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RECIEL Comparative Environmental Law

Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law

ISSN 2050 0386

Volume 14 Issue 1 Issue 2 Issue 3 Volume 15 Issue 1 Issue 2 Issue 3 Volume 16 Issue 1 Issue 2 Issue 3 Volume 17 Issue 1 Issue 2 Issue 3 Volume 18 Issue 1 Issue 2 Issue 3 Volume 19 Issue 1 Issue 2 Issue 3 Volume 20 Issue 1 Issue 2 Issue 3 Volume 21 Issue 1 Issue 2 Issue 3

Volume 22 Issue 1 Issue 2 Issue 3 Volume 23 Issue 1 Issue 2 Issue 3 Volume 24 Issue 1 Issue 2 Issue 3 Volume 25 Issue 1 Issue 2 Issue 3 Volume 26 Issue 1 Issue 2 Issue 3 Volume 27 Issue 1 Issue 2 Issue 3 Volume 28 Issue 1 Issue 2 Issue 3 Volume 29 Issue 1

Volume 29 . Issue 2 . 2020

Volume 29 . Issue 2 . 2020

The above Back Issues are available upon request. Please see details on the inside back cover or visit wileyonlinelibrary.com

Back Issues

wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/reel Discover this journal online at

Special Issue: Assessing the EU 2030 Climate and Energy Policy Framework

Guest Editors: Claire Dupont, Kati Kulovesi and Harro van Asselt

Assessing the EU’s 2030 Climate and Energy Policy Framework: Incremental change toward radical transformation?

Kati Kulovesi and Sebastian Oberthür

Adaptability versus certainty in a carbon emissions reduction regime: An assessment of the EU’s 2030 Climate and Energy Policy Framework

Diarmuid Torney and Roderic O’Gorman

EU climate law sans frontières : The extension of the 2030 Framework to the Energy Community contracting parties

Stephen Minas

Human rights of minors and future generations: Global trends and EU environmental law particularities Sanja Bogojevic´

The continued effort sharing approach in EU climate law: Binding targets, challenging enforcement?

Marjan Peeters and Natassa Athanasiadou

Making sense of the LULUCF Regulation: Much ado about nothing?

Annalisa Savaresi, Lucia Perugini and Maria Vincenza Chiriacò

Fifty shades of binding: Appraising the enforcement toolkit for the EU’s 2030 renewable energy targets Alessandro Monti and Beatriz Martinez Romera

Power to the people? Implications of the Clean Energy Package for the role of community ownership in Europe’s energy transition

Joshua Roberts

The EU’s 2030 Climate and Energy Policy Framework: How net metering slips through its net Theodoros G. Iliopoulos, Matteo Fermeglia and Bernard Vanheusden

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REVIEW OF EUROPEAN, COMPARATIVE AND INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL

LAW (RECIEL)

Harro van Asselt Editor

University of Eastern Finland Law School

Associate Editors

Shawkat Alam, Professor of Law Director, Centre for Environmental Law

Macquarie University, Australia Carl Bruch

Director of Interna onal Programs Environmental Law Ins tute, USA

Richard Caddell Senior Lecturer, College of Law,

University of Swansea, UK Michael Faure

Professor of Compara ve and Interna onal Environmental Law Academic Director, Ins tute for Transna onal Legal Research

Maastricht University, The Netherlands Joyeeta Gupta

Professor of Environment and Development in the Global South University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Rakhyun Kim Assistant Professor

Copernicus Ins tute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, The Netherlands

Louis Kotzé Research Professor North-West University, South Africa

Ka Kulovesi Professor of Interna onal Law

Director, Centre for Climate Change, Energy and Environmental Law University of Eastern Finland Law School, Finland

Sandrine Maljean-Dubois Director of Research CNRS, Aix-Marseille University

Benoit Mayer Assistant Professor

The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China Makane Mbengue

Associate Professor, University of Geneva, Switzerland

Jeff rey McGee

Senior Lecturer in Climate Change, Marine and Antarc c Law Director, Australian Forum for Climate Interven on Governance Faculty of Law, Ins tute for Marine and Antarc c Studies, University of Tasmania,

Australia Elisa Morgera

Professor of Global Environmental Law

Director, Strathclyde Centre for Environmental Law and Governance University of Strathclyde, UK

