Report
Reference
Access Consistency Memory Model for Messengers
DI MARZO SERUGENDO, Giovanna, et al. & CUI - Centre Universitaire d'Informatique, Université de Genève
Abstract
The messenger paradigm is an alternative to computer communication based on the exchange of programs called messengers which are afterwards executed, instead of messages that are interpreted. The communication by messenger paradigm can be used to implement both low level software such as communication protocols and high level software such as distributed applications. Using the messenger paradigm for computer communication requires that each host be "equipped" with a runtime environment called messenger platform that can execute messengers that reach the platform. MØ is one such platform. MOS is a distributed micro-kernel designed for the efficient execution of messengers and implemented on i386 machines; it contains a MØ platform. It supports the concurrent execution of messengers on a given node. Messengers running on the same node can exchange data through a common store. Messenger behavior is expressed in the MØ messenger language understood by all messenger platforms. MØ is an interpreted language. Messengers see the memory provided by a MOS as a set of dictionaries where information is stored as pairs consisting [...]
DI MARZO SERUGENDO, Giovanna, et al . & CUI - Centre Universitaire d'Informatique,
Université de Genève. Access Consistency Memory Model for Messengers . Geneva : CUI - Centre Universitaire d'Informatique, Université de Genève, 1996, 34 p.
Available at:
http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:55423
Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version.
1 / 1
!!"#%$
&')(+*),.-/10324/5&')*4')67'98:/ ;,=<?>7/10)09/A@B,C&/?(+DE<
F *)(+,G8IH:,G/10JK8:LM*3'9N4,.09O
PRQ')(+6TSE0UV/1(:-8
WRXZY[]\^X!_`Y1acbdXI\]e^ac[gfhac\^Xi4jkGYEl=mn\^opfh[^acqEr1XdsM_`Y1acbdXI\]e^ac[GtmhlvuXZY1XIbdf
whx sE\]r1X%uzyXIY{yXI\gfh|~}`rEl=mnr1\+s1WR w d`uXIY XIbnX x
) mnY1Xd9 x wnw%ndKn!xE s1TfM ~ x wdwdddd
XoVfMac|GT1EEETd?M 3E : ¡M
F /?*),=SE(N3' F%¢V£!¤R¥
$E¦¨§
©B<1> SE-Aª9SE(
$E«3¬{$T7®
¯°v±d²´³Cµ)¶Z·G¸%²´³{³.¹nºdº1¶Z·^»G¼g½¿¾dÀK».±¼ÂÁhµ)²´³G³CÃRÄ:».²´¶IÅEÄIÆ)Çd¹nŽÉÈʶZ·ÂÁMË]²´¼]Åd».²ÍÌËÎ9¼³G¼gÄZ·^ËG±ÏÐÇ Ã¡Ñ
ÁMÎÒÁnÓ9ÔZ·^ÄZÅd»ÒÕMÖM×:ØdÖMÙMÚEÛ1ÜGÝ:Ø
Þß
ųG».²´».¹E»G¼{Èc¹d·
ß
ÅnÈʶZ·^àÄ+».²Í¸1á1â¡Åd²´ã:¼]·^³.²´»=ÀK¶ZÈ~än¹n·G²´ËG±
ì í1îzï%îZððIî+ñdònî:óôöõnó^õn÷dø´ònïøÊð¿õnñõMùcú=î:óIñ1õnú=øüû+îzú=ýÿþýdïôEú=î:ó5þýdïïñ?øÐþõdú.øÐýdñõhðî÷
ýdñÿúí?îîdþí1õnñdòdîVý`ô ó^ýònó^õdïð%þõMùüùî÷Vï%îZððî:ñdònî+óð 4í?øÐþíõdó]îõZú=î:ó 9õnó^÷Mð!îdîþEú=î÷
øÐñEðIú.îgõn÷ýzïîIððIõ+ònîIðúcí1õdúKõnó^îøÐñ?ú=î:ó.ô ó]î+ú.î÷ ì í?îþgýnï%ïEñ1øÐþõdú.øÐýnñÿï%îZððî:ñdònî+ó
ôöõnó^õn÷dø´ònï þgõnñgînðî÷ú.ý øüï{ôTùî:ï%î:ñ1úýnúí ùý ùî:û:îIù9ðIýIú ¡õdó^îÉðþíÿõMðþýdïïEñ1ø
þõdú.øÐýdñÉô ó]ýdú.ý+þýMùð%õdñ?÷ í?ø´ò:ízùî:û+îZù4ðIýIú ¡õdó^îðEþgízõMð÷døcðIú.óIøú.î÷õôdô7ùcøÐþõdú.øÐýdñöð 4ðIøÐñdò
úí?î%ïîZðgðIî:ñdònî+ó¡ô1õdó^õn÷dø´ònïIýnóþgýnï{ô!Eú=î:óþgýnï%ïEñ1øÐþõdú.øÐýnñ5ó^î"øüó^îZðCúí?õdú9îõdþíí?ýMðIú#î
$
î"øôdô1îg÷&%' 9øÐúcí5õVóEñ1ú.øÐïî%î:ñ1û:øÐó^ýnñ1ïî+ñ1úRþõMùÐùcî÷pïîZðgðIî:ñdònî+óRôTùõnúIýnóIï úí?õdúRþgõnñ î(
îþEú.îïîIððIî+ñnòdî:óðKúí?õdú{ó^îõnþgíúcí1î ô7ùcõdúIýdóIï*),+øÊð%ýdñ1îBðEþgípô7ùõnúZýdóIï-/.10Aøcð%õ
÷døcðIú.óIøEú=î÷Vï%øüþ+ó]ý2nî+óIñ?îIù9÷dîZðIø´ònñ1î÷*Iýdóúcí1îKî43þ:øÐî:ñ1ú{îdîþú.øÐýnñAýïîIððIî+ñnòdî:óðKõdñ1÷
øÐïô7ùî:ïî+ñ1ú.î÷Výdñzø65798ïõdþí1øÐñ1îZð: øüúÒþýdñ?ú=õnøÐñEð%õ),+Éô7ùõnúZýdóIï<;gú¡ðZônôöýnóIúÐðúí?î%þýdñ=
þEóIó]î+ñ?úCîdîþú.øÐýnñAýKïîZðgðIî:ñdònî+óðKýdñÿõònøÐû+î:ñAñ?ý+÷nî>-zîIððIî+ñnòdî:óðóEñ1ñ1øüñdòzýdñúcí1î
ðIõdïîñ1ý:÷dîBþgõnñî?nþí1õdñnòdîB÷dõdú.õ5úcí1ó]ýMò+ízõ5þýnï%ïýdñzðIú.ýdó^î*-zîIððIî:ñdòdî:ó'îgí?õdû:øÐýdóøcð
î?ô ó]îIððIî÷øÐñ úí?î),+5ïîZðgðIî:ñdònî+óùcõdñdòEõ+ònîEñ1÷nî+óðú.ý:ý+÷>KõMùÐù4ïîIððIî:ñdòdî:óRôTùõdúIýnóIï!ð
),+ øÊð%õdñzøÐñ1ú.î+óô ó^î:ú.îg÷ùcõdñdòEõ+ònî*-zîZððî:ñdònî+óð!ðIîgîúcí1îKïî+ïýdó`ô ó^ýnû+øÐ÷nî÷@Kõ'-/.A0
õMð%õÉðIî+úRý÷døüþ+ú.øÐýdñ?õdóIøÐîZð* 4í1î:ó^îøÐñIýnóIï%õnú=øüýdñ5øcððIú.ýdó^î÷KõhðÒô1õdøüóð!þgýnñEðIøcðIú=øüñdòý!õ2nî
õdñ1÷õû:õMù6Eîì í1î'2nîzøcðBnðIî÷ ú.ý õnþþgîZððpúcí1îVû:õMùCEî5õhððý:þ:øÐõdú.î÷ ú.ý õ5ònøÐû:î+ñÿøÐñIýnó
ï%õnú=øüýdñ,/;gñÿúí?øcðô1õô1î+óD 9îô ó]îIðIî:ñ1úõ ïî+ïýdóE5þýdñEðIøcðIú.î+ñ1þ5ïý+÷nîIùF!þgõhùÐùî÷5õnþþgîZðð
þýdñEðIøcðIú.î+ñ1þÒúcí1õnú~øÊð 9îIùüù7ðEøÐú.îg÷ú.ýKøÐï{ôTùî:ï%î:ñ1ú)õK÷døÊðú.óIøEú=î÷ð^í1õdó]î÷%ïî+ïýdóE%ú.ý%î(
ú=î:ñ1÷úí?îþgýnï%ïýdñÉðIú=ýnó^î{õdû:õdøÊùõZùîGIýnó{ï%îZððIî+ñdònî:óð óEñ?ñ1øÐñdòýdñBúí?î{ðIõdïîH-/.A0Vñ1ý:÷dî
ú=ý ð=ô1õ ¡ñKõ%ñ1î:ú4 9ýdó2ý#-/.A0ñ?ý+÷nîIð:9øÐîE4ú=ýõMùÐùcý zï%îZððî:ñdònî+óð ú.ýð^í1õnó^îCøüñIýdóZï%õnú=øÐýnñ
øÐóIó]îIð.ô1îgþ:ú.øÐû+îý!úcí1î:øÐó¡ôöíI:ðøüþgõhù4ùcý+þõdú.øÐýnñ5øÐñVúí?î%ñ?î+ú4 9ýdó2
J XIt9KÒmn\^i1e:)oXIoBmd\^tHLZmdY1e]ae][^XIYILIt%oBmEi1XI|GsMfLLIXZe^e#LImnY1e^ace][^XIY,LZtsnoXIe]e^XIYIMdXI\:s ),+ sNPODQ!R
_a`cbedXfhg i jkbXl<fm`
}`ae][^\]aCn?r1[^XIiBe fh\^XIiVoBXIomn\^t'o=}DQ,NPp¡ace fhYfM[][^\gf(LI[^acbnXÂoBmEi1XI|El=mn\9acYEl=mn\^opfh[^acmdYe fh\G
acY,Mqn7XZ[rKÒXIXZYts1\]m9LIXIe^e]XIe5mn\K[ \]X+fMi1eV[ fM[KXIEXLZr1[^XzmdYi1aFu XI\^XIYE[>LImnoBs1r1[]XI\^eK|cacY,vnXIi
[ \]mdr,M fVY1XI[rKRmd\v!RBw XIYfV}DQ,Ne^tEe][^XIo acer1e]XIi4s9X:fL s1\^m9LIXZe^e'L+fhY\^Xl=XZ\^XIY,LZX
i7fM[f5|cm9L+fh[^XIiXIbnXI\^t9K XI\]X5acYA[ XVY1XI[rKRmd\vfMealÂac[K{fMe|cm9L+fM|R[^m[ XVY1mEi1XBK XZ\^X
[ XDs1\]m9LIXIe^e`aceÒ\]r1Y1Y1acY,M&Ryx X`oXIoBmd\]t!mMl4[ Xi1aFu XI\]XIYE[{Y1mEi1XIeHLImnoBsTmde]aYIMÂ[ X!}DQ,N
ace!e^XIXZYfMefBL:fL Xmhl [ XKe fM\^XZiAoXZomd\]tzR*{¨a6vdXaYAfL+f(L acY,MVe^tEe^[]XIo s)fLLZXIe^eK[]m
Y1mdY |m9L+fh|4i7fh[gf>oüi7fM[fKY1mn[Âf:bdfMac|Ðfn?|X{acY5[ X!|cm9L+fM||L+fL XpC\]XIe^r?|[]eaY [ X!iTfM[gfnTXIacY,M
[^\fMY1e l=XI\^\]XIiBl=\^mno f`\^XZomd[]X{Y1mEi1X{[^m[ XC|cm9L+fM|9L+f(L XR#x X{[^\gfhY1eGl.XI\Òmhl iTfM[gf<nTXI[rKRXIXIY
[ X`i1aFu XZ\^XIYE[HL+f(L XIeÒmMbnXI\1LImdYEbdXZY[]acmdY7fh|1Y1XI[rKRmd\veRace9bdXZ\^tLImde][GtzR)`XIY,LIXds?omne^[9}DQ,N
e^tEe^[]XIoe{[]\^tV[^m\^XZi1r,LIX[ X[]\gf}BLDnTXI[rKRXIXIYz[ Xi1aFu XI\^XIYE[<L+fL XIeR
O`Y1XK{f:t!mhl4\^XIi1rILIacY,M%[]\gf~}BLnTXI[rKÒXZXIYBL+f(L
XIe*oÐY?mi?XIe?p¡aceAnEt\^Xs1|ca6L+fh[^acY,M!i7fh[gfmnY
e^XIbnXI\gfh|9Y1mEi1XIeR%}fM[fKaceC[
XIYAf(LLIXIe]e^XIi|cm9L+fM|c|ctVmdY fh|c|4[
X%Y1mEi1XZe*K
XI\]X%ac[Cace\^XEs1|ca´
L+fM[]XIiyR¡CmKRXIbdXI\:s1[
XDs1\^a6LIX[^ms7f:tl=mn\ÒiTfM[gf\^XEs1|caCL:fM[^acmnYaceÒ[
fM[{mhl~oVfMacYE[gfMacY1acY,M`[
X
LIm
XI\^XIYILIt5mMl9[
X\^Xs1|ca6L+fh[^XIi5iTfM[gfIRGx
ace{oX+fhY1e{[
fM[+sEoBmEi1aFL+fM[]acmdY1eRi1mdY?XÂmnYVi7fM[f
f:bdX[]mnTX!fs,s1|cacXIiBe^mdoBX
mKmnYpfh||T[
X!\^Xs?|a6L+fheRG`eCf*LImnY1e^XZqr?XIY,LIXds¨opfMacYE[gfhacY1acY,M
i7fM[fPLZm XI\]XIY,LItMnXIY1XI\fM[^XZepfLZ[^acbEa[GtmnYAe]XIbdXI\fM|{Y1mEi1XZepfMY?ifM|ce]m5e^mnoXpfhomnr1YE[Âmhl
Y1XI[rKRmd\v[^\gf~}BLR5kGYÿ[ XKÒmn\^e][L+fhe^XIe:s9oVfMacYE[gfMacY1acY,M'LZm XI\]XIY,LItmhlC\^Xs1|ca6L+fh[^XIiÿi7fM[f
L+fMY[MdXZY1XI\gfh[^XKoBmd\^XY1XZ[rKÒmn\vV[^\f}BL[ fhY5[ fh[Y1XLIXIe]egfh\^tz[^mpf(L acXIbdXi7fM[fKe fM\]aYIM
K{ac[ mnr1[{\^Xs?|a6L+fh[^acmdY|R
kGYKlGfLI[:s1[ X fhomnr1YE[9mMl)Y1XI[rKRmd\vB[^\f}BLMnXIY1XI\fM[]XIiPnEtpf}DQ,N e^tEe^[]XIo ace a6M |ct
i1XsTXIY1i1XZY[{mhl [ X's?\^md[]m9LImd|6'oÐoBXIomn\^tLZmdY1e]ae][^XIYILItKomEi1XI|p3r1e]XIi'nEt![ X}DQ,N e]tEeG
[^XIo [^mBopfMacYE[gfhacY[ XLIm XI\]XIY,LItzmMlÒ\]Xs1|ca6L+fM[]XIizi7fM[f,R*NVXIoBmd\]tBLImnY1e^ace^[]XIY,LItzomEi1XZ|
