Country statement -Sudan

(1)

Distr.

LIMITED

POP/INF/116

14 December 1972 Original; ENGLISH

■ it' .

ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR AFRICA

Working Group on Fertility Levels and Differentials in Afrioa, and the Prospects for the Future

Addis Ababa, 18-22 December 1972

COUNTRY STATEMENT-SUDAN

by

Omer Ahmed El Tay

M72-4343

(2)

•-.■ * f \ '"

r'O r

v.ri

(3)

L \ -i }■-

.,.:; . ^ .^ ... r ^.;_.C0UNTRY:STATEMm^IlAN4/;:t. . . _. . ,

1»0 'SIIRViETSrANDj CENSUSES:-. ■ :;i5; i::;;::': ■".-■ /..o1: ;;b>'o "--"H inti*

1.1 The 1955/56 Census:

. The 1955/56 Census of. .Population... the first and only census

undertaken" in' the' Sudan, Has" two basic 'deviations'' 'from' 'traditional censuses:, firstly the..actual enumeration was stretched out over

.. .fourteen. ;in^^^ peoppdly^the w -._«,

"large 'prbpprti'pn";pf,. the. pdpiil>ti6n^ comprising. abpuV' 9J.p7 "per. c.ent';.'.'

and; living, in thTe""vasjt.; ru;ral|-. and- npmadi'p" 'areasT was estimated" pn.^.V,'

...., ,_.sampling-,:-basisV *;The sixt-y.' towns fully enumerated..and!, found to '."-"!

1 \Cpmprise-i_altJbju.trij8«;i.^.M7;1o^t rop" the;. Sudan^ "totals 'pppulatlbn^ weVe^'^

selected" on" th'eJ basis 'that' each'had Vpopulaiion "of 5VQQQ; .Prsi's.pns^.ir'

or more© . "'*''" ^■■■JJ'--''

Basically a multi-stage ratio sampxln1'g"wrt*h^''tH"fVe"Wryirn:g

techniques.:to suit ,d?.ff erent.;mod.es.;p.f liyin-g .was/us.edo.,.;i These ■

,we.re/ :th^'.well:.defln*edc;village'. .tephnique; us.ed; for^.sedenitary^. .^ .■ -u:,^i

"^population .iri^.therslx. Northern-.-Provinces;^ the-Nomadic Technixiuej •- ,1:. fosr,. ripmadic. pppulati'pnj.ian^L-, finally"; the ".scattered—tukle!I.;rt.echn:i.qu.e

..,;.-.^fbr ;three'Sbu.the'rrifPrgvinoes-. 'J7Iniall al.ten. per cent sample^.wa-s'?^j,

^VaGHieyed-with"a?;pb(?lVd:;Cpe "c>f ^riatipn^.of. less?: that:!o>-.1^-.;.j

7 per.'.cent;-'.for; theL;wiipl.e, coun:try.an?L;wit,liin .5-rP©r.^iG.ent. errproe-t. the; I

minimize; dpuble"- couiiti'ng. an.d^pjr,"" omission ;.ip.piicit;in-.:t;ho;vpi^ocedur.ej

pf 'stretching -. the■ enum.eration-;bve-r^ ai^-png,. perip.d. bf-.iiiie^^ where? J-.;.

referenpe-rda't'es" "could^.di ff.er ^i'rbia "pne'■. censu's; a'rea^tp ano.the.rl- .by; »x; ;■.<

; .9n}?. y^^r.: *k, AoI'.3'<X?!Q-'P.pnc.ept,.Vas..adpptied..'1; Fpr.;,urban:. j>opulati.on.:;■;, ;■ - - ' bath" jie.: jure -an^. ^e.. facjbo,;.obnp-.ep.t's.. were! adpptedo." The-reference:...>.<7.

I:/;:i:^^hyov_ the whble:.census:■ wa.s.adjusted--,t6j.January.; ,f956»-.rvFpr;^r,V^!.

;:... sampling-..purpose^.-rthe- .wiiple;; Sudan uas* di.yijied^ intp"- 94/ census;-- ■ " ~ _ - .gOTerally.o.priforming''^^

■ ^-'-iiis.t.rict^ c;ompra.8.ed' .one.; census ;ar.ea.'"briJ a.-j niimbeV, of t.hieing.-.!

o I-*;??■>/. ■®^°?9^n.6.i-:1iy0^<l'The. census;; areas;^wer-p-; then' 'divaL.de^:; intp'Ompdias and thesb by' turn" into'Sheikhships which areV^A".^™^ll;Q^'t; administra

tive units. The Omodias.formed the first stage selection; the^

...SJteikhs_hips,:;fprmed-tb:e,. secpnd.-stage.j...and;;■households;. ;th.e^last;: stage.

