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The socioeconomics of international migration decisions and outcomes : exploring the Nigeria – Italy Migration Corridor through a capability-based migration framework

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Academic year: 2022

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The Socioeconomics of International Migration Decisions and Outcomes

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Promoters:

Prof. Fabio Bartolini

Department of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Pisa, Italy

Prof. dr. ir. Marijke D’Haese

Department of Agriculture Economics, Ghent University, Belgium

Prof. Gianluca Brunori

Department of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Pisa, Italy

Director (UNIPI) Prof. Marcello Mele Dean (UGENT): Prof. dr. Marc Van Meirvenne

Rector (UNIPI): Prof. Paolo Maria Mancarella Rector (UGENT): Prof. dr. Rik Van de Walle

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T HE SOCIOECONOMICS OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION

DECISIONS AND OUTCOMES

Exploring the Nigeria – Italy Migration Corridor through a capability-based migration framework

CHINEDU TEMPLE OBI

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the joint degree of

‘Doctor of Agriculture, Food and Environment’ (University of Pisa, Italy) and ‘Doctor of Applied Biological Science: Socioeconomics’ (Ghent University, Belgium)

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Italian translation:

Analisi socio economica delle decisioni e degli outcomes delle migrazioni internazionaliǣ

—ǯ‡•’Ž‘”ƒœ‹‘‡†‡Ž…‘””‹†‘‹‘‹‰”ƒ–‘”‹‘‹‰‡”‹ƒǦ–ƒŽ‹ƒ‡†‹ƒ–‡Žǯƒ’’”‘……‹‘…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›Ǧ„ƒ•‡†Ǥ

Dutch translation:

De sociaal-economische aspecten van internationale migratiekeuzes en -uitkomsten: Š‡–

˜‡”‡‡˜ƒ†‡‹‰‡”‹ƒȂ–ƒŽ‹´‹‰”ƒ–‹‡…‘””‹†‘”†‘‘”‹††‡Ž˜ƒ‡‡‹‰”ƒ–‹‡ƒ†‡”‰‡„ƒ•‡‡”†‘’

„‡™ƒƒŠ‡†‡

‹–ƒ–‹‘ǣ „‹ǡ ǤǤ ʹͲʹͳǤ Š‡ •‘…‹‘‡…‘‘‹…• ‘ˆ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ †‡…‹•‹‘• ƒ† ‘—–…‘‡•ǣ

‡š’Ž‘”‹‰–Š‡‹‰‡”‹ƒȂ–ƒŽ›‹‰”ƒ–‹‘…‘””‹†‘”–Š”‘—‰Šƒ…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǧ„ƒ•‡†‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ǤŠǤǤ

‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‹•ƒǡ–ƒŽ›ƒ†Š‡–‹˜‡”•‹–›‡Ž‰‹—Ǥ

Ǧ—„‡”ǣͻ͹ͺͻͶ͸͵ͷ͹ͶͲͲ͸

Cover page:—ƒ…Š‹•‘„‹

Financial Support: Š‹••–—†›Šƒ•„‡‡ˆ‹ƒ…‡†™‹–Šƒ‰”ƒ–ˆ”‘–Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‹•ƒ•’‡…‹ƒŽ‰”ƒ–

ˆ‘”‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•–—†‡–•Ǥ

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To my mother, my wife, and my daughter

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A CKNOWLEDGMENTS

› ŠǤǤ Œ‘—”‡› ‹†‡‡† ™ƒ• ‘– ƒ Œ‘—”‡› –‘‘ ƒŽ‘‡Ǥ ”‡…‡‹˜‡† ƒ••‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ ƒ†˜‹…‡ǡ ƒ†

…‘ˆ‘”– ˆ”‘ › ˆƒ‹Ž›ǡ ’”‘‘–‡”•ǡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‰”‘—’ǡ ˆ”‹‡†•ǡ ƒ† …‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡• ˆ”‘ ˜ƒ”‹‘—•

‹•–‹–—–‹‘•Ǥ

‹”•–ǡ–Š‹•ŠǤǤ™‘—Ž†‘–Šƒ˜‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†™‹–Š‘—–›…‘Ǧ’”‘‘–‡”•Ȃ”‘ˆǤ ƒ„‹‘ƒ”–‘Ž‹‹

ƒ† ”‘ˆǤ ƒ”‹Œ‡ ǯƒ‡•‡Ǥ ƒ ˜‡”› ‰”ƒ–‡ˆ—Ž ˆ‘” –Š‡ Š‡Ž’ǡ •—’’‘”–ǡ ‡…‘—”ƒ‰‡‡–ǡ

—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ǡƒ†ˆŽ‡š‹„‹Ž‹–›ǤŠƒ›‘—ˆ‘”ƒ……‘‘†ƒ–‹‰›…‘–‹—ƒŽŽ›…Šƒ‰‹‰”‡•‡ƒ”…Š

‹†‡ƒ•ǡ™Š‹…Š‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›†‹˜‡”–‡†‹–‘•‘‡–Š‹‰†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆ”‘‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ›’Žƒ‡†Ǥ‘—Ž‡ˆ–›‘—”

…‘ˆ‘”– œ‘‡• –‘ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ ‡ ‘ –Š‹• Œ‘—”‡›Ǥ ‘”‹‰ ™‹–Š ›‘— ƒŽŽ‘™‡† ‡ –‘ ƒ–—”‡ ƒ• ƒ

”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”Ǥ Š‡ ‡š–‡”ƒŽ ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡• ›‘— ƒŽŽ‘™‡† ‡ –‘ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‡ …‘–”‹„—–‡† –‘ –Š‹•

‰”‘™–ŠǤ ‘”–Š‹•ǡ•ƒ›ƒ˜‡”›„‹‰–Šƒ›‘—Ǥ

‡…‘†ǡ‹–‹•ƒŽ•‘‹’‘”–ƒ––Šƒ––Šƒ›‘—ǡ”‘ˆǤ–‹Œ’‡‡Žƒǡˆ‘”ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‰–Š‹•Œ‘‹–ŠǤǤ

‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡Ǥ‘—–‘‘‹–—’‘›‘—”•‡Žˆ–‘”‡…‘‡†‡ˆ‘”–Š‹•’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ‡“—ƒŽŽ›ƒ…‘™Ž‡†‰‡

–Š‡ …‘–”‹„—–‹‘ ‘ˆ ”‘ˆǤ‹ƒŽ—…ƒ”—‘”‹ǡ ”‘ˆǤ ‘‘•– ‡••‡‹ǡ ƒ† ƒ‡• Ž‘••‡ǡ ™Š‘ …‘Ǧ

ƒ—–Š‘”‡†•‘‡‘ˆ›Šƒ’–‡”•Ǥ’‡…‹ƒŽ–Šƒ•‰‘–‘–Š‡Œ—”› ˆ‘”–Š‡…‘‡–•–Šƒ–Š‡Ž’‡†

‹’”‘˜‡ –Š‹• †‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘ › …‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡• ‹ –Š‡ ™‘”‹‰ ‰”‘—’ Ȃ”ƒ™‡ǡ Ž‹‡ǡ ƒ†

ƒ–‡‡Šǡ•ƒ›ƒ˜‡”›„‹‰–Šƒ›‘—ǤƒŽ•‘–Šƒ›…‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡•ƒ–‹–‡†ƒ–‹‘•‹˜‡”•‹–›Ȃ

”—‰‰‡ˆ‘”™‡Ž…‘‹‰‡ƒ•ƒŠǤǤˆ‡ŽŽ‘™Ǥ

Š‹”†ǡ™‹•Š–‘•ƒ›ƒ„‹‰–Šƒ›‘—–‘›—…Ž‡ƒ†‡–‘”Ǧ”‘ˆǤ‹’’‘Ž‹–‡ƒ†‹ǡˆ‘”Š‹•

‰—‹†ƒ…‡ǡƒ†˜‹…‡ǡ‡…‘—”ƒ‰‡‡–ǡƒ†•—’’‘”–Ǥ‘—ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡†›…‘‹‰–‘—”‘’‡–‘•–—†›

™‹–Š›‘—””‡…‘‡†ƒ–‹‘Ž‡––‡”•ǡŽ‘‰‹•–‹…ƒ†ˆ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽ•—’’‘”–•Ǥ‘—Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ•‘—”…‡‘ˆ

‹•’‹”ƒ–‹‘–‘ƒŽŽ‘ˆ›‘—”‡–‡‡•ǡ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›‡Ǥ

‘•– ‹’‘”–ƒ–Ž›ǡ ™‹•Š –‘ –Šƒ › ˆƒ‹Ž› ˆ‘” „‡ƒ”‹‰ ™‹–Š ‡Ǥ Š‡ Žƒ–‡Ǧ‹‰Š– ™‘” ƒ†

•‡˜‡”ƒŽ†ƒ›•ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘Š‘‡ˆ‘”…‘ˆ‡”‡…‡•ƒ†”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡‡–‹‰•Šƒ˜‡‘™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†