aceC[ XI\^Xl.md\^XKfMYVacoBsTmd\][gfhY[Race^e]r1X!acYVi1XIe^a6MnY1acY,Mf}DQ,N e^tEe][^XIo fhY1i5[ X*L mda6LIX!mhlÒf
oXIoBmd\]t*LImdY?e^ace^[]XIY,LItVomEi1XZ|1aceÒmnY1XCmhl~[ XLI\]a[]a6L+fM| i1XELIace^acmdY1e{[ fM[ f:bnXC[^mnTXC[gf(vdXIY
nEt¿fhYEtpi?XIe^a6MdY?XI\mMl fB}QIN e^tEe^[]XIo R<N5fMYEtVoXIoBmd\]t'LImdY1e]ace^[^XZY,LItzomEi1XI|ce*NVmde E
f:bdXn7XZXIYi1XIe]a6MdY1XIi l=md\i1aFu XI\^XIYE['vEacY1i1emMl!}QIN e^tEe][^XIoBe+s#n?r1[%Y?mdY1XVmMlC[ XIoace
e^r1ac[]XIiÿl=md\KfM|c|C}DQ,N e]tEe^[^XZoeR/x
X>L
mda6LIXBmMl!f5oBXIomn\^tPLImnY1e^ace][^XIY,LZtoBmEi1XI|Ri1X
s7XZY1i1eKmdYAf¿Yr?o'n7XI\mMls7fh\gfMoBXI[^XZ\^e+s9fhomnY,MBK
a6L
KRX'L+fhYAoXZY[]acmdYz[
XB[GtzsTXmhl
fs,s?|a6L+fh[^acmdY?e{l=mn\K
a6L
[
XK}QIN e^tEe^[]XIo aceCi1XIe]a6MdY1XIiAfhY1i5[
X%e]tEe^[^XZoo
fM\]i,K{fM\^X
fMY1iVe]mMl=[rK{fM\]XpRmdYV[^msVmMlK
aCL
[ X }DQ,N e]te][^XIo
fheC[^mnTX!acoBs1|cXIoBXIYE[^XIiyR
kGYmd\]i1XI\[]mr1Y1i1XZ\^e^[fMY1iK
tfzesTXLIaFLzoXIoBmd\]t oBmi?XI|{aceKY1XIXIi1XZil=md\KoBXIeG
ace%oVfMY7f(MdXIizacY[
X>NPODQoa6LI\]mMrvdXI\]Y1XI|rR>LELIXIe^eLImdY?e^ace^[]XIY,LItÿaei1XIe]a6MdY1XIi l=md\acoK
s1|cXIoXZY[]acY,M}DQ,NK{a[
oXIe]e^XIY,MnXI\^e!fhY1iVl=mn\{oXIe]e^XIY,MnXI\^e\]r1Y1Y1acY,MKmnY fY1XI[rKRmd\vpmhl
NPODQVY1mEi1XIeR
B GGDBH]D#*>¡
-zîIððIî+ñnòdî:óð x{eL fM\]XKomn?a|cX`[ \]X+fMi1emMl{XIEXLIr1[]amnY r?e^Xl=r?|)l=md\e][^\^rILI[^r1\]acY,M5i1aceG
[^\]aCn?r1[^XIifM|6Mdmn\^ac[ oBe'}DNPN¢x{ ER/x X5XIEXLZr1[^acmdYmhl fzoXZe^e^XZY,MdXI\K[fvnXIe's1|ÐfLIX
acY f ïîIððIî+ñnòdî:óôTùõdúIýnóIï RO`Y1XKe^r,L s1|Ðfh[Gl=mn\^o ace![ X )=+ s1|Ðfh[Gl=mn\^o£x{eL xR'QEXIbn
XI\gfh|ÒoBXIe^e]XIY,MnXI\s?|Êfh[Gl=mn\^oBeÂfM\]X'LImdY?Y1XLI[]XIintzr1Y1\]XI|caÐfn1|cXL fMY1Y1XZ|e[ \^mdrIM K a6L
oXIe]e^XIYIMdXI\]eÂfM\]X!e^XZY[Cfhe{e^acoBs?|X`i7fM[f*sTfLvdXI[]eR
kGY1e]ai?X%f'MnabnXIY>s1|ÐfM[l=md\]o sEoXZe^e^XZY,MdXI\]e!fM\^X ðî"Eî+ñ1ú.øÐõhù7ô ó^ý:þîIððIîIð XZXELIr1[^acY,M þýdñ=
þEóIó]î+ñ?úÐù6õdñ?÷5øÐñÉôöõnó^õMùüùîZùRHx XZt þý:ýdó]÷døÐñ1õnú=îKúcí1î:øÐóî?nîþEú.øÐýdñ nEtV[ XoX+fhY1eCmhl¤o]p
f!e fM\]XIi ÷døÐþ:ú.øÐýdñ1õnó sEfMY1i[ow p ïîIððIî+ñnòdî:óD"EîîZð R#x X`i1a6LI[^acmnY7fM\]t%ace{f!e fM\]XIiVi7fM[f
e^[]\^r,LI[]r1\^XfLLIXZe^e^a6n1|cX`[^m%fh||?oXIe]e^XIY,MnXI\^eRGoXZe^e^XZY,MdXI\1L+fhYKaY?e^XI\][ÒY1XEKi7fM[f1sL fhY,MdX
md\`\^XIoBmMbdXmd|ci5i7fh[gfacY¥ l=\^mno [ X%i?aCLZ[^acmdY7fh\^t9R1oXZe^e^XZY,MdXI\aceCfn?|X[^macY1e]XI\^[ac[^e]XI|l
acYpfqr?XIr1Xds?a[]e{XIEXLIr1[]acmdYVaceÒ[ XIYVe^[]ms,sTXIi5r1YE[]a|Tac[Ò\]X+fL XZeC[ X X+fMiVmMl)[ XqEr1XIr?XR
NVXIe]e^XIY,MnXI\^e¦L+fMY þ:ó^îõnú=î5õnú%óEñ=^ú=øÐïî o]pY1XEK i7fM[f1sDow pY1XK oXZe^e^XZY,MdXI\]eacY[ X
s1|ÐfM[ l=md\]o§K
XI\]XC[
XItKfM\^X{XZXELIr1[^acY,MTs1fMY1i[
XItL:fMY
ïýdû:î [
XIoBe^XI|cbnXIe)md\
ðIî:ñ1÷Kýdúcí1î:ó
ï%îZððIî+ñdònî:óð!ú=ýBýdúcí1î:óRô7ùcõdúIýdóIïð
R
x)mKe^r1oBopfh\^a6¨IXdsnoXIe]e^XIYIMdXI\]e fh\^XKfMY1mnYEtoBmdr1e{fMY?i¿fhr1[^mnY1mdoBmdr1e{e]XIqEr1XIYE[^aÐfh|s?\^mM
LIXIe]e^XIe:s XIEXLIr1[]acY,M%acYs7fM\fM|c|cXI| fhY1ipf(n1|cXC[]m%oBmMbdX1n7XI[rKRXIXIY¦s1|ÐfM[Gl.md\^oBe9fMY1iB[^mLImEmd\^i?a´
Y7fM[]X![
XIac\HKÒmn\v'nEt[
X!oX:fMY1eRmMl)e
fh\^XIi5iTfM[gfe^[]\^r,LZ[^r1\]XIe%fMY?ioXZe^e^XZY,MdXI\`qEr1XIr1XIeR
© B ª¬«®¯|°y#±¦²'°³³E´1¶µ¸·,¹VH1Bº
NPODQPo4NVXIe^e]XIY,MnXI\Hn7fMe]XIi@O<sTXI\gfh[^acY,MQöte][^XIo>pHxC}DNPNV x aceÒf`i1ace][^\^a6n1r?[^XIiBoa6LI\^mh
vdXI\]Y1XI|{i1XZe^a6MdY1XZiAl.md\![ XX}BLZaXZY[XIEXLIr?[^acmdYÿmMlCoXZe^e^XZY,MdXI\]efMY1iacos1|cXIoXIYE[]XIi mnY
add fM\L ac[]XLI[^r?\^XIeRA`e{aceÒ[ XDL+fMe]Xl=md\RXIbnXI\^tBoa6LI\^mh»vnXI\^Y?XI|Gsd[ XCoVfMacY'L fM|c|cXIY,MnX{l=mn\
NPODQKaceR[^m!i1XZ[^XI\]oacY1XC[ XnTfMe^a6Ll=r1Y,LI[]acmdY7fh|ac[GtBoüoacY1acofM|ne^XI[{mhl4e^XI\]bEaCLZXIe?pR[]mLImnY97Y1X
acYp[ X!oBaCLZ\^mMrvdXZ\^Y1XI| acYVmd\]i1XI\{[]m'MdXI[fbdXI\]te^oVfM|c| fMY1iV[^\]r1|ctBMnXIY1XI\]aCLoa6LI\^mh»vnXI\^Y?XI|rR
x XVi1\^acbEacY,M>s ac|cmde]ms tzmMlNPODQqK{ac[ [ ace\^XIes7XLZ[+s{ace![]m f:bnmdaci |cm9L+fh[^acmdY[]\gfMY?eG
s7fM\]XIY,LItfh[9[ X{oa6LI\^mh»vnXI\^Y?XI|1|cXIbdXZ|»R|x ace)ace#s1\gf(LI[^a6L+fh|c|tfL acXIbdXZi'nts1\]mMbaci1acY,M`mdY1|ct
|cmzL:fM|Re^XI\]ba6LIXZe fh[![ XBoa6LI\]mMrvdXI\]Y1XI|9|cXIbnXI| fhY1iqnEt e al=[^acY,M5fh||¡aYE[]XI\GGY1mEi1XKe^XZ\^bEa6LIXIe+s
arRXRshe^XI\]ba6LIXZe{\^XIqEr1ac\^acY,M¸LImEmsTXI\gfh[^acmdY'nTXI[rKRXIXIYVi1aFu XZ\^XIYE[RY1mEi1XIe{fM[)[ X`msTXI\gfh[^acY,M!e]tEeG
[^XIo e]XI\^bnXI\^e |XZbdXI|rR]x X5oVfMacYAfMi1bdfhYE[gfMnXVmMl![ aceVfs,s1\]mf(L ace[ fM[K[ XI\]X aceY?m
fh\^iErK{ac\^XIiI's1\^mn[^m9LImd|3acY1e^aci1X[
XÂoBa6LI\^mh»vnXI\^Y1XZ|»R
¼#½r¾1½¼ ¿ À<ÁÂ1Ã=ÄIÅÆ&Ã,ÅÄ,Á]Ç|ÈPÉÊÂ
kGYlfLZ[+sMacYNPODQ shX+fL oa6LI\]mMrvdXI\]Y1XI|Eace9f ),+ oBXIe^e]XIY,MnXI\9XIEXLIr?[^acmdY's1|Ðfh[Gl=mn\^omu XI\^acY,M
mdY1|ct|cm9L+fM|ne^XI\]ba6LIXZe9[^m`oXIe]e^XIY,MnXI\^eR#Ë9fL Y1mEi1X1LImdYE[gfhacY1e4e]r,L f¤s1|ÐfM[Gl.md\^o[Ì+fhY1i*K XIY
oXIe]e^XIYIMdXI\1s1|ÐfM[ l=md\]oe4fM\]X{|caYIvdXIi[ \]mdr,M f`Y1XZ[rKÒmn\v sd[ XItLImdY?e^[^ac[]r1[^XfCi?ae][^\]aCn?r1[^XIi
oa6LI\]mMrvdXI\]Y1XI|GsMXIbnXIYV[ mnr,M [ XI\^X`i1mEXIe{Y1mn[9XIEace^[{fMYEtvEacY1iKmhlLImEms7XI\fM[]amnYBnTXI[rKRXIXIY
\^XIoBmd[]XCoXZe^e^XZY,MdXI\<s1|ÐfM[l=md\]oe9fMY1in7XEL+fMr1e]X!oXZe^e^XZY,MdXI\]eL+fhY>n7Xr1e]XIiV[^maos1|cXIoXZY[
fM\n1ac[^\gfh\^t*s?\^md[]m9LImd|ce+s:oBXIe^e]XIY,MdXZ\^eÒfh\^X9r1e]XIiaYNPODQ![]mCacoBs1|cXIoBXIYE[1acYE[^XI\Y1mEi1XDoÐacYE[^XZ\G
s1|ÐfM[ l=md\]o@p{e]XI\^bEa6LIXIeRpWRmEms7XI\fM[]amnY nTXI[rKRXIXIYÿY1mEi1XIe!ace%f(L
aXZbdXIizacY [
ace*K f:tzfM[[
X
oXIe]e^XIYIMdXI\`|XZbdXI|)fMY1iBY1md[Cfh[{[
Xoa6LI\]mMrvdXI\]Y1XI| |cXIbnXI|rR
kGYNPODQ s:[
XÒi?aÍu XI\]XIYE[#s1|ÐfM[l=md\]oe fM\^XR|cacY,vdXIi[
\]mdr,M
r1Y1\]XI|caÊf(n1|cX#L
fMY?Y1XI|ceR#NVXZeG
e^XIYIMdXI\]e{r1e^X`[ XHL fhY1Y1XI|ceR[^momMbnX9l=\]mdoes1|ÐfM[Gl.md\^o[]m*s1|ÐfM[l=md\]o R&w XZYfoXIe]e^XIYIMdXI\
omMbnXIe+snac[9ace#s7fLvnXIiBnEtKac[^eRmd\]aCMnacYs1|Ðfh[Gl=mn\^oXK a6L [ XIYVmnr1[s1r?[^eRa[¡mdY[ XCes7XELIaF7XIi
L fMY1Y?XI|rR9k.l~[ XDs7fLvnXIiVoXIe]e^XIY,MnXI\C\]X+fL XZeCac[^e{i1XZe^[^acY7fh[^acmdYs1|ÐfM[l=md\]o acYBK mn|X!fhY1i
K{ac[ mnr1[ALZmd\^\]r,s1[]amnY4sna[¡aeRr1Y,sTfLvdXIiVfMY1iKaceRr1Y,LImnY1i1ac[^acmnY7fM|c|ct![^r?\^Y1XIiBacY[]m%foBXIe^e]XIYE
MdXI\[ \]X+fMiAfhY1iXIEXLIr1[]XIiÎnEtz[ X's?|Êfh[Gl=mn\^okLImnY,LIr1\]\^XIYE[]|tqK{ac[ mn[ XI\oXIe]e^XIY,MnXI\^e:s
s1\^mMbEaci1XIiV[ XI\^XfM\^XXIY1mdrIM \^XIe]mdr1\LIXIe[^mKi?m%e]mR
LZ[^r7fh||ctEsM[ \^XIX|cXIbdXZ|e¡mMl~fn?e^[^\fLI[]acmdYXZace][ÒacYBNPODQPoüe^XIX<Mnr1\^XRcpER]x XH7\]e^[
indirect interaction of processes on the same platform through their messengers and with the processes they control
direct interaction of messengers on the same platform, with their platform threads messenger processes user and OS
networked platforms
3a6Mdr?\^XKRcd|x X![ \^XZX!|cXIbdXI|ce{mhlvfn?e^[^\fLI[]acmdYVacY¢N¦OQÏR
|cXIbdXI|<LImd\]\^XIes7mnY1i1eB[^m[ Xpi?ae][^\]aCn?r1[^XIioBaCLZ\^mMrvdXZ\^Y1XI|{i?XIeLI\]a6n7XIifnTmMbdXpfhefze^XI[Kmhl
oXIe]e^XIYIMdXI\Hs1|Ðfh[Gl=mn\^oe)|cacY,vdXZiK[ \]mdr,M fY1XI[rKRmd\v!R#NVXZe^e^XZY,MdXI\<s1|ÐfM[ l=md\]oe)mu XI\1n7fMe]aCL
e^XI\]bEaCLZXIe!l.md\CoBXIe^e]XIY,MnXI\^e*K aCL m9LLZr,sEt5[ XKe]XLImnY1i |cXIbnXI|9mhl fn1e][^\fLI[]amnYyR*NVXIe]e^XIYö
MdXI\<s1|ÐfM[ l=md\]oe+sn[^mMdXI[ XI\<K{a[ [ X fM\^iIK fh\^XDK XI\]X%[ XItXZXELIr1[^Xe^rIs,s1|ctpfbEac\^[]r7fM|
opf(L aY?XÂ[ fM[`r1Y1i1XZ\^e^[fMY1i?e![ XoXIe]e^XIY,MnXI\|ÐfMY,Mnr7fMnXRHNVXIe^e]XIY,MnXI\^e%fh\^XLImdYILIr1\^\]XIYE[
[
\]X+fMi?e{mMl4XIEXLIr?[^acmdYK{\^ac[^[]XIYacYK[
XCoXZe^e^XZY,MdXI\R|ÐfMY,Mnr7fMnXÌn[
