Agricultural and rural planning

~)fS Nl

UNITED NATIONS

-

^ECONOMIC COMMISSION

. AFRICAN INSTITUTE

FOR AFRICA

c

/ ( ' - '1

{.,. '

..

FOR E~ONOMIC DEVELOPMENT :AND PLANNING

Session 1965 - 1966

Course of AGRIClJLTURAL AND RURAL PLANNING

by

Mr

^MOLLETT

D A-!C .A R

' . ::;l · ·

. . .

. ^·-·· ________ ... ·----

AGRICULTURAL AND RURAL PL~ING _{... ·.· :·}

.~ .. :::-: .. ~.:-.:::.~-· ... -:::.:.._. :.:.

Course outline

1 •. ' - ~rieul ture in economie develo:pment

: ^~ r::.:· ·;:· .... :.,;. \ .r ... ,r : ... .._ ..... : ' . .·

2 •. - Na~}-ll;e ~d me~ods o;f agricul-tu;ral p1~ning

. •· .. ···.1 .:.· J,: .. · . .. ..

3.

^~· Statistics for agricultural planning

4•'8.»1

5 • ...;

Demand projections for ag;ricul tural comrnodities•,

1.:·!.

6. •

Supply projections for agricult~ral, ~onunodities

7; -

·Target··setting ··

l'-· '

8. - 'l'echnical. measures for _{·::.-. ,··:} agr_~_cu1t,ural development

.. ·:; ^__ ....

. 9.. Rese,é3,I'ch and educ.at.ional measui'es 1

o. ·

Insti tutional measures

: .. }1• -

Investment and fil(lancing

12. Implementation and evaluation.

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Page 2

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Agricultural and Rural Planning Work Book

1. !l.gri cul ture in eoo:riomicf deve-l:c;>;pmen t .. : . : · · -.. ·" . ^q

s ... ~-~- ---... ,_, -·-··· --··· ·--·.. .. .. .. ---.

A. • Mark the following questio:r_l.S __ :~-:~.rue. (T) or False (F)

1. Most ;people in the less ;dey_eloped countries work in agriculture: T o~!-' F.

2. Cb:ml!a11y, living standards .ris~ .as the ;po;pt.lation of ;peopl·e in àgricul i u::.':

3. -

4. - 5· -

6.

1·

declines: T or F.

Per caput :· incQme of. the ,agricul tural worker is gonerally equlil. to that

._,_!_' .•. ,, .

' '! ...

Capital imrested per agricul tural worker in le~s devel6ped couiltries is about 25 pe:r9en~. of that inv.ested per indu~t'rial ^wo;ker: T or F

• 1 • -'. -· • ' . • • • • • :· • • • : •• ~-... ~-• • : • • • • • • • • • ' j ....

The aize of the agricul tur~.l _labor force declines as gross natïonal product increases: T or F

·'

Subsistance farming is the main type of agricultÜre in the world: T or F

:)_:.. ^'

Agricul tural commodi tics aro .. :the chief export of most· develÔpïng -countl~i3r

. ^{. :} ~ .

T or F

8. ·.;.. Agricul tural exporting countries face major problems because the elastic:' ^1_

of domand for their products is above

.

unity: T or F

9. - A.s agriculture declines in relative importance as gross national ;produ,ct risos, it should receivo less attention than rapidly advancing sectors: T or F

10. - Agriculture only refcrs t o activities on the farm and not also to the marketing of farm products and the production of farm requisites: T or F

B.

1. List the five main contributions of agriculture to economie developmontz a)

•b') o) d) e)

IDEP/ET/XXXVI/560 Page 3

2. - What is tho rate of population growth ip the following countries or regions (most recent data for a decad.a) ~

%

^{i:r.crease Period}

Japan India Your Country Latin America Western Europe

3~ - What is the U.N. medium projection of population for the following regions by the year 2₁000 (taking

1958-

100)a

Latin America Near East

.M'rica North America

Europe World

4. -

Give

3

examples of recent

(1940

onwards)

rapid growth in urban population in lesa developed countriesa 1)

2) 3)

5. -

List the three main agricultural exporta of your country,

Exporta Value (1964 or 1965) Value as% of total expJ:d· 1. -

2.