‹–‘ƒŠǤǤ‡‰”‡‡Ǥ›™‹ˆ‡ǡ‹˜‹ƒǡŠƒ†–‘–ƒ‡ƒ›‡ƒ”‘ˆˆˆ”‘Š‡”•–—†‹‡•–‘•—’’‘”–‡ǤŠƒ

›‘—ǡ›‹ƒ‘†ǡˆ‘”–Š‡•ƒ…”‹ˆ‹…‡ƒ†Ž‘˜‡Ǥ›†ƒ—‰Š–‡”ǡ—ƒ…Š‹•‘ǡ™ƒ•„‘”™Š‹Ž‡™ƒ•

•–‹ŽŽ …‘†—…–‹‰› ”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤ Š‡Šƒ• „‡‡ ƒ ‹”ƒ…Ž‡ ƒ† ƒ „Ž‡••‹‰ –‘‡Ǥ ƒ’’”‡…‹ƒ–‡ ›

‘–Š‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡•—’’‘”–ǡ’”ƒ›‡”ǡŽ‘˜‡ǡƒ†‡…‘—”ƒ‰‡‡–Ǥƒ’’‘ǡ›‘—Šƒ˜‡„‡‡–Š‡„‡†”‘…

‘ˆ›•—……‡••Ǥ‘›•‹„Ž‹‰• ȂŠ‹‡›‡ǡŽ—…Š‹ǡ‡ƒƒ†›‡ƒ…Š‹ Ȃ›‘—ƒ”‡–Š‡„‡•–Ǥ

Š‹‡›‡ǡƒ•–Š‡ˆ‹”•–„‘”ǡ•‡––Š‡ƒ…ƒ†‡‹…’ƒ…‡–Šƒ–™‡ƒŽŽˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†Ǥ‡ƒƒŽ•‘•ƒ…”‹ˆ‹…‡†Š‹•

ƒ…ƒ†‡‹…’—”•—‹––‘•—’’‘”–‡ˆ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽŽ›ǤŽ—…Š‹ƒ†›‡ƒ…Š‹Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ™ƒ›•’”‘˜‹†‡†‹†

™‘”†•–Šƒ–‡’–‡‰‘‹‰Ǥ

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—”‹‰› †ƒ–ƒ …‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘ǡ …‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•Ǥ ’‡…‹ƒŽ –Šƒ• ‰‘ –‘–Š‡

‘†ƒœ‹‘‡ ƒ ‹‘˜ƒ‹ ƒ––‹•–ƒ ‹ ƒ‰—•ƒǡ –ƒŽ›ǡ ™Š‘ ƒ••‹•–‡† ‡ ‹ › ˆ‘…—• ‰”‘—’

†‹•…—••‹‘Ǥ–Šƒ–Š‡‹‰‡”‹ƒƒ†ǡ†‘‘ƒ†ǡˆ‘”–‡…Š‹…ƒŽ•—’’‘”–†—”‹‰

–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘‹‹‰‡”‹ƒǤ‡“—ƒŽŽ›ƒ’’”‡…‹ƒ–‡–Š‡˜‘Ž—–‡‡”•–Šƒ–ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡†–Š‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘

…ƒ’ƒ‹‰•‹‹‰‡”‹ƒǤ‘”‡•‘ǡ–ŠƒƒŽŽ–Š‡”‡•’‘†‡–•ˆ‘”’”‘˜‹†‹‰Š‡Ž’ˆ—Ž‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ™‹•Š–‘‰‹˜‡‘†ƒŽŽ‰Ž‘”›ˆ‘”–Š‡‰‹ˆ–‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡ǡ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǡƒ†ˆƒ˜‘”Ǥ

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ... V TABLE OF CONTENT ... VII LIST OF TABLES ... IX LIST OF BOXES ... X LIST OF FIGURES ... XI LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ... XII SUMMARY ... XIV SOMMARIO ... XIX SAMENVATTING ... XXV 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND RESEARCH SCOPE ... 1 ͳǤͳ –”‘†—…–‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ ͳǤʹ …”‹–‹…ƒŽ”‡˜‹‡™‘ˆ‡š‹•–‹‰‹‰”ƒ–‹‘–Š‡‘”‹‡•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷ ͳǤ͵ Š‡…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǧ„ƒ•‡†‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳʹ ͳǤͶ „Œ‡…–‹˜‡•ƒ†”‡•‡ƒ”…Š“—‡•–‹‘•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ͹

ͳǤͷ ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͻ ͳǤ͸ ‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘•–”—…–—”‡ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͷ 2 CONCEPTUALIZING AND OPERATIONALIZING CAPABILITIES AND FREEDOM OF CHOICES AS THE QUALIFIERS OF MIGRATION ... 29 ʹǤͳ –”‘†—…–‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͻ ʹǤʹ ‘…‡’–—ƒŽ‹œ‹‰…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ƒ†…Š‘‹…‡•ƒ•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹‡”•‘ˆ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ͳ ʹǤ͵ ’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹œ‡…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ƒ†‘„‹Ž‹–›…Š‘‹…‡•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵͵

ʹǤͶ ƒ–ƒƒ†‡–Š‘†•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵͸

ʹǤͷ ‡•—Ž–•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ͻ ʹǤ͸ ‹•…—••‹‘•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶͷ ʹǤ͹ ‘…Ž—•‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶ͹

3 DIGITALIZATION AND MIGRATION: THE ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA AND MIGRANT NETWORKS IN MIGRATION DECISIONS. AN EXPLORATORY STUDY IN NIGERIA ... 51

͵Ǥͳ –”‘†—…–‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷͳ

͵Ǥʹ ‘…‹ƒŽ‡†‹ƒǡ‹‰”ƒ–‡–™‘”•ƒ†‹‰”ƒ–‹‘‡…‹•‹‘•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷʹ

͵Ǥ͵ Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷ͵

͵ǤͶ ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷͶ

͵Ǥͷ ‡•—Ž–•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸ͳ

͵Ǥ͸ ‹•…—••‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸͵

͵Ǥ͹ ‘…Ž—•‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸ͷ 4 EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION CAMPAIGNS ON THE IRREGULAR MIGRATION INTENTIONS USING A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL: A PROOF OF CONCEPT EXPLORATORY RESEARCH ... 68 ͶǤͳ –”‘†—…–‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸ͺ ͶǤʹ ””‡‰—Žƒ”‹‰”ƒ–‹‘†‡…‹•‹‘ƒ†‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘…ƒ’ƒ‹‰•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸ͻ ͶǤ͵ ˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‰–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡‡••‘ˆ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘…ƒ’ƒ‹‰•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͹͹

ͶǤͶ ‡•—Ž–•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͺ͹

ͶǤͷ ‹•…—••‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͺͻ ͶǤ͸ ‘…Ž—•‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͻͲ

5 UNDERSTANDING INTEGRATION EXPERIENCE AND WELLBEING OF MIGRANTS THROUGH

ASPIRATIONS AND CAPABILITIES. THE CASE OF NIGERIAN ASYLUM SEEKERS IN ITALY ... 94 ͷǤͳ –”‘†—…–‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͻͶ ͷǤʹ Š‡…‘…‡’–—ƒŽˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͻ͸

ͷǤ͵ ƒ–ƒƒ†‡–Š‘†•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͻ͹

ͷǤͶ ‡•—Ž–•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͻͻ

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ͷǤͷ ‹•…—••‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͲ͹

ͷǤ͸ ‘…Ž—•‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳͲ 6 HOW DOES INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IMPACT ON RURAL AREAS IN DEVELOPING

COUNTRIES? A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ... 113

͸Ǥͳ –”‘†—…–‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳ͵

͸Ǥʹ ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳͷ

͸Ǥ͵ ‡•—Ž–•ƒ††‹•…—••‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ͵ͳ

͸ǤͶ ‘…Ž—•‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͶͳ 7 INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, REMITTANCE AND FOOD SECURITY DURING FOOD CRISES: THE CASE STUDY OF NIGERIA ... 144

͹Ǥͳ –”‘†—…–‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͶͶ

͹Ǥʹ Š‡‹‰‡”‹ƒ‘–‡š–ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͶ͹

͹Ǥ͵ ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͶͺ

͹ǤͶ ‡•—Ž–•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͷͶ

͹Ǥͷ ‹•…—••‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ͸Ͳ

͹Ǥ͸ ‘…Ž—•‹‘ƒ†‘Ž‹…›’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ͸ͳ 8 CONCLUSION ... 164 ͺǤͳ —ƒ”›‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ͸Ͷ ͺǤʹ ‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ†’‘Ž‹…›‹’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ͸ͻ ͺǤ͵ ‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†ˆ—–—”‡”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ͹͹

REFERENCES ... 180 APPENDIX ... 217

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ƒ„Ž‡ͳǤͳŠ‡‡•‡ƒ”…Š“—‡•–‹‘•ƒ††‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘Šƒ’–‡”•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͺ

ƒ„Ž‡ͳǤʹ—ƒ”›‘ˆ†ƒ–ƒ…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘ƒ†ƒƒŽ›–‹…ƒŽ‡–Š‘†ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͳ

ƒ„Ž‡ʹǤͳ—ƒ”›‘ˆ‹†‡’‡†‡–˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•ȋα͵ʹͲȌǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ͻ

ƒ„Ž‡ʹǤʹ‡•…”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ƒ†‹‰”ƒ–‹‘“—‡•–‹‘•ȋα͵ʹͲȌǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶͲ

ƒ„Ž‡ʹǤ͵‡•—Ž–•ˆ”‘–Š‡Ž‘‰‹•–‹…”‡‰”‡••‹‘‡•–‹ƒ–‡•‘–Š‡ˆƒ…–‘”•ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡™‹ŽŽ‹‰‡••