Lavanya Rajamani

Professor of Interna onal Environmental Law Faculty of Law, University of Oxford

United Kingdom Leonie Reins Assistant Professor

Tilburg Law School, Tilburg University, The Netherlands Gregory Rose

Associate Professor

Centre for Natural Resources Law and Policy, University of Wollongong, Australia

Francesco Sindico

Reader in Interna onal Environmental Law University of Strathclyde, UK

Qin Tianbao Director

Research Ins tute of Environmental Law, Wuhan University, China Arie Trouwborst

Associate Professor of Environmental Law Tilburg Law School, Tilburg University, The Netherlands

Geert van Calster Professor, KU Leuven Member of the Brussels Bar, Belgium

Chris na Voigt Professor of Interna onal Law Department of Public and Interna onal Law,

University of Oslo, Norway Annalisa Savaresi

Associate Editor (Case Notes) Lecturer in Environmental Law, University of S rling, School of Law, UK

Dr Marie-Catherine Petersmann Associate Editor (Book Reviews) Utrecht University, The Netherlands

Editorial Board

Information for Subscribers

Publisher: RECIEL is published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK, phone: +44 (0) 1865 776868, fax: +44 (0) 1865 714591 and 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148, USA, phone: +1 781 388 8200, fax: +1 781 388 8210. John Wiley & Sons Ltd was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s programme has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical and Medical business to form Wiley Blackwell.

Production Editor: Nithisha Raveendran ([email protected]) Advertising: Joe Adams ([email protected])

Information for subscribers: RECIEL is published in three issues per year in April, July and November. Institutional subscription prices for 2020 are: Print & Online: US$1971 (US), US$2567 (Rest of World), €1668 (Europe), £1316 (UK). Prices are exclusive of tax. Australian GST, Canadian GST and European VAT will be applied at the appropriate rates. For more information on current tax rates, please go to www.wileyonlinelibrary.com/tax-vat. The institutional price includes online access to the current and all online back files to January 1st 2014, where available. For other pricing options, including access information and terms and conditions, please visit www.wileyonlinelibrary.com/access

Delivery Terms and Legal Title: Where the subscription price includes print issues and delivery is to the recipient’s address, delivery terms are Delivered at Place (DAP); the recipient is responsible for paying any import duty or taxes. Title to all issues transfers FOB our shipping point, freight prepaid. We will endeavour to fulfil claims for missing or damaged copies within six months of publication, within our reasonable discretion and subject to availability.

Access to this journal is available free online within institutions in the developing world through the OARE initiative with UNEP. For information, visit www.oaresciences.org.

Disclaimer: The Publisher and Editors cannot be held responsible for errors or any consequences arising from the use of information contained in this journal; the views and opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect those of the Publisher and Editors, neither does the publication of advertisements constitute any endorsement by the Publisher and Editors of the prod- ucts advertised.

REVIEW OF EUROPEAN, COMPARATIVE AND INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW, (ISSN 2050-0386), is published in three issues a year. US mailing agent: Mercury Media Processing, LLC 1634 East Elizabeth Ave, Linden NJ 07036 USA.

POSTMASTER: Send all address changes to REVIEW OF EUROPEAN, COMPARATIVE AND INTERNATIONAL ENVIRON- MENTAL LAW, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Journals Subscription Department, 350 Main St., Malden, MA 02148-5020.

Back issues: Single issues from current and prior year volumes are available at the current single issue price from John Wiley

& Sons Ltd. Earlier issues may be obtained from Periodicals Service Company, 351 Fairview Avenue – Ste 300, Hudson, NY 12534, USA. Tel: +1 518 822 9300, Fax: +1 518 822 9305, Email: [email protected]

Copyright and Copying: © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission in writing from the copyright holder. Autho- rization to photocopy items for internal and personal use is granted by the copyright holder for libraries and other users registered with their local Reproduction Rights Organisation (RRO), e.g. Copyright Clearance Center (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA (www.copyright.com), provided the appropriate fee is paid directly to the RRO. This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for republication, for creating new collective works or for resale. Permissions for such reuse can be obtained using the Right- sLink “Request Permissions” link on Wiley Online Library. Special requests should be addressed to: [email protected] Journal Customer Services: For ordering information, claims and any enquiry concerning your journal subscription please go to interscience.wiley.com/support or contact your nearest office. Americas: Email: [email protected]; Tel: +1 781 388 8598 or +1 800 835 6770 (toll free in the USA & Canada). Europe, Middle East and Africa: Email: [email protected]; Tel:

+44 (0) 1865 778315. Asia Pacific: Email: [email protected]; Tel: +65 6511 8000. Japan: For Japanese speaking support, Email: [email protected]; Tel: +65 6511 8010 or Tel (toll-free): 005 316 50 480. Visit our Online Customer Self-Help avail- able in 7 languages at www.wileycustomerhelp.com/ask

Wiley’s Corporate Citizenship initiative seeks to address the environmental, social, economic, and ethical challenges faced in our business and which are important to our diverse stakeholder groups. Since launching the initiative, we have focused on sharing our content with those in need, enhancing community philanthropy, reducing our carbon impact, creating global guidelines and best practices for paper use, establishing a vendor code of ethics, and engaging our colleagues and other stakeholders in our efforts. Follow our progress at www.wiley.com/go/citizenship

For submission instructions, subscription and all other information, including abstracting and indexing services, visit: http://

wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/reel

Printed in Singapore by C.O.S. Printers Pte Ltd. ISSN 2050-0386 (Print) ISSN 2050-0394 (Online)

Advisory Board

Ben Boer Professor in Environmental Law Faculty of Law, University of Sydney, Australia

Ju a Brunnée Metcalf Chair in Environmental Law Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, Canada

James Cameron

Professor, College of Europe, Bruges, Belgium Senior Fellow, Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy, USA

Günther Handl

Eberhard Deutsch Professor of Public Interna onal Law Tulane University, School of Law, USA

Gerhard Roller Professor of Environmental Law University for Applied Sciences Bingen, Germany

Peter H. Sand

Lecturer in Interna onal Environmental Law Faculty of Law, University of Munich, Germany

Philippe Sands QC

Professor of Law, University College London;

Barrister, Matrix Chambers, UK Richard B. Stewart Emily Kempin Professor of Law Faculty of Law, New York University, USA

Timothy M. Swanson

Professor, André Hoff mann Chair of Environmental Economics, The Graduate Ins tute, Switzerland

Jorge E. Viñuales

Harold Samuel Professor of Law and Environmental Policy University of Cambridge, UK

Hugh Wilkins Member

Ontario Environmental Review Tribunal, Canada Copy Editor

John Edginton

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REVIEW OF EUROPEAN, COMPARATIVE AND INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL

LAW (RECIEL)

Harro van Asselt Editor

University of Eastern Finland Law School

Associate Editors

Shawkat Alam, Professor of Law Director, Centre for Environmental Law

Macquarie University, Australia Carl Bruch

Director of Interna onal Programs Environmental Law Ins tute, USA

Richard Caddell Senior Lecturer, College of Law,

University of Swansea, UK Michael Faure

Professor of Compara ve and Interna onal Environmental Law Academic Director, Ins tute for Transna onal Legal Research

Maastricht University, The Netherlands Joyeeta Gupta

Professor of Environment and Development in the Global South University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Rakhyun Kim Assistant Professor

Copernicus Ins tute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, The Netherlands

Louis Kotzé Research Professor North-West University, South Africa

Ka Kulovesi Professor of Interna onal Law

Director, Centre for Climate Change, Energy and Environmental Law University of Eastern Finland Law School, Finland

Sandrine Maljean-Dubois Director of Research CNRS, Aix-Marseille University

Benoit Mayer Assistant Professor

The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China Makane Mbengue

Associate Professor, University of Geneva, Switzerland

Jeff rey McGee

Senior Lecturer in Climate Change, Marine and Antarc c Law Director, Australian Forum for Climate Interven on Governance Faculty of Law, Ins tute for Marine and Antarc c Studies, University of Tasmania,

Australia Elisa Morgera

Professor of Global Environmental Law

Director, Strathclyde Centre for Environmental Law and Governance University of Strathclyde, UK

Lavanya Rajamani

Professor of Interna onal Environmental Law Faculty of Law, University of Oxford

United Kingdom Leonie Reins Assistant Professor

Tilburg Law School, Tilburg University, The Netherlands Gregory Rose

Associate Professor

Centre for Natural Resources Law and Policy, University of Wollongong, Australia

Francesco Sindico

Reader in Interna onal Environmental Law University of Strathclyde, UK

Qin Tianbao Director

Research Ins tute of Environmental Law, Wuhan University, China Arie Trouwborst

Associate Professor of Environmental Law Tilburg Law School, Tilburg University, The Netherlands