UNITED NATIONS

AFRICAN INSTITUTE FOR ECONOMIC

DEVELOPMm~ AlTD PLANNING DAKAR

IDEP/ET/XXX1IT/562 MOLLETT

March, 1966

RURAt AND AGRICULTURAL PLA.NNING tTORK-BOOK

Methode of Planning

~swer each question True (T) or False (F)

1) Experience has shawn that agriculture ts the easiest sector to J!la:1i:

T or F.

2) Generally, national planning of agriculture is unnecessary if a country has abundant natural resources: T or F

3) A doctrinaire approach to the role of government in ag=icultural development has, in many countries, proved to be costly: T or F 4)

An

important aspect of agricultural planning is that it is stron3ly

influenced by the existing system of ptoduction: T or F

5) Planners must first know which factors hinder and which cause a.s". ' tural grovrth if their plans are to succeed: T or F

6) High capital/output ratios are a feature of successful agricnl tm:-7- plans: T or F

7) Centralisation is neoded for planning consistency but for effect:;_v:.;

planning, decentralisation is essential: T or F

8) A central planning unit usually constr1:1.cts the ma.s:!er-pla':'. ~ T or ~,,

9) Committees have a remarkable cn.pacity :for splitting themselves :.:tp -· sub-committees and ¹¹working parties": T or F

10) To avoid confusion and duplication all planning groups (large ~·

should be given clear terms of reference: T or F.

IDEP/ET/XXXVI/562 Page 2

Answar each questionl

1. Draw a line chart of the

organizaDio~

employed in your country to plan agricultural development. Indibate briefly the functions and responsibilities at each leval of of ice.

2. What are the chief merits of this sy tem?

3. What are i ts main weaknesses?

=

4·

IDEP/ET/XXXVI/562

Page 3

Do you think it preferable for budgetary control of development projects to be in the h.nds of 1) Th1 Treasur.r (or its equivalent'

2) The Planners or 3)

Ne~ ther

'

One method (and not uncommon) of dr~ting a plan is simply to put together a lot of separate projects. What is the main objection to such a method?

.UNlTED NATIONS

AFRICAN INSTITUTE Foa ~coNOMic DEVELOPMENT-AND .• PL.ÂNNING

IDEP/ET/XXXVI/560.3 .General/Internal

March 1966

.T

DAKAR _JrlR. MOLLETT.

AGRICULTURAL A1ID RURAL PLANNING WORKBOOK

:;.J· i· .1..

3. _Statistics for Planning

Ans~er each question True or False

-L-• -·· .• • .

'J..) .. ', ' ' _1~- .Pl-anning must wait fOr perfect statistics: T or F?

2. A first priority in the planning process is to formulate a plan for statistical development: T or F?

3. An agricultural census is not essential for planning: T or F?

4·

Over 30 countries have never had an agricultural census: T or F?

5·

A census is used for designing and selecting samples of farms from which data can be collected for such important annual series as employment9 crop yields, livestock numbers and farm sales: T or F?

6. Economie and social analysis require not the raw data but the derived data: T or F?

7·

One basis of scientific agricultural planning is knowledge of the relationship between input and output effects: T or F?

8. Resulta of scientific agricultural experimente are usually free from random variation: T or F?

;_· ~:-: ;.~{· .:.

,J-RFJ!?/ETji.:J.Xvi/560. 3

Page 2

3·

Statistics for Planning (continued):

~ - -'-... -·.:. .

9·

Carefully designed sample.surveys can be expected to give estimates of the area under major crops with a sampling error of about 10%: T or F?

10. Ag~ic~l~ural trade statistics are often misleading

-~ _._; - j"

because of differences-in definitions used and of the coverage of the statistics: T or F?

. - i 1 -~:. li .:

-_,_r-.-

·:_•.1.

IDEP/ET/XXXVI/560.3

Page 3

3. Statistics for Planning ( continued) : . .::

Anawer each question

1. List the most important statistics needed for Agricultural planning: 1.

2.

3.

4·

5·

2. What main uses can be made of fertilizer response da ta: . . . . • . . • . . . 1 •

ooooooo~oooooo 2.