ƒ†’”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡–‘‹‰”ƒ–‡ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶʹ

ƒ„Ž‡͵Ǥͳ—ƒ”›‘ˆ†ƒ–ƒȋα͵ʹͲȌǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷͺ

ƒ„Ž‡͵Ǥʹ ƒ…–‘”Ž‘ƒ†‹‰”‡˜‡ƒŽ‹‰–™‘…‘’‘‡–•ˆ‘”–Š‡…‘ˆ‹”ƒ–‘”›ˆƒ…–‘”ƒƒŽ›•‹•ȋα͵ʹͲȌǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸Ͳ

ƒ„Ž‡͵Ǥ͵ ƒ…–‘”•‹ˆŽ—‡…‹‰•‘…‹ƒŽ‡†‹ƒ—•‡ȋα͵ʹͲȌǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸ͳ

ƒ„Ž‡͵ǤͶŠ‡‹’ƒ…–‘ˆ•‘…‹ƒŽ‡†‹ƒ‘‹…‘’Ž‡–‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ȋα͵ʹͲȌǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸ʹ

ƒ„Ž‡͵Ǥͷ‘™•‘…‹ƒŽ‡†‹ƒǡ‹‰”ƒ–‡–™‘”•ƒ†‹…‘’Ž‡–‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹ˆŽ—‡…‡‹‰”ƒ–‹‘

‹–‡–‹‘ȋα͵ʹͲȌǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸͵

ƒ„Ž‡ͶǤͳ–—†‡–•ƒ†•…Š‘‘Ž…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͺͷ

ƒ„Ž‡ͶǤʹŠ‡–”‡ƒ–‡–‡ˆˆ‡…–•‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘‘–Š‡–”‡ƒ–‡†‰”‘—’ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͺͺ

ƒ„Ž‡ͷǤͳ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‰”ƒ–‹‰‘ˆ’”‘–‡…–‹‘•–ƒ–—•‹–ƒŽ›‹ʹͲͳͻǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͻͺ

ƒ„Ž‡ͷǤʹŠƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•‘ˆ”‡•’‘†‡–•ȋα͸ͶȌǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͲͲ

ƒ„Ž‡ͷǤ͵…‘‘‹…ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•‘ˆ”‡•’‘†‡–•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͲͶ

ƒ„Ž‡͸Ǥͳ‡ƒ”…Š–‡”•—•‡†‹–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳͺ

ƒ„Ž‡͸Ǥʹ˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ•–—†‹‡•‹…Ž—†‡†‹–Š‡•›•–‡ƒ–‹…”‡˜‹‡™ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳʹͳ

ƒ„Ž‡͸Ǥ͵”–‹…Ž‡“—ƒŽ‹–›•–ƒ†ƒ”†ƒ••‡••‡–ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ͵Ͳ

ƒ„Ž‡͸ǤͶ‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰”‡‰‹‘•ƒ†…‘—–”‹‡•”‡’”‡•‡–‡†‹–Š‡ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ͵ʹ

ƒ„Ž‡͸Ǥͷ‡•…”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š†‡•‹‰ƒ†‡–Š‘†•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ͵͵

ƒ„Ž‡͹Ǥͳ—ƒ”›‘ˆŽ‡ƒ†‹‰‹†‹…ƒ–‘”•—•‡†‹–Š‡•–—†›ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͷͳ

ƒ„Ž‡͹Ǥʹ‡•…”‹’–‹˜‡•–ƒ–‹•–‹…•‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͷͷ

ƒ„Ž‡͹Ǥ͵‘’ƒ”‹‰ˆ‘‘†•‡…—”‹–›Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ”‡‹––ƒ…‡ƒ†‘Ǧ”‡‹––ƒ…‡Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͷ͸

ƒ„Ž‡͹ǤͶ‘†‡Ž‡•–‹ƒ–‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‹’ƒ…–‘ˆ”‡‹––ƒ…‡‘ˆ‘‘†‡š’‡†‹–—”‡Ž‡˜‡Ž•ȋαͷ͹ͲȌǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͷͺ

ƒ„Ž‡͹Ǥͷ•–‹ƒ–‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹’ƒ…–‘ˆ”‡‹––ƒ…‡‘ˆ‘‘†‡š’‡†‹–—”‡Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘•—„Ǧ•ƒ’Ž‡•„›”‡‰‹‘

ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͷͻ

ƒ„Ž‡͹Ǥ͸‡‹––ƒ…‡ǡ†‹‡–ƒ”›†‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ…‘’‹‰’”ƒ…–‹…‡•ǡƒ†Ž‘‰–‡”ˆ‘‘†•‡…—”‹–›‡š’‡”‹‡…‡•ǤǤͳͷͻ

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‘šͳǤͳ”‹‡ˆ†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘•‘ˆ„ƒ•‹……‘…‡’–•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷ

‘šͳǤʹŽ‘••ƒ”›‘•‡Ž‡…–‡†‹‰”ƒ–‹‘–‡”‹‘Ž‘‰‹‡•—•‡†‹–Š‡†‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳʹ

‘šͺǤͳ—ƒ”›‘ˆ‡›”‡•—Ž–•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ͸ͷ

‘šͺǤʹšƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆŽ‡‰ƒŽ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘’ƒ–Š™ƒ›•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ͹Ͷ

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‹‰—”‡ͳǤͳŠ‡…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǧ„ƒ•‡†‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ͸

‹‰—”‡ͳǤʹŠ‡–Š”‡‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š“—‡•–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡†‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͺ ‹‰—”‡ͳǤ͵‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘•–”—…–—”‡ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹ͸

‹‰—”‡ʹǤͳ‘„‹Ž‹–›†‡…‹•‹‘ƒ–”‹š‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ƒ†ˆ”‡‡†‘•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ʹ ‹‰—”‡ʹǤʹŽ‘–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‡ˆˆ‡…–•‘ˆ–Š‡…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‹†‡š‘–Š‡™‹ŽŽ‹‰‡••–‘‹‰”ƒ–‡ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶ͵

‹‰—”‡ʹǤ͵’Ž‘–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‡ˆˆ‡…–•‘ˆ–Š‡‹…‘‡…ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•‘–Š‡™‹ŽŽ‹‰‡••–‘‹‰”ƒ–‡ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶͶ ‹‰—”‡ʹǤͶŽ‘–‘ˆ–Š‡•—„Œ‡…–‹˜‡™‡ŽŽǦ„‡‹‰ȋŽ‹ˆ‡•ƒ–‹•ˆƒ…–‹‘Ȍ‘–Š‡‹‰”ƒ–‹‘™‹ŽŽ‹‰‡••ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶͶ ‹‰—”‡ʹǤͷŽ‘–‘ˆƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‡ˆˆ‡…–•‘ˆ–Š‡…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‹†‡š‘–Š‡‹‰”ƒ–‹‘’”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶͷ ‹‰—”‡ͶǤͳ””‡‰—Žƒ”‹‰”ƒ–‹‘†‡…‹•‹‘ƒ†‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘…ƒ’ƒ‹‰•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͹Ͳ ‹‰—”‡ͶǤʹŠ‡‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘Ž‘‰‹…‘ˆ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘…ƒ’ƒ‹‰ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͹ͺ ‹‰—”‡ͶǤ͵”ƒ’Š‹…ƒŽ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡–”‡ƒ–‡–‡ˆˆ‡…–•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͺͻ ‹‰—”‡ͷǤͳ Ž‘™…Šƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ•›Ž—’”‘…‡†—”‡‹–ƒŽ›ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͲʹ ‹‰—”‡ͷǤʹ‘™•ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡†ƒ”‡›‘—‹–ƒŽ›…‘’ƒ”‡†–‘›‘—”‡š’‡…–ƒ–‹‘„‡ˆ‘”‡‹‰”ƒ–‹‰ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͲ͸

‹‰—”‡͸Ǥͳ‘…‡’–—ƒŽˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳ͹

‹‰—”‡͸Ǥʹ Ž‘™†‹ƒ‰”ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ’‡”‹…Ž—•‹‘’”‘…‡••ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳʹͲ ‹‰—”‡͸Ǥ͵‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡›‡ƒ”‘ˆ’—„Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ƒ†›‡ƒ”‘ˆ†ƒ–ƒ…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ͵ʹ ‹‰—”‡͸ǤͶ”‘…‡••‘—–…‘‡•‡šƒ‹‡†ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ͵Ͷ ‹‰—”‡͸Ǥͷ‡Žˆƒ”‡‹†‹…ƒ–‘”•‡šƒ‹‡†‹–Š‡’ƒ’‡”•ȋαͶͶȌǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ͵ͷ ‹‰—”‡͹Ǥͳ‹‰‡”‹ƒƒ’•Š‘™‹‰–Š‡…ƒ•‡•–—†›ƒ”‡ƒ•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͶͻ ‹‰—”‡͹Ǥʹ‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ƒ––‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘‘†‡…—”‹–›†‹…ƒ–‘”•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͷ͹

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ƒ‹‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘”‹–‡”‹‘

•›Ž—ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡

ƒ›‡•‹ƒˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘”‹–‡”‹‘

‡†‡”ƒŽ‹‹•–”›ˆ‘”…‘‘‹…‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ȋ‡”ƒȌ ‘ƒŽ‹–‹‘‰ƒ‹•–—ƒ”ƒˆˆ‹…‹‰ƒ†‡š—ƒŽš’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ‹Ž†”‡