"Tlie'samo questibnnai're"was'used'"for4bbthJ the urban and rural"1-

The Sudan is a vast country of one million squafe^mxies (approkv 2,5^mi-]4xpi^!sqi, ,kilometres)..„ It.is- the:largest-,.country in^Africa

and the tenth.- largest', in;: the wprl4r.^i£-j'is. (iiJ7i(i.ed; in.tp-nine", provinces.

TEree,"of ..whichj ^uatpria:,;,UppyrJ^

is ^knpwh.-.as; .the .Southern Sudan'. ^-Tli© J.ii9.¥ijio"^ion"riLS^j5ased^on, "^'^1 *Jll

gepgraphicai::^.cl'imatic and7ethnic.tdiff^T^: " "J

(4)

POP/lNF/11 6 , y

Page 2

population. Personal interviewing was used and sometimes interpreters were employed. The data was published on provincial levelaj census areas levels, and for each town separately. Questions on--fertility ■ .;

were

(a) all live "births to women aged

. ' !(-b')', all' live births 'during the last twelve months and over...

'.■*!'■■'■■' , i- ;■ ■ ■ .' ■ !"■-■' i .''*".. ' '■: •- • ' ■ ■ .' ■ -■ » ■' • ■ ■ -' i ..' .' '' - j '; ;..."

" A'/'post' enumeration ''survey confined ,to the 'Northern, Provinces7.,' and within those,^ :to a^eas where there were reasons,to 'suspect under enumeration of children,'was carried out... The sample' was chosen' .' partly 'at random: as: a";su;b-s'ample of the o'riginal briei.,. h An uhde'r^',,,', estimate in the order 'of '4,'per "cent" was obtained! ,and"lthe. cen'sus; figures wefe: only 'oorrected for ihe^ areas where ttfe post-enumeration sui-yey

wa^s' conduct edi. ' ■"-■'• '•'■ ■ *- " ' ■ ..- - .■■• .■■ : •• -.-'

1 i 2 The 1964/66 urban survey % .. . .. ._ --k,. _. .'

The 1964/66'urban survey was"conducted1with the"purpose of :*

furnishing new'demographic arid housing'data for planning" purpo&es' in varilous'1 fields' such as education', public' healthy housin'g polioy and (towri' planning.' The1 survey covered the six northern provinces' exolud-

irig -the three" southern'provinces in view1 of the poli'ti'cal c'ircumsj;ances

prevailing' at- the time: of' the survey. However"as the urbari_ population of 'the'southern provinces oomprised about 6 per cent of the total";- urban population according to the 1955/f>6 census,'the Burvey might be taken-'to represent the whole' Sudan urban1 sectoro 'Ail the 68' towns' separately-, enumerated in- the 1955/56' census were included,.' In 'u.^' 'r

addition other localities with5?000 inhabitants or more and some."

localities' of administrative and commercial importance' were included, making 82 localities ih'all.^ The whole survey was carried out ph..

sampling basis with a flat sampling fraction' of one in .ten- The method

used was simple, cluster sampling with a duster usually;consisting"of two/or three hduseholds1. It took' "twoyears to finish" the fiei'd work, but. July 1965 was taken as the reference date no sampling' errors were bblleoted* 'Personal ihtervi^ewirig was use.d and the following" questions on fertility were asked? " ■ !" _ ?.-..u-:-.■-:..:.-...■•.■ ".,,.. *" .. r"

--"' '" (a)* Number of children born aliVe for women "15 years and'oyer.

(b) Number of live born children during the last twelve months.

1«3 Vital registration . ' . ., - ..

