Alexis Michaud
level tones CNRS LACITO alexis.michaud@vjf.cnrs.fr alexismichaud@126.com • • (l t mi - æ -l mv )Guillaume Jacques and Alexis Michaud, “Approaching the historical phonology of three highly eroded Sino-Tibetan languages: Naxi, Na and Laze,” Diachronica 28, no. 4 (2011): 468-498.
contour tones
CNRS-LACITO
CNRS-LACITO
Philip Rose, “Acoustics and phonology of complex tone sandhi: An analysis of disyllabic lexical tone sandhi in the Zhenhai variety of Wu Chinese,” Phonetica 47 (1990): 1-35; Philip Rose, “Cantonese citation tones,” in Vocal fold
physiology: Controlling complexity and chaos, ed. Pamela Davis and Neville Fletcher (San Diego, 1995), 307-324;
Alexis Michaud, “Final consonants and glottalization: new perspectives from Hanoi Vietnamese,” Phonetica 61, no. 2-3 (2004): 119-146; Marc Brunelle, “Tone perception in Northern and Southern Vietnamese,” Journal of Phonetics 37 (2009): 79-96; Marc Brunelle, Nguy n Kh c Hùng, and Nguy n Duy D ng, “A Laryngographic and Laryngoscopic Study of Northern Vietnamese Tones,” Phonetica 67, no. 3 (2010): 147-169; Martine Mazaudon, “On tone in Tamang and neighbouring languages: synchrony and diachrony,” in Proceedings of the symposium “Cross-linguistic studies
of tonal phenomena: Tonogenesis, Japanese Accentology, and Other Topics,” ed. Shigeki Kaji (Tokyo: Tokyo University of
Foreign Studies, Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, 2005), 79-96; Martine Mazaudon and Alexis Michaud, “Tonal contrasts and initial consonants: a case study of Tamang, a ‘missing link’ in tonogenesis,” Phonetica 65, no. 4 (2008): 231-256.
Jackson T.-S. Sun , “Variegated tonal developments in Tibetan,” in Language variation: papers on
variation and change in the Sinosphere and the Indosphere in honour of James A. Matisoff, ed. David Bradley et al.
(Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, 2003), 35-51; ) 25, no. 1
(2005): 50-59 ; 25, no. 1 (2005): 50-59 ; Larry M.
Hyman, Kuki-Thaadow: an African tone system in Southeast Asia (Berkeley: UC Berkeley, 2007); Alexis Michaud and He Xueguang, “Reassociated tones and coalescent syllables in Naxi (Tibeto-Burman),” Journal of the International Phonetic
Association 37, no. 3 (2007): 237-255; Jonathan Evans, “‘African’ tone in the Sinosphere,” Language and Linguistics 9, no. 3
(2008): 463-490; Guillaume Jacques, “Tonal alternations in the Pumi verbal system,” Language and Linguistics 12, no. 2 (2011).
Liberty Lidz, “A descriptive grammar of Yongning Na (Mosuo)” (University of Texas, Department of linguistics, 2010), https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/ETD-UT-2010-12-2643/LIDZ-DISSERTATION.pdf; Liberty Lidz, “Evidentiality in Yongning Na (Mosuo),” Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 30, no. 2 (2007): 45-87;
http://lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr/archivage/presentation_en.htm LACITO
XML Unicode Dublin Core OLAC LACITO
LACITO
Bahing Chang Naga Hayu Japhug Koyi Rai Lahu Limbu Tamang Thulung Rai
Boyd Michailovsky, Alexis Michaud, and Séverine Guillaume, “A simple architecture for the fine-grained documentation of endangered languages: the LACITO multimedia archive” (presented at the Oriental-COCOSDA 2011, October 26th-28th, 2011, Hsinchu, Taiwan, 2011; http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00620893/).