‡–”ƒŽƒ‘ˆ‹‰‡”‹ƒ

‘ˆ‹”ƒ–‘”› ƒ…–‘”ƒŽ›•‹•

‘’‹‰–”ƒ–‡‰›†‡š

‡˜ƒ–‘’‡–”‡ˆ‘”ˆ”‹…ƒ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–

†‘–ƒ–‡‰‡…›ƒ‰ƒ‹•–—ƒ”ƒˆˆ‹…‹‰

—”‘’‡ƒ‹‘

‘‘†ƒ†‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘

‘…—•”‘—’‹•…—••‹‘

‘‘†•‡…—”‹–›š’‡”‹‡…‡…ƒŽ‡

‘‘†‡…—”‹–›ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‡–™‘”

”‘••‘‡•–‹…”‘†—…–

‡‡”ƒŽ‘—•‡Š‘Ž†—”˜‡›

‡‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡†‡–Š‘†‘ˆ‘‡–•

‡‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡†–”—…–—”ƒŽ“—ƒ–‹‘‘†‡Ž

‡‹‰Š–Ǧˆ‘”Ǧ‰‡

‘—•‡Š‘Ž†‹‡–ƒ”›‹˜‡”•‹–›…‘”‡

‡ƒŽ–Š‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›••‡••‡–

ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›

–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ —†ˆ‘”‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–

–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘‘†‘Ž‹…›‡•‡ƒ”…Š•–‹–—–‹‘

–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘‡–ƒ”› —†•

–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”‹‰”ƒ–‹‘

‹‰”ƒ–‹‘‡ˆ—‰‡‡•ƒ†‹–‹œ‡•Š‹’ƒƒ†ƒ

–ƒŽ‹ƒ–ƒ–‹•–‹…•

ƒ‹•‡”Ǧ‡›‡”ǦŽ‹‡ƒ•—”‡‘ˆƒ’Ž‹‰†‡“—ƒ…›

‘™Ǧ‹…‘‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰‘—–”‹‡•

‹˜‹‰–ƒ†ƒ”†‡ƒ•—”‡‡–—”˜‡›

ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‰‡…›ˆ‘”–Š‡”‘Š‹„‹–‹‘‘ˆ”ƒˆˆ‹…‹‰‹‡”•‘•

‘Ǧ‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽ”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•

ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘—–Š‡”˜‹…‡‘‹••‹‘

ˆˆ‹…‹ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–••‹•–ƒ…‡

”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”…‘‘‹…‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–

”†‹ƒ”›‡ƒ•–“—ƒ”‡

ƒ†‘‹œ‡†‘–”‘Ž”‹ƒŽ

—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ƒŽ•

–”—…–—”ƒŽ“—ƒ–‹‘‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰

”‘–‡…–‹‘›•–‡”‘‰”ƒ‡ˆ‘”•›Ž—‡‡‡”•ƒ†‡ˆ—‰‡‡•

—„ǦƒŠƒ”ƒˆ”‹…ƒ

—„Œ‡…–‡ŽŽǦ„‡‹‰

‹–‡†‹‰†‘

‹–‡†ƒ–‹‘•

(14)

š‹‹‹

‹–‡†ƒ–‹‘•‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–”‘‰”ƒ‡

‹–‡†ƒ–‹‘•Š‹Ž†”‡ —†

‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•‘ŽŽƒ”

‡‹‰Š–Ǧˆ‘”Ǧ‰‡

‘”Ž† ‘‘†”‘‰”ƒ‡

‘”Ž†‡ƒŽ–Š”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘

‡‹‰Š–Ǧˆ‘”Ǧ‡‹‰Š–

‘‡”ƒˆˆ‹…‹‰ƒ†Š‹Ž†ƒ„‘—””ƒ†‹…ƒ–‹‘ ‘—†ƒ–‹‘

(15)

š‹˜

S UMMARY

Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹‰”ƒ–• Šƒ• „‡‡ ”‹•‹‰ •‹…‡ –Š‡ Žƒ•– †‡…ƒ†‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ƒ

’”‡†‘‹ƒ–—„‡”‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‡‘Ǧ‹‰”ƒ–•ǤŠ‡‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ˆŽ‘™•‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡••

Šƒ˜‡ƒ––”ƒ…–‡†–Š‡‹–‡”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š…‘—‹–›Ǥ—””‡–Ž›ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ˜ƒ•–Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡‘

–Š‡–”‡†ǡ†”‹˜‡”•ǡƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ‹’ƒ…–•‘ˆ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ–Š‹•†‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘ǡ

ƒ”‰—‡–Šƒ––Š‡”‡‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ‡‡†–‘•–—†›™Š›•‘‡’‡‘’Ž‡‹‰”ƒ–‡ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”•†‘‘–‹‰”ƒ–‡

ƒ†™Š›•‘‡‹‰”ƒ–•…‘–”‹„—–‡–‘–Š‡‹”Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†•ǯ™‡Žˆƒ”‡™Š‹Ž‡‘–Š‡”•†‘‘–ǤŠ‡•‡

ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ “—‡•–‹‘• …ƒ „‡ ƒ††”‡••‡† „› ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹‰ –Š‡ •‘…‹‘‡…‘‘‹…• ‘ˆ ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘

†‡…‹•‹‘• ƒ† ‘—–…‘‡• ‘ˆ ƒ •’‡…‹ˆ‹… ‰”‘—’ ‘ˆ ’‡‘’Ž‡ „‡ˆ‘”‡ ƒ† ƒˆ–‡” ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡

‡‘…Žƒ••‹…ƒŽ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘–Š‡‘”‹‡•—’‘™Š‹…Š’”‡˜‹‘—•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹•„ƒ•‡†ƒ›„‡‹ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡–‘

—†‡”–ƒ‡ –Š‹• …‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡…‡ǡ ƒ†‘’–‡† ƒ ‘˜‡Ž …ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǧ„ƒ•‡†

‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ƒ†ƒ††”‡••‡†–Š”‡‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š“—‡•–‹‘•ǤͳȌŠ‘™†‘…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•‹ˆŽ—‡…‡

‹‰”ƒ–‹‘†‡…‹•‹‘•ǢʹȌ™Šƒ–ƒ”‡–Š‡…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǧ†‡’”‹˜‹‰…‘•–”ƒ‹–•ˆƒ…‡†„›‹‰”ƒ–•‹–Š‡

Š‘•–…‘—–”‹‡•ǡƒ†͵ȌŠ‘™†‘‹‰”ƒ–•…‘–”‹„—–‡–‘…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‹’”‘˜‡‡–‹–Š‡‹”Š‘‡

…‘—–”‹‡•ǫ ‡š’Ž‘”‡† ‹‰‡”‹ƒ –‘ –ƒŽ› ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ …‘””‹†‘” ƒ† …‘ŽŽ‡…–‡† †ƒ–ƒ ˆ”‘ ‹‰‡”‹ƒ•

„‡ˆ‘”‡‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒˆ–‡”‹‰”ƒ–‹‘–‘–ƒŽ›Ǥ‹š‡†Ǧ‡–Š‘†ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š™ƒ•ƒ†‘’–‡†‹–Š‡

”‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡ ‹…Ž—†‹‰ •›•–‡ƒ–‹… ”‡˜‹‡™ǡ •‡…‘†ƒ”› †ƒ–ƒ ƒƒŽ›•‹• ƒ†ǡ “—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ†

“—ƒ–‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒƒŽ›•‡• ‘ˆ ’”‹ƒ”› †ƒ–ƒǤ Š‡ †‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘ ‹• †‹˜‹†‡† ‹–‘ ‡‹‰Š– …Šƒ’–‡”•Ǥ

•—ƒ”›‘ˆ–Š‡…Šƒ’–‡”•‹•ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•Ǥ

Šƒ’–‡” ͳ …”‹–‹…ƒŽŽ› ”‡˜‹‡™‡† –Š‡ ‡‘…Žƒ••‹…ƒŽ ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ –Š‡‘”‹‡• ƒ† …‘…‡’–—ƒŽ‹œ‡• –Š‡

ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘Ǧ…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ƒ•ƒ’”‘•’‡…–‹‹‰”ƒ–‹‘–Š‡‘”›ǤŠ‹•Šƒ’–‡”•Š‘™‡†–Šƒ–

‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡‡‘…Žƒ••‹…ƒŽ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ –Š‡‘”‹‡•™‡”‡ƒ†‡‹–Š‡ʹͲ–Š…‡–—”›ǤŠ‡›ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ

”‡“—‹”‡ ƒ —’†ƒ–‡ –‘ ƒ……‘‘†ƒ–‡ ‡™ ‹••—‡• ‹ –Š‡ …‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ †›ƒ‹…•Ǥ –

™‡– ˆ—”–Š‡” –‘ Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š– •‹š ‰‡‡”ƒŽ •Š‘”–…‘‹‰• ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ –Š‡‘”‹‡•Ǥ Š‡•‡ •Š‘”–…‘‹‰•

‹…Ž—†‡–Šƒ––Š‡›’‡”…‡‹˜‡‹‰”ƒ–‹‘†‡…‹•‹‘•ƒ•Ž‹‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†™‹–ŠŠƒ”†•Š‹’•™‹–Š‘—–

…‘•‹†‡”‹‰ –Š‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ …ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•‹ ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ †‡…‹•‹‘•Ǥ ‡•‹†‡•ǡ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ –‘‘

