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Contribution à la modélisation d'une structure nanométrique

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(3)   . Je dédie ce modeste travail, avant tout à mes parents qui mon enseigné la préservance dans mes études qui mon toujours été un grand secours par leurs soutient et leurs encouragements pendant les moments difficiles. A ma mère qui a partagé avec moi(et de manière synchrone) toutes les périodes de mon mémoire pendant lesquelles le morale oscille, et qui avec beaucoup d’amour et de tendresse, n’a jamais cessé de se sacrifier pour mon instruction, qu’elle trouve ici le témoignage de ma profonde gratitude.

(4) A mon père, avec tant d’affectation, s’est dépensé pour faire mes bonheurs et assurer mon avenir. pour ces conseils qu’il ne cesse de me prodiguer, qu’il trouve ici l’expression de ma profonde reconnaissance et de mon respect. A mes frères : Zino , Brahim ,Aido A mes sœurs : Djess, Boudi , Mima A tout mes amies du département d’électronique..

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