Ui.'ifiTED NATIONS -

AFRICAN INSTITUTE FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING

D.AK.AR

IDEP

/Nr

^/XXXVI

j

5 60/4 Mr. Mollett

March, 1966

.AGRICULTURAL ~D RURAL PL/JrniNG WORKBOOK

C~uestio:anaire No__ 4 :-. .:-..Demand ·pro;jections

Answer all questions True (T) or False (F) 1. A proje~tion is the samg as a forecast: Tor F?

.2. To pr~ject future demand the minimum req~ir~ment is the expected rate of population growth: T or F?

3. If .the planne.4 rate of incarne growth is taken into account in demand :PJ:;OJ€lQt.ions then a distinction .should be made bet1-rAer~

the growth in Gross National Product (G.N.P.) and of total private consumption: T or F?

4·

Once a preliminary estimate is made of the potential growth in domestic demand i t is necessary for it to be analysed from a nutritional point of view: T or F?

5·

Total expected demand is the sum of domestic demand (adjusted to nutritional needs) plus export demand minus imports: T or F?

6. Other things being equal, a 10-percent increase in population results in a 10-percent rise in total demand: T or F?

1·

The influence of incarne on consumption is often expressed as the incarne elasticity, measuring the increaso in consumption resulting from a one percent increase in incarne, T or F?

IDEP/ET/XXA~I/560-4 Page 2

..~-!.;._~ü_,~;::~,;;.iro ~~'o 4 (continuo-1):

\

8. The relationship between income and consumption can be analy!3.E?d. f:ro.m _na i; tonal annual averages ... (time series and international ~omparisons) and from budget data collected in household surv~ys'( "T ôr.F? .. - ·

9·

10.

Human beings when placed under

...

^' ·similar condi:tions behave in much the same way wherever they are, at least as regards the bro<l-Q.. ... .· . ^:~ ·),.ines of their consumption patterns: T or •. .. .. ^. .. .... .. . F?

If the elasticity of demand for all food in terms of calories is

0.4

then a one percent rise in per caput income, other

things being.equal, _would resu].t in a 0.4 pe:rcent rise in the total calorie intake: T or F?

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l,'.u-:.U-tL.nmP.ir8 H⁰ 4 ( cout}.nued.):

Answer each question

IDEP/ET/XXXVI/560-4 Page 3

1. Assume that population increase is expected to be 20 percent in 5 years time and that per caput real incarne will increase by 10 percent and that incarne elasticity of demand for ;food is 0.6 pcr cent: ·-- , .•... ~ ..

a) how much will demand for food rise in 5 years time?

b) what proportion of the demand increase is attributa- ble to population growth.

UNITED NATIONS

f.FRIC!!T DTST::'::TUT::; FOR ECONOEJ::C .DJJN:ê}LO?lvi:fJ{T ~lND PL.iJf.diHG

:D 1;. K J, R.

IDEP/ET/XXXVI/560-5 Mr. Mollett

March 1966

AGRICULTURAL AHD RURAL PLA!JNING WORIŒOOK

(-luestio.nnaira N° _5~

-

Der.1an.d p:tcijeç:.tions:

1. Calculate the compound rate of growth in the population of your oountry during the las~ 10-15 years.

2. Calculate the compound. rate of growth in par capu~ real incom8 in your country for the ~am~ period

3. Assume the following values of income elasticities (in terms of quantities at the farm level):

Cereale Sugar

0.2

0.7

Meat Eggs

0.9 2.0

Then calculate Annual growth in demand for these commodities in the period under review.

4.

Assume tbat the following quantities were consumed in your country in the base year :

Cereals Sugar Meat Eggs

1 million tons 200 000 tons

50 000 tons 10 million dozen

Then calculate (using rate of growth in population and per caput income for entire period, in your country) what the demand for these four commodities was in the final year of the period chosen.

UNITED 'NÂTIONS , ·

AFRICAI~ INSTITUTE FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

AND

PLANNING

D A KA R.

IDEP/ET/XXXVI/560-6 Mr. Mollett

March 1966.