†‡–‡”‹‹•–‹…ǡ‡…‘‘‹…ƒŽŽ›…‡–‡”‡†ǡƒ†‘”‹‰‹„‹ƒ•‡†ǤŠ‡›‡‰Ž‡…–™Š›‹‘„‹Ž‹–›‘……—”•

ƒ† ‘ˆ–‡ †‘ ‘– …‘•‹†‡” –Š‡ Š—ƒ ƒ‰‡…› ƒ† ”‹‰Š–• ‘ˆ ‹‰”ƒ–• ‹ –Š‡‹” †‹•…—••‹‘•Ǥ ǡ

–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ ƒ”‰—‡ –Šƒ– ƒ —Ž–‹ˆƒ…‡–‡† ƒ† —Ž–‹†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ …ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š –Šƒ–

…‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡•Š—ƒƒ‰‡…›ƒ†…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•…ƒƒ††”‡••–Š‡•‡•Š‘”–…‘‹‰•Ǥ‡…‡ǡƒ†‘’–‡†

–Š‡…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǧ„ƒ•‡†‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ƒ•–Š‡ƒ‹ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”‹–Š‹•†‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

Šƒ’–‡”ʹ—•‡†–Š‡…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǧ„ƒ•‡†‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”–‘‡š’Žƒ‹‘„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†‹‘„‹Ž‹–›

†‡…‹•‹‘•ǤŠ‡•–—†›ƒ‹•–‘ƒ††‹•‹‰Š–•‹–‘Š‘™–Š‡…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•‘‡‘™•ƒ†ˆ”‡‡†‘•‘ˆ

(16)

š˜

…Š‘‹…‡‘‡…ƒƒ‡“—ƒŽ‹ˆ›™Š‘…ƒ‹‰”ƒ–‡ƒ†™Š‘…ƒ‘–ƒˆˆ‘”†–‘‹‰”ƒ–‡™Š‡‡š’‘•‡†

–‘–Š‡•ƒ‡Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆŠƒ”†•Š‹’•ǤŠ‡Š›’‘–Š‡•‹•‹•–Šƒ–ˆ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽ…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ǡ•‘…‹ƒŽ…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ǡ

’•›…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ …ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ǡ ƒ† ’Š›•‹…ƒŽ …ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡• ƒ”‡ ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ ‡Ž‡‡–• –Šƒ– †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‡

™Š‘…ƒ‹‰”ƒ–‡ƒ†™Š‘…ƒ‘–‹‰”ƒ–‡ƒ‘‰’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•™‹–Š‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ•‹‰

‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‘”› †ƒ–ƒ ˆ”‘ ‹‰‡”‹ƒǡ ”‡‰”‡••‡† –Š‡•‡ …ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡• ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ‘„‹Ž‹–› …Š‘‹…‡•Ǥ Š‡

”‡•—Ž–••Š‘™–Šƒ–…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•Šƒ˜‡ƒ„‹‘†ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’™‹–Š‘„‹Ž‹–›…Š‘‹…‡•ǡ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‹‰ˆ‘—”

†‹•–‹…–‰”‘—’•Ǧ˜‘Ž—–ƒ”›‘„‹Ž‹–›ǡ…‘•–”ƒ‹–‘„‹Ž‹–›ǡ˜‘Ž—–ƒ”›‹‘„‹Ž‹–›ǡƒ†ƒ…“—‹‡•…‡–

‹‘„‹Ž‹–›‰”‘—’•Ǥ‡…‡ǡ‹–…‘–”ƒ†‹…–•–Š‡‘ˆ–‡ǦŽ‹‡ƒ””‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•„‡–™‡‡Šƒ”†•Š‹’ƒ†

‹‰”ƒ–‹‘•Š‘™‹’”‡˜‹‘—•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š„ƒ•‡†‘‡‘…Žƒ••‹…ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰Ǥǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ…‘…Ž—†‡

–Šƒ–Š—ƒ…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ƒ†…Š‘‹…‡•‡‡†–‘„‡ƒ……‘”†‡†ƒ––‡–‹‘‹–Š‡•–—†›‘ˆ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘

†‡…‹•‹‘•ƒ†‘—–…‘‡•Ǥ

Šƒ’–‡” ͵ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡• Š‘™ –Š‡ ’‘••‡••‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹•—ˆˆ‹…‹‡– …ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡• ƒ› Ž‡ƒ† –‘ ™”‘‰

‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ †‡…‹•‹‘•Ǥ …‘•‹†‡” ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ‡–‹–Ž‡‡– –Šƒ– ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡•

‹‰”ƒ–‹‘†‡…‹•‹‘•ƒ†Š‘™‹–‹•’Žƒ‡†ƒ†‡š‡…—–‡†Ǥ‡š’Ž‘”‡Š‘™‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ƒ‡–Š‡‹”

‹‰”ƒ–‹‘†‡…‹•‹‘•™Š‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹•’”‘˜‹†‡†„›‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ•‘—”…‡•Ž‹‡‹‰”ƒ–•ǯ‡–™‘”•

ƒ†•‘…‹ƒŽ‡†‹ƒǤŠ‡•–—†›™ƒ•…‘†—…–‡†—•‹‰†ƒ–ƒˆ”‘‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•Ž‹˜‹‰‹‹‰‡”‹ƒƒ†

ƒƒŽ›œ‡†™‹–Šƒ‡‡”ƒŽ‹•‡†–”—…–—”ƒŽ“—ƒ–‹‘‘†‡Žǡ”ƒ”‡ˆ‘”–Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤ ˆ‹†ƒ†—ƒŽ

‡†‹ƒ–‹‰”‘Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‘…‹ƒŽ‡†‹ƒƒ†–Š‡‹‰”ƒ–‡–™‘”•‹ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‰‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡•‡

”‘Ž‡• ‹…Ž—†‡ ”‡†—…‹‰ –Š‡ –Š”‡•Š‘Ž† …‘•– ”‡“—‹”‡† –‘ ‹‰”ƒ–‡ ƒ† ‹–”‘†—…‹‰ ƒ „‹ƒ• ‹

‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ•›‡–”›ǤŠ‹Ž‡•‘…‹ƒŽ‡†‹ƒƒ†ƒ……‡••–‘‹‰”ƒ–‡–™‘”•†‹”‡…–Ž›‹…”‡ƒ•‡

‹‰”ƒ–‹‘‹–‡–‹‘•ǡ–Š‹•…Šƒ‰‡•™Š‡‹…‘’Ž‡–‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹•’”‘˜‹†‡†Ǥ‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘—•‡

•‘…‹ƒŽ‡†‹ƒƒ†–Š‡‹”‹‰”ƒ–‡–™‘”•ˆ‘”‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡‘”‡Ž‹‡Ž›–‘Šƒ˜‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘

ƒ„‘—– †‡•–‹ƒ–‹‘ …‘—–”‹‡• –Šƒ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ –Š‡ –”ƒ•‹– ”‹•Ǥ Š‹• ”‡•—Ž– ‹’Ž‹‡• –Šƒ–

‹•—ˆˆ‹…‹‡– …ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡• –‘ ƒ……‡•• ƒ……—”ƒ–‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ› Ž‡ƒ† –‘ ‹””‡‰—Žƒ” ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘

†‡…‹•‹‘•ǤŠ‘•‡™Š‘‹‰”ƒ–‡‹””‡‰—Žƒ”Ž›…ƒŠƒ˜‡Š‹‰Š‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘„—–Ž‘™…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–›

Ž‡˜‡Ž•–‘‹‰”ƒ–‡ǤŠ‡›ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡƒ‡—•‡‘ˆ•‘…‹ƒŽ‡†‹ƒƒ†‡–™‘”•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰–”ƒˆˆ‹…‡”•

ƒ†•—‰‰Ž‡”•ǡ–‘ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡–Š‡‹”‹‰”ƒ–‹‘†‡•‹”‡•Ǥ

Šƒ’–‡” Ͷ †‡‘•–”ƒ–‡• Š‘™ –‘ ‡Šƒ…‡ ƒ……‡•• –‘ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ …ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡• —•‹‰ ƒ ˆ‘”ƒŽ

•‘—”…‡‘ˆ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǧ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘…ƒ’ƒ‹‰•Ǥˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘…ƒ’ƒ‹‰•ƒ”‡ƒ‘‰–Š‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽ

‡ƒ•—”‡• —•‡† –‘ †‡–‡” ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‹‰”ƒ–• ˆ”‘ ‡–‡”‹‰ —”‘’‡ ‹””‡‰—Žƒ”Ž›Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡

‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡‡••‘ˆ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘…ƒ’ƒ‹‰•‹ƒƒ‰‹‰‹””‡‰—Žƒ”‹‰”ƒ–‹‘Šƒ•„‡‡…”‹–‹…‹œ‡†Ǥ

“—‡•–‹‘–Š‡™ƒ›–Š‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘…ƒ’ƒ‹‰•ƒ”‡†‡•‹‰‡†ƒ†ƒ••‡••‡†•‘ˆƒ”Ǥ›—’ƒ…‹‰

–Š‡ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘Ǧ…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”‘ˆ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡–Š‡‘”‹‡•–Šƒ–‡š’Žƒ‹Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ†