XItfh\^X`aYE[]XI\s1\]XI[^XZi@nEt
[
XKbEac\^[]r7fM|3opf(L
aY?Xs?\^mMbEaci1XIi[ntVoBXIe^e]XIY,MdXZ\s?|Êfh[Gl=mn\^oBeRH{[[
X%|cXIbnXI|)mMlÒoBXIe^e]XIYE
MdXI\]e+s3e^ac[^e[
XK\^X+fh|)msTXI\gfh[^acY,MVe^tEe^[]XIo s¨a»RXRcs?[
XKY1XELIXIe^efM\]te^XI\]bdXI\]e![
fh[aos1|cXIoXZY[
ODQl.r1Y,LI[]amnY7fM|cac[Gt!Ì)[
XZ\^Xl=mn\^Xds<OQ e^XI\]bdXI\]epfh\^XVacoBs1|cXIoBXIYE[^XIizacYÐNPODQqnEtoBXIe^e]XIYE
MdXI\]eR`mKÒXIbnXI\+s?l=mn\{X}BLIacXIY,LZt5\^X+fhe^mnY1e+syODQVe]XI\^bnXI\^ee
mnr1|ci5Y1md[<n7XLImnoBs1|cXI[]XI|ctacoK
s1|cXIoXZY[]XIiacY fhYaYE[]XI\s1\]XI[^XZi|ÐfMYIMdr7f(MdXR1mn\K[ aceK\^X:fMe^mnY4sCfhY1iÿl=md\K[ X5Y1XIXZi[]m
XIEXLIr1[]X5r1e]XI\s?\^mMn\gfhoe*LImnoBs1ac|cXIizacYY7fM[]abnXW _{rLImEi1Xds1NPODQAfh||cmK{e[ XXIEXLIrö
LI|ÐfMe]e^a6L f(n1e^[]\gf(LI[^acmdY mMlAs1\]m9LIXIe^eRD{[C[
aceC|cXIbdXZ|sKRX
f:bdX*s?\^m9LIXIe]e^XIeXIEXLIr1[]acY,MVY7fM[]abnX
W
_{rLImEi1XVr1Y1i?XI\%[
XBLZmdYE[^\]md|RmMlCoXZe^e^XZY,MdXI\]eR¦ oBXIe^e]XIY,MdXZ\L+fhYqLImdYE[]\^md|R[
XXIn
XLIr1[]acmdYAmhlCmdY1|ct5mnY1XBs?\^m9LIXIe]e+s#n?r1[!ac[!ace*sTmde^e]a6n1|cX[^m
f:bdXfVoBXIe^e]XIY,MnXI\K{ac[
mdr1[f
s1\^m9LIXZe^eKr1Y1i?XI\%ac[]e*LImdYE[]\^md|rR'`e%acee
mK{YaY[&Mdr1\]X5Rcds oBXIe^e]XIY,MnXI\^eXIEXLIr1[]acY,M mnY
[
XefMoXHs?|Êfh[Gl=mn\^oeL+fMYBaYE[]XI\gf(LI[Òi?a\]XLI[]|t9RGoXIe]e^XIY,MnXI\1L+fMYBaYE[]XI\gf(LI[ fh|ce^m*K{ac[
[ X
s1\^m9LIXZe^er?Y1i1XI\Kac[^e¸LImdYE[^\]md|CfhY1iÎK{ac[ ac[]es1|Ðfh[Gl=mn\^o RxHKRm s1\]m9LIXIe^e]XIeXZXELIr1[^acY,MmnY
[ XBegfhoXs1|ÐfM[Gl.md\^oL+fMY?Y1md[acY[]XI\gf(LI[!i1ac\]XLI[^|ctEs)[ XZa\¸LImdYE[^\]md|c|cacY,MVoXIe]e^XIY,MnXI\^eoKr1e][
oXIi?aÊfh[^X`[ XIac\{acYE[^XI\fLI[]acmdYqoÐXRM&R9fL acXIbdXacYE[^XI\s1\^m9LIXZe^eDLImdoBoKr1Y1a6L+fh[^acmdYpER
{[ynTmEmd[]e^[^\fs[^acoXns+f1T\^e^[)oBXIe^e]XIY,MdXZ\~ace3aYÑXLI[]XIi%acYE[^m{[ XRY1XI[rKRmd\vmhl7oXIe]e^XIYIMdXI\
s1|ÐfM[ l=md\]oeR&x ace3oXIe]e^XIY,MnXI\GK{ac||LI\^X:fM[^XRmd[ XI\)oXZe^e^XZY,MdXI\]e)[ fh[yK{ac|c|7Y7fh|c|t<s7ms1r1|ÐfM[]X
fM|c|{[ XPs1|ÐfM[l=md\]oeR/C|c|{[ XIe^XzoXZe^e^XZY,MdXI\]eBK{ac|c|HLImd|c|ÐfnTmd\fM[]X[^mm(u XZ\[ X5e^XI\]bEaCLZXIe
mMlC[ Xms7XI\fM[]aYIM e]te][^XIo[R O`Y1XL+fMYÿaoVfMnaY?X!acYAfMYXIE[^\]XIoXL+fMe]Xds9[ fM[i1aFu XI\]XIYE[
acY1ac[^aÐfM|noXIe]e^XIY,MnXI\^e)acoBs?|XZoXIYE[^acY,M¡i1aFu XI\]XIYE[9msTXI\fM[^acY,M`e^tEe^[]XIoe9fh\^XRaYÑXLI[]XIi%acYE[^m`[ X
Y1XI[rKRmd\v5mMlHs1|ÐfM[l=md\]oeRDË9f(L mMlR[ XIo opf:tMdXI[DLImnY[]\^mn|9mMl fÉe^r,n?e^XI[mMlAs?|Êfh[Gl=mn\^oBeÌ
[ aceDK{ac|c|~\]XIe^r?|[acY5[ X's7fM\][^acmdY?aYIMmMlR[ Xe^tEe^[]XIo acY[]mi1ace6ÑmdacYE[Ce]XI[^e!mhlÒY1mEi1XIe[ fM[
\^r1YVi1aFu XI\^XZY[`msTXI\gfh[^acY,MKe]te][^XIoBeR9?md\RXI1fMos1|cXdsdX:fL e^XZ[{mMl9Y1mEi1XIeHL+fhYVaos1|cXIoXZY[
ac[^eB]mK{Y,'s1\]mzLZXIe^e%fhY1i5oBXIomn\^topfMYTfMdXZoXIYE[#sTmd|ca6LIacXIeR¤w
fM[`aceCr1YEr1e]r7fM|3ae`[
fh[+s
XIbdXZYaY [
aceXIE[^\]XIoXL+fMe]Xds oBXIe^e]XIY,MdXZ\^e!\]r1Y1Y1acY,MBmdYzY1mEi1XIeDn7XZ|mnY,MdacY,MB[^mBi1aFu XI\]XIYE[
e^XI[]efM\]XKe^[^ac|c|Òf(n1|cX%[]m5acY[]XI\gf(LI[RPN¿md\^XZmMbdXI\:s4oBXIe^e]XIY,MdXZ\^eL+fMYoBmMbdX*nTXI[rKRXIXIYY1mEi1XIe
\^r1Y?Y1acY,MKi1aFu XZ\^XIYE[Cms7XZ\gfM[]acY,MKe^tEe^[]XIoeR
¼#½r¾1½r¾ ÂÒÁyÄ=ÓÔÆ!ÁyÕ[ÇGÖÁ|Ä,Áy×Ø#ÙÚÃ,ÀÁ]ÉÊÂÉVÔÆ!Ä,ǶÛ~Ü]ÁyÄ,Ý<ÁyÞ
CeKoBXIYE[^acmdY1XZiAfnTmMbdXds)[
XPNPODQoa6LI\]mMrvdXI\]Y1XI|1s1\^XZe^XIYE[^eB[^mzoXIe]e^XIYIMdXI\]epfVbEac\^[]r7fM|
opf(L
aY?Xpm(u XZ\^acY,MAmnY1|ct|m9L+fh|n7fhe^a6Lze^XI\]ba6LIXZeRXx
XqNPODQoa6LI\]mMrvdXI\]Y1XI|i1mEXIeVY1mn[
LImdYE[fMacY sTmd|ca6LIacXIe:s4ac[mdY1|ctVmu XI\]e!oXL
fhY1ace^oBeC[
fM[DL+fMYqnTXKr1e]XIiqnEt5oXIe]e^XIYIMdXI\]e%[]m
acoBs1|cXIoBXIYE[ÂfMY?iXIYEl=mn\LIXBbdfM\^acmnr1e*vEacY1i1e!mhlÒsTmd|ca6LIacXIeR>x
XKl=mn||cmK{acY,Ms1\^acY,LIa6s1|cXIefM\^X
fs,s?|acXIiV[]m fh|| e]XI\^bEa6LIXIeDs1\]mMbEai?XIiBnEt[
XNPODQBoa6LI\]mMrvdXI\]Y1XI|G
ß
/vdXItoBXL fMY1ace]oace4r1e]XIi!l.md\!LImnY[]\^mn||cacY,MCf(LLIXIe]e~[]mCi7fh[gfRmnÑXLI[]e~acY!oBXIomn\^t Íf
oBXIe^e]XIY,MnXI\L:fMY1Y1mn[ f(LLIXIe]epfhYmnÑXLZ[!l=mn\K aCL ac[!i1mEXIeKY?md[ f:bnX[ X\]aCM [
vnXIt9R J XItEe'L+fMYqnTXVe^XIXZYfMeL+f(s7fn1ac|cac[^acXIeRPx XItfM\]XVr1e^XIiÿ[^m5|cm9L+fh[^XmnÑXLI[]e
acYoBXIomn\^tAfhY1i[^mÿesTXLIal=t[ XzmsTXI\gfh[^acmdY1e5fh||cmKRXIimdY[ XIo[R§w XIY fhY
mnÑXLI[Race9e^[]md\]XIiacYoXIoBmd\^tEsIac[]e#LI\^X:fM[^mn\ÒoKr?e^[9fMe]e^m9LIaÐfM[]XC[^ma[9fh[9|cX+fM[9mnY1XHvdXZtzR
x XIYK[ X{mnÑXLI[àLI\^X+fh[^mn\9oKr1e^[|s1r,n1|cace [ XAvnXIt%[]m[ XRmd[ XI\9oBXIe^e]XIY,MdXZ\^e9[ fM[
Y?XIXIi5[]mfLLIXZe^eC[ X!i7fh[gfIRGCYVmnÑXELI[HLI\^X:fM[^mn\Cmn\{mK{Y1XI\HL+fhY@Mn\gfhY[{e]XI|cXLI[]abnXI|ct
f(LLIXIe]e%\]a6M
[^e`mdY5[
XKmnÑXELI[[^mi?aÍu XI\]XIYE[!oXIe]e^XIYIMdXI\]eR!kGY?i1XIXIi4s3al9[
XKmnÑXLI[
LZ\^X+fh[^md\VfMe]e^m9LIaÐfM[]XIeoKr1|c[]aCs?|XL+f(s7fn1ac|cac[^acXIeesTXLIal=tEacY,Mi1aFu XI\^XIYE[VfLLIXZe^eV\^a6M
[]e
[]m [
XmnÑXLI[:sÒfhY1ialCa[¸s1r,n1|cace
XZe%e]XI|cXLI[^acbnXI|ct[
XL+fs7f(n1ac|ca[]acXIe![^m i1aFu XI\]XIYE[
oBXIe^e]XIY,MnXI\^e:s4[
XIe^XBoXIe]e^XIYIMdXI\]e*K{ac|||n7X'Mn\gfhY[i1aFu XI\^XZY[!f(LLIXIe]e%\]aCM
[^emdYz[
X
mnÑXLI[R
ß
LIr1\^\]XIY,LItBoXL fhY1ace^oace9r1e]XIil=mn\9r1Y1al=mn\^o\^XZe^mdr?\LIXopfhY7fMnXIoXZY[:1oBXIe^e]XIYE
MnXI\^es7f:tVl.md\!fM|c|9[ XK\^XIe]mdr1\LIXIeK[ XItqLImnY1e^r1oBX!l.md\![ XIac\!XIEXLIr?[^acmdYyÌ)YTfMoXZ|tEs
W _ [^acoXds)oBXIomn\^t fhY1iY1XI[rKRmd\vÎn7fhY1i,K{aci1[ RÎw XIYfzoBXIe^e]XIY,MdXZ\KaeKY?m
oBmd\]XCfn1|cX{[^m¸s7f:t!l.md\9[ XC\]XIe^mnr1\LIXZeCac[#LImnY1e^r1oBXIe+snac[9ace9e^ac|cXIYE[^|ct\^XIoBmMbdXIil=\]mdo
LZmd\^i?aYIM []m5[
XBi1XIoVfMY1izl=\]mdo oXIe]e^XIY,MnXI\^eRqáRt fhiÑr1e][^acY,M5[
X>LI\^XIi?a[MdacbnXIY
[]m i?aÍu XI\]XIYE[KoXIe]e^XIY,MnXI\^e:s9ac[ae¸s7mne^e^a6n1|cXB[^mzXIYEl=mn\LIXVbdfM\]acmdr1e*vEacY1i1emMls?\^acmd\]a´
[]acXIeR
\gfLZ[^a6L+fM|c|ctEs X+fL
oBXIe^e]XIY,MdXZ\
fMefMYfLLImnr1YE[l=\]mdokK
a6L
[
XKe]tEe^[^XZo
i?XIi1r,LIXZe'L
fM\MnXIe\^XIe]r1|c[^acY,M l=\^mno [
XXIEXLIr?[^acmdYÿmMlC[
XoXZe^e^XZY,MdXI\RP oBXIeG
e]XIY,MnXI\'L+fMY[]\gfhY1eGl=XZ\%oBmdY1XIt [^mfMY1mn[
XI\oXIe]e^XIY,MnXI\XIEXLIr1[]aYIM mnY[
XBegfMoBX
s?|Êfh[Gl=mn\^o[Rx ae3ace4i1mnY1XAnEt|cXI[^[]acY,MC[ X#T\^e^[)oBXIe^e]XIY,MdXZ\K{ac[ i1\gfKoBmdY1XZt{l=\]mdo
ac[]eCfLLImnr1YE[ÂfhY1ii1XEs7mne^ac[Cac[{acY[ X%fLELImdr1YE[{mhlv[ Xmd[ XI\CoBXIe^e]XIY,MnXI\RR4acY7fh|c|tEs
f¿Yr?o'n7XI\mMlCoXZe^e^XZY,MdXI\]e'L+fMYe fM\]X5fMYAfLELImdr1YE[Ì9[ aeace!i1XIe]ac\^XIiK XIYÿ[ X
oBXIe^e]XIY,MnXI\^eDLImEmsTXI\fM[^X[^mf(L acXIbdX%fLZmdooBmdYK[fMev!R1x XIac\HLImnooBmdYfLELImdr1YE[
ace{r1e]XIi5[]m's7f:tKl=mn\Ò[ X!\]XIe^mnr1\LIXZeÂ[ XIt>LImnY1e^r1oBX[^mfLELImdos1|cae [ X[gfMev!RAOl
LZmdr1\]e^Xds{[ XPNPODQÿoa6LI\^mh»vnXI\^Y?XI|{XIY1e]r1\^XIeV[ fM[K[ ace'LIr1\^\]XIY,LItoBXL fMY1ace]o ace
Y?md[{l.md\MnX+fn?|XÌ arRXRsTfKoBXIe^e]XIY,MdXZ\L:fMY1Y1mn[aYILI\^X+fhe^XKac[^efMe]e^XI[]el=\gfhr1i1r1|cXIYE[]|tBmd\
L:fMY1Y1mn[HK{ac[ i1\fKoBmdY1XZt!l=\]mdo fhY1md[ XI\`oXIe]e^XIY,MnXI\+jeCf(LLImdr?Y[R
Ë)bnXIY [ mdrIM fh||3[ Xe^XZ\^bEa6LIXIes1\^mMbEaci1XIiPnEtV[ XNPODQ oa6LI\]mMrvdXI\]Y1XI|9fM\]X a6M |ct
acY[]XI\^[rK{acY1XZi4s1KÒXMd\^mnr,s[ XZo acYto=fp[ \]X+fMioVfMY7f(MdXIoBXIYE[Ce^XZ\^bEa6LIXIe+s¸onpoBXIomn\^t
opfhY7fMnXIoXIYE[9e]XI\^bEa6LIXIe:sGoLpRXIEXLZr1[^acmdY mMl~YTfM[^acbnXLZmi?X%fMY1i[oÐipRmn[ XZ\Ce^XZ\^bEa6LIXIeR
x \]X+fMi!oVfMY7f(MdXIoBXIYE[EaYILI|cr1i1XIe1o=fp¨[ X¡XIEXLIr1[]amnY%fMY?iÂ[ X9eL XIi1r1|cacY,MCmhloBXIe^e]XIYE
MdXI\]e+s|onp¡[
XDLI\]X+fM[]acmdYmhl~oBXIe^e]XIY,MdXZ\^e+s1fhY1i oâLpR[
XCe^tEY,L
\]mdY1a6¨+fh[^acmdYBmMl)oXIe]e^XIY,MnXI\^eR
kGY[
XpY?XIE[e^XELI[^acmdY3sHKÒXVi1XZ[gfMac|`[