AGRICULTUR!di iJf.D RURAL PLANNING WORKBOOK

'~'Ucstionmüre 1T⁰ 6 - Su;v; ly projections

Answer•each question True (T) or False (F).

(N.B. "Supply" may be defined as production plus importa minus experts plus changes in stocks).

1. When w~ àre. dealing with a National economy, we must distin- guish between "supply projections" and "projections of pro- duction": T orF?

2. The pre-condition of any prOJeCtion is good statistical data for recent years: T or F?

3.

Projections merely work out the consequences of assured trends:

T or F?

4.

Projections rest on assumptions which may be implicit: T o~ F?

5·

It is useful to set out alternative assumptions, or even se- veral series, in making projections: T or F?

6. In making a projection of Agricultural supplies it is best to

buil~ up from the smallest, most detailed₇ items possible:

T or F?

1·

A single year is usually quite suitable as a "base period":

T or F?

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IDEP/E~(iizyi./560~6

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Page 2

Questionnaire lif⁰

6

^(continued):

. : :~ ·-· ^·•·

·-· .. ··-"·· . • ••••• •-••• ····-•· ····- --- -·•· '•'•" ·-·--u-~··· ~ -·•· •• ••· ·-·-·•--·•···- • ~-~.,. • wo

8.

The optimum date for pr~jections would seem to be }etween 1 0 and 15 years: ~~.a.Q,., '--~()t__ 1 es.~: T- or F?

9·

It is

a

mistakew give eatimates of supply without indicating

· ·· ·· the--probable margina. of error in the estima tes: T or F?

.<_·

10. Other factors than priee influence supply and often they are st:r::o,nger than the priee factor: T or F?

<.:~ues tionnaire N° 6 ( c·ün-tinued):

. IDEP /ET/xx:l:fi/

5 60-6

Page 3

1. Assume annual rice production in base period

(1962-64)

is 1 Million tons and that rate of growth in output since

1950-53

is

2-5%-

what is projected output of rice in

1975

assuming recent trends prevail?

2. Output of rice rose from 1 million tons in base period

(1950-53)

to 1~5 million tons in

1960-63.

Assume that rica acreage rose from

2

million acres to

2.2

million acres in this period. Then attribute the rioe in output

(0.5

million tons) to change in land area and to change in yield.

~---

U:NI TF.:D _-- Nl, _{' , .} '1i'_.!.10NS _{' ,_·\.} IDEP/ET/XXX~I/560-7 AFRIClJif INSTI'YlJTE FOR E:JCHOMIC

D 1"'VELOP~IE1~T .. AND. ?L.Al"ùJIUG Mr. Mollett March 1966

Il

D A K A R.

: ... l AGRICULTURAL !ND RURAL PLANNING WORKBOOK

c'il:c-:.i::\,-rer each ques tian: True ( T) or Fals e ( F)

·J. Supply projections ( invloving the use of non-farm inputs) should always be checked for national oonsistency: T or F?

2. Targets aay be set for bath inputs and outputs~ T or F?

3. The "yardstick approach" to measuring response to certain types of inputs is the use of a simple input-output ratio._

related to a specifie amount of an input: T or F?

4·

The use of production functions to estimate input-output relationships is common in the agriculture of bath developed and developing countries: T or F?

5. A lartse p:r:oportion of the crop yield increases recently ex- periencod in developing countries is attributable to modern inputs (such as chemical fertilizer, insecticides, mechanisa- tion): T or F?

6. The gestation perioi of farm inputs is not likely to differ so widely as to be a factor making projections difficult:

T or F?

Q·.1.eati.onnaire N° è ( continued):

Answer each question: •..

IDEP/ET/XXXVI/560-7 Page 3

î~ Assume one well corigates 5 acres and that one acre under corigation gives an additional 400 pounds of grain (uncoriga- ted yield- 1 200 pounds per acre). If 100 wells are con- structed and the land corigated in the above ratio what v;ill the total yield of grain be from the corigated ^~and - and how much will the increase in total yield be compared with previous uncorigated crops.

2. 1 Ton (2 000 pounds) o:f,ziitrogenous fertiliser yields an ad- ditional 2 Tons of grain. This fertiliser is applied at the rate of 100 lbs (20 lbs N2

°

per acre. If 110 tons of ferti- liser are applied how much land will it caver (in the given ratio) and what will be the total extra yield of grain?