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š˜‹

’Žƒ‡†„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǡ‡š’Žƒ‹‡†–Š‡ˆƒ…–‘”•–Šƒ–ƒ›‹ˆŽ—‡…‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘…ƒ’ƒ‹‰•ǯ•—……‡••Ǥ ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡…—””‡––”‡†‘ˆ—•‹‰”ƒ†‘‹œ‡†…‘–”‘ŽŽ‡†–”‹ƒŽ•‹‹’ƒ…–‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ǡ–‡•–

•—…Šƒƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‰–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡‡••‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–†‡•‹‰•‘ˆ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘…ƒ’ƒ‹‰•Ǥ

’”‡•‡–‡†ƒ’”‘‘ˆ‘ˆ…‘…‡’–‘ƒŽ‹‹–‡†•ƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ›‘—‰•–‡”•‹†‘–ƒ–‡ǡ‹‰‡”‹ƒǡ‡š’Ž‘”‹‰

Š‘™ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ „”‘—‰Š– –‘ –Š‡ ˜‡”„ƒŽŽ›ǡ ‹–Š‡ ƒ„•‡…‡ǡ ƒ† …‘„‹‡† ™‹–Š™”‹––‡ ƒ†

˜‹†‡‘‡••ƒ‰‡•…Šƒ‰‡–Š‡‹”‡š’”‡••‡†‹–‡–‹‘–‘‹‰”ƒ–‡‹””‡‰—Žƒ”Ž›ǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–•Š‘™•–Šƒ–

‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘…ƒ’ƒ‹‰•…ƒ‡Šƒ…‡ƒ……‡••–‘ƒ……—”ƒ–‡‹‰”ƒ–‹‘‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹’”‘˜‡”‹•

’‡”…‡’–‹‘ƒ†…Šƒ‰‡‹–‡–‹‘–‘‹‰”ƒ–‡‹””‡‰—Žƒ”Ž›Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡†‡•‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡…ƒ’ƒ‹‰‹•

…”‹–‹…ƒŽǤ…‘•‹†‡”–Š‡•–—†›ƒ™‘”–Š™Š‹Ž‡‡ˆˆ‘”––‘‘’‡–Š‡†‘‘”ˆ‘”‘”‡‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘•‘

”‘„—•–‡˜‹†‡…‡‘ˆ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘…ƒ’ƒ‹‰•ǯƒ…–—ƒŽ‹’ƒ…–Ǥ

Šƒ’–‡”ͷ‡šƒ‹‡•–Š‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‡š’‡”‹‡…‡ƒ†™‡ŽŽǦ„‡‹‰‘ˆ‹‰‡”‹ƒƒ•›Ž—•‡‡‡”•‹

–ƒŽ›Ǥ–‘–‹˜ƒ–‡•–Šƒ–™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡‘‹‰”ƒ–•ǯ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†™‡ŽŽǦ„‡‹‰‹•ƒ’Ž‡ǡ–Š‡

…ƒ•‡‘ˆƒ•›Ž—•‡‡‡”•‹ƒ’”‘–”ƒ…–‡†ƒ•›Ž—ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•›•–‡‹•›‡––‘”‡…‡‹˜‡•—ˆˆ‹…‹‡–

ƒ––‡–‹‘Ǥ —•‡† ƒ ‹š‡†Ǧ‡–Š‘† ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Šǡ …‘„‹‹‰ ˆ‘…—• ‰”‘—’ †‹•…—••‹‘•ǡ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ

‹–‡”˜‹‡™•ǡ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•ǡƒ†•—”˜‡›•–‘ƒƒŽ›œ‡‹‰‡”‹ƒ‹‹‰”ƒ–•™ƒ‹–‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”ƒ•›Ž—

†‡…‹•‹‘•‹–™‘…‹–‹‡•‹–ƒŽ›Ǥˆ‹†–Šƒ––Š‡›‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡–Š‡‹”™‡ŽŽǦ„‡‹‰„›”‡ˆŽ‡…–‹‰‘–Š‡‹”

’”‡‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ ‡š’‡…–ƒ–‹‘• ȋƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘•Ȍǡ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ …‘•–”ƒ‹–•ǡ ƒ† …ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ǥ Š‡

”‡•’‘†‡–• ™Š‘Šƒ† ™‹–‡••‡† ƒ Ž‘‰ †‡Žƒ›‹ –Š‡‹” ƒ•›Ž— ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•”‡’‘”–Ž‘™‡” Ž‹ˆ‡

•ƒ–‹•ˆƒ…–‹‘–Šƒ–Š‡‹”•ƒ–‹•ˆƒ…–‹‘‹‹‰‡”‹ƒǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡ƒˆˆ‡…–‡†„›•‡˜‡”ƒŽ•–”—…–—”ƒŽǡ‡…‘‘‹…ǡ

•‘…‹ƒŽǡ ƒ† ’•›…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ƒ† ”‡’‘”– ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘ ‰ƒ’•Ǥ Š‡•‡ …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•

ƒˆˆ‡…––Š‡…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘ƒ…“—‹”‡ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡Š‘—•‹‰ǡ•‡†”‡‹––ƒ…‡•ƒ†ƒ‡ƒ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—ŽŽ‹ˆ‡

†‡…‹•‹‘Ǥ‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡•–—†›†‡•…”‹„‡•™Šƒ–‹–‹•Ž‹‡–‘Ž‹˜‡‹Ž‹„‘ƒ†ˆ”—•–”ƒ–‹‘ǡ™‹–Šƒ

Ž‹‹–‡†ƒ••—”ƒ…‡ˆ‘”ƒ„‡––‡”–‘‘””‘™ǤŠ‡…”‹–‹…ƒŽ’‘‹–Š‡”‡‹•–Šƒ––Š‘•‡™Š‘Žƒ…‡† –Š‡

…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•–‘‹‰”ƒ–‡Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡Ž›„—–ˆ‹†ƒ™ƒ›–‘‹‰”ƒ–‡–Š”‘—‰Š‹””‡‰—Žƒ””‘—–‡•ƒŽ•‘ˆƒ…‡

•‡˜‡”ƒŽ …ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡• †‡’”‹˜ƒ–‹‘• ‹ Š‘•– …‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ Š‡•‡ †‡’”‹˜ƒ–‹‘• ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡ Š‘™ –Š‡›

…‘–”‹„—–‡–‘–Š‡‹”Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†•ǯ™‡ŽŽǦ„‡‹‰ǡ™Š‹…Š‹•ƒ‘‰–Š‡–‘’”‡ƒ•‘•ˆ‘”‹‰”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

Šƒ’–‡” ͸ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ –Š‡ …‘–”‹„—–‹‘• ‘ˆ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹‰”ƒ–• –‘ ”—”ƒŽ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‹

†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰…‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ–Š‹••–—†›ǡ†‹†‘–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‡‹ˆ–Š‡‹‰”ƒ–•ƒ”‡”‡‰—Žƒ”‘”‹””‡‰—Žƒ”

‹–Š‡Š‘•–…‘—–”›Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–”›–‘…‘•‹†‡”–Š”‘—‰Šƒ‹†‡ƒŽ‹•–‹…’‘‹–‘ˆ˜‹‡™™Šƒ–…‘—Ž†

Šƒ’’‡‹”—”ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•‹†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰…‘—–”‹‡•‹ˆ‹‰”ƒ–•ƒ”‡‘ˆˆ‡”‡†–Š‡‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ƒ†

ˆ”‡‡†‘•ȋ…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ȍ–‘‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡ƒ†ƒ••‹•––Š‡‹”Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†•ƒ–Š‘‡Ǥ•‹‰ƒ•›•–‡ƒ–‹…

”‡˜‹‡™ǡ‡šƒ‹‡†–Š‡‹’ƒ…–•‘ˆ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘‘•‹š”—”ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡‹†‹…ƒ–‘”•ǣŽƒ„‘”ǡŽ‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†

ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ‹…‘‡ǡˆ‘‘†•‡…—”‹–›ǡŽƒ†—•‡ǡƒ†”—”ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ•–—†‹‡†ͶͶ’ƒ’‡”•”‡–ƒ‹‡†

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š˜‹‹

ˆ”‘ ƒ ’‘‘Ž ‘ˆ ͳͷͶͶ ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• ’—„Ž‹•Š‡† „‡–™‡‡ ʹͲͲ͹ ƒ† ʹͲͳͺǤ ˆ‹† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‹’ƒ…– ‘ˆ

‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ –Š‡ •‡Ž‡…–‡† ‹†‹…ƒ–‘”• ˜ƒ”‹‡• ƒ† ‹• Š‹‰ŠŽ› …‘–‡š–Ǧ•’‡…‹ˆ‹…Ǥ Š‡

”‡•—Ž–•’‘‹––‘Š‡–‡”‘‰‡‡‹–›‹–Š‡‹’ƒ…–•ǡ…”‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ•’ƒ…‡‘ˆŽ‘•‡”•ƒ†™‹‡”•ƒ‘‰

‹‰”ƒ–ƒ†‘Ǧ‹‰”ƒ–Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†•ǤŠ‡‹‡†‹ƒ–‡‹’ƒ…–‹•–Š‡Žƒ„‘”Ž‘••‡ˆˆ‡…–ǤŠ‹•Ž‘••

Ž‡ƒ†•–‘–Š‡ˆ‡‹‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ƒ†‹…”‡ƒ•‡•–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ…Š‹Ž†”‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‹‰‹

‹ˆ‘”ƒŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ǤŠ‡‹–‡”‡†‹ƒ–‡‹’ƒ…–‹˜‘Ž˜‡•…Šƒ‰‡•‹’‘™‡””‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•‹