Boyd Michailovsky, La langue hayu, ed. Sylvain Auroux, Sciences du langage (Paris: CNRS Editions, 1988); Boyd Michailovsky, “Hayu,” in The Sino-Tibetan Languages, ed. Graham Thurgood and Randy LaPolla (London & New York: Routledge, 2003), 518-532; , ( : , 2008); Martine Mazaudon, “Tibeto-Burman tonogenetics,” Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 3, no. 2 (1977): 1-123; Martine Mazaudon, “From discourse to grammar in Tamang: topic, focus, intensifiers and subordination,” in Language Variation: Papers on variation and change in
the Sinosphere and in the Indosphere in honour of James A. Matisoff, ed. David Bradley et al., Pacific Linguistics (Canberra:
A.N.U., 2003), 145-157; Martine Mazaudon, “Tamang,” in The Sino-Tibetan languages, ed. Graham Thurgood and Randy LaPolla (London: Routledge, 2003), 291-314; Mazaudon, “On tone in Tamang and neighbouring languages: synchrony and diachrony”; James A. Matisoff, The Grammar of Lahu, Linguistics 75 (Berkeley/ Los Angeles/ London: University of California Publications, 1973); James A. Matisoff, The Dictionary of Lahu, University of California Publications in Linguistics 111 (Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1988).
André Martinet, La Description phonologique avec application au parler franco-provençal d’Hauteville (Savoie) (Genève: Droz, 1956); Luc Bouquiaux and Jacqueline Thomas, Enquête et description des langues à tradition orale, vol. 2nd edition 1976 (Paris: Société d’études linguistiques et anthropologiques de France, 1971); Paul Newman and Martha Ratliff,
(interlinear morphemic glossing)
(Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus STEDT http://stedt.berkeley.edu/
F4 M23
F4
LACITO http://lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr/archivage/languages/Na_en.htm http://lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr/archivage/languages/Laze_en.htm http://lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr/archivage/languages/Naxi_en.htm 1986 /d p / “ ” , “ ” ( , 1985), 103-196 .
2007
404
2006 2007 2008
/ si / 1986 114 [ ] 1984 [ ] 170-171
309 1950 2006 tone groups <位 <位 pi -h <pi > pi 1 i - i d u , ni gv - i ts mv : …… “ ” / 2 - i - d u t i , <mmm…> ni pi - i ts mv , æ æ q w d u , -gi ! ……
3 k v mi u m - -h d u , « k v n u m - , mv mi w m -ki » pi -h d u
……“ ”
……/ “ ”
4 tse i -zo ni pi -h <pi >? k v mi u m - -h d u ,
? …… = …… 5 zo no , mv z -ni mi -bv <t > [ w ] i ts mv ! / 6 <ni ...> mv z -ni mi -z t i i - i … …… 7 æ mv d u , i - i , d i u k v æ -h - i ts mv ! =
8 d i u k v æ h ! t i d i u t i -dzi … t i -dzi d u ! so k v l -m -ts ts mv .