'A vitarregis-tration ordinance was passed.in 197QJ''whereby^ /it '''.'_

■i'S "'hoped,"registration'would be complete in five years time» The law

introduces a new notification system whereby detailed information^

is asked for; The filled notification -forms.are ultimately'sent to^"

the Department of Statistics "for analysis by"charaoteristics' suoh:as

(5)

P0P/lNP/ii6;;,;--\ ;

3' ' I-*:.',

age of mother and father, education",-marriage duration, number of pregnancies, number-of'abortion, -etc." .These-forms had-been put. infuse

even beforei:-tEel;iaw~wa"s_^"ssed~arid'-iS""

all -births...;0TitJ:6f.JEh>.'average'br-abou'i

tion, "the; department, received about 5?Q.OO forms for-;1968, 32 in '1969 a

and 80^000 -in-1970^ tabulation are;made;f,or 1969-'data'--but no detailed

analysis had been donejon ihe basis that these figures are not

2.0 MAIlf FJSKr'lLITY FEATURES1' r'*?:> ' f'-.'.C '

2.1 Whole-Country ' ■

- is-'ta"e~s61~e~source'-6f~dembgraphic—

data at ...the country level. _ When studying these 3?a,tes,. it should;, .. -L :-/..

always be born- in- "mind,-'as hadr already beer( rpo.intred-but;,earlier/':-'-'-'——

that actual enumeration took fourteen except '-for rt"h'e' 1964/66 urban

survey, no'other sources of demographic data exists and therefore no internal checking can be done against any other information collected in the Sudan, and it could only be compared with that of other

developing countries* ...In.t.ernal checks are very limited raainl-y^^cause of the broad:>"atidTva';^"e"-^

puberty and overV'putfeftyo',-:::Fdr\:f.em^

women L'.pasty'child;.b'earlng_a"^^^

powerful methods-developed by Wu Brass cannot- be applied since-the;

if—Buch-ariarysTsV- —"-1-.1 " '"-

The 1955/56 poptilatiori- oensus recorded';average birth rate.'was '

5"|»7 births peT:..1000'population. Various ,a;t^empts have been ■made;;'-

to estimate the-1955/56 crude birth rate an* other population ■ ;,.;-(; ■

parametero, through the use of stable population modelso The Uit'"

Nations gave -a.^broad estiorate of 45-54 per,'.thousand for the w Sudan r,but-no attempt-has been-made to give separate, provinoi-al ' on.;tiie;bas.i« tlia!t ~pro'vln.cial"ag©""a"tfuctufe~did "not""Xop£ reasonable ; ~

and -therefore.'it1 i:s-.unlikely thaVit' wo'uld Lgive".'*piausi"ble' results.—

A-figure of. 51°9 wasfinally selected as the most plausible estimate^

though others within the broad estimate ^i;Veny:X&r-eus^ . population projections» Demeny basing his analysis on ^t

i ^y ^g ^y ^{^}

classification^ '.gave^ an '■'average- of ^48:^ for;, the ^whp^lej-cbun.try -with provincial/:estima^e^rjlCr6tkir. using'q;ujisir^tabi*e,'.theory^, ga-.Ye. a; ■ ■; ■-'•■ ;!:

ratlfef':high -e'stimaire: oty&6*;"- The- Ciiro/Demdgr^P^0: rcenti;e,-/"making ru'ee);V

of the';?;'f944/p'-6- U-rban_:i1nfprma1tion:,.'arrived ^ait'an ;estimat.e of /4Qy0 V-^'.-w Vo

for ~\963£-- The '^future ".pixth trend .- ^

to. the

(6)

POP/lNF/1i6 Page 4

c -..,,-: . ..-,..:.'.-:r: .,■ TABLE

-..Crude 'birth rates, according to four series of, pro jeotions,-.,/- ,.: ;,.J ,.j

■■- ' - ; - .; - High 'r ■'■■' : Low -: ""'' ' Contract"" ■-''''Component ;■/•"; :^

■' -Date '; •■*■' Pro jection'1. Projection1" " ■■-•*' rat© ' ' Projection ' "■

: ■■. .-. ■ ■ -■-■ .:■..;': •■.> i-.*. ■ :-■ ■" ~ .':..". Projection "-'J' ; '■ '■ *''~:,':'-:-

1955/61 53-5 46.5 51-9- - ;, • ,".51;?-1:. : ::f.A-[

1961/66 54.5 45.5 51*9 ■ ,50.8

1966/71 55.5 - 44.5 51.9 ■■■■■-'-'-■--50.J--'-

Source: . Population .Growt'h and .Manpower in- Sudan United Nations::,- . , j- •

r, ,;. 'ST/SOA/series A.37.V^ .v ','.■..■ .•,;"._. '. '■ ■•',".'..-■.:""..■■ ■ ■•/'<:

.--Crude birth rates, per (-000) population under .alternate _■-. ■; %■;. ■ -.-.