”—”ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ–„”‹‡ˆŽ›‹…”‡ƒ•‡•–Š‡‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”‘Ǧ‹‰”ƒ–Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†•–‘…‘–”‘ŽŽƒ†Ǥ

‘™‡˜‡”ǡ”‡‹––ƒ…‡•Š‡Ž’‹‰”ƒ–Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†•‘˜‡—’–Š‡‹…‘‡Žƒ††‡”ǡ‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡‹”ˆ‘‘†

•‡…—”‹–›ǡƒ••‹•––Š‡‹”‡’—”…Šƒ•‹‰Žƒ†ǡƒ†Ž‡ƒ†–‘ƒ–”ƒ•‹–‹‘ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡Ǥ …‘…Ž—†‡ –Šƒ– ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ ˆ”‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ …‘—–”‹‡• …‘—Ž† …”‡ƒ–‡ ƒ †›ƒ‹…

’”‘…‡•• ‘ˆ •–”—…–—”ƒŽ ƒ† ˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘• ‹ ”—”ƒŽ ƒ”‡ƒ•ǡ —Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž› Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ –‘ ƒ

–”ƒ•‹–‹‘ ƒ™ƒ› ˆ”‘ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ ƒ• –Š‡ ’”‹ƒ”› •‘—”…‡ ‘ˆ ‹…‘‡ ƒ† Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†Ǥ – ‹• ƒŽ•‘

—†‡”•–‘‘†–Š”‘—‰Š†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‡…‘‘‹…”‡ƒ•‘‹‰–Šƒ––”ƒ•‹–‹‘ˆ”‘ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡‹•–Š‡

’ƒ–Š™ƒ›ˆ‘”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ–‡ƒ•ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Šƒ–•—……‡••ˆ—Ž‹‰”ƒ–•Šƒ˜‡–Š‡…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•–‘

†‡˜‡Ž‘’–Š‡‹”…‘—‹–‹‡•‹ƒ‹†‡ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

Šƒ’–‡”͹ˆ‘…—•‡•‘–Š‡‹’ƒ…–‘ˆ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘‘†•‡…—”‹–› ‹‹‰‡”‹ƒǤŠ‡

Šƒ’–‡” ƒ”‰—‡• –Šƒ– ˆ‘‘†…”‹•‡•‡šƒ…‡”„ƒ–‡†„›‡””ƒ–‹……Ž‹ƒ–‹……Šƒ‰‡•ǡ˜‹‘Ž‡…‡ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”

—…‡”–ƒ‹–‹‡• ƒ”‡ ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ †”‹˜‡”• ‘ˆ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‘ –Š‡ ‹’ƒ…– ‘ˆ

‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†”‡‹––ƒ…‡•‘ˆ‘‘†•‡…—”‹–›Šƒ•‰”‘™Žƒ–‡Ž›ǡ„—–‹–‹•ƒ”‰—ƒ„Ž›‘–…‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡

‹ ‹–• ƒ’’”‘ƒ…ŠǤ Š‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‹‰”ƒ–•ǯ ”‡‹––ƒ…‡• ‹ ‹’”‘˜‹‰ Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž† ˆ‘‘† •‡…—”‹–›

…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•†—”‹‰ˆ‘‘†…”‹•‡•‹•ƒ˜‹–ƒŽ•–”‡ƒ„‡‹‰‡‰Ž‡…–‡†ǡƒ†–Š‡‹’ƒ…–‘ˆ”‡‹––ƒ…‡•‘

ˆ‘‘†•‡…—”‹–›‘˜‡”–Š‡Ž‘‰Ǧ–‡”‹•›‡––‘„‡•–—†‹‡†…‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ‘ˆ‹ŽŽ–Š‹•‰ƒ’ǡƒƒŽ›œ‡†

‹‰‡”‹ƒǯ•…ƒ•‡•–—†›—•‹‰ƒ‘”Ž†ƒ‹˜‹‰–ƒ†ƒ”†•†ƒ–ƒ•‡–ƒ†ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†ƒ‹•–”—‡–ƒŽ

˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ…ŠǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–••Š‘™‡†–Šƒ–”‡‹––ƒ…‡‹•˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡‹‡‡–‹‰„‘–Š•Š‘”–ƒ†Ž‘‰Ǧ

–‡”ˆ‘‘†•‡…—”‹–›ǡƒ†‹–‹•ƒ˜‡”‹–ƒ„Ž‡‹•–”—‡–ˆ‘”‡‡–‹‰Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†ˆ‘‘†•‡…—”‹–›†—”‹‰

ˆ‘‘†…”‹•‡•Ǥ–‹•’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž›…”—…‹ƒŽˆ‘”ˆ‡ƒŽ‡ǦŠ‡ƒ†‡†Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†•™Š‘ƒ”‡‘”‡˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡–‘

ˆ‘‘† ‹•‡…—”‹–›Ǥ Ž–Š‘—‰Š ‹– †‘‡• ‘– •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–Ž› ‹’”‘˜‡ †‹‡–ƒ”› †‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†•

”‡…‡‹˜‹‰”‡‹––ƒ…‡•ƒ”‡Ž‡••Ž‹‡Ž›–‘ƒ†‘’–—Š‡ƒŽ–Š›…‘’‹‰’”ƒ…–‹…‡••—…Šƒ•‡ƒ–‹‰Ž‡••

—–”‹–‹‘—•ˆ‘‘†ƒ†Ž‡••Ž‹‡Ž›–‘„‡™‘””‹‡†ƒ„‘—–‡‡–‹‰Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†ˆ‘‘†”‡“—‹”‡‡–•†—‡–‘

Žƒ…‘ˆ‘‡›Ǥ…‘…Ž—†‡–Šƒ–‹‰”ƒ–•ǯ”‡‹––ƒ…‡•†‘‘–‘Ž›•‘‘–Š‡…‘•—’–‹‘Ǣ–Š‡›

…ƒ’Žƒ…‡Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†•‘Š‹‰Š‡”ˆ‘‘†•‡…—”‹–›‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹—†—”‹‰ˆ‘‘†…”‹•‡•Ǥ

‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡†‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘‹•—‹“—‡ƒ†–‹‡Ž›Ǥ–„”‹‰•‘™Ž‡†‰‡‘–Š‡…‘’Ž‡–‡‹‰”ƒ–‹‘

–”ƒŒ‡…–‘”›‘ˆƒ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”‰”‘—’ǡŽ‘‘‹‰ƒ––Š‡†‡…‹•‹‘•–ƒ‰‡ǡ–Š‡‘˜‡‡–ǡ–Š‡ƒ””‹˜ƒŽǡƒ†

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š˜‹‹‹

–Š‡ …‘–”‹„—–‹‘Ǥ Š‡•‡ Š‘Ž‹•–‹… ƒƒŽ›•‡• ‘ˆ ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ †›ƒ‹…• Šƒ˜‡ Žƒ…‡† ‹ ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘

Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ Š‡ –Š‡•‹• ƒŽ•‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡• ƒ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ …‘–”‹„—–‹‘ •‹…‡ǡ ƒ– –Š‡

‘‡–ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘– ›‡– ƒ ™‡ŽŽǦ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰› –‘ †‡•…”‹„‡ ƒ Š‘Ž‹•–‹… ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘Ǧ

‡š’‡”‹‡…‡ˆ‘”ƒ‰”‘—’‘ˆ‹‰”ƒ–•‘”’”‘…‡†—”‡ˆ‘”†ƒ–ƒ…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘‘ˆ•—…Š…ƒ•‡•ǤŠ‡…”‹–‹…ƒŽ

…‘–”‹„—–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‹• †‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‹• ”‡…‘‰‹œ‹‰ –Šƒ– ‹‰”ƒ–• Šƒ˜‡

Š—ƒƒ‰‡…›ƒ†…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ǥƒ”‰—‡–Šƒ–‹‰”ƒ–••Š‘—Ž†‘–„‡•‡‡ƒ•‡…‘‘‹…–‘‘Ž•„—–

ƒ•Š—ƒ„‡‹‰•™Š‘†‡•‹”‡–‘…‘–”‹„—–‡–‘–Š‡‹”ˆƒ‹Ž›̵•™‡ŽŽǦ„‡‹‰Ǥ‡…‡ǡ–Š‡›‡‡†–‘„‡

ƒ……‘”†‡†ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽŠ—ƒ”‹‰Š–•ǡ‡’ƒ–Š›ǡƒ†’”‘–‡…–‹‘ǤŠ‹•†‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘ƒ‹–ƒ‹•–Šƒ–

‹‰”ƒ–•ǯƒ…Š‹‡˜‡‡–•ƒ†…‘–”‹„—–‹‘•…ƒ„‡‡š’Žƒ‹‡†–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡Ž‡•‘ˆ‡š’‡…–ƒ–‹‘•ǡ …‘•–”ƒ‹–•ǡ ƒ† ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ ”‡ƒŽ‹–‹‡• ‹ Š‘•– …‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ ‡˜‡”ƒŽ ”‡…‘‡†ƒ–‹‘• ƒ†

‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”ˆ—–—”‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†‹Šƒ’–‡”ͺǤ