X5oBXIomn\^t5oVfMY7f(MdXIoBXIYE[!e^XZ\^bEa6LIX acYÿ[
X N¦OQ
i1ace^[]\^a6n1r1[]XIi5oa6LI\]mMrvdXI\]Y1XI|rR
ã D äµ*Gåc B*æ æ*°ç ª¬«
x
XBNPODQ oa6LI\^mh»vnXI\^Y?XI|Gs1\^mMbEaci1XIemdY?|t5f¡n7fMe]aCLoXZomd\]tKopfhY7fMnXIoXIYE[{e]XI\^bEa6LIXl=mn\
oXIe]e^XIYIMdXI\]e9\^r1Y?Y1acY,MCmnY![
X¡|m9L+fh|EY1mEi1XRGNVXIe^e]XIY,MnXI\^eR\^XIqEr1XZe^[9oBXIomn\^tR[^mC[
XRoa6LI\^mh
vdXI\]Y1XI|!nEt*LI\]X+fM[]acY,M fhY1iKe^[]md\]aYIMÂiTfM[gf e^[^\]r,LI[]r1\^XIe{acYE[^moXIoBmd\^t9R,è`m!bEac\^[^rTfM|1oBXIomn\^t
e^XI\]bEaCLZXIe%fM\]X*s1\]mMbaci1XZiPnEt[
XNPODQVoBa6LI\^mh»vnXI\^Y1XZ|»R1oBXIe^e]XIY,MdXZ\L:fMY5\]XIqEr1XIe^[[
fM[
fi7fh[gfe][^\^rILI[^r1\]XDn7X`e^[^mn\^XIiBacY fDs?\^acbdfM[]X{oXIoBmd\^t`\^XMnacmdYl=mn\9[ X`oXIe]e^XIYIMdXI\:sdmn\9acYf
\^XMnacmdY5mhlvoBXIomn\^te fh\^XIi¦K{a[ md[ XI\`oXIe]e^XIY,MnXI\^eRHC|ce]m7s1oBXIe^e]XIY,MnXI\^e!fM\]X*L fM\MdXIi
l=md\oXZomd\]t5[ XItqLImdY?e^r1oBXKl=mn\%[ XIac\%XZXELIr1[^acmnYyRqx acei1mdY1X>nEtz\^XIqEr1XIe][^acY,M[ fM[
X+fL i7fh[gfVe][^\^rILI[^r1\]XPnTXl.r1Y1i1XIi|R i7fh[gf e^[^\]r,LI[]r1\^X5[ fM[aeY1mz|cmdY,MnXI\l=r1Y?i1XIiace
\^XIoBmMbdXIi l=\]mdo [ XKoXIoBmd\^t9R1mn\ÂiTfM[gfBe][^\^rILI[^r1\]XIee^[^mn\^XIiacYz[ X's?\^acbdfM[]X%oBXIomn\^t
mMlCfBoXIe]e^XIY,MnXI\+s3[ XKoXIe]e^XIY,MnXI\%f(LLImdr?Y[aer1e]XIi[^mBl=r?Y1i [ XKi7fh[gf,R'Q fM\^XZii7fM[f
e^[]\^r,LI[]r1\^XZeCfM\^XRl.r1Y1i1XIii1aFu XI\^XIYE[]|t )f`oXIe]e^XIY,MnXI\#L+fhY fh[^[fL fhY f(LLImnr1YE[9[^m!f`e fh\^XIi
i7fM[fac[^XZo sÒfhY1ifzYEr1o'n7XZ\KmMl!e^r,L f(LLImnr1YE[^e>L+fMYnTX fM[][gf(L XIi[^mfzi7fM[fzac[^XIo[R
x XIe]X%i1aFu XI\^XZY[Cf(LLImnr1YE[^eÂfh\^X[ XIY5r1e]XIi5[^ml=r1Y?ip[ X!i7fh[gfac[^XIo[R4kGYV[ aeHK{f:tKX+f(L
oXIe]e^XIYIMdXI\[ fM[{Y1XIXZi1e[ Xi7fM[fL+fMY i1XLIaci1X![]mes7mnY1e^mn\Cac[{acY1i1XsTXIY1i1XZY[]|ct5mMl9md[ XI\
oXIe]e^XIYIMdXI\]eR#`|ce^m[ ace9XZY1e^r1\]XIeR[ fh[Òf`i7fM[fac[^XIoae¡Y1md[)\^XZomMbdXZi!l=\]mdo[ X{oBXIomn\^t
al fKoBaen7X
f:bdXIiVmn\Cac|c|´GacYE[^XIYE[^acmnY1XIioBXIe^e]XIY,MnXI\!fM[^[fL
XIe!fhY5XIoBs?[GtpfLELImdr1YE[[^mB[
X
i7fM[fal~md[
XI\{Y1mnYVXIoBs1[Gtf(LLImnr1YE[^eÂfh\^X!fM[][gf(L
XIi5[^m[
X!i7fM[f,R
kGY'NPODQ sMoXZe^e^XZY,MdXI\]eÒfMY?is1\]m9LIXIe^e]XIe
f:bnXÒi1aFu XI\^XZY[RbEacXK{e)mMl [
X{oBXIomn\^t{acY1e^aci1X
K a6L
[
XItzfM\^XKXZXELIr1[^acY,M&RBO`YmdY1X
fhY1i4s)foBXIe^e]XIY,MnXI\!e^XZXIe![
XKoXIoBmd\^tBmMl{[
X
s1|ÐfM[ l=md\]o mdYqK
aCL
ac[!ace!XIEXLIr1[]acY,M fMefVe^XI[mMl{[
\^XIXBi1a6LI[^acmdYTfM\^acXIeR@O`Y1XBmMl{[
XZe^X
acYEl=md\]opfh[^acmdY9êi7fh[gfKfhY1iÎLImEi1Xê [
fM[aeY1mn[!e
fh\^XIiK{ac[
mn[
XZ\%oBXIe^e]XIY,MdXZ\^eR[x
X
md[
XI\[rKÒm5\]XIopfhacY1acY,MVi1a6LI[^acmdYTfM\^acXIeëKfM\]XpfLELIXIe^e]a6n1|cXp[]m fM|c|9oBXIe^e]XIY,MnXI\^eK\]r1Y1Y1acY,M5mnY
[
XegfMoBXDs1|ÐfM[Gl.md\^o fMY1i5fM\]X!r1e]XIiVl=mn\{aYöl=md\]opfM[]acmdYKXI9L
fMYIMdX*nTXI[rKRXIXIYzoXIe]e^XIY,MnXI\^eR
kGYEl=mn\^opfh[^acmdY`ace e^[^mn\^XIiacYi1a6LI[^acmdYTfM\^acXIe3acYsTfMac\^e|LImdY1e]ace^[^acY,M{mhl7fHvdXZt fhY1i!fMY%fhe^e]mzLZaÊfh[^XIi
bdfM|cr1XRewXPK{ac|c|CY1mn[^Xze^r,L
fqs7fhac\ oìÏí?îpBK
XI\^XÎìaceB[
X[vdXItfMY1itîÿ[
X bdfh|cr1X
fMe]e^m9LIaÐfM[]XIi5[^mac[R|áÒmn[ ìVfMY1i>îL+fMY>nTX!fM\n?a[]\gfh\^tKi7fh[gfmnÑXLZ[^eïe^rIs,s7mn\^[]XIiPnEtK[ X
r1Y1i1XZ\^|ctEaYIM!oXIe]e^XIYIMdXI\9|ÐfhY,Mdr7f(MdXRÏèCmd\]opfh||ct`oXIe]e^XIY,MnXI\^e{fLELIXIe^e{acYEl.md\^oVfM[]amnYCe][^md\]XIi
acY oBXIomn\^t oümdY1XmMl{[ X%[ \^XIXBi1a6LI[^acmnY7fM\]aXZe?pIsÏnt¦s1\^mMbEacY,Mac[]e fhe^e]mzLZaÊfh[^XIiqvnXIt9RO`Y1X
msTXI\gfh[^mn\!aceCr1e]XIi[^m>LI\]X+fM[]XfKY1XKes7fMac\'oìÏí?îpCacY5oBXIomn\^tKmn\Â[]m>L fMY,MnX%[ X%bdfh|cr1X
mMlîal4[ Xs7fha\RfM|c\^X+fhi1tKXIEace^[]eÒacYKoXZomd\]tzR&e^XLZmdY1iVmsTXI\fM[^mn\ fh|c|mK{e9foXIe]e^XIYIMdXI\
[^mVfLLIXZe^e![ X%bdfh|cr1X*îKalÒac[Hs1\^mMbEaci1XIe`[ X\^a6M [HvnXItPì5fMe]e^m9LIaÐfM[]XIiz[^mac[RHCY1izfK|ÐfMe][
msTXI\gfh[^mn\!aceÂr?e^XIi[]mp\]XIomMbnX%f'vEY1mK{Y[s7fha\`l=\]mdo fBi1a6LI[]amnY7fM\]tzRðO`Y1XL+fMYe]XIXK[ X
õd÷n÷dó^îZðð9ð.ôöõnþî mhl7fRoXIe]e^XIY,MnXI\~fhe~f1LImn|c|XELI[^acmdYmhlöiTfM[gfRac[]XIoeñêòsTmd\][^acmdY?e mMloBXIomn\^tê
i1ace^e]XIoacY7fh[^XIiacYE[^mz[ \]XIX i?aCLZ[^acmdY7fh\^acXIePoüe^XIX>&Mdr1\]XARw pERAkGY?i1XIXIi4sXIbdXIY#a´lX+fL mhl
[ X[rKÒme fh\^XIi i1a6LI[^acmdYTfM\^acXIe{aceHsTmd[]XIYE[^aÐfM|c|ctKXIYE[^ac\^XZ|tVfLLZXIe^e]aCn?|Xns7[ X!oBXIe^e]XIY,MdXZ\ fMe
Xu XLI[^acbnXI|ctfLELIXIe^eKmnY1|ct []mPs7fh\^[^emMlC[ XIozs4Y7fhoXI|ct5[ mde]XBLImnYE[gfMacY1acY,MVacYEl=mn\^oVfM[^acmnY
l=md\'K
aCL
[
XpoBXIe^e]XIY,MnXI\BvEY1mK{eK[
X5fMe^e]m9LIaÐfM[^XZivdXIt9Rw
fh[%aceKr1YEr1e]r7fM|
XI\]X5ace
[ fh[{[
XZ\^XaeRY1mKY1mn[^acmdYBmMlDgfMi?i1\^XIe]e&R9kGYEl=mn\^oVfM[^acmnYKe^[^mn\^XIi aYBoXIoBmd\]t!aceCfLLIXZe^e^XZi
acY1i1ac\^XLZ[^|ctVbaÐfac[^eCfMe]e^m9LIaÐfM[]XIi[L+fs7f(n1ac|ca[]acXIeR)kGYBlf(LI[+s?mdY1X*sTfM\^[{mhl9[
X!acYEl.md\^oVfM[]amnYKace
r1e^XZi5[^mf(LLIXIe]eÂ[
X\^XIoVfMacY1acY,M*sTfM\^[R
O`Y[
XCmn[
XI\
fMY1i4s9s?\^m9LIXIe]e^XIe
f:bdXf!\fM[
XI\{[^\fMi1ac[^acmnY7fM|1bEacXKmhl4oXIoBmd\]ts:arRXRcs
f< fh[9es7f(LIXCmhl~fMi1i?\^XIe]egfn?|X`oXIoBmd\]tKRmd\]i1e9e]r,n7i?abEaci1XIiKacYE[^m[ \]XIXC\]XMdacmdY?e+)f\^X+fhiE
mdY1|ctz\^XMnacmdYzl=mn\![ X'LZmi?XdsÒfV\]X+fMiö»K{\]a[]XK\^XMnacmdYzl=mn\!i7fM[f5fMY?iAfMY1mn[ XI\\^X:fMiErK{\^ac[^X
\^XMnacmdYBl=md\R[ X X+fs5fMY?ip[ Xe^[fLv!R9WRmdYE[^\fM\^tB[^m[ XoBXIe^e]XIY,MdXZ\L+fhe^Xds?[ X!fMi?i1\^XIe]e
es7f(LIX!mhl¡f¸s1\]mzLZXIe^eace{|caY?X+fM\{fMY1i>LImnoBs1|cXI[]XI|cts?\^acbdfM[]XRGs1\^acmn\^aGsE[rKÒms1\]mzLZXIe^e]XIe*K{ac|c|
f:bdX>LImnoBs1|cXI[]XI|ct r?Y1\^XI|Ðfh[^XIifMi?i1\^XIe]eKes7f(LIXIes1\^mn[^XLI[]XIiX+f(L l.\^mdo [ XVmd[ XI\fhY1i
[ XZ\^Xl=mn\^XHK{ac|c| f:bnXÒfLELIXIe^e¡[^mi1aFu XZ\^XIYE[)mnÑXELI[^e9acY!oBXIomn\^t9R9C|ce^mTsM[ X fhi1i1\^XZe^e)es7f(LIX
mMl fÉoXIe]e^XIYIMdXI\aces1\]md[]XLI[^XZi[^m[ Xs1\^m9LIXIe]e!r1Y1i?XI\![ XLImnYE[^\^mn|)mMl9[ XoXZe^e^XZY,MdXI\R
¬s1\]m9LIXIe^eL+fMY?Y1md[VfLLIXZe^eVmnÑXELI[^eB|tEacY,MzacYA[ X fMi1i?\^XIe]eesTfLIX5mhl!a[]e'LImdYE[]\^md|c|cacY,M
oXIe]e^XIYIMdXI\R `mKÒXZbdXI\:sÒfVoBXIe^e]XIY,MdXZ\L+fhYf(LLIXIe]eKoXIoBmd\^tV\]XMdacmdY?e%oVfs,sTXIiacY[ X
fMi1i?\^XIe]e!mMlÒ[ X's1\]mzLZXIe^e!r?Y1i1XI\!ac[]eLImnY[]\^mn|»RDx X%oVfMacYV\^X+fhe^mdY l=mn\C[ ae:s ace[^mpfh|c|mK
foXIe]e^XIYIMdXI\`aY?a[]aÐfM|ca6¨IX{[ XfMi1i1\]XIe^e`es7f(LIX!mhlvac[]eCfMe^e]m9LIaÐfM[^XZiPs1\^m9LIXZe^eDK{ac[ [ X!\]aCM [
acYEl=md\]opfh[^acmdY5e]r,L
fhe*LImEi1Xds)i7fh[gf?s~fhY1imd[
XI\e^[gfh[^XBaYöl=md\]opfM[]acmdY>n7Xl=md\]X|ÐfMr1YIL
aYIM
[
XZXIEXLIr1[]amnY mhl~[
XDs1\^m9LIXIe]eR
x)m5XIYEl.md\LZXp[
XV[rKÒmzbEacXK{e%mhlÂoBXIomn\^t5i1XZeLI\]aCnTXIif(n7mMbnXds)[rKRm i1ace][^acY,LI[oXL
fMY1ace]oe!fM\]Xr1e]XIiA[]m fL
acXIbnXBs1\]md[^XELI[^acmdY|RPOCYÿmdY1X
fMY1i4s)acY[
XKoXIe]e^XIYIMdXI\es7f(LIX
oÐ[
X!e^XELImdY1iV|cXIbnXI|4mhlvfn?e^[^\fLI[]acmdYpZs1fMi1i1\]XIe^e`es7f(LIX*s1\]md[]XLI[^acmnYpaceHL+fh\^\]aXZipmnr1[1ntB[
X
oXIe]e^XIYIMdXI\*s?|Êfh[Gl=mn\^o[Rx X!oXIe]e^XIYIMdXI\*s?|Êfh[Gl=mn\^o i1XZ[^XLI[]e fhYEt fM[][^XIos1[`l=\^mno foBXIeG
e^XIYIMdXI\[^mf(LLIXIe]eaYöl=md\]opfM[]acmdYKY1mn[{|tEacY,MacYp[ X!oBXIe^e]XIY,MdXZ\+jeÂfhi1i1\^XZe^eCes7fLZXêK XIY
¯»óâôõDö÷ø4ùúGûüýþÿø4úHú4úôEúüý øýôÿEü#ý ÿú
Þ ÿúü4ú4ûú ø4ýþú! "#Gÿô%$&'(&#yýô*)+,
-
óâô%)+÷.Hý/0/ÿ1ÿ2134&5Eü!ÿ26&728,94ú ø
: ),+ûü0þýúyø4ùú;&<1&=! &ÿEô?>1&<@Eûúü4ÿø0ü0;A!ùú¸ÿø4ÿBúHÿCý øýôÿEü<ÿô*ø4ùú
8,9ú ø,ø02/4úyÿ!øùúDBú;.FEGü&ø4ùúÿø4ÿ#ýø4úH8úýô!úJIôú9÷ÿ ú0ú2üKú4ø4üúLA!ùú!&<1,&
ûúüÿEøü&ø4ÿBú&ÿ1øùýü0ûÿü4ÿHúøúüM4ûú ýENýôGø4ùúþÿ/úDOHø1ÿ0, ýÿEøúDP!ýøù<øùú!Bú%.
