary material
Published online: 11 Jun 2014. Submit your article to this journal
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SCIENCE
Quaternary geology of the Middle Aterno Valley, 2009 L’Aquila
earthquake area (Abruzzi Apennines, Italy)
S. Puccia∗, F. Villania, R. Civicoa, D. Pantostia, P. Del Carloa, A. Smedilea, P. M. De Martinia, E. Pons-Branchuband A. Guelic
aIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Struttura Terremoti, Rome, Italy;bLaboratoire des
Science du Climat et de l’Environnement, UMR 8212 (CEA/CNRS/UVSQ), Gif sur Yvette, France;
cDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Universita` degli Studi di Catania, Catania, Italy
(Received 18 March 2014; resubmitted 14 May 2014; accepted 19 May 2014)
We present a new 1:25,000-scale geological map of the Middle Aterno Valley basin, the epicenter of the 2009 L’Aquila MW 6.1 earthquake. This earthquake highlighted the
incomplete understanding of the geology of the area, in particular the Quaternary continental deposits and active tectonics, which caused the Paganica fault system to be ignored by researchers.
The map, utilizing airborne LiDAR analysis and traditional field survey approaches, is the first example in Italy (and one of the few in Europe) that integrates high-resolution topography in active tectonic studies. With unprecedented detail and precision on the spatial distribution of deposits, the map of the geomorphic and tectonic features provides new insight for the reconstruction of the Quaternary basin evolution and estimation of long-term deformation rates for the the Paganica fault system. Detailed fault mapping of Quaternary deposits represents an essential input for seismic hazard assessment and surface faulting hazard evaluation.
Keywords: geology; quaternary deposit; active tectonics; fault; earthquake; LiDAR
1. Introduction
The Middle Aterno Valley is located in a densely populated region in the Abruzzi Apennines (central Italy) that was repeatedly struck by strong earthquakes (Rovida et al., 2011;Tertulliani, 2009) and is well-known as it contains the epicentral area of the MW6.1 April 6, 2009 L’Aquila
earthquake that caused heavy damage and resulted in 309 fatalities and thousands of injured (Chiarabba et al., 2009;Herrmann, Malagnini, & Munafo`, 2011).
Coseismic seismological and geodetic data converge in modeling a NW-striking, SW-dipping, normal fault (length ranging between 12 and 19 km) as the causative fault of the 2009 earthquake (Chiaraluce, 2012and references therein). Soon after the earthquake, a fault bounding to the east of the Middle Aterno Valley, along which primary coseismic ruptures, was interpreted as the surface expression of the modeled fault (Boncio et al., 2010; Emergeo Working Group, 2010;
Falcucci et al., 2009;Galli, Giaccio, & Messina, 2010;Vittori et al., 2011).
#2014 S. Pucci
∗Corresponding author. Email:stefano.pucci@ingv.it Journal of Maps, 2015
All the seismological, geodetic and geologic coseismic data concur in the identification of the seismic sources. However, they highlight the recently activated source but have the limit to provide only ex-post useful constraints for the seismic hazard assessment (SHA), so these cannot be used for hazard mitigation planning. In addition, their use for SHA is affected by the assumption that the fault always behaves in the same way and that its coseismic expression would characterize its source and actual capability.
Because of this: (1) it is necessary to characterize the activity of a fault system through the description of its geometrical organization at the surface and the definition of the expected maximum rupture length by marking the permanent fault segments boundaries and (2) it is of critical importance to reconstruct the fault system’s long-term evolution and deformation rates. Under this light, detailed geological data are the only source able to depict long-term time inter-vals, as they contain the record of several repeated seismic cycles and thus explore an adequate time-span (up to 1 Myr) to be representative of fault activity.
The fault system bounding the eastern flank of the Middle Aterno Valley was roughly depicted, or even completely missing, in several of the pre 2009 L’Aquila earthquake maps (Bagnaia, D’Epifanio, & Sylos Labini, 1992; Bertini & Bosi, 1993; Boncio, Lavecchia, & Pace, 2004;ISPRA, 2009;Vezzani & Ghisetti, 1998). Therefore, the fault system was ignored by the researchers dealing with active tectonics. In fact, it was neither the object of specific studies for the understanding of its seismogenic potential, nor unanimously included in the Central Italy seismotectonic framework in comparison to other nearby, obvious faults (Galadini & Galli, 2000).