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š‹š

S OMMARIO

Ž’”‘…‡••‹†‹‹‰”ƒœ‹‘‡•‘‘‹ƒ—‡–‘†ƒŽŽ̵—Ž–‹‘†‡…‡‹‘‡†Šƒ‘ƒ––‹”ƒ–‘Ž̵‹–‡”‡••‡

†‡ŽŽƒ…‘—‹–†‹•…‹‡–‹ˆ‹…ƒǤ‡”–ƒ–‘•‹•–ƒ…‘•‘Ž‹†ƒ†‘—ˆ‹Ž‘‡†‹•–—†‹•—ŽŽ‡–‡†‡œ‡ǡ‹

ˆƒ––‘”‹–”ƒ‹ƒ–‹‡‰Ž‹‹’ƒ––‹•—ŽŽ‘•˜‹Ž—’’‘†‡ŽŽ‡‹‰”ƒœ‹‘‹‹–‡”ƒœ‹‘ƒŽ‹Ǥ‘‘•–ƒ–‡“—‡•–‘

…‘•‘Ž‹†ƒ‡–‘ǡ ”‹ƒ‡ Žƒ ‡…‡••‹–Ö †‹ •–—†‹ƒ”‡ ‹ ‡……ƒ‹•‹ …Š‡ •’‹‰‘‘ Ž‡ ’‡”•‘‡ ƒ

‹‰”ƒ”‡ǡ‘…Š±†‹…‘’”‡†‡”‡Ž‡…‘†‹œ‹‘‹’‡”…Š‡…‘•‡–‘‘†‹”ƒ‰‰‹—‰‡”‡‹Ž„‡‡••‡”‡

‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‡‡ˆƒ‹‰Ž‹ƒ”‡ƒ––‡•‘Ǥ—‡•–‹–‡‹†‹”‹…‡”…ƒ’‘••‘‘‡••‡”‡ƒˆˆ”‘–ƒ–‹”‹…‡”…ƒ†‘‰Ž‹

ƒ•’‡––‹•‘…‹‘‡…‘‘‹…‹†‡ŽŽ‡†‡…‹•‹‘‹‹‰”ƒ–‘”‹‡‡…‘ˆ”‘–ƒ†‘Ž‡…‘†‹œ‹‘‹†‡ŽŽ‡’‡”•‘‡‡

†‡ŽŽ‡Ž‘”‘ˆƒ‹‰Ž‹‡’”‹ƒ‡†‘’‘Žƒ‹‰”ƒœ‹‘‡Ǥ‡–‡‘”‹‡‡‘…Žƒ••‹…Š‡•—ŽŽƒ‹‰”ƒœ‹‘‡ǡ•—…—‹

•‹ „ƒ•ƒ‘ Ž‡ ”‹…‡”…Š‡ǡ ”‹•—Ž–ƒ‘ ‹ƒ†‡‰—ƒ–‡ ƒ •’‹‡‰ƒ”‡ ‹ ˆ‡‘‡‹ ‹‰”ƒ–‘”‹Ǥ Ž ˆ‹‡ †‹

…‘’”‡†‡”‡ ’‹‡ƒ‡–‡ ‹Ž ’”‘…‡••‘ †‹ ‹‰”ƒœ‹‘‡ǡ ‡ŽŽƒ ‹ƒ –‡•‹ Š‘ •˜‹Ž—’’ƒ–‘ — —‘˜‘

“—ƒ†”‘…‘…‡––—ƒŽ‡„ƒ•ƒ–‘•—ŽŽ‡capabiltiies. •’ƒ†‡†‘Žǯƒ’’”‘……‹‘†‡ŽŽ‡capabilities’”‘’‘•–‘

†ƒ‡ǡŠ‘ƒˆˆ”‘–ƒ–‘‹•‡‰—‡–‹–”‡“—‡•‹–‹†‹”‹…‡”…ƒǣ

x …‘‡Ž‡capabilities’‘••‘‘‹ˆŽ—‡œƒ”‡Ž‡†‡…‹•‹‘‹‹‰”ƒ–‘”‹‡Ǣ

x “—ƒŽ‹ •‘‘ Ž‡ ’”‹…‹’ƒŽ‹ ’”‹˜ƒœ‹‘‹ …Š‡ ‹ ‹‰”ƒ–‹ ‡‹ ’ƒ‡•‹ †‹ ƒ……‘‰Ž‹‡œƒ †‡˜‘‘

ƒˆˆ”‘–ƒ”‡Ǣ

x …‘‡‹‹‰”ƒ–‹…‘–”‹„—‹•…‘‘ƒ…“—‹•‹•…‘‘capabilities‡‹’ƒ‡•‹†̵‘”‹‰‹‡ǫ

‡ŽŽƒ –‡•‹ Š‘ ‡•’Ž‘”ƒ–‘ ‹Ž …‘””‹†‘‹‘ ‹‰”ƒ–‘”‹‘ †ƒŽŽƒ ‹‰‡”‹ƒ ƒŽŽǯ–ƒŽ‹ƒǡ …‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‘ —ƒ †‡ŽŽ‡

’”‹…‹’ƒŽ‹”‘––‡‹‰”ƒ–‘”‹‡‹–‡”ƒœ‹‘ƒŽ‹Ǥ‡””‹•’‘†‡”‡ƒ‹•‘’”ƒ‡œ‹‘ƒ–‹ǡƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ†‘—

‡–‘†‘‡’‹”‹…‘ǡ”‹…‡”…ƒŠ‘…‡”…ƒ–‘†‹•–—†‹ƒ”‡‹Ž…‘’‘”–ƒ‡–‘†‡‹…‹––ƒ†‹‹‹‰‡”‹ƒ‹’”‹ƒ

†‡ŽŽƒ ‹‰”ƒœ‹‘‡ ‡ †‘’‘ Žƒ ‹‰”ƒœ‹‘‡ —ƒ ˜‘Ž–ƒ ‹ –ƒŽ‹ƒǤ  ƒ…ƒœƒ †‹ —ƒ ‡–‘†‘Ž‘‰‹ƒ

…‘•‘Ž‹†ƒ–ƒ ‡† ‹†‘‡ƒ ƒ† ƒˆˆ”‘–ƒ”‡ ‹ “—‡•‹–‹ †‹ ”‹…‡”…ƒǡ Š‘ ƒ†‘––ƒ–‘ †‡‹mixed methods …Š‡

…‘’”‡†‘‘ Žƒ ”‡˜‹•‹‘‡ •‹•–‡ƒ–‹…ƒǡ Ž̵ƒƒŽ‹•‹ †‡‹ †ƒ–‹ •‡…‘†ƒ”‹ ‡ Ž̵ƒƒŽ‹•‹ “—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜ƒ ‡

“—ƒ–‹–ƒ–‹˜ƒ†‡‹†ƒ–‹’”‹ƒ”‹Ǥ

ƒ–‡•‹†‹Žƒ—”‡ƒ°•—††‹˜‹•ƒ‹‘––‘…ƒ’‹–‘Ž‹‡†‹•‡‰—‹–‘°”‹’‘”–ƒ–ƒŽƒ•‹–‡•‹†‹…‹ƒ•…—…ƒ’‹–‘Ž‘Ǥ

Ž …ƒ’‹–‘Ž‘ ͳ ‡•ƒ‹ƒ …”‹–‹…ƒ‡–‡ Ž‡ –‡‘”‹‡ ‡‘…Žƒ••‹…Š‡ ‡ …‡”…ƒ †‹ •˜‹Ž—’’ƒ”‡ — “—ƒ†”‘

…‘…‡––—ƒŽ‡‹…‡–”ƒ–‘•—ŽŽ‡capabilitiesȋ…ƒ’ƒ…‹–†‹ƒ•’‹”ƒœ‹‘‡Ȍ…‘‡’”‘•’‡––‹˜ƒ‡ŽŽƒ–‡‘”‹ƒ

†‡ŽŽƒ ‹‰”ƒœ‹‘‡Ǥ —‡•–‘ …ƒ’‹–‘Ž‘ Šƒ ‘•–”ƒ–‘ —ƒ ‹ƒ†‡‰—ƒ–‡œœƒ †‡ŽŽ‡ –‡‘”‹‡ ‡•‹•–‡–‹ ‹

“—ƒ–‘•’‡••‘Ž‡‰ƒ–‡ƒŽ’‡”‹‘†‘•–‘”‹…‘‡Ž“—ƒŽ‡•‘‘•–ƒ–‡•˜‹Ž—’’ƒ”‡ȋšš•‡…‘Ž‘ȌǤ‡”–ƒ–‘ǡ°

‡‡”•ƒŽƒ‡…‡••‹–†‹—Dzƒ‰‰‹‘”ƒ‡–‘dz–‡‘”‹…‘’‡”…‘’”‡†‡”‡Ž‡“—‡•–‹‘‹‡‡”‰‡–‹

‡ŽŽ‡ †‹ƒ‹…Š‡ ‹‰”ƒ–‘”‹‡ …‘–‡’‘”ƒ‡‡Ǥ ˆƒ––‹ǡ ‹Ž Žƒ˜‘”‘ †‹ ”‡˜‹•‹‘‡ Šƒ ‡˜‹†‡œ‹ƒ–‘ •‡‹

…ƒ”‡œ‡ ’”‹…‹’ƒŽ‹ …ƒ”‡œ‡ †‹ †‡––‡ –‡‘”‹‡Ǥ ˆƒ––‹ǡ ’‡”…‡’‡†‘ Ž‡ †‡…‹•‹‘‹ ‹‰”ƒ–‘”‹‡ …‘‡

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