>.-~ assumptions about -the- future- r Sudan ".196.5/1985 ■•■<-. :■.,-■■ v •::;.■•'

Date - "■'-• • " ■ -'" ' : High" - ■ ■■'■'■ !- Medium ■ •'"■'-' Low'1"1'1 "' ■■■"■|' '

1965/70., ■■ :. ,,;v-if'5°»T,--- ..■; ;.,: •■.:49.Qi'-..i;,i, :49i0;v-:; , . . T970/75 ■ ■ ' fi'; ''; ":; :5t);l5 ■ -■-■•■■ ^^ 4B.B- '■'' "r;/-;48';8' -1' .;: -' ■•'

;1975/80' . " ., .' . ■,/^'5q.p;^ ' ' .":^._ ..,48^3 ^W"., '47» 1 ,.-."•- ^■^■■■.^

1980/85 •:' ■ ■ .^:;;-- 49;.4'^' ••■":-!■■' '"' '47i9-f-'' ■■■^■■44.-'3 ■*•"'•';v- _--^-■-■■-'■'-

Source:, .Population measures ;andv..po.pulation. growth in, Aral? ..countries•,:^

2*2 ^^Other" measure's, of fer.tility ■■' ' "i-?1- ■ " :'' ' ? ■'::': ■*•'■■" '■'•'-■ :-;-"':* "''-:'-'" -r

Th'e'1955/56-reported a completed family size-of- '4.7 an(^ gross: I<:' ■'

reproduction rate"of :2*4. Toe" United- Nations cohsideriri'g varioiis' ' fl"

ageratlbs gives various 'e'stimates"'ranging' betveen' 2.8—"-y*6."- Gross- ■ : "■

reprcductibn rate :fo'r -1955/56* 'The CaiT6'1-D"em6graphic''CieYit'r1e1 under-' various; projeotion assumptions arrived Jat-a G^fi.E. 6f'';3»5 ^nd 3>4 " ■ 1"' for the high and medium projections respectively -for' "1965 and--'-;- '••

remaining constant to 1985* The G.R.IU for the low projection is estimated at 3.4 for 1965—75 falling to 3-0 in 1985. S. H. Suliman in * paper prepared in Cairo North Demographic Centre gave estimates as in July 1, 1965 of 49 per 1000 for "birth rate, a gross reproduction

(7)

P0P/INF/116..

Page 5

rate of 3-39 and general fertility rate of 237 per 1000. The child

wotnan;ra$|:or(C..W,R-:) *for; tfee-..whpl.e-Qountry{;is. rgj-ven-as-^O?..;: This^i the ra'tio^ctf' riumb''er" of~chiT.cTren*"under 5" per" 10OO^women" oif""child""

bearing^ag'e^' " ——— - - -■-■ ---* -~ - — . -

2.3- Urban Population 'dUu' ;-^— "/r'"\ j*''!!^

The,.recorded birth rate.for the 1964/66.is 40.0 per 1000:,populaT;v.

tion with\oompleted family Bize of 4.5 and gross reproduction;rate.\Of-\::

2.2. These rates compare very well with the. 1955/56 urban/figures i*tv ;::i

as shown .in the following table. '''-/ris ^ ijivV:-.?is -.i"(s:.i

is.^r, ' 'TABLE 3 ^''^ . >W:r?'

Recorded fertility measures for "1955/56 66nsiist'afid-'1964/66 7zIU.&£V survey (urban population)

Source and Crude birth Completed _ „ „.

2.2

data on age speoifio'-fertility rates, total fertility rates, net*1'1 :' '.' reproduction rates arernot available.. l*";; ;';i- ... ^■':4'-1

& 'V •■"[: ^M ;;•? -lo--;^

3-0 DIFPEREWTIAL FEHPILITY

The'.ii955/56 recorded values -and varioilis estimates reflect -r-'T---'--"''-ro;

ili-t^Cdi-ff8r-«nt^l4~-3?;h^-^i;l-bwing^tabi^^^^

Crude birth rate, completed eoonomic group

family - Sudan Socio-economic Group Birth rate

per (1000)

Nomadic animal owners.

Sedentary animal owners-.

Cultivators . . .. . .

Unskilled in rural areas Skilled in rural areas Unskilled in. urban areas.

Skilled in urban areas Managerial & professional

; Sudan

48.7 47-9 ...

54.9 44*4 50.1 34.2 40.6 32.6 51.7

size G.R.R. by 1955/56

Completed family size

5*25.6 . 4-8 4.3 . 4-64-5 3.6 4-1 4*7

sooio—

G-R.R.