msgr 2 msgr 1
private private
shared shared
data items addressable by msgr 1 data items addressable by msgr 2
dictionary dictionary
dictionary dictionary
3a6Mdr?\^XKRw |xHKRm%oBXIe^e]XIY,MdXZ\^eÂfhY1iV[ XZa\'fMi1i?\^XIe]eCesTfLIXIeR
[ XBoXIe]e^XIYIMdXI\i1mEXIeY1md[s1\^mMbEaci1XK[ X\]aCM [vnXIt[^mzfLLIXZe^eK[ XacYEl=mn\^opfh[^acmdY=ê#f:Y?i
MdXIY?XI\gfh[^XIe5fMYe^XI\]\^mn\'LImdY1i?a[]acmdY,&RAk.l[ XBlfhr1|c[^acY,M5oBXIe^e]XIY,MdXZ\ace%Y?md['s1\]Xs7fM\]XIi[]m
fMY?i1|cXÂe]r,L f¸LImdY1i?a[]acmdY4sEac[{ace f(n7mn\^[]XIiyR
O`Y%[ XRmd[ XI\ fMY1i3sNPODQ!r?e^XIe9[ XRlf(LIac|ac[]aXZe!s1\^mMbEaci1XIinEt![ XRoXZomd\]t{opfhY7fMnX
oXIYE[Rr1Y1ac[*oN¦NV_p[^mfL acXIbnXDs1\^mn[^XLI[]acmdY fh[Ò[ X*s1\]mzLZXIe^e|cXIbdXZ|»R)`mKÒXZbdXI\:s7fMi?i1\^XIe]e
es7f(LIX*s1\]md[]XLI[^acmnY fMY1iBopfhY7fMnXIoXIYE[Òfh[Ò[ X*s1\]m9LIXIe^e|cXIbnXI| ace{Y1md[{i1mnY1XDnEt[ XæN¦OQ
oa6LI\]mMrvdXI\]Y1XI|rR9kG[`ae{[ X!\]XIesTmdY1e]a6n1ac|ac[GtBmMl9oXIe]e^XIYIMdXI\]eLZmdYE[^\]md|c|caYIM%[ X!XIEXLIr?[^acmdY5mhl
s1\^m9LIXZe^e^XZeRx X'NPODQVoa6LI\]mMrvdXI\]Y1XI|ys?\^mMbEaci1XIe[ X¸n7fMe]aCLe^XZ\^bEa6LIXIe![]mpfM|c|cmKoBXIe^e]XIYE
MdXI\]eÒ[]m!i1m![ XÑmnfMe¡[ XItKY?XIXIiyR)kGY1i?XIXIi4s1foBXIe^e]XIY,MnXI\AL:fMY'LI\]X+fM[]X fhYKmnÑXELI[AL:fM|c|cXIi
f ô1õ+ònîpïõô [^m5\]Xs1\]XIe^XIYE[K[ Xpfhi1i1\^XZe^ees7f(LIXmhlC[ X's1\]m9LIXIe^eKXZXELIr1[^acY,Mzr1Y1i?XI\!ac[^e
LImdYE[]\^md|rR[{l.[^XI\K fh\^i1e:s9[ XoXZe^e^XZY,MdXI\'L:fMYAfMi?iAmnÑXLI[^e'L:fM|c|cXIi ôöõ:òdîZð aY[ XBsTfMdX
opf(syR!x XHs7f(MdX{oVfs%fhY1iK[ XHsTfMdXZe9ac[#LImdYE[fMacY1e9i1X7Y1X{[ XsTmd\^[]acmdY1e9mhl [ XCfMi?i1\^XIe]e
es7f(LIX!mhlv[ XDs1\^m9LIXZe^e[ fh[CfM\]XÂoVfs,sTXIiBaYE[]m%oVfMacYKoXIoBmd\]tzR
oXIe]e^XIY,MnXI\1L+fMYBi1tEY7fMoBaCL:fM|c|ctL fhY,MdX`[ XfMi1i?\^XIe]eCesTfLIX`opfsIs1acY,MmMl4[ Xs?\^mM
LIXIe]e%r1Y?i1XI\!ac[^e<LImdYE[]\^md|ceR ?r1\][ XI\]omn\^Xds&s7f(MdXopfs?eÂfMY?iPs7fMnXIe*L+fhY nTXe fh\^XIiqnTX
[rKÒXZXIYoXIe]e^XIYIMdXI\]e fheÂace[ X'L+fMe]XKl=mn\ fh|c|~mn[ XZ\!mnÑXELI[^eRKkGY[ aceDK{f:tsToXZe^e^XZY,MdXI\]e
L+fMYV\]X+fM|ca6¨IXCe fM\]acY,MnTXI[rKRXIXIYPs?\^m9LIXIe]e^XIe\^r?Y1Y1acY,Mr1Y1i1XI\{[ XIac\1LImdYE[^\]md|GsEXIac[ XI\CfM[R[ X
fMi1i?\^XIe]e~es7fLZXÒ|cXIbnXI|roÐe fM\^acY,MCfhi1i1\]XIe^e)esTfLIXIep3md\~fh[ [ X1s tEe^a6L+fh|d|cXIbdXZ|oÐe fM\]acY,MHs tEeG
a6L+fM|,sTfMdXZe?pRGQ
fh\^acY,M!fM[)[
XCfMi1i?\^XIe]e9es7f(LIX{|cXIbdXZ|1acevf(L
acXIbdXIi'nTXI[rKRXIXIYK[rKRmDs1\^m9LIXIe]e^XIe
K XIYÿ[
XIac\%fhi1i1\]XIe^eKes7fLIXZe fh\^XoVfs,sTXIizaci1XIYE[^a6L+fh||ct5acYE[^mVoVfMacY5oXZomd\]tzRkGY[
ace
L+fMe]Xds [
XIac\Âfhi1i1\^XZe^ees7f(LIXIe*LZmdYE[gfhaYVXI1f(LI[^|ctV[
XegfhoXDs7f(MdXIe:s fhY1iV[
XZe^X's7f(MdXIefM\^X
opf(s,s7XZip[]m[
X!egfhoXDs
tEe^a6L+fh| l=\fMoXZeRAO`Y5[
X*LImnYE[^\gfh\^tEsTe
fh\^acY,MfM[`[
X¸s
te]a6L+fM|
|cXIbdXI|?ae9f(L
aXZbdXIi'K
XZYK[rKÒmDs1\]mzLZXIe^e]XIe{e
fh\^XCf`YEr1o'nTXI\4mhls
tEe^a6L+fh|El=\fMoXZeR kG[)ace9Y1mn[
0x5000 0x1000 0x0000 0x5000 0x2000 0x1000
physical memory
msgr2
pagemap2 0 ~ page1
1 ~ page5
. . .
5 ~ page2
address space
address space process1 msgr1
pagemap1 process level
physical level messenger level
process2
3a6Mdr1\]XKR GQ fh\^acY,MKfMY5fMi1i?\^XIe]eCesTfLIXR
Y1XLIXZe^egfh\^tÿ[
fh[Â[
XKe
fM\^XZiÎs
tEe^a6L+fh|)l=\gfhoXIe<n7XK[
XKopf(s,s1acY,MKmhl [
XKegfhoXs7fMnXIeR
1mn\CXI1fhoBs1|cXDs7fMnX?Q
é
mMlRmdY1X*s?\^m9LIXIe]e%fMY1i¦s7fMnX?Q!RmMlÒ[
X!e]XLImdY?iqs1\^m9LIXIe]e*L+fhYPn7X
opf(s,s7XZimdY[ XKegfMoBX's tEe^a6L+fM|às7fMnXRVkGY[ XBY1md[fM[]amnYr1e^XZi XI\]Xds)[ Xe^rIn1eLI\]a6s1[
acY1i1a6L+fM[]XIeC[ XDs7fMnXYr?o'n7XI\RacYV[ XDs1\]mzLZXIe^e!fMi?i1\^XIe]eCes7fLIXR
R
3a6Mdr1\]XR ac|c|cr1e^[]\gfM[]XIe mK oXIe]e^XIYIMdXI\]ePL+fMY\]X+fM|ca6¨IXe fM\]aYIMmhl [ XAfMi?i1\^XIe]e
es7f(LIXIe{mhl~[ Xs1\]mzLZXIe^e]XIeCr1Y?i1XI\{[ XIac\ALImnYE[^\^mn|rRyx X`[rKÒmoXZe^e^XZY,MdXI\]eÒe fM\]X[ X`egfMoBX
s7fMnXCoVfs!mnÑXLI[1K a6L aeRr1e]XIi[]m!\^Xs?\^XIe]XIYE[{[ XfMi1i1\]XIe^e{es7fLZXCmMlynTmd[ s1\^m9LIXZe^e^XZeR
WRmdY1e]XIqEr1XIYE[^|ctEs [ X%[rKRmBs1\]m9LIXIe^e]XIee fh\^Xs te]a6L+fM|Gs7f(MdXIeR!WRmd\^\]XIesTmdY?i1a6MpfMi?i1\^XIe]e^XIe
acYAfMi1i1\]XIe^ees7f(LIXIemMlC[ XK[rKÒm>s1\]mzLZXIe^e]XIeK\^Xl.XI\^XIYILIXV[ XBegfMoBX!mnÑXLI[^eR>x acee fh\G
acY,M eL XIoXL+fMYnTXr1e]XIi[]m acoBs?|XZoKXIYE[ÂoKr?|[]a[ \^X+fhi1acY,MR>x Xp[rKRmzY7fM[]abnXBLImEi1X
s1\^m9LIXZe^e^XZeL+fhYPnTX!e^XIXZY fheCi1aFu XI\^XIYE[<7mK{e`mMl#LImdYE[]\^md|)mhlv[ X!efMoXDs1\]m9LIXIe^eR!3aYTfM|c|ct
Mdr?\^XKRx e mK{e mKoBXIe^e]XIY,MdXZ\^eCfL acXIbnXCe fM\]aYIM%mhls tEe^a6L+fh|s7f(MdXIeRl.md\1s1\^m9LIXIe]e^XIe
r1Y1i1XZ\![ XZa\¸LImdYE[^\]md|rR*x X%[rKRmBs1\]m9LIXIe^e]XIe f:bnX%i1ace][^acY,LI[!fMi?i1\^XIe]e!esTfLIXIei1XIeLI\^a6nTXIi
nEt [rKRm5i1ace^[]acY,LI[s7fMnXKopfs?eRV1mn\![
X¡7\^e][s?\^m9LIXIe]e+s9mnY1|ct sTfMdXZe
scfhY1i
mMl{ac[^e
fMi1i?\^XIe]e{es7f(LIXÂfh\^X{opf(s,sTXIi%acYE[^mDs
tEe^a6L+fh|7oBXIomn\^t9R,x
XZtfM\^X{\]XIesTXLI[]acbdXI|ctKopf(s,sTXIi
mdYs
tEe^a6L+fM|öl=\gfhoXIeRds
fMY?i
w
Ry`Y1i%[
X{e^XELImdY1i's?\^m9LIXIe]e
fhe#s7f(MdXIe
s
fhY1i'Cmhl7ac[^e
S óâôø4ùú5)+THú0úôúü&ûÿøUEGü0D÷ûÿú!Hÿûyÿü4ú5 üúÿøú%P!ýø4ù*ø4ùú2'&&V ,&W3,V!ûúüÿø0ü÷
ÿôHûÿúP!ýø4ùHøùú!'&,&V &Eûúü4ÿø0ü4XIÿúHÿEû,ÿü4úyùÿôú#ÿKý ø4ýôÿü0Yø4ùúûúü4ÿøEü
EGü9ùÿôýôZý ø4ýôÿü4ýúÿüúZ/úø0!ÿ[ü4ú;þúûÿúýô[EGü0BûÿúHÿûM\|ôyýôøúúüþÿ/ú
ÿôC8ú]/4ú<ÿBEú,!øHÿ<ûÿú!ýôÿHûÿú!HÿûLA!ùú2$&V &3,VGýôø4ÿ!ø4ùú]4ûú ýIúHûÿú
Hÿûø0#ü4úûü4ú4úôø,ø4ùúÿüúKûÿ úE=ø4ùúyûü0, ú0K/ôúü&øùúD ôøü0,E,øùú! ÿýô!Hú0úôúü÷
ÿô1øùúK &V &3V^ûúü4ÿø0üü4úø0/üô9ø4ùúûÿúHÿû5ú üý8ýô&øùú!ÿüúL4ûÿ úKEø4ùúûü0 ú0
/ôúü&øùú! ôø4ü0E,øùú! ÿýô!Hú0úôúü
0 ~ page1 1 ~ page5
. . .
5 ~ page2
0x5000 0x2000 0x1000
pagemap2 pagemap1
0x5000 0x1000 0x0000
address space process1
physical memory
msgr1 msgr2
physical level messenger level
process level
. . .