As a consequence, the scientific community was surprised when the Middle Aterno Valley fault system was shown to be the epicenter in 2009. The L’Aquila earthquake highlighted the incompleteness of local geological knowledge in the area, in particular the lack of detailed geo-logical maps able to draw attention to faults affecting Quaternary continental deposits, where they yield subtle geomorphic expression.
In fact, the strength of seismotectonic studies resides on their dependence on the existence of updated and dedicated data from ‘classical’ geological approaches. As noted byGiaccio et al. (2012), it is unfortunate that ‘classical’ geological studies (e.g. extensive field surveys; recog-nition of sedimentary units and their stratigraphical, geomorphological and structural relation-ships; palaeo-environmental interpretation; datings) are presently decreasing. Such studies are time-consuming and so discourage the production of new ‘classical’ geological maps and favors uncritical reuse of old ones. Against this, scientific journals that promote map publication (especially those included in the journal citation reports) play a crucial role.
The occurrence of the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake triggered a significant number of investi-gations aimed at better characterizing the fault system responsible for the earthquake (e.g.
Cinti et al., 2011;Galli, Giaccio, Messina, Peronace, & Zuppi, 2011;Gori et al., 2012;Improta et al., 2012;Moro et al., 2013). At the same time, despite this proliferation of investigations, (Blumetti, Guerrieri, & Vittori, 2013;Civico, Pucci, De Martini, & Pantosti, 2014;Galli et al., 2010;Giaccio et al., 2012;Guerrieri et al., 2010), these are limited from a long-term geological perspective.
Because of the above, and in order to provide the scientific community with a synthesis of the existing data, we produced a detailed geological survey, aerial-photo interpretation and high-resolution LiDAR analysis along the Middle Aterno Valley, with particular attention to Quatern-ary continental deposits infilling the basin and to its structural arrangement. By providing a detailed geometry of the fault system surface expression and a better constraint for the reconstruc-tion of the recent evolureconstruc-tion of the study area, this geological map (Main Map) represents the necessary background for further studies on the characterization of active tectonics.
2. Methodology
The map we present (Main Map) comprises an area of about 150 km2that was surveyed at 1:10.000-scale, to be published at 1:25,000-scale as the best compromise between the required detail and coverage area. We performed mapping mainly based on field reconnaissance and the collection of new geological data at more than 2500 sites during the last three years. The new geological survey critically integrates, and in some cases deeply revises, the previously published maps (Bertini & Bosi, 1993;Bosi & Bertini, 1970;D’Agostino, Speranza, & Funiciello, 1997;
ISPRA, 2009), moreover it benefited from new public data collected for the seismic microzona-tion after the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake (Gruppo di Lavoro MS – AQ, 2010).
We mapped the stratigraphic sequence of the pre-Plio-Quaternary bedrock following the sub-division already proposed by the Geological Map of Italy, scale 1:50,000, sheet 359, L’Aquila (ISPRA, 2009). In contrast to the Geological Map of Italy (where the focus was the Quaternary period), we reported the units without internal subdivision and incorporated some of them within a single formation (Limestones and Marls with Charopyhitae (Aptian), Limestones with Capro-tinae, Requienie and Ostreids (Barremian-Aptian) and Cyclothemic Limestones with Requienie (Aptian-Albian) condensed in CSR; the Arenaceous-Pelitic (Messinian) and the Marly-Clayey (Serravallian-Messinian) condensed in AMP).
Lithostratigraphy represented the main stratigraphic criterion for the identification of Quatern-ary units during the survey. The derived stratigraphical sequence is the result of the refinement of the one suggested byBertini and Bosi (1993) with the introduction of new Late Pleistocene-Holocene alluvial and colluvial/eluvial units. As a basis for this work, we performed extensive sedimentological and microfaunal analyses: Sediment analysis allowed the recognition of distinct facies and facies associations in the study area and a more reliable correlation between Quaternary sedimentary bodies; mineralogical and microfaunal content allowed correlation between different outcrops; the fresh-water ostracod assemblages were useful to differentiate alluvial/fluvial terrains from lacustrine ones.