.~2.6 ' 2.8 . .2.4- -

2c 1 2o3 . 2.3 1.8 2.1 2.4

(8)

POP/INF/116' Page 6

. . ; TABLE 5

Birth rate, cdmpleted family "size;" G.'R. R. "by mode of living 1955/56

Mode of living

Birth rate

G.R.R

Urban'-latge : Urban'small -:

Rural'sedentary Rural nomadic

38.3' 54«839-4 41-7

4.2 4»83-9.

4»9

2.0 2i'4 :2-4'

Sudan 51.7 4-7 ^2.4

Source: Final Report Vol.,1 1955/56

" -. —TABLE'S"* ' ' ' ;■■ J ■ ";—: "■ -"--■"---■

Fertility by province.as reported in 1955/56 and Demeny'B estimate.,■■. :r

Province 1955/56 Census

Birth rate-

estimate of, crude B.Rv ■

Bahrel Ghazal 84.6 1147 Blue Nile- . 45*7- ,991

Darfur ' 41.-8 693

Equatoria 54.1 945

Kassala 42.6 842

Khartoum 40-7 792

Kordofan 50.0 826

Northern ■ -:43.O: '■ ■ 831

Upper Nile: .,' ■ 69«3- -10Q1.

5-3 4.9 4.7.

4.0 4-4 4.5 4-4 5.1 5.5

2,7 2-5- 2.4..

2.0 2.2 2*3 2.2 2,6 -.

2,7

56 4746 49 45 4746 -4158

Sudan 51*7 902 __7 2__ 487

C.W.R. = Number of children under 5 years to women of child bearing age*

(9)

POP/'INF/I i G

Page '7 ■."•'^'.^0

TABLE 7

ii:;-; :^ ■ . ~.r":. ■. i -..£' i :.:;■■<'•;'•„• ■ ';■■■■" i *'". f?". .-: ' <- -■>• i ': ■"- -.: .■'■■■■■ '. ■•" "; ■■■ * "? yK "■ ■ Fertility, by -iri.b.e as. reporte'd.in 1955/56. and estimated'by Demeriy ... .._._■

Tribe

Arab,,-..» .- -. ..„, „

Nuba'..',* .■;;."

Beja Nubiyiri

Crude birth

:. 44.7 /, .6Q..0 *

40.639-1 Central Southerns-,.74.6.., Eastern .... ." .,;

Western.,.- ,!\!'. -, Westerners

Sudan

C.W.fi;"';-"""Ni5m£er

- .,,-,'69.3

;:; 36.6, 43.8' 51.7

/(5'6*'-i -'*

" —. —"

':■'■ '■ ' -■;■■.. ■''-.ft

C.W.R. ^Ptfff_ G.H.H.

; -9-1.6 ,,

' .795,." - "

797877

. J.071. .-~ ,

1 164 . : .:.."

r 636 , . * ,

788' -

902

■ of children ■urider'"-5

- 4.8.

- 4.3 4.6 4.9 ,...- 5.4

- .3.25'5, 4.6 4-7 -years:

> - ■■■ ■ . ■ J • J

2#4

.-■ ..-.2,2.,^

. ^"3, 2-4 . . r 2.-7 ..

■ ";■; .\2.7" - . , r1.:6..

2.3 2.4 td;-: women1-'-of ■

'■ -' — -...--'■- ■.

>■ .'-i)-em'eHylis.,.-.:- ■.

■• ^^estimate .'of-.'' crude B,R.

. '\'r t '"44" '.

■^.."..44... -,v-

■ '. 47.

■ ,.,...,--58. •

Theco:rude-^a-te fop. the-Sudan.Tby ..province^.^hQwn^in. Table. 6 .giyes

a very high birth rate/.fqr^-the three--southern -provinces .5,1.A t9rsvr ;•■ vi*

Equatgria,-.-84»6:fo.r/Bahrel-Ghazal and"69.3. for .Upper Nile. ..These r ■,?/i., rates are.junreasonabljr high,.especially, those .of-Bahrei Ghazal .a.nd.., n.;..;

Uppe-r:?|fi,lei;and-.therefore%>5eem/!jp,infjate;the .pverall average. ; Since. -,^

there^iSf1np:Areason-tqr;suspectrunderrenumeration in. the.other.-;ones.,,... ,..t •

Table 4 alsp shows- that. ."central/southerns"'haye a recorded^.'. : .(j..

birth rate of 74*6, and East Southerners 69.3> a-nd the Nubas 60.