0x5000 0x9000 0x8000 8 ~ page6 9 ~ page2 5 ~ page0
0x0000 0x6000
process2 address space
3a6Mdr1\]X Rx GQ fM\]acY,Ms tEe]aCL:fM|ysTfMdXZeR
fMi1i?\^XIe]eCesTfLIXopf(s,sTXIi\]XIesTXLI[]abnXI|ctVmdYBs
tEe]aCL:fM|Tl=\fMoXZe
s fMY1i
w
R)`XIY,LIX*s
tEe]a´
L+fM|3l=\fMoBX w ace{e fM\]XIi nEtB[ X[rKÒm's?\^m9LIXIe]e^XIeRCmKRXIbdXI\:sTmnÑXLZ[^e|ctacY,MmdY¦s te]a6L+fM|
l=\gfhoX w fh\^XY1md[`\^Xl.XI\^XIYILIXIiÎnEtB[ XegfhoX%fhi1i1\^XZe^e^XZe!acY5[ X[rKÒms1\^m9LIXIe]e^XIeRkGY5[ X
[rKÒmL+fMe]XIe!mhlve fM\]acY,Mac|c|cr1e^[]\gfM[]XIi f(n7mMbnXds&s1\^m9LIXIe]e^XIeXIEXLIr1[]aYIMpYTfM[^acbnX*LImEi1XKfM\^XY1mn[
fK fh\^X![ fM[{[ XIt5fM\]X!e fM\^acY,MVfYEr1o'n7XZ\{mMl#s tEe^a6L+fM||s7fMnXIe{md\`[ XZa\<K md|cX!fMi?i1\^XIe]e
es7f(LIXRàC|c| f(s,s7XZY1eÒ[]\gfhY1es7fh\^XIYE[]|tK[]m![ X{[rKÒm*s?\^m9LIXIe]e^XIeRAx XI\^Xl.md\^XnsE[ X<s1\^m9LIXIe]e^XIe
f:bdX`Y1moX+fhY1eÒ[]m!XIY1e]r1\^X¸LImdY1e]ace^[^XZY,LItVmMl4[ XaYöl=md\]opfM[]acmdY![ XItpfh\^X`e fh\^acY,MR#N¿md\^X
s1\^XELIace^XI|ctEs9K{a[ mdr?[ fhYtKfMi?i1ac[^acmdY7fh|,s1\]md[^XELI[^acmdYBoX+fhY1e+sn[ Xs1\]mzLZXIe^e]XIeDL+fMY1Y?md[Ri1XI[^XELI[
e^ac[^rTfM[^acmnY1e%mhlÂ\fLIacY,M&R `mKÒXZbdXI\:sÒ[ X[rKRmze fh\^acY,MzeL XIoBXIefM\]Xe^r=}BLIacXIYE[l=md\[ X
e fh\^acY,MVmMlR\^X+fhiEmnY1|ctVaYöl=md\]opfM[]acmdYKl.md\s?\^m9LIXIe]e^XIe\^r1Y?Y1acY,MmnY [ X%efMoBX!oXIe]e^XIYIMdXI\
s1|ÐfM[ l=md\]o R
_ D äµ*Gåa`Xµ'BG|°æ¡´1åc µB>ºE
kGY fKr?Y1a6s1\^m9LIXIe]e^mn\Âe]tEe^[^XZo sTX+fL K{\]ac[^X%f(LLIXIe]e![^mBoXIoBmd\^taceCacY1e][gfMYE[fMY1XImnr1e^|ctBbace]a´
n1|cX![^mVfM|c| \^r?Y1Y1acY,M[ \^X:fMi1eRCkGY5fKoKr?|[]a6s1\^m9LIXIe]e^mn\{e^tEe^[]XIo¬K{ac[ i1ace][^\^a6n1r?[^XIize fh\^XIi
oXIoBmd\]tÂmn\9acYfoKr1|c[^a6LImnoBs1r?[^XI\3e^tEe^[]XIo sn[ ace9ace9Y?m!|cmdY,MnXI\9[^\]r1XRGx XZ\^XaceÒf>^e]mdoBX
K
fM[¡|mnY,M`i1XI|Ðf:t*nTXI[rKRXIXIYf<K{\^ac[^XCf(LLIXIe]eÒ[]m!e
fM\^XZiKoXIoBmd\^tfM[)mdY?XAs1\]m9LIXIe^e]md\CfhY1i
[
XK[]acoX[
aceDK{\^ac[]X f(LLIXIe]e*n7XELImdoBXIebace]aCn?|X[^mBmd[
XI\Ds1\^m9LIXZe^e^mn\^eRBNVmd\]XImMbdXZ\+s acYf
r1Y1a6s1\]mzLZXIe^e]md\e^tEe^[]XIo s4fh|c|yK{\^ac[]X f(LLIXIe]e^XIeK[]mpoBXIomn\^tfh\^X[^md[fM|c|ctVmd\^i?XI\^XIiAfhY1ifM\^X
fL
acXIbnXÂacYfoKr1|c[^a6s1\]mzLZXIe^e]md\Re^tEe^[]XIo R|CY1iBi1XsTXIY1i1acY,MKmnY
mK|cm9L+fM|&K{\^ac[]X f(LLIXIe]e^XIe
[^m5e
fM\]XIiAoBXIomn\^tVfM\^XKoVfMi1Xbace]aCn?|X[^m \^XIoBmd[^Xs1\]mzLZXIe^e]md\^e:s9[
XIe^X>K{\]a[]XIe*L+fhYqn7X
e^XIXZYKaY?i1aFu XI\]XIYE[9md\]i1XI\GnEt!\^XZomd[]X#s1\]mzLZXIe^e]md\^eR{1mn\4XI1fMos1|cXdsMfHK{\]a[]XRl=\^mnos1\^m9LIXZe^e^mn\
QDb fh[Â|cm9L+fh[^acmdYdc¦L+fhY nTX%e]XIXIYAfh[s1\]mzLZXIe^e]md\eQ^fnTXl=mn\^Xf'K{\]ac[^Xl=\^mnoks1\^m9LIXIe]e^mn\?QDg
fM[`[
XegfhoX|cmzL:fM[^acmnY4s,K
ac|cX![
XK{\]ac[^Xl=\]mdohQDgKae`e^XIXZYqn7Xl.md\^X[
X*K{\^ac[^Xl=\]mdohQb
fM[Hs1\]m9LIXIe^e]md\iQDjrR
kG[Cace{acoBsTmde]e^a6n1|cX`l=md\Cf¡s1\^mMd\fMooBXI\9[]mBK{\^ac[]X*s1\^mMd\fMoe{[ fM[`XIEXLIr1[]XLZmd\^\]XLI[]|t
mdY5fe^tEe][^XIo alv[ XoXIoBmd\]tnTX f:bEacmd\{fMe{i1XZ[^XI\]oacY1XIi>nEt[ XoXIoBmd\^tLImnY1e^ace^[]XIY,LIt
omEi1XI|lkaceY1mn[vEY1mK{Yf's?\^acmd\]a»R¸x9fMY1XIY9n7fhr1okMdacbnXIeaY/x9fhY E [ Xl=md|c|cmK{acY,M%i?X1
Y1ac[^acmdY32m ï%î:ïýdóKþýdñöðøÊðú.î:ñ1þVïý+÷nîIù)øcð%îZððî:ñ1ú.øÐõMùüùCKõVþýdñ1ú.ó^õnþ+úHî:ú 9îî:ñ5úcí1îðIýIúâ
9õdó]î!õdñ?÷púcí1îï%î:ï%ýnó<;Cúcí1îðýIú4 9õdó]î!õ+ònó^îîZðÂú.ýýîKþî+óIú.õdøüñpóEdùcîIð9úcí1îï%î:ï%ýnó
ô ó]ýdïøcðIîIð!ú.ýB 9ýnó2KþýdóIó]îþ+úüùC R
}`X7Y1acY,M5fBoXZomd\]t>LImdY1e]ace^[^XZY,LItomEi1XZ|~ace!XZe^e^XZY[]aÐfM|c|ctP7EacY,MV[ XKmd\^i?XI\%r?Y1i1XI\
K a6L [ Xi1aFu XI\]XIYE[s1\]m9LIXIe^e]md\]e!e^XIXoXZomd\]t f(LLIXIe]e^XIe:s arRXRcs97EacY,M[ X!i?aÍu XI\]XIYE[Âe]X
qEr1XIY,LIXZepfM|c|cmKRXIi[^m[n7XVmn1e^XI\]bdXIinEt[ X@s?\^m9LIXIe]e^md\]eRxHKRm5oXZomd\]tPLImnY1e^ace^[]XIY,LIt
omEi1XI|ceK{ac||¡i1aFu XI\KacYÿ[ XVe^XZqr?XIY,LIXIeVmhlÂoXZomd\]t fLELIXIe^e]XIeV[ XZtAfM|c|cmK [ XVi1aFu XZ\G
XIYE[Ds1\^m9LIXIe]e^mn\^e[^mmn1e^XZ\^bdXR!WRmdY1e]ae][^XIYILIt5omEi1XZ|e<K
a6L
acoBsTmde^XoBmd\^X\]XIe^[]\^a6LI[^acmnY1e
mdYz[
XKoBXIomn\^tf(LLIXIe]e%e]XIqEr1XIY,LIXZenK{ac||9fh||cmK[
Xs1\]mMd\fMoBoXI\{[]mpXZzs?\^XIe]e%X+fhe^acXI\
LImd\]\^XLZ[*s1\^mMd\fMoeR[
fMY5oBmi?XI|ce{[
fh[CacoBsTmde]XC|cXIe^e\]XIe^[]\^a6LI[^acmnY1eRDO`Y5[
Xmd[
XI\CXIY?i4s
|cXIe^eR\^XIe][^\]aCLZ[^acbdX`oXIoBmd\^t`omEi1XI|ce3XI
a6n1ac[nTXI[][^XI\HsTXI\Gl.md\^oVfMY,LZXÒ[
fMYKoBmd\^X¡\^XIe][^\^a6LI[]acbdX
omEi1XI|ceRyx
XZ\^Xl=mn\^X`i1XIe^a6MnY1acY,M!foXIoBmd\]tComEi1XZ|1ace~oVfvEacY,MÂf`[]\gfMi?Xm(uPn7XI[rKRXIXIYB[
X
i1XIe]a\]XIi5oBXIomn\^ts7XI\l=md\]opfhY,LIX!fMY1iB[ Xi1XIe^ac\]XIi5X+fhe^tmhls1\]mMn\gfMoBoacY,M&R
oXZomd\]tomEi1XI|Ti1XI[]XI\^oBaY?XIe{[ XDsTXI\Gl.md\^oVfMY,LZXCmMl4[ X!}DQ,N e]te][^XIozs mKX+fhe^tVf
s1\^mMd\fMooBXI\#L+fhYVXI9s1\^XIe]e!f*LImn\^\]XLI[Ds1\^mMd\fMo¬RRR
}`aFu XI\]XIYE[%oBXIomn\^t>LImnY1e^ace^[]XIY,LItÿomEi1XI|ce f:bnXBnTXIXIYAi?X7Y1XIiNVmne? s J èD R
wXPs1\]XIe^XIYE[5e]mdoBX5mMl%[ XIo acY[ X5l.md|c|cmK{aYIM e]XLI[^acmnY1eR kGYXNVmde E sNVmnenTXI\MnXI\
i1aceLIr?e^e^XZe5oXIoBmd\]tqLImdY1e]ace^[^XZY,LItoBmi?XI|cefMY1i[ XIac\acY9Tr1XIY,LIXzmdYe]mMl=[rK{fM\]X5acY[ X
LImdYE[]XIE[%mhls7fM\fM|c|cXI|)opfL acY1XZe%fMY1izl.mzLZr1e^XIemdY[ XKacY97r1XZY,LIX[ fM[KRX+fvnXIY1XIiqLImnYE
e^ace^[]XIY,LItzomEi1XZ|e f:bdX!mnY5|ÐfMY,Mnr7fMnXds,LImnoBs1ac|cXI\CfhY1i5\^r?Y[]acoXe^tEe^[]XIo i?XIe^a6MdY|RQEmnoX
\^XIe]X+fM\L XI\^eNVace d s(ápoMq# sNsr*t! E fh\^X{acYE[^XI\]XIe^[]XIiacYl=md\]opfh|a6¨IacY,MRoXZomd\]tLImnYE
e^ace^[]XIY,LItzomEi1XZ|e{acYVmd\]i1XI\[^mLImdos7fM\]X[ XbdfM\]amnr1e{omEi1XZ|eCfhY1i5[]mi1XIbEace^XX}BLIacXIYE[
acoBs1|cXIoBXIYE[gfM[]acmdY1eR
ÂÒÁDuHÅÁyÝàÃ,ÔvGÞxw Ç#ÝÕ9ÔÕÃ,ÁyÝ<Æ&Ùzy(Â%w|{
WRmdYE[^\fM\]t []m5e^[]\^a6LI[LImdY1e]ace^[^XZY,LItqK a6L fM|c|cmK{emdY1|ct5mnY1XKe^XIqEr1XZY,LIX5mhl oBXIomn\^tpf(L
LIXIe]e^XIe:s7fMY?iK[ XI\]Xl=mn\^XCi?mXZe9Y1md[RfM|c|cmKaY?i1XI[^XZ\^oacY1ace]o s+fh|c|mn[ XZ\#LImdY?e^ace^[]XIY,LItBomEi1XI|ce
fM|c|cmKoKr1|c[^a6s1|cXe^XIqEr1XZY,LIXIeKmhl oBXIomn\^tpf(LLIXIe]e^XIeRP{4fhoBsTmd\^[{4fMo i1X7Y1XZiAf@Q?W
oXIoBmd\]t[^m>nTXfBoXIoBmd\^tK[ fM[!fh||cmK{efMe[ XK\]XIe^r?|[mMl{[ XXIEXLIr1[]acmdYmMlCfPoüoKr1|
}
A!ùú*Hú;ü0%8úùÿþýü!úø4úü0Hýôúyûü4ú ýúDøùú;ý~9úü4úôø]4ú,/úô úDE]Hú;ü<ÿ ú0ú
þý4ý8ú8,Hø4ùú]ý~9úü4úôø,ûü0 ú0ü0
õDú;üC;,úL
¯
ý54ÿý*ø0C8úC% * WWNWNWN ;ü;WN Wø4ùÿø!;,ú
Þ ýEyø4ùú24úø
EyÿP&úHú;ü0ÿ ú!4ú,/úô ú/ôúü]
¯
ý#ÿC/84úø!Eyø4ùú;Hú;Eü<ÿ ú0]4ú,/úô ú
ÿPú2/ôúü
Þ
,óE
¯
ýK4øü0ôúüø4ùÿô2
Þ
÷
Þ
ý^4ÿý1ø!8úF JW JWNWGWN Dü 0 J#øùÿô
¯
nEtX+fL
s1\^m9LIXZe^eRN¿md\^X>s1\]XLIace^XZ|tEsÒf oXZomd\]t5aceQ?W alCa[egfh[^acerTXIeK[
XBl=mn|c|mK{acY,M
LImdY?i1ac[^acmdY4
ì í?îVó^îZðnùcúCýBõdñ,zîdîþú.øÐýnñøÊðúí?îðIõnï%îVõMðøúcí1îVýô1î+ó]õdú.øÐýdñöðýõhùÐù
ô ó^ý:þîIððIîIðÊô ó^ý:þgîZððIýdóð0@ 9î:ó^îBî?nîþEú.î÷ øÐñ ðIýdïîðIî"î:ñ1ú.øÐõMù{ýdó]÷dî:óCõdñ?÷
úcí1îVýôöî:ó^õnú=øÐýnñEðýBîõdþíAøÐñ?÷døÐû:øÐ÷Eõhù4ô ó^ý:þgîZððIýdóKõônôöîõnóøÐñÿúí?øcðKðIî?"Eî+ñ?þgî
øüñ5úí?î%ýnó^÷nî+ó`ð.ôöîþ:ø9î÷>KøüúÐð¡ô ó^ýònó^õdï
x X*nTX
f:bEacmd\`mMl fQ1WaceC[
fM[mn?e^XI\]bdXIi[K
XIYfKoKr1|c[]aCs?\^m9LIXIe]es1\]mMd\fMo aceCXIn
XLIr1[]XIiAmnYAfBr1Y1a6s1\^m9LIXZe^e^mn\%e]tEe^[^XZo R'x XZ\^Xl=mn\^Xds#Q?W§L:fMY[n7XBe^XIXIYAfhe%fBomEi1XI|)[ fM[
fM|c|cmK{e9fCi?ae][^\]aCn?r1[^XIiKe fM\]XIiKoXZomd\]tCe]te][^XIo []m ai?X{[ X{i1ace][^\^a6n1r?[^XIiKY7fh[^r1\]X{mMl [ X
e fh\^XIi oXIoBmd\^t9R
Q1Wÿace#LImnY1e^aci1XI\]XIiV[^m*nTXC[ XCaci1X:fM|1oBXIomn\^tomEi1XI|?[ fh[ fMeR[^m¸n7X<s1\^mMbEaci1XIi'nEtKf