……
10 t i , æ mv l -m -ts , d u t i
11 æ mv -v d u , zo qo h -ze , l - -ze , m -do , pi -zo t i , go mi h -ki -ki , ts mv
“ ”
=
12 go mi h -ki -ki , d u t i , t v i , d u , <mmm…> æ mv , d u t i , ……
13 k v mi - t i , t v i d u , go mi h -ki -ki , pi , -di -qo t v , d u t i k v mi d u t i , …… = 14 <æ mv , i -kv …> k v mi -l æ mv d u , k v l - æ , l - æ -zo , d i n mi u t v qo l -ts d u , qo q - u t v - i ts mv ! 15 k v mi - l -se -h , qo q - u t v -h , d u t i , < …> ……
17 t i , k v mi - , t i , <l …> l -se , l -se , l -se -zo , qo q - l -bæ , l --bæ , l --bæ , l --bæ -zo , t i , 18 go mi t i -ki -h - i u h , ts mv . 19 t i , go mi t i -ki -h - i u t v , d u t i , <g...> …… 20 k k t i , h = æ h bæ d u , t i -dzi -k ts mv . 21 k v mi - , -ts o - , u h d u , « tse v -k v , no mv t u se ! » pi ts mv , t i , “ ” 22 h bæ -t i t i , k v mi l -di , k v mi - m -h , pi ts mv . = 23 « tse v -k v », pi , -nj m -h , k v mi - mæ qo t i -dzi - t i -dzi , pi ts mv . “ ”
24 t i , h bæ -t i -t k k t i -dzi -k ts mv . 25 t i -dzi -k d u t i , æ mv -v d u , p u t i -h ts mv . 26 « h mi -v -p æ di -zo ! » t i , <t ...> “ ” 27 « h mi -h t v -v l -di , mv t u kw , k v mi l -di mv t u kw , -k v mi -j ts i i tso i - i », pi -zo , ni w - i , ts mv . “ ” 28 t i , d u , gi d u , t i , h = æ t i , æ mv t i , < dze > [ æ ] m -h , t i -dzi -k ts mv . …… = 29 t i -dzi -k , mæ qo dzi -k , ts mv . =
=
31 < … -h d u , u q w … qo ,> -h < u q w dzi -k > [g dz dzi -k ]; t i -h , mæ qo dzi .
…… “ ”
32 ni , -dzi , -dzi , -dzi , -dzi - , æ mv d u , mæ qo ! mæ qo t v , ts mv . / i mi /“ ” 33 mæ qo t v , d u t i , < …> t i , w , t i -dzi -se , d u t i , < …> h dz -hu -ze , ts mv ! h dz -hu ! 34 p v i -hu -ze , ts mv ! = 35 p v i , h dz d u , i - i d u t i , 36 e , bu - o - , -p æ , - - - hæ -kv -ze mæ ! -h -ki d u , -h t i -ki ;
37 t i -h -ki d u , t i -h t i -ki . ni i , d u t i , 38 -h -ki , l -q æ , l -q æ , l -q æ , mæ qo t v , d u , æ mv ki t v -kw t i <m - -h e ,> m -d -h , æ mv t i -h t v -k w i t i -ki -h , ts mv . 39 i i lo , pi -kv ts mv , -k w d u ! 40 t i , e l -q æ , mv dz t i , t i , l -wu -t u -t u , p v -ze , ts mæ ! = 41 p v , d u t i , k k , -h -t i -ki , w -q w ; -q w , -q w , -q w , -q w - -p v , w æ mv -ki -q w t i -p v , ts mv . = 42 t i , -q w t i -p v d u t i , <æ m...> h = æ d u , -hu -ze , ts mv .
43 g - i , zo no , « no ! nj ! » pi -zo , -gi ! -hu d u t i , æ mv - , g - i , ts mv !
“ ” =
44 t i , e æ -hu -ze , e ni æ ~ æ , -hu d u t i , æ mv -d u , “ ” 45 g - i ! ni -v -v g - i , mæ qo t v kw -t i -l , t i , æ mv -, æ mv -ki t v kw -t i -l -, æ mv ni pi ts mv : = 46 dz -g dz -m -g , <mmm…> k v mi no dz -h ! pi -zo , e v l -i -zo , k v m-i -k-i kw , ts mv . “ =“ ” ” 47 t i , < …> -q w d u , l - -zo , < …> l - i -kw -t i -l , « -g -m -lv , e n no -h ! » pi -zo , mv t u p v ts mv . …… “ =“ ” ”
48 t i , e mi ! tso i s i ! tso w i ! i - i , d u , i s , pi d u , ... hæ [- w ] i -ze mæ ! zo no d u , hæ [- w ] i -ze mæ , -gi !