UNITED NATIONS

AFRICAN INSTITUTE FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING

IDEP/ET/XXXVI/560.8 General/Internal March 1966.

D A K A R.

MR. MOLLETTo

·. AGRICU:LW.Rl~ ·AN.D RURAL PLANNING WORKBOOK.

... . ^{·-~ ~} ... ^{: ...}

EXERCISE 8

Technical measures

1. First examine the following data:

Sources of recent change in production of field crops

• ..

in 6 countri~s.

... _,..: ·~ Source of change

Country Period Annual

rarë-

^··Ârea of Crop Crop Total of crop pattern(1) Yield ^li

%

increase in

% . ^% %

Years crop output

...

% ^{. .}

-·· .. ^{('" .}

Israel 1948-63

9·1

^{25.8 -2.6 76.8 100.0}

19:48-62 . 8.0

. .

Su dan 30.8 22.2 47.0 100.0

Mexico 1948-60 6-3 53·4 -0.1 46-7 100.0

Yugosla...;. ^{.•. :}

via 1948-63 5·1 . :t.5~2 .

. s , .

^{6 . 79.2 100.0}

U.A.R. 1948.63 2.0 20.7 7.• 7 71.6 100.0

Pakistan 1948-63 1.8 50·7 14.2 35~1·· 100.0

1 ) Changes in crop pattern as from high-tQ-low-value crops, or vice versa.

..

Source: ChanfieS iE Afiriculture in 26 .DeveloEing Nations

-

^121:8

F,or. Agric. Econ .. Rep. 27. U S .DA 1965. p • . 19.

' ;.· .• 1.- :. ,' • • ~. • . • \ · •.

Then ··be prepared to discuss their meaning in class.

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^{• ...}

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to 1263

Page 2

Examine the following data~

1 •• • ...

Estimated contribution of selected factors to the increase in crop production. Greece, 1950 ~ 60.

Factor Contribution

Land (1)

Ir:rigation (2) ,

· . _ . Feriiilizers. (-3) Others (4)

o o o o o • • • • •

• • • 0 • • 0 • • •

~ .. ·

• • 0 • • • • • • •

Total ••••

%

7-6 33-1 17 ~ 1

. 42-2

100.0

:.i.

.... ~ --··· ^{. '} .

1) Assuming average "productivi ties¹¹ of land remained unchanged.

2) Assuming yield of la;nct. irrigat,ed was 3. 3. times than --th'a;t not irrigated. ·

3) Assuming a 33 percent increase in yields for each 60 kgs. of fertilizer used.

4) Technical·. improvements, such

as

better seed selection, crop rotation,: ~se of pesticides, e~c.

· Source: Ibid p. 25

Be p;repa;red; to discuss 'them.

Examine the following data and be prepared to discuss them.

... A.::. ,Fertilizer~ nutrients : . .uàed/hectare

_1962/63.

of ·arableJ.land,

1948/49

to

Country

1948/49

1952/53

Israel

3-7

Su dan

0.7

:Mexico

1. 2

U.A.R.

47.1

Pakistan ^{\ 0.:2}

Tunisia

2.7

Source~ Ibid p.

47

Kgs (NPK)

1962-63 85.2

2.9 10.1

109.8 5•7

2.7

Change in two periods

~1 ~5

2.2

8.9

62.7

5·5

o.o

IDEP/ET/XXXVI/560.8 Page 3

B. "Seed sta tus", proportion of ri ce and rice yield changes, 1948-62.

.

a rea in improved Yields ;Eer

varieties hectare Country Seed Status ( 1 ) Proportion of 1948-52 1960-62 Change

Japan Taiwan Venezuela Chilo U • .A.R.

Pakistan Iran

(Rating) crop area in improved varie-

1 1 2

3 3 4 4

ties

ro

100 95 90 65 35 5 3

%

100kg./ha

40.0 50-5 26

19.1 25.4 33

11.4 15.1 33

29.0 27.0 -7

37-9 52.8 39

n.8 15-9 15

19.3 19.6 2

0)

Index·of present efficiency in the chief factors influencing development, production, distribution, and use of better seeds, using rates of 1 to 4 with quality highest for rating of 1.