i1ace^[]\^a6n1r1[]XIi e fM\]XIizoXIoBmd\^tKe]tEe^[^XZo RA1mn\C[ aceÂ\]X+fMe]mdY4sToBmde^[HKRX+f(vdXI\DLImnY1e^ace^[]XIY,LIt
omEi1XI|ce![ fM[ f:bnX'n7XIXZYi?X7Y1XIi=êònTXL+fhr1e^X aos1|cXIoXZY[fM[]a´mdY?eCmMlQ?W{fM\^XvEY1mK{YA[]m
f:bdXDn7fhi>s7XI\ l=md\]opfhY,LIXêesTXLIal=tLImdY?i1ac[^acmdY1e{[ fM[{oKr?e^[#nTX!egfh[^acerTXIiPnEtfs1\^mMd\fMo
acYpmn\^i1XZ\C[^m'MnXI[CXZXELIr1[^acmnY1eC[ fM[Cfh\^X!e]XIqEr1XIYE[^aÐfM|c|ctBLZmdY1e]ae][^XIYE[RrXI|cX+fMe]X*LImnY1e^ace^[]XIY,LIt
fMY1izXIYE[^\]tPLImnY1e^ace^[]XIY,LItfM\]X%[rKRme]r,L KRX+f(vdXI\omEi1XZ|eRx XIt fM\]X fh|c|yn7fhe^XIimnY5[ X
lfLZ[9[ fh[9opfhYEts1\]mMd\fMoBe~XZzsTXLI[R[^me]XIXÂfDLZmdY1e]ae][^XIYE[9oBXIomn\^tmdY?|t!fh[9e^mnoX1s7mnaYE[]e
mMl[ XIac\KXIEXLZr1[^acmdY|RCefMYÿXI1fMos1|cXdsGK{\^ac[^XBmsTXI\gfh[^acmdY?e's7XI\l=md\]oXIi/nEtAf[s1\^m9LIXIe]e
acY fLI\]a[]a6L+fM|)e^XELI[^acmdYY?XIXIiY1mn[nTXKe^XZXIYqnEt5md[
XI\*s1\]m9LIXIe^e]XIe'K{fMac[^acY,MK[]mpXZY[]XI\![
fM[
LI\^ac[]aCL:fM|)e^XLZ[^acmdY5r?Y[]ac|4[
XIt>MdXI[fLLIXZe^e!mnYp[
X*LI\]ac[^a6L+fM|)e]XLI[^acmnYyR{kG[Cace{e]r9}BLIacXIYE[C[
fM[
[
X>K{fMac[^acY,M>s1\]m9LIXIe^e]XIeVe^XIXV[
XIe^X¦K{\^ac[^XBmsTXI\gfh[^acmdY1emdY?|t[K
XIY[
XItXIYE[^XZ\KaYÿ[
X
LI\^ac[]aCL:fM|4e]XLI[]amnYyR
Áv!HÞñÙÆ!Ç#ÝÕ9ÔÕÃ,Á|Ý#ÃÎÕÙÕÃ,Á Õ
}`r,n7mnace9XI[{fM|rR9}DQ9á d~7 f:bnX{mn1e]XI\^bnXIi[ fM[AQ?WÎLZmdY1e]ae][^XIYILItaceÒfhYKmMbdXI\]|t\^XIe][^\^a6LI[]acbdX
oXIoBmd\]t5omEi1XI|RfMY1i/s1\^ms7mne^XIiKRX+fvzmd\]i1XI\^acY,MfMeKfMYfM|c[^XZ\^Y7fh[^acbdXB[^m Q1WDRGwX:fvE|ct
LImdY?e^ace^[]XIYE[Òe]te][^XIoBe#LImnoBs1\]ae]XÒ[
mde]XCoBXIomn\^tCoBmEi1XI|ce)[
fh[9r1e^XHKRX+f(v%mn\^i1XI\]acY,M*K{ac[
mdr1[KoVfvEacY,MVi1ace^[]aYILI[^acmdYqnTXI[rKRXIXIYf(LLIXIe]e^XIeV[]m e
fM\]XIioXZomd\]tzR>wX:fvE|ct mn\^i1XI\]XIi
e^tEe^[]XIoe:ss?\^XIe]XIYE[^XIiVacYK[
X{Y?XIE[9e^XLZ[^acmdY4s1fh|ce^mr1e^X<KÒX:fv!mn\^i1XI\]acY,M*n1r1[¡opfvnXÒi?ae][^acY,L
[^acmdY>nTXI[rKRXIXIY f(LLIXIe]e^XIe[^mKe
fM\]XIi5oBXIomn\^t9R
x
X%fhaco mhlAn7mn[
KRX+f(v|ctLImdY1e]ace^[^XZY[e^tEe^[]XIoefMY1iPKRX+f(v|ctBmd\^i?XI\e^tEe^[]XIoeaceC[]m
acoBs1\]mMbdX![ XsTXI\ l=md\]opfMYILIX%mhl e fM\]XIioXZomd\]te]te][^XIoBeDnt¦KÒX+f(vdXIY?aYIM[ X'LImdY1e]aceG
[^XIYILItÎMnr7fM\fMYE[^XIXZes1\]mMbEai?XIiÎnEtz[ XVe^tEe][^XIo[RPx ace!aces7mne^e^a6n1|cX'nTXL+fhr1e^XPs?\^mMn\gfhoe
i1m5Y1mn[!Y1XIXZiA[^m e^XIX5fLImdY?e^ace^[]XIYE[KoXIoBmd\^tVfM|c|9[ X[]aoBX%acYzmd\]i1XI\[^m5XIEXLZr1[^X>LImn\G
\^XLZ[^|ctzRV`mKÒXZbdXI\:sGKÒX+f(vdXIY?aYIMp[ XoBXIomn\^tLImdY1e]ace^[^XZY,LItAacY,LZ\^X+fhe^XIe[ XLImdY?e^[^\fMacYE[^e
mdYqs1\]mMn\gfMon7X f:bEamn\aYmn\^i1XZ\![^mPMnXI[*LImn\^\]XLI[XIEXLIr1[]amnYyRx ace!oX+fhY1e[ fh[+s3[ X
s1\^mMd\fMooBXI\ fMeR[^m!i1X:fM|&K{a[ [ X<KÒX:fvMdr7fh\gfMYE[]XIXIe1s1\^mMbEaci1XIi'nEt[ X`oXIoBmd\^t!fhY1i
[^mPnTXpfK{fM\]XK[ fh[*s1\]mMd\fMoBoa´YIMl=md\*KRX+f(v|ctPLZmdY1e]ae][^XIYE[oXIoBmd\]te^tEe][^XIoBeL+fhYqn7X
XI\^\]md\Ds1\]mdY1XR<NVmde][s1\]mMd\fMoBoXI\]e fh\^XKfLLIr?e^[^mnoXIiV[]m@Q1Ws?opfvEacY,MKf[^\fMY1e]a[]acmdY5[]m
fomn\^XC\]XIe^[]\^a6LI[]abnX!oXZomd\]t!omEi1XZ| ae{Y?md[{fMYVX+fMe]t[fMev!R
õDÿô,1ýHûúHúôø4ÿ?ø4ýô,LE,ûÿüÿúÿô; ô /ü4ü4úôøzûü0ü4ÿ;9ÿ0/Hú!ÿ; Hú;ü05;úN
Xü0ü4ÿ;Hýô¡EGü!ÿ;P&úÿBEúüKHú;ü02;,úý;EüúDý¢ /ø!ÿôHøùúüúJEGü4ú;ü4úGúü4üü&ûü0ôú
u*{y{DqG
s
r¤N WRmdY?e^ace^[]XIY,LItq{yQ
nE
fMY1i5W{fhr1egfh|4WRmdY1e]ae][^XIYILItq{|Q
dE
R
Áv!HÞñÙÇ#Ä,×<ÁyÄ,Á|×ÕÙÕÃ,Á Õ
wX+fvE|ct5mn\^i1XI\]XIioXIoBmd\]tpe]tEe^[^XZoeopfvnX%e]tEY,L \^mnY1a6¨+fM[]amnYmsTXI\gfh[^acmdY?e%XI9s1|ca6LIac[![]m
[ XoXIoBmd\^te^tEe][^XIozs1fMY1i>LImnY1e^ace^[]XIY,LIt opfMacYE[^XZY7fMY,LZXCace{i1mdY?XÂmnY1|ctfM[{e]tYIL \^mdY?aC¨:f:
[^acmdY[sTmdacYE[^eR¸x XIt[Mdr7fh\gfhY[]XIXLImd\]\^XLI[XIEXLIr?[^acmdYzl=mn\Ds1\^mMd\gfhoe{[ fM[%fh\^Xs1\^ms7XZ\^|ct
|ÐfnTXI|cXIiVmd\{i7fh[gf:G\gf(LIX.l=\^XZXR9k.lÒfM|c|4f(LLIXIe]e^XIe[^mKe fM\]XIi5oBXIomn\^t%fh\^XDn1\gf(LvdXI[]XIi5acY1e^aci1X
e^tEY,L \]mdY1a6¨+fh[^acmdYzmsTXI\gfh[^acmdY?e+sT[ XKoBXIomn\^t'Mnr7fM\fMYE[^XIXZeÂ[]mBs1\]mMbEai?X fQ1W]n7X f:bEamn\R
x ace!\^XZi1r,LIXIeK[ X'n1r1\]i1XIYacoBsTmde]XIizmdY[s1\^mMd\gfhooBXI\^e`e^acY,LIXB[ XItfM\]XKXI9s7XELI[^XIi[]m
K{\^ac[^Xi7fM[f:G\gfLZX=l.\^XIX*s?\^mMn\gfhoeR
N5fhYt[KRX+fvE|ct mn\^i1XZ\^XIioXZomd\]t5e^tEe][^XIoBe f:bnXBnTXIXIYi1XTY1XIiyRqwX's?\^XIe]XIYE[acY
[ ace{e]XLI[^acmnY4s1\]XI|cX+fMe]X*LImdY?e^ace^[]XIY,LItEsT|Êf(¨ItK\^XZ|X:fMe^X¸LImdY1e]ace^[^XZY,LItEs7XZY[]\^tLImdY1e]ace^[^XZY,LIt fhY1i
eLIms7X<LImdY?e^ace^[]XIY,LIt9R)kGY%[
X1s1\^XIe]XIYE[gfh[^acmdY'nTXI|cmK!sKRXAK{ac|c|Er1e^X{[
X9l.md|c|cmK{aYIM{i1X7Y1ac[]amnY
l=\^mno Í}DQ9á
dE
2m
ñ¦Iô1÷dõnú=îKú.ýVõïî+ïýdóEKùý:þõdú.øÐýdñ øcððõnøÐ÷Vú=ý ôöî:óIýnóIï 9øüúí ó^îZð=ô1îþ+ú
ú=ý ô ó]ý+þîZðgðIýnó5£
b
õdúRõô1ýdøÐñ?ú{øÐñ5ú.øÐï%î 4í?î+ñ5õÉðzZðIî"Eî:ñ1ú{ó^îõd÷Bý!úcí1õnú9ùcý+þõnú=øÐýnñP%£
b
ó^î:úEóIñöð úcí1îû:õMùCEî 9óIøÐú.ú.î+ñKúcí1îZôö÷nõdú.î
¤e¥L¦0¥êTç¥H§C¨^©9çªçZè¥L©9뫬¤®§?¯,° áRmd[ \^XI|cX+fhe^XLImdY1e]ace^[^XZY,LItfMY1iVXIYE[^\]tPLImnY1e^ace^[]XIY,LIt
i?ae][^acY,Mnr1ace f(LLIXIe]e^XIe{[]mCe fM\^XZiKoXIoBmd\^t{acYE[^m ýdó]÷døÐñ1õnóCõnþþgîZððIîIð fMY?i ðMñ1þgí?ó^ý(
ñ?ø±:õdú.øÐýdñõdþþîZðgðIîZð R e^tEY,L \]mdY1a6¨+fh[^acmdYfLLZXIe^eBae¸s7XI\l=md\]oXIiÿmdYf ðMñ1þgí?ó^ý(
ñ?ø±:õdú.øÐýdñÿû+õnóIøÐõZùî fMY?iqL+fMYqnTXXIac[ XI\KfMY õdþ"EøÐó^î md\%f ó^îZùîõMðIî RB`YAfLIqEr1ac\^X
ace*sTXI\ l=md\]oXIi[K XIYXIYE[]XI\^acY,MfLI\^ac[^a6L+fh|Òe]XLI[]amnYAfMY1iAfB\]XI|cX+fMe]Xace*sTXI\Gl=mn\^oBXIi
K XIY|cX+f:bEacY,M!fDLI\]a[]a6L+fM|Te^XLZ[^acmdYyRG#i1ace^[^\]a6n1r1[^XZie fM\^XZioXZomd\]tae¡egfMaciK[]m*n7X
\]XI|cX+fMe]X*LImnY1e^ace^[]XIYE[Cal~ac[{efM[^aceñ7XIeC[ \^XZX*LImdY?i1ac[^acmdY1eDÍu*{y{DqG sEk^}G{y E
R;²
îIýnó^îõdñBýdó]÷døÐñ1õnóõdþþîIððCú.ý%õð^í1õnó^î÷!û:õdóIøÐõIùcîøcð4ô1î:óIýdóZï%î÷
õMùüù1ô ó]î+û:øÐýdð!õnþ?"EøÐó^îZðÂ÷nýdñ1î'Kúcí1îô ó^ý:þîIððIýdóïnðIú~í?õdû:î%þýnï*
ô7ùcî+ú.î÷KðEþþgîZððnùÐùC
w
R;²
îIýnó^îõó]îIùcîõMðIî øÊð õhùÐùý 9î÷Aú.ýîBôöî:óIýnóIï%î÷(õMùÐùRô ó]î+û:øÐýdð
ó^îõn÷Mð{õdñ1÷* ¡óIøÐú.îIð9÷dýnñ1îDúcí1î3ô ó^ý:þgîZððIýdóRïnðIú7í?õdû:îCþýdïô7ùcî+ú.î÷
R
ì í1îBõdþ"øüó^îKõdñ?÷5ó^îZùîõMðIîKõnþgþîZððîZð%ïnðú<î`ô ó^ý:þîIððIýdóþýdñEðIøcð
ú.î+ñ1ú4
x X*7\]e^[DLImnY1i1ac[^acmdY e^[gfh[^XIe[ fM[!f's?\^m9LIXIe]e^md\XIY1e^r?\^XIe![]m>MdXI[`r,sEG[^mMGi7fh[^XbdfM|
r?XIe%mhl e fM\]XIibdfM\]aÐfn1|cXIeal ac[DsTXI\Gl=mn\^oBe fhY f(LIqEr1ac\^X'nTXl=mn\^Xpf(LLIXIe]e^acY,Mze fh\^XIi
bdfh\^aÐfn?|XZeR1x X!e]XLImdY?iPLImdY?i1ac[^acmdYVe^[fM[]XIe[ fh[{omEi1aFL+fh[^acmdY1eRi1mnY1X![^mBe fh\^XIi
bdfh\^aÐfn?|XZeHntVf's1\]m9LIXIe^e]md\opf:tKY?md[nTX!oVfMi1X`bace]aCn?|X[]mmd[ XI\<s1\^m9LIXIe]e^mn\^e*nTX
l.md\^X`[ XoBmi?a´l.tacY,M<s1\^m9LIXZe^e^mn\ fheAsTXI\l=md\]oXIif\^XI|cX+fhe^X!fLELIXIe^eR1CY1iB[ X|ÐfMe][
LZmdY1i1ac[]amnY!XIY1e]r1\^XZeÒ[ fM[GK{\^ac[]XIe#sTXI\Gl=mn\^oBXIi![^me fM\]XIiKbdfM\]aÊf(n1|cXIeynEt%fhYEts?\^m9LIXIe
e]md\Òfh\^X`e^XIXIYnEt fh||?md[ XI\#s1\]mzLZXIe^e]md\^e{acYK[ X{egfhoX{md\]i1XI\:sfh|[ mdrIM [rKÒm*K{\]ac[^XIe
l.\^mdo i1aFu XI\^XZY[Hs?\^m9LIXIe]e^md\]eCoVf:t*n7X`e^XIXZY@nEtKfMYEtK[rKRm*s1\^m9LIXZe^e^mn\^e`aYf i1aFu XI\]XIYE[
mn\^i1XZ\RCXIYILIXf³r{WoXIoBmd\^t's?\^mdoBace^XIe!f's?\^mMn\gfhokK{a|c|GMdXZ[Âe]XIqEr1XIYE[^aÐfh|9XIEX
LZr1[^acmdY?eÒalvfh|c|7fLLZXIe^e]XIe[^me
fh\^XIiVbdfM\]aÐfn1|cXIeÒfh\^X<n1\gf(L?vnXI[^XZi@nEtf(LIqEr1ac\^X¥h\^XI|cX+fhe^X
e]XLI[]amnY1eR
´9êZµ«é¥L¦¥Eê7ç¥pë#¨^©9çªçZè¥L©9뫬´2¤®§¯°
{4f¨Ztp\]XI|cX+fMe]X'LImdY?e^ace^[]XIY,LIt
J
W;t!