= “ ” “ ” ……“ ” 49 i - i d u , « tso w i - i ! q ni -v i ! » pi -zo , ni w pi ts mv , k k h bæ -t i - . = “ ” 50 t i , <g...> s -h -v t i -d u , d u , -v d u , v v -ze , ts mv . 51 « e mi ! i - i , go mi <æ mv -go…> æ mv -v d u - i ts … d i n mi - u dzi , -so -k v gv -ze ,
“ ……
52 » t i , ts i i l -ts -zo -v i b ? » ni v v -ze , ts mv . ”
54 l bæ ts , zo , li d u , t i , æ mv d u , go mi l do kw t i l , g -i -ze , ts mv . = = 55 go mi do -kw -t i -l , g i -kw -t i -l , = 56 « dz -g dz -m -g , < …> k v mi no dz -h ! -g -m -lv , e n no -h ! », pi -zo , “ =“ ” =“ ” ” 57 -q w t i -p v -t i ; æ mv - , æ s t i -mv <mv >-t i -zo , g i p u ts mv ! 58 p u , d u t i , go mi d u , « æ mv i -ze », pi -zo , t i , <mmm...> “ ” 59 t i - v ts mv ! t i - v d u t i - v , « nj æ mv i , no nj æ mv i », pi , d u t i ,
“ …… ”
60 æ mv -ki , zo no , -s -kv , hæ - w l -pu -ts pi : ti tj lo -dz i - i ts mæ ! [æ mv -ki -lo dz wæ !] -gi !
= 61 t i , n - w pi d u , i lo m -d i -ze mæ ! 62 æ mv -ki ni i lo m -d i -ze mæ ! = (= 63 m -d -kw -t i -l , t i , æ mv æ i - i -ze mæ ! gv d i wæ - i -ze ! “ ” 64 m ! n - w pi -w , hæ - w <h…> æ i - i -ze mæ ! -gi ! “ ” 65 t i , n w pi <w > [d u ], æ mv d u gv d i wæ - i -ze !
“ ” 67 « lo m -s -ze ! » pi -kw -t i -l , æ mv - , æ s t i -mv -t i -zo , p u -h - i ts . “ ” 68 p u -h -kw -t i -l t i , go mi v d u , l v , l v , l v , l v , l -v -zo ! 69 t i s , ts mv ! t i s , pi t i , l - v l - v t i - - i -ze mæ , -gi ! …… 70 t i - -ze ts mv ! t i s -ze . 71 t i , -kw -t i -l , t i , h = æ : « e mi ! » -t : « æ mv i ze -hu », pi , gi g -tse h , l -tse m - - i ts mv . ……“ ” “ ” 72 t i , go mi t v -v - d u , g < v >[ i ], t i - v d u ;
73 æ mv - æ s -k w hæ , k t i -kw , go mi t i - wæ ts mv !
74 w -gi -bi v , æ s d u ni t i -mv -kv -mæ , i - i !
75 æ s d u , zo no p i æ pi - i mæ , hæ - w d u ! æ s ... ni -t i -mv , d u ,
“ ”
76 -k w -bi : « æ mv ! nj no t i -d u -h m -s -ze ! ts i i no i -hu , no h - l - i <-bi >[- i ]! m -fv t - i - , nj - m - i - i ! mi ! », pi ts mv .
“ “ ”
=
78 -go mi -ki -ki … -v d u : nj do d u ! < ...> d dz h -p æ -di -ze ! “ / ” 79 < …> nj m -g wæ », pi -zo , æ mv - hæ -t i -kw - i , ts mv . “ ” 80 æ s -k w -bi , lo q w -p u -bi v , æ s t i mv h --p æ hæ , t i -kw ! 81 go mi t i - wæ ts mv . 82 -p u -bi v , w -k w -hæ -t i -kw ! t i - wæ ts mv !
83 t i , go mi -p u -bi < v >[ v ]-bi -ze , t i - ts mv !
84 t i , l - d u , <l ...> t i , go mi d u t i s l - ! l - d u t i , æ mv h -ze , ts mv !
85 h , h d u t i , e mi ! -go mi d u , ni i ki t v i -hu ! < = > [u = ]go mi do , mmm… zo no , dz - i wæ -ze !
“ =
86 , dz <-zo > wæ -ze ! d i n mi - u dzi , -gi !