4.0 AN ASSESSEMENT OF FUTURE .FERTILITY. ■- -■' .'■ - -- ,....,, ,—:..-.... ,,

-Allr the-estimates .-given for+orude.birth, rates.reflect jaither a^

constant birth rate or showing a little reduction.^ I, am i;inclinedj. . to believe that fertility would continue to rise for sometime before

it starts to fall, r..; .,.,„ s-.

(a)-There-ia.evidenpe from; Tabl.e2-5,-tha-t the nomadic population had a lower crude^;^i.rth'. rate;,:than. /the-, settled, ruralv population. -As the nomadic population is estimated by R. Henin between 30-36 per

cent of the: total; population1:,,settlement of. the, nomadic; population

would lead to increase in fertility. This

by R, Henin in his Ph.D theses.

(10)

P0P/INF/116, Page 8

(b) With improvement of health services especially public and environmental health j'-'would- lea'd-^to-the. reduction-■of~-th^e-.rate;-of----"U-^

steri-1-i-ty- and-miscarriages* -The--nomadi-c -popuT.ation-and -western- southerners:.are definitely associated, with high miscarriage and

sterility -rates. u '.'.;.'>

(c) Improvement in nutrition-would lead to increase in

fertility. — - -— — - . ...---■,—,*■-.- ——-.-

(d)'In the long'future when a high proportion of the population' is urbanized and education is spread, a decrease of fertility would;:

follow the social chctn'ge. ' ... '*'

■- t.

(e) Modern Family planning,- though at 'present "practiced- 'in ■Ly'lp" -^

limited ;urban areas Tike provincial capitals j has'a growing public?J '' -:<

and official approval as a measure for the health*-of the mother*7- ^'■■>'■'•

and_the.lc'hil.d. V . :.:: „.-_.'.._. _....\.;. ^Z^J.^:0.!..

5.0 POPULATION POLICY : . -.-.. . ■ ■_■ . :i.-. :/i

.,There-is no- of ficiali po.pulat,ion;~pol.icy. -.But ,:i.t had.,frequently ^ i( ■- been mentioned that the Sudan is under populated and a high,,ra,te of growth should not bother planners, and in fact a high rate of growth would feed the country1s needed manpower.

'■^Othefs^woiiid-argue' that- a" lower, ra^ter'of'growth brought- a"bou1; ■ by a reduction in"-fertility wourd':resul:t in-a' smaller dependency 1."* ■ r r ratio (48 per cent of-.the"-population under"i:5:ye'afs)':and"therefore■' '-'-'-'&'•

less expenditure oh" education consumptibriy'etc," In'this way the'; ^y-^'*

countryls capital investment will increase. ' As far 'as -the- manpower- 1 •- is concjrned'it" is very much the~q.uality of -^labour wanted' rather; than-'' the quantity. Such argument at present have no serious implications and the: general opinion is'no population'problem existsy '' : 1"- ■_ ■

"■'■"'"-Surely if the'fertility' rate increases or even1 keeps'' constant? ''•:■■■

the population growth rate would increase in view of mortality

reduction already indicated in 1964/66 urban-survey. If this' growth '•-■■

is not arrested through fertility control the problems mentioned would become more'prori6uhced: in the future and might then:be'too--:

late to" do much1'about; them, '■■'■•" ^ ■■ '; - '■ ■'■ ' . ''. v:' "' :' :' '*' *'*.';' ':-:X;

Reference ' -*' :' ''■; "

1. -'Population0Growth and Manpowe'r- in ■ the ■ Sudan^ "a' -goint's'tudy- r

;-by thVUriited-Natioh^^and-1 tae^Gbvernmeht of'■ Su

'' ■' { ^! S

2. First- Po'pulaiibnc Ceh-sus1- of Sudan-'-)955/5Q" Methods -Report,' ' : Vbls: iV'Khartbumr;-196QV "-■■ ,-.'^ ;• • .!; --i- ^ -'■- ■ -■-' t-v.r"- 3. Final Report Vol.1, 1955/56 Census - The Republic of the Sudan.

(11)

P0P/INF/116

Page 9

4, The Population of Tropical Africa.

5» Population and Housing Survey 1964-/66;

6i Demography of Tropical Africa in analysis of the 1955/56 Census.

7» An evaluation and estimation of the basic Demographic Parameters

of Sudan. Prepared by S.Hi Suliman *unpublished).

(12)

I

V

r ;*■