Geert van Calster Professor, KU Leuven Member of the Brussels Bar, Belgium

Chris na Voigt Professor of Interna onal Law Department of Public and Interna onal Law,

University of Oslo, Norway Annalisa Savaresi

Associate Editor (Case Notes) Lecturer in Environmental Law, University of S rling, School of Law, UK

Dr Marie-Catherine Petersmann Associate Editor (Book Reviews) Utrecht University, The Netherlands

Editorial Board

Information for Subscribers

Publisher: RECIEL is published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK, phone: +44 (0) 1865 776868, fax: +44 (0) 1865 714591 and 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148, USA, phone: +1 781 388 8200, fax: +1 781 388 8210. John Wiley & Sons Ltd was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s programme has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical and Medical business to form Wiley Blackwell.

Production Editor: Nithisha Raveendran ([email protected]) Advertising: Joe Adams ([email protected])

Information for subscribers: RECIEL is published in three issues per year in April, July and November. Institutional subscription prices for 2020 are: Print & Online: US$1971 (US), US$2567 (Rest of World), €1668 (Europe), £1316 (UK). Prices are exclusive of tax. Australian GST, Canadian GST and European VAT will be applied at the appropriate rates. For more information on current tax rates, please go to www.wileyonlinelibrary.com/tax-vat. The institutional price includes online access to the current and all online back files to January 1st 2014, where available. For other pricing options, including access information and terms and conditions, please visit www.wileyonlinelibrary.com/access

Delivery Terms and Legal Title: Where the subscription price includes print issues and delivery is to the recipient’s address, delivery terms are Delivered at Place (DAP); the recipient is responsible for paying any import duty or taxes. Title to all issues transfers FOB our shipping point, freight prepaid. We will endeavour to fulfil claims for missing or damaged copies within six months of publication, within our reasonable discretion and subject to availability.

Access to this journal is available free online within institutions in the developing world through the OARE initiative with UNEP. For information, visit www.oaresciences.org.

Disclaimer: The Publisher and Editors cannot be held responsible for errors or any consequences arising from the use of information contained in this journal; the views and opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect those of the Publisher and Editors, neither does the publication of advertisements constitute any endorsement by the Publisher and Editors of the prod- ucts advertised.

REVIEW OF EUROPEAN, COMPARATIVE AND INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW, (ISSN 2050-0386), is published in three issues a year. US mailing agent: Mercury Media Processing, LLC 1634 East Elizabeth Ave, Linden NJ 07036 USA.

POSTMASTER: Send all address changes to REVIEW OF EUROPEAN, COMPARATIVE AND INTERNATIONAL ENVIRON- MENTAL LAW, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Journals Subscription Department, 350 Main St., Malden, MA 02148-5020.

Back issues: Single issues from current and prior year volumes are available at the current single issue price from John Wiley

& Sons Ltd. Earlier issues may be obtained from Periodicals Service Company, 351 Fairview Avenue – Ste 300, Hudson, NY 12534, USA. Tel: +1 518 822 9300, Fax: +1 518 822 9305, Email: [email protected]

Copyright and Copying: © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission in writing from the copyright holder. Autho- rization to photocopy items for internal and personal use is granted by the copyright holder for libraries and other users registered with their local Reproduction Rights Organisation (RRO), e.g. Copyright Clearance Center (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA (www.copyright.com), provided the appropriate fee is paid directly to the RRO. This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for republication, for creating new collective works or for resale. Permissions for such reuse can be obtained using the Right- sLink “Request Permissions” link on Wiley Online Library. Special requests should be addressed to: [email protected] Journal Customer Services: For ordering information, claims and any enquiry concerning your journal subscription please go to interscience.wiley.com/support or contact your nearest office. Americas: Email: [email protected]; Tel: +1 781 388 8598 or +1 800 835 6770 (toll free in the USA & Canada). Europe, Middle East and Africa: Email: [email protected]; Tel:

+44 (0) 1865 778315. Asia Pacific: Email: [email protected]; Tel: +65 6511 8000. Japan: For Japanese speaking support, Email: [email protected]; Tel: +65 6511 8010 or Tel (toll-free): 005 316 50 480. Visit our Online Customer Self-Help avail- able in 7 languages at www.wileycustomerhelp.com/ask