87 h n -ni gv i -ze !
88 di qo ts , d u , d i u -h n -ni gv i -ze mæ !
89 t i , h - d u , <n...> « zo ki dz i ze pi », æ mv d u , l æ i -k , ni h -kw -t i -l , t i , æ mv -v d u , t i , < …>
…… “
” ……
90 go mi l - ts mv !
” 1984
[ ] 180
92 so i -so h qæ ts mv !
93 so i -so h qæ , d u t i , l -qæ , mv -m -t !
94 t i , l -qæ , mv -m -t d u , t i , h - l -wu , æ mv -ki :
95 « mi ! no go mi d u l - -ze ! mi ! <no -nj … l -wu > no - d u , go mi -ki kw p -k w t i -l - ! mi ! » pi ts mv . “ ” 96 t i , æ mv d u , l - æ i , w , « ts -m - i -ze , go mi i , < -ki t , nv mi ...> -ki v v wæ », pi - i ts mv . “ < ……> ” 97 v v wæ , pi <-zo > t i , h - i ts mæ !
98 go mi t i -qæ -h t v qo t v -d u , t i , <mmm…> ……
99 æ mv - ni pi - i , ts mv :
100 < …> æ s -p æ hæ t i -kw . ……
101 <no … no ...> z d u , zo no , æ mv k i -so -k v gv -ze no æ mv m -s , bæ -ze . “ …… …… = 102 < …> æ mv no - u to m -fv -di m -d u . “ 103 < …> no e -h - i -ki m -fv i - i . “ 104 no -ki d u , m -fv -di m -d u . “
105 < …> no <nv mi fæ … ...> v v q æ , zo no , l qæ l mv », pi -zo , æ mv - ni pi - i , ts mv . “ …… ” 106 t i , æ s i -p æ hæ ! 107 go mi -ki qo t i -kw -kw -t i -l , go mi - t i , mmm… l -qæ l -se - i ts mv ! 108 t i -m - i , so i l so h qæ - i ts mv ! 109 so i ; so h ; l -qæ t i -kw , d u t i , mv -m -t , ts mv ! 110 t i , l - -kw -t i -l , t i , i - i , mmm… t i , nj -s -kv , zo no , l -qæ l -mv - i ts mv ! …… …… 111 n , pi , i di -di mi -h , pi -h d u , t i , “ ”
112 mi z d u h -ki -ki pi d u , mmm… æ æ ni pi - i mæ : 113 « mv mi w -m - , k v n u -m - », pi -h , d u , “[ ] ” = 114 <k v…> k v mi d u , nj le gv u -m -kv ts mv ! = 115 ki -m -kv ts mv ! -m -kv ts mv !
116 mi z d u , h -ki -ki l -h -h d u , t i , h -ki -ki , pi , l -bi d u , w -m -kv ts mv !
……
117 mv mi w -m - ; k v n u -m - : æ æ -t mv d u , ni -k w d u - i mæ !
119 nj æ -go mi - , h -ki -ki l - , pi , t i , - i -ki , zo no nj -s -kv n - d u , i di -di mi -n d u , t i t v i , pi zo , bi -zo -kv mæ !
=
120 p b -t l -pu , tso tso l -pu , no - pi -ni , bu æ l -pu ,
“ ”
“ ”
121 < …> tso tso l -pu , -ki t i t v -bi -kv -mæ !
122 t i , nj - - h pi d u t i , go mi h ki ki , pi d u t i , nj -s -kv , bu æ pu -m -kv mæ !
=
123 -s pu -m -bi ! -ki h dz -bi -kv -ze ! =
……
125 « s k v l - i -ze ! » pi d u , o pv -ti -zo -kv , ts mv : t « < z... > mi » pi , o pv ti ; “ ” “ ” 126 t i , s k v = d u , < u k d u , h dz ! pi mv >; s k d u , h dz ! pi -kv ts mv . ……“ = ” “ ” 