Where possible, we dated Quaternary deposits using relative-age and absolute-age dating approaches, in particular tephrachronology, radiocarbon, U/Th, and optically stimulated lumines-cence (OSL) methods. We analyzed several primary tephra layers and we identified in the San Mauro formation. On the basis of their petro-chemical signature, these tephra layers attributed to the four major explosive eruptions from the Alban Hills and Monti Sabatini, as identified by
Galli et al. (2010). In detail, they are: Carapelle 561 + 2 ka and Pozzolane Rosse (456 + 3 ka) from Colli Albani; Tufo di Villa Senni (449 + 1 ka) and Tufo Rosso a Scorie Nere (365 + 4 ka) from Sabatini. We dated Late Pleistocene-Holocene alluvial and colluvial deposits facies by means of radiocarbon analysis (both on bulk and detrital charcoal samples) executed during paleoseismological investigations (e.g.Cinti et al., 2011). We dated a specific Late Pleistocene alluvial facies characterized by the presence of caliche by means of U/Th isotopic composition (Fontugne et al., 2013). A standard protocol (Giunta et al., 2012) was used for OSL dating. We evaluated OSL emissions using the Single-Aliquot Regenerative-dose (SAR) protocol (Murray & Wintle, 2003) on coarse-grained quartz inclusions extracted from the sample.
Mapping was supported by conventional interpretation of 1:33,000 scale aerial photographs (Istituto Geografico Militare, 1954/1955) and orthophoto raster imagery (Regione Abruzzo, 2007). In addition, we integrated airborne LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) data that was acquired by the Civil Protection of Friuli Venezia Giulia (Italy) a few days after the 6 April 2009 mainshock using an Optech ALTM 3100 EA Airborne Laser Terrain Mapper System. Airborne LiDAR is an optical remote sensing technology that uses multiple returns of a laser beam aimed at the ground to measure distances with high accuracy and high resolution, allowing rapid measurement of topography over large areas. Due to its sub-meter resolution, Journal of Maps 691
LiDAR is one of the most useful remotely sensed datasets for the representation of landscape mor-phology and lithology, as well as for the identification and characterization of potentially active faults, since it has the potential to detect subtle tectonic signatures, especially in areas of dense vegetation (e.g.Arrowsmith & Zielke, 2009;Brunori, Civico, Cinti, & Ventura, 2013; Cunning-ham et al., 2006;Haugerud et al., 2003;Hilley, DeLong, Prentice, Blisniuk, & Arrowsmith, 2010;
Hunter, Howle, Rose, & Bawden, 2011; Lin, Kaneda, Mukoyama, Asada, & Chiba, 2013). Vertical and horizontal errors associated with the available LiDAR acquisition are less than 0.2 m and 0.5 m, respectively. We processed the original bare-earth point cloud in order to obtain a regular 1× 1 m DEM and several derivative digital maps (shaded relief, slope, aspect, etc.) that allowed us to reveal subtle geomorphic features related to tectonics and lithology. LiDAR data analysis substantially increased the confidence in identifying and mapping most of the fault traces and geomorphic features (e.g. fault scarps), as well as helping refine and trace geological contacts (i.e. the morphostratigraphical separation of different units) and bedding atti-tudes (Figure 1). This resulted in a substantial improvement of mapping with respect to conven-tional available digital topographic data (e.g. 10 m DEM of Italy;Tarquini et al., 2007) that are generally too coarse to allow detailed identification and precise mapping of geological bodies.
Figure 2compares shaded relief images of the 5 m resolution DEM (panel a) and high-resolution (1 m) LiDAR derived DEM (panel b), and highlights how LiDAR data can be an effective tool in representing continental depositional bodies with unprecedented detail, through qualitative surface roughness analysis (e.g. entrenched alluvial fans in an area close to Castelnuovo village;Figure 2(c)).
In order to further constrain the location of buried and inferred faults and Quaternary sedimen-tary bodies, we also took into account on our map subsurface data recently published by various authors (e.g. high-resolution shallow seismic profiling,Improta et al., 2012; electrical resistivity tomography (ERT),Gruppo di Lavoro MS – AQ, 2010).
For the collection and storage of geologic data we used innovative mobile electronic devices that allowed efficient field data management, organization and analysis in a geographical
Figure 1. Outcrop view of the Valle dell’Inferno incision (NE of the San Demetrio ne’ Vestini village). The tectonic contact between Quaternary (VOC and VIC) and Pre-Quaternary deposits (CCG) is visible. Note the geomorphic expression of the normal fault plane, formed by the sharp tectonic scarp and the offset erosional/ depositional top surfaces.