Wiley’s Corporate Citizenship initiative seeks to address the environmental, social, economic, and ethical challenges faced in our business and which are important to our diverse stakeholder groups. Since launching the initiative, we have focused on sharing our content with those in need, enhancing community philanthropy, reducing our carbon impact, creating global guidelines and best practices for paper use, establishing a vendor code of ethics, and engaging our colleagues and other stakeholders in our efforts. Follow our progress at www.wiley.com/go/citizenship

For submission instructions, subscription and all other information, including abstracting and indexing services, visit: http://

wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/reel

Printed in Singapore by C.O.S. Printers Pte Ltd. ISSN 2050-0386 (Print) ISSN 2050-0394 (Online)

Advisory Board

Ben Boer Professor in Environmental Law Faculty of Law, University of Sydney, Australia

Ju a Brunnée Metcalf Chair in Environmental Law Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, Canada

James Cameron

Professor, College of Europe, Bruges, Belgium Senior Fellow, Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy, USA

Günther Handl

Eberhard Deutsch Professor of Public Interna onal Law Tulane University, School of Law, USA

Gerhard Roller Professor of Environmental Law University for Applied Sciences Bingen, Germany

Peter H. Sand

Lecturer in Interna onal Environmental Law Faculty of Law, University of Munich, Germany

Philippe Sands QC

Professor of Law, University College London;

Barrister, Matrix Chambers, UK Richard B. Stewart Emily Kempin Professor of Law Faculty of Law, New York University, USA

Timothy M. Swanson

Professor, André Hoff mann Chair of Environmental Economics, The Graduate Ins tute, Switzerland

Jorge E. Viñuales

Harold Samuel Professor of Law and Environmental Policy University of Cambridge, UK

Hugh Wilkins Member

Ontario Environmental Review Tribunal, Canada Copy Editor

John Edginton

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Volume 29 Issue 2 2020

Contents

Editorial

Editorial: Governing the EU’s climate and energy transi on through the 2030 Framework

Claire Dupont, Ka Kulovesi and Harro van Asselt 147

Special Issue Arঞ cles: Assessing the EU 2030 Climate and Energy Policy Framework Assessing the EU’s 2030 Climate and Energy Policy Framework: Incremental change toward radical transforma on?

Ka Kulovesi and Sebas an Oberthür 151

Adaptability versus certainty in a carbon emissions reduc on regime: An assessment of the EU’s 2030 Climate and Energy Policy Framework

Diarmuid Torney and Roderic O’Gorman 167

EU climate law sans fron ères : The extension of the 2030 Framework to the Energy Community contrac ng par es

Stephen Minas 177

Human rights of minors and future genera ons: Global trends and EU environmental law par culari es

Sanja Bogojević 191

The con nued eff ort sharing approach in EU climate law: Binding targets, challenging enforcement?

Marjan Peeters and Natassa Athanasiadou 201

Making sense of the LULUCF Regula on: Much ado about nothing?

Annalisa Savaresi, Lucia Perugini and Maria Vincenza Chiriacò 212 Fi y shades of binding: Appraising the enforcement toolkit for the EU’s 2030

renewable energy targets

Alessandro Mon and Beatriz Mar nez Romera 221

Power to the people? Implica ons of the Clean Energy Package for the role of community ownership in Europe’s energy transi on

Joshua Roberts 232

The EU’s 2030 Climate and Energy Policy Framework: How net metering slips through its net

Theodoros G. Iliopoulos, Ma eo Fermeglia and Bernard Vanheusden 245

Original Arঞ cles

The UN Conven on on the Law of the Sea: A governing framework for ocean acidifi ca on?

Ellycia R. Harrould-Kolieb 257

The role of interna onal organiza ons in preven ng confl icts between the SPS Agreement and the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety

Jingjing Zhao 271

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Advances and uncertain es in compliance measures for users from the Nagoya Protocol in the European Union

Laura Movilla Pateiro 282

The 2017 Fidenato case and the 2015 Direc ve: The curious case of GMOs in Europe

Alessandra Guida 291

Case Note

David Aven v Costa Rica : A step forward towards investor accountability for environmental harm?

Rafael Tamayo-Álvarez 301

Book Reviews

Nikolas Sellheim, The Seal Hunt: Cultures, Economies and Legal Regimes (Iyan Off or) 307 Shigenori Matsui, Law and Disaster: Earthquake, Tsunami and Nuclear Meltdown in

Japan (Jakub Handrlica) 310

Chris na Voigt, Interna onal Judicial Prac ce on the Environment: Ques ons of

Legi macy (James Harrison) 312

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