w s J XZ|
ace)fRbdfM\^aÐfh[^acmdY^¶3mhlZr{W [
fM[4i?XI|Ðf:te3[
Xàs1\^ms7fMEfM[^acmnYÂmhl1omEi1aFL+fh[^acmdY1eT[^m`e
fh\^XIi
bdfh\^aÐfn?|XZe9i1mdY?X{aY?e^aci1XCfDLI\]ac[^a6L+fM|Te^XELI[^acmdY|R)kGY1e^[]X+fMiBmMlys1\]ms7f(MfM[]acY,M[
mne^XCoBmEiE
aFL:fM[^acmnY1e[^m5fM|c|)md[
XI\*s1\]m9LIXIe^e]md\]e'K
XIY[
X%oBmi?a´l.tacY,M's?\^m9LIXIe]e^md\sTXI\Gl=mn\^oBe
fÉ\^XI|cX+fhe^Xds3[
X%oBmi?aÍ&L+fM[]amnY1e{fM\^Xopfhi1XbEae]a6n1|cX![^mVfMYEt>s1\^m9LIXIe]e^mn\!mdY1|ct>K
XIY
ac[[^\]acXIe![^mzfLLIXZe^e[ XKe fM\]XIiAbdfh\^aÐfn1|cXIe:s arRXRcsK XIYac[sTXI\l=md\]oe!fMYAf(LIqEr1ac\^XR
WRmnoBs7fh\^XIi[]m·r{WsG{r{W\]XIi1r,LIXZe[ XpYEr1o'nTXI\mMlCoBXIe^efMdXZe%XI9L fhY,MdXIinTX
[rKRXIXIY¦s1\^m9LIXIe]e^mn\^e[^mKoVfMacYE[gfMacYoXIoBmd\]t*LImdY?e^ace^[]XIY,LIt9R
¸;©3è+髧C¨^©9çªçZè,¥M©9ë#«¹¬¸C§¯° Ë)YE[^\]t'LImdY?e^ace^[]XIY,LIt fMe#nTXIXIYVi1X7Y1XIintáRXI\^e fMiVXI[
fh|rRát!?dsá;t!Q, ~ RÏCe3l=md\!r{WsË9WzXZY1e^r1\]XIeR[ fh[~fHs?\^m9LIXIe]e^md\ fMe)fHLImnY1e^ace^[]XIYE[
bEacXK mMl{e fM\^XZiAoXZomd\]tmnY1|ctPK XIYac[!XIYE[]XI\^eKf>LI\]a[]a6L+fM|9e]XLI[]amnYyRBCmKRXIbdXI\:s
LZmdYE[^\fM\^t [^msr{W]K a6L XIY?e^r1\]XIe%[ fM[!f¡s1\^m9LIXIe]e^mn\MnXI[^e!rIsE[]mMGi7fM[]X!bdfM|cr1XZeÂmhl
fh|c|Òe fM\]XIibdfM\^aÐf(n1|cXIe*K XIYÿac[sTXI\Gl.md\^oBe%fMYfLIqEr1ac\]Xds#Ë9W XIY?e^r1\]XIe[ fM[mdY1|ct
e fM\]XIibdfM\^aÐf(n1|cXIefLLZXIe^e]XIiacY1e^aci1X5[ XPLI\]ac[^a6L+fM|`e^XLZ[^acmdYfM\]X5r,sTi7fM[]XIiyRex ace
aceKi1mnY1X>nEtAfMe^e]m9LIaÐfM[^acY,MX:fL e fh\^XIibdfh|cr1X[]mAf5e]tYIL \^mdY?aC¨:fM[^acmnYbdfh\^aÐfn?|Xns
arRXRcs1X:fL LI\]a[]a6L+fM|)e^XELI[^acmdY ae<Mdr7fh\gfhY[]XIXIi5[]mBs1\]md[]XLI[mdY1|ctVfKe^rIn1e^XI[mhlÒe fh\^XIi
bdfh\^aÐfn?|XZeR3kGY%[ aceK{f:tEsdf`Yr?o'n7XI\)mhlLI\^ac[]aCL:fM|1e]XLI[^acmnY1eAs?\^md[]XLI[]aYIM!i1aceCÑmnacY[3e^XI[]e
mhl~e
fM\]XIi5bdfM\]aÐfn1|cXIe1L+fMY>nTX!XIEXLIr?[^XIi[LImdYILIr1\^\]XIYE[^|ct>nEti1aFu XI\^XIYE[Hs1\]m9LIXIe^e]md\]eR
x)ml.r1\^[
XI\{acY,LI\]X+fMe]X![
X`i1XMn\^XIX!mhlys7fM\fM|c|cXI|cace^o§nTXI[rKRXIXIY5i?aÍu XI\]XIYE[Hs1\^m9LIXIe]e^mn\^e+s
Ë¡Wi1ace^[]aYIMdr1ace
XIeÒXZzLZ|r?e^acbdXfMY1iBY1mdYEGXI9LI|cr1e]abnXÂf(LLIXIe]e^XIe`[^me
fh\^XIiVbdfM\]aÐfn1|cXIeR
N¿md\^XK[ fMYzmdY?Xs1\]m9LIXIe^e]md\]eL+fhY f:bdXY1mdYEGXI9LI|cr1e]abnX f(LLIXIe]e%[]mV[ XegfhoXe^XI[
mhlCe fh\^XIiÿbdfM\]aÊf(n1|cXIe%fh[![ XBegfhoXK[^acoBXRBáRr1[K XIYf>s1\^m9LIXZe^e^mn\ md|ci1e[^mf
e]XI[{mMl)e fh\^XIiVbdfh\^aÐfn1|cXIe¡aYBXI9LI|cr1e^acbnXÂoBmEi1XdsnY1m%mn[ XZ\Hs1\^m9LIXIe]e^mn\Cace fh|c|mKRXIiK[]m
f(LLIXIe]eC[ XCefMoX{e]XI[{mMl4bdfh\^aÐfn?|XZeÒfM[R[ XefMoX{[]acoXRXIac[ XI\{acYKXI9LI|cr1e]acbdXCoBmEi1X
mn\CacY5Y1mnYEGXI9LI|cr1e^acbdXomEi1XRHNVmn\^Xl=md\]opfM|c|ctdsMdacbdXZY5[ fh[C[ X!e^tEY,L \]mdY1a6¨+fh[^acmdY
bdfh\^aÐfn?|XoºpRace{r1e^XIi [^m'LImnY[]\^mn|4fLLIXZe^e[^mKfLI\^ac[]aCL:fM| e^XELI[^acmdY¦Mdr7fh\^i1acY,M[ Xe^XI[
o0»?¼EpmMl{e fh\^XIibdfh\^aÐfn?|XZe+s [ XIYAfBoXIoBmd\]te^tEe][^XIo ace!XIYE[^\]t LZmdY1e]ae][^XIYE[!al{ac[
efM[]aeñ7XIe`[ Xl.md|c|cmK{aYIMÂ[ \^XZX*LImdY?i1ac[^acmdY1e:
R;m ñõnþ"EøÐó]îCõdþþîZðgð{ý º øcð{ñ1ýnú~õhùÐùý 9î÷ú=ýôöî:óIýnóIï 9øÐúcíKó]îIð.ô1îgþ:ú
ú.ý!õRô ó]ý+þîZððýnó^£ b Eñ1ú=øÊù7õMùÐù,Zô1÷dõdú.îZð ú.ý » ¼ í1õdû:îîî:ñ`ôöî:óIýnóIï%î÷
9øÐúcíVó^îZð.ôöîþ:úÒú.ý£ b
w R;² îIýnó^îVõdñîdþZùCnðIøÐû:î5ïý+÷nî5õdþþîIððVú=ý º õÉô ó]ý+þîZðgðIýnó%£ b øcð
õMùüùý ¡îg÷ÿú=ýBô1î:óIýdóZïV 9øÐúcíó]îIð.ô1îgþ:ú!ú.ý½£ bKñ1ýAýnúí?î+ó ô ó^ý:þîIððIýdó
ïõ!í1ýhù÷ º øÐñ5ñ1ýnñ9^î?nþZùCnðIøÐû+îïý+÷nî
R;m Zú=î:ó!õdñînþIù6dðIøÐû:îKïý+÷nîõdþþîZðgðú=ý º í?õMðîî:ñBôöî:óIýnóIï%î÷
ô ó]ý+þîZððýnó^£ b4õdñI9ô ó^ý:þîIððIýdó¾ðvñ?î?nú4ñ1ýnñ9^îdþZùCnðIøÐû:îCïý+÷nîCõdþþîZðgð
¿À pECÿüHÿ;E6ølP&ÿüú<ý; ô úü4ôú9÷9ÿ?ÁLÂ Hú;ü0*ÿô'ÿÂ Hú;ü0*úÃùý8ýø#ø4ùú%4ÿHú
8úùÿ?þýü÷?ýNú÷?ôp;,ýI ÿø4ýEôÿü4úyôúúú1ø0#úÃú /øú!ÿ#ûü0ü4ÿHP!üýø4ø4úôFEGü&ÿ2Â Hú;ü0!ô
ÿ;ÁLÂ Hú;ü0#ÿôþý ú|þúü04ÿ
ú.ý%£
b
QömdoX{acos7mn\^[gfhYE[9i1aFu XZ\^XIY,LZXIeXIEae][AnTXI[rKRXIXIYdr{W#fMY1i>Ë9WDR13a\]e^[:sr{W\^XIqEr1ac\]XIe
[
fM[{fM|c|Tr,sTi7fM[]XIe{[^mKfMYEtKe
fM\^XZipiTfM[gfoKr1e][#n7XDsTXI\Gl.md\^oBXIiBnTXl=mn\^Xf!\]XI|cX+fMe]X!ace
sTXI\ l=md\]oXIiyR¤x
ace{aYILI|cr1i1XIei7fh[gfY1mn[MdrTfM\^i?XIiPnEt[
XÒÑr1e^[`\^XI|cX+fhe^XIize^tEY,L
\]mM
Y?aC¨:fM[^acmnY%bdfh\^aÐfn1|cXR|OCYK[
XHLImnY[]\gfh\^t'Ë9WÿmdY1|ct!\]XIqEr1ac\^XIe9[
fM[RfLLIXZe^e^XZeHMdr7fh\^i1XIi
nEt[
X{e]tEY,L
\^mnY1a6¨+fM[]amnYKbdfM\]aÊf(n1|cXAnTXIacY,M!\]XI|cX+fMe]XIiBnTXsTXI\l=md\]oXIiK\]XIomn[^XI|ct%fhY1i
mnY1|ctBK
XZYp[
X!bdfh\^aÐfn1|cX`ae`Y1XIE[CfLZqr?a\]XIiPnEtpf\]XIomn[^XDs1\]mzLZXIe^e]md\R¤\^XI|cX+fhe^X
ace[
XZ\^Xl=mn\^XVr1e]XIi[^mzaY?i1a6L+fM[]XK[
fh[ f e^tEY,L
\]mdY1a6¨+fh[^acmdYÿbdfM\^aÐf(n1|cX%acel=\^XIX5fhY1i
L:fMY>n7X¸Md\gfhYE[^XIiV[^mfhY1md[ XI\Hs1\]m9LIXIe^e]md\R
QöXLImdY?i4sr{Wÿ\^XIqEr1ac\^XZe{[ fh[ fh||Is1\^XIbEacmdr?e f(LLIXIe]e^XIe<ntfæs1\^m9LIXIe]e^mn\{l=mn\9e^tEY,L \]mM
Y?aC¨:fM[^acmnY%bdfh\^aÐfn1|cXIeGnTXsTXI\Gl.md\^oBXIiK{a[ \^XIes7XELI[{[^m%fh|c|mn[ XZ\As1\]m9LIXIe^e]md\]eHn7Xl.md\^X
[ fM[1s1\]mzLZXIe^e]md\+je`e fh\^XIi5fLELIXIe^e`aceÒmn1e^XI\]bdXIi>nEtfMYEtmd[ XI\Hs1\]mzLZXIe^e]md\R¡kGYBLImnYE
[]\gfhe^[PË9W mdY?|tÿ\^XIqEr1ac\]XIe5[ fM[[ XfLIqEr1ac\^XzfLLIXZe^eVl=mn\[ X5e^tEY,L \]mdY1a6¨+fh[^acmdY
bdfh\^aÐfn?|X<K a6L Mnr7fM\]i1e{[ XÂiTfM[gfnTXIacY,Mf(LLIXIe]e^XIi[n7XDsTXI\Gl.md\^oBXIiyR
Å dXf jÇÆÉÈÊÈ fÌË l@ÍDlHbÎ Ï ` g
ÆÑÐ f dÊÎ Ò fm` ȧlCÈ]bÓÆ` jhÎ
áÒXEL+fMr1e]XÎNPODQ/s1\^mMbEaci1XIeVfM[K[ X5oXIe]e^XIYIMdXI\B|XZbdXI|Gs{fzbEaXEK mhl oBXIomn\^tPLZmdY1e]ae][^acY,M
mMlCi7fh[gfBac[^XIoBe*K{ac[ mnr1[XI9s1|ca6LIac[%fMi1i?\^XIe]e+s)ac[!ace!Y7fh[^r1\fM|9[]mPs1\^mMbEaci1Xfh[![ ace!|cXIbnXI|{f
i7fM[f:rn7fMe]XIiA}DQ,N e^tEe^[]XIo Rx aceace fBbdfh\^aÐfM[]amnY5mMl{Y1mnYE»sTfMdX»n7fhe^XIi}DQ,N e^tEe^[]XIoe
[ fh[ fhi7fs?[^e9ac[^eRr1Y1ac[9mhl4e fh\^acY,M![]mLZmd\^\]XIesTmdY?ip[]m!i7fh[gfe][^\^rILI[^r1\]XIes?\^mMbEaci1XIiBnEt[ X
s1\^mMd\fMooBacY,M|ÊfhY,MdrTfMdXRAx X!opfhaYVfMi1bdfhYE[gfMnXCaceC\]XIi1r,LZXIi5lGfM|ce^X!e fM\]acY,MÌ mKÒXZbdXI\
acY[]XMd\fM[]amnYBK{ac[ bEac\^[]r7fM| oBXIomn\^t*nTXLImnoXIe`i1aF}BLIr1|c[Ò[]mfL acXIbnXR
CoBmdY,Mÿ[ Xbdfh\^acmdr?epoBXIomn\^t/LImdY1e]ace^[^XZY,LItomEi1XZ|e:sCXZY[]\^tLImnY1e^ace][^XIY,LZt oË9WHp
e^XIXZoeC[]m'n7X[
XDnTXIe^[oXZomd\]t!omEi1XZ|!L+fMY1i?aiTfM[^X`l=mn\C}DQ,N fM[{[
X!oXIe]e^XIYIMdXI\`|XZbdXI|
n7XEL+fMr1e]X@o.fp¡ac[^e{r1Y1ac[RmMl)e
fh\^acY,MaeHnTfMe^XZipmnYi7fh[gfe][^\^rILI[^r1\]XIeDs1\^mMbEaci1XIinEtK[
X*s?\^mM
Md\fMooBacY,M|ÊfhY,MdrTfMdX!fhY1iV[
XI\]Xl=mn\^XopfM[L
XIeHKRXI|c|4[
X!oXIe]e^XIYIMdXI\`bacXKmMl9oBXIomn\^t
fMY1iPoânp)ac[#Mnr7fM\fMYE[^XIXZe9[
fh[9[
XCoXZomd\]tCe]te][^XIo XI
a6n1ac[^e9fe^XZqr?XIYE[^aÐfM|c|ct*LImnY1e^ace^[]XIYE[
n7X
f:bEamn\Rl=md\Hs?\^msTXI\]|tB|ÐfnTXI|cXIiVmd\Ri7fM[f:G\gfLZXl=\^XZXs?\^mMn\gfhoeR
_CYöl=md\][^r1Y7fh[^XI|ctEsË9WfMY1iKfM|c|nmd[
XI\GKÒX+f(vE|tmn\^i1XI\]XIiKe^tEe][^XIoBeAor{Wsr<{4WfMY?i*wWHp
e^XIXZo Y1md[[^m>KÒmn\v[s1\^ms7XZ\^|ct acYzXIYEbEa\]mdY1oBXIYE[^eDK XI\]XBs1\]m9LIXIe^e]XIe'L+fhYomMbdXKfMoBmdY,M
i1aFu XZ\^XIYE[9Y1mEi1XZeÒoâs1\^m9LIXZe^e^mn\^epÒfhe~ace3[ XHL+fhe^X¡l=md\3oXIe]e^XIYIMdXI\]eRGCeGK{ac[ [ XIe^X{e]te][^XIoBe+s
oXIoBmd\]t%ace{opfhi1XLZmdY1e]ae][^XIYE[mdY?|tfh[{e^tEY,L \]mdY1a6¨+fh[^acmdY>sTmdacYE[^e+sTfs1\^m9LIXZe^e!fLIqEr1ac\]aYIM
f!|cm9LvKmd\{fMYEtmd[ XI\{oXIoBmd\]tÂe]tEY,L \^mnY1a6¨+fM[]amnYbdfh\^aÐfn1|cX{aceR\^XIe][^\^a6LI[]XIi5[]m%XIEXLZr1[^Xac[^e
LI\^ac[]aCL:fM|4e]XLI[]amnYVXIYE[^ac\^XI|ctBmdYV[ XY1mEi1XDK XI\^Xa[{fLZqr?a\]XIi5[ X|m9Lvmn\{[ Xbdfh\^aÐfn1|cXR
x)ma|c|cr1e][^\gfh[^XR[ X<n7X f:bEamn\)mMl4[ X{i1aFu XI\]XIYE[AKRX+f(v|ct!mn\^i1XZ\^XIiBoXIoBmd\^te]te][^XIoBerê
[ X`e^[fM[^X{mhl [ XÂfh\^[9oBXIomn\^t`e^tEe^[]XIoeñê |cXI[¡r1e#LImnY1e^aci1XI\¡[ Xl=md|c|cmK{acY,M{eLIXZY7fM\]am&RGwX
f:bdX[rKÒmBY1mEi1XIeiÔ
é
fMY1idÔ
ë
fMY1i mdY1Xs1\^m9LIXZe^e £ RË9fL Y?mi?XLImnYE[gfMacY1e`acYpac[]eC|cm9L+fM|
oXIoBmd\]t f<LImsEt%mhl¨fh||Ee fM\]XIibdfh\^aÐfn1|cXIeR \]mzLZXIe^e £ XZXELIr1[^XZe fe]XIqEr1XIY,LZXÂmhl acY1e][^\]r,L
[^acmdY?e![ fh[%fLELIXIe^eK[rKRmV|cmzL:fM[^acmnY1e?cAfhY1i|Õ5acYe fM\^XZiAoXZomd\]t oüe^XIXs1\^mMd\gfho w RcpER
x X ï%ýnû+î:ú.ý acY1e][^\]r,LI[^acmnY fMe[ XVXu XLI[BmMlComMbEacY,MV[ X@s?\^m9LIXIe]e[^mz[ Xpes7XELIaF7XIi
Y1mEi1Xds?a»RXRcsn[
XaY?e^[^\]r,LI[]amnY1eRl=mn||cmK{acY,M[
X
ï%ýnû+î:ú.ý
fh\^X!XZXELIr1[^XZi5mdYV[
XÂY?XKY?mi?XR
wX fhe^e]r1oXR[
fh[2ºRace9fCe]tEY,L
\^mnY1a6¨+fM[]amnYKbdfM\]aÊf(n1|cX9[
fM[Gs1\^mn[^XLZ[^eR[
X{bdfh\^aÐfn1|cXIe5cKfhY1i
Õ,R'wXKfMe]e^r1oBX fh|ce^mV[
fh[oXIoBmd\^tBaceLZmdY1e]ae][^XIYE[K
XIYqs1\]m9LIXIe^e
£
e^[fM\^[]e%fMY?i [ fM[
oXIoBmd\]t%|cm9L+fM[]acmdY1e;c5fMY?iÕ'LZmdYE[gfhaYV[
XbdfM|cr1X
R