Source: Ibid. E• 49

' '

UNITED ~TATIONS

.U'HIC"'Uf INSTITUTE FOR ECONOMIC

DEVELOPME~~T AND PLANNING D A K A R

IDEP/ET/XXXVI/560-9 Mollot.t ,

March, 1966

Education, Research and Extension

Examine the follovTing data carefully:

A. ~.1~~]-:turah research WÇ>,rkers per 100,000 people active in agriculturo,19GO.

India · Philippines Mo:dco Pakistan

· Thaila...~d

Co~_ocabia

.c\::::-gentinél,

Yugo~l~y"ia.

.Japan Te,i vraY.t Netherlands

S:mrcea Ibid. p. 6î

:. ,.

··.:'

Agricul tural Research Tforkers Nurnber

1. 2 1.6

3.

_'

,s

_,;

4·5

4-7 9 14

29

60

79

133

E.. I:1.dicat.ors of educational levels, countries :a.rranged b;y; per ca;pi t a

gosH ~a.t~onal product.

. ·.. \"

IDEP/ET/XXXVI/56~9 Page 2

• ~· 1 ::.

%

of population 25 yrs

and Older, by lovel ···

%

of childron In primary and

..

of schooling completed ·. secondary schools,

Country

Israel

Literaoy . rate

Argentina 86

Japan 98

Loss than First first .l.evellevel

·1,,::.,

43 38 3

. . .

32 57 66

Second level

21 4 25

Third level

4 1 6

1950 .

58 51 69

~T:urkcy ... :.::.... :::· _ _'_'

··39

···---···' .: . .g~·-··•······ .· 12 .. ····- 4 ^{.. 1 .} . 24 .UAR ... ---~-:: ^{... ...:-..} :~::-.-??

.. :___ _

^NA

... ·~·-· .. -··-^·· ... ___ ... ..: .. : ... ·-·· .

Tunisia 16 NA

...

Nigeria Sud an

11 7

So'urce: Ibid p.72

NA 89

NA NA Nil.

10

Nll. NA. . 20

NA NA 15

NA NA. 12

0.5

0.:5

₄

C. Ratios o'f farm holdings and economically active persons·in agriculture to extension 1wrkers in selected countries, 1959.

Country

Israel Greece Japan

Total extension . workers

610 4,851 13,566

Farm holdings per extension worker

Number 38 206 445

. ...

Economically active in

agricult~re per extension 1vorker

157 ' .403

···-··-~··-~-"'' -··

1,28 .

Indica~--.:: .. ^-~.:. ... -48, ^5-19~'_:_._ ___ . _ _._ ^--~'- · ·9't3·· --.... · . ... ---~----.·2;-696" ..

Chil _..... e . 154 . . 980 Thailand

Nigeria

328 950 Source: Ibid· p. 74

6,438 NA

. •• r.· .,

· · · - · - ·-- -, r; 2os- -- · · ·

34,555 Nh.

•

IDEP/ET/XXXVI/560-9 Page 3

Try to fill in the corresponding data for your country~

Examine these data carefully&

D. Increases in yield of rico needed to cover oost of 50 additional kilograms of fertilisera, at 1962-63 priees, selocted countries

Country

u~

In dia Japan Pakistan Thailand

United States

Source& Ibid

E·

Yields per hectare 100 kg.

52.3 14.8 50-5 15.9 14.3

39-5

51

Fertiliser nutrients used per hectare, arable land

kg.

109.8 3-4 210.1

5-1 2.1

37.6

Increas e ab ove 1961-63 yields reqûred to pey for 50 additional kgs. of fertiliser nutrients

Amount 100 kg.

3.8 2.6 0.7 0.6 2.1

0.9

Percent

1. 3 17.6 1. 4 3.8 14.1

2.3

Fertiliser t~

yield respons' ratio requir., . to cover fort~ -·

liser costs

7-7 5-2 1. 3 1.2 4.2

1. ~

•

UNITED NATIONS

~1FRICJJ~ INSTITUTE FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT .'\N.D PLANNING

DAKAR

. . Exercice tO • .