Figure 2. Example of improved high-resolution digital elevation model and application in geological field mapping from a ridge close to Castelnuovo village, SE of the study area: (a) standard DEM (5 m-grid) derived from 1:5.000 topographic data (Regione Abruzzo); (b) unprecedented detailed topography from high-resolution (1 m-grid) LiDAR-generated shaded relief; and (c) geological mapping of continental deposi-tional bodies (e.g. entrenched alluvial fans) revealed by high-resolution relief (seeMain Mapfor legend).
information system (GIS), as well as their georeferencing along with raster imagery, LiDAR data and the digital topographic data.
3. Conclusions
New geological survey of the Quaternary geology of the Middle Aterno Valley, performed using innovative tools and GIS data management, resulted in the compilation of a 1:25,000-scale map. This map is the first example in Italy (and one of very few in Europe) of the integration of airborne LiDAR and traditional survey approaches, and represents an important improvement upon earlier mapping (Figure 3) by providing:
(a) improved knowledge of the distribution, geometry and characterization of the deposits filling the continental basin;
(b) unprecedented detail and precision in mapping the geological bodies;
(c) the identification of a large number of parallel fault splays and associated oblique-striking strands, describing a complex fault system accommodating extensional tectonics and being responsible for the Quaternary landscape evolution.
Triggered by the 2009 earthquake, the mapping represents an essential contribution to the SHA of the area (e.g. seeBoncio, Galli, Naso, & Pizzi, 2012). In fact, new geological and structural data
Figure 3. Comparison between the provided geological map and the previous ones: (a) detail of the San Demetrio ne’ Vestini area compared with theBertini and Bosi (1993)map. Note the increased accuracy in the construction of geological contacts and in the distinction of Late Pleistocene-Holocene units and (b) detail of the Paganica area compared with the ISPRA (2009)map. Note the increased number of faults affecting the Quaternary deposits and the revision of some stratigraphic boundaries in the pre-Quatern-ary units. SeeMain Mapfor legend.
presented in this map represent a fundamental input for active tectonic studies, such as: (1) the evaluation and characterization of rates of activity and seismic potential of the Middle Aterno Valley fault system: provision of the precise location and representation of tectonic structures, as well as of their tectonic-related landforms, along with improved paleoseismological and quan-titative geomorphology investigations; (2) interpretation of the Quaternary basin evolution by means of accurate reconstruction of the continental deposits surface expression, crucial for the estimation of the fault system’s long-term deformational style and rates; (3) surface faulting hazard evaluation and support for decision makers for safer management of system-wide urban and cultural heritage retrofit programs, due to the precise identification of active fault traces and of their secondary splays; and (4) valuable contribution to the assessment of site effects on ground motion, through the detailed distribution of the different Quaternary deposits prone to shaking amplification. In addition, the map is valuable for applications of land use planning for protection against others environmental hazards, such as hydrogeological risks, due to the accuracy of the combined topographic and geologic data.
Software
Field surveying used a range of software. Rocklogger (http://rockgecko.wordpress.com/), for Android and BlackBerry smartphones, was used to measure either dip and strike, or dip and dip direction of rock outcrops, along with details on the structural feature being measured (i.e. bedding, fault, joint, cleavage, lineations) and rock type. GeoCam (https://sites.google.com/site/geocamdoc/) was used to create and preview geophotos of a site. Google Earth for mobile (http://www.google.de/earth/explore/products/mobile.html) was useful for immediate geo-localization and easy visualization of outcrops and sites during fieldwork (particularly in densely vegetated areas). Finally Google My Tracks (http://www.google.com/mobile/mytracks/), a GPS track logger, was used for monitoring the survey coverage and to plan future field work.
We organized and analyzed all the collected field data and remotely sensed imagery using Esri ArcMap. Adobe Illustrator was used for final map production.
Acknowledgments
The work was financially supported by the MIUR (Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research) project ‘FIRB Abruzzo – High-resolution analyses for assessing the seismic hazard and risk of the areas affected by the 6 April 2009 earthquake’, ref. RBAP10ZC8K_005. The airborne LiDAR survey performed by the Civil Protection of Friuli Venezia Giulia (Italy) was kindly released by Italian Civil Protection Depart-ment. Digital cartographic elements of the Carta Tecnica Regionale 1:5.000-scale by courtesy of Regione Abruzzo.
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