IDEP/ET/XXXVI/560-10 General/Internal April 1966 · MR. MOLLETT •

AGRICULTURll.L .ii.N.D RURAL PLll.IDJING WORKBOOK

·.i

Answer each question: True (T) or False.(F)

1 • Land tenure determines tl:;le _{. .} . d,ecis.ion-mÇtking processes in _{' •• .} agricul tural production and the distr_ibution of incarne

2.ro0ng -1.;~~0 trAl{;..rin.,l groups who share the agricul tural re-

sources a~d inco~e: T or F?

2. Uncertainty of tenure is functionally related to agricul- tural productivity: T or F?

3. A reform of land tenure is generally sufficient to cure the Jefects of the agrarian structure: T or F?

4.

Land reform policies are usually based on economie consi- derations of the relationships between size of holding and productivity: T or F?

5·

The main aim in most agricultural development plans is to raise total production rather than to increaso the marketed surplus: T or F?

6. One of the major reasons for the indebtedness of farmers in poor countries is the distress caused by frequent crop failures: T or F?

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·!

Page 2 ^, ... , ..

•'/ .

1·

On the free market, priees of' most agricultural products fluctuate widely. This occurs mainly because the priee elasticity of most of these products is high: T or F?

.:.. -·~ . · .... -... -. ~ -~:· .... ··--~~-.... :

8. As a general rule, every step ta]{en -~~~ .. the dir~c_tion of improved marketing ^l~ads to soma reduction in priee fluc- tuation: T or F?

• i_ •.

9.

It is very probable that farmers are the least heavily taxed group in developing countries: T or F?

10. Crop insurance schemes are uncommon in developing countries because they are so co.J)ltly to opera te: T or F?

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.

( - · ..

UNITED''

^NA.

TI

ONS

A.FRICAN INSTITPTE FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND P~ANNING

DA.KAR

IDEP/ET/XXXVI/560-11

Mr. Mollé-tt April,

1966

Rural and Agricultural Planning Workbook Leoture 11 _{-:~ .} Investment and Financing ^...

Answer each question True or False T or F

1. Agriculture. tends to be a ·bargain sector in countries where agricul turc:.

..

is still backward, in ~he sen;3e that relatively small investment ler.ds to a higher output than in other sectors.: T or F

•

2. The pattern of investment in agricUlture oan logioally be considered quite separately from the general pattern of investment: T or F

3.

The.Economio Evaluation of·development pro_jeots should be based sololy.

ori 'tangible affects (~ri affects which are measurFLble in monetary tcrms);;

T or F

4. Estimates of seoondary benefi ts from a projeot are unneoessary if shad.o1~

(or equilibrium) instead of market priees for factors of production ~~o

used in the economie analysis: T or F

5.

-Priority ranking of projects on the basis of benefit- oost rFLtios is generally des:l.::-able .and suffi oient: T or F

· .

The ôa.pitaJ.-output method

of

^:~fra.is~nee a. pro.ject thàt i t elemi~'l.te~

·-

the element o:f time.: .T or F

""·-

.. ~ r

S,h~ow priees ·reflect ~ parjticul.a.r .se'J;,

of

^values

~o : ~h~ne~ investfu~h--eé· ~ .'~lo~g ~ th~·: ii·h~s :.~hosen

^on

;,'-:··:·.a~~ ·:~:~hoosi~~ the •ftimE;.· pr~ferAnceï' for es·tablishirig

'.i~· éssentially

an.

èconomic>niatter: T or F

.·. ··--· ... ^'

9.

When public expenditures measure up to the planned r~te

:!;hat t.h~p.gs a~e. s,haping-.W.E!;l,l: · T· ·or F ·

' . ^~--~ . ^{.' :. ;--~;.( 1}

'

. t

^.10,

^~ri

vate farm i.nvostment. (including non""morteta:cy investmant} .ia

\ r,.e.~a~;iyely snw-11, as· .Cdmpared with public agr~ciiiturl:i.l

; . ··•··

mo.st developing countries : T or F

....·• .... ^·

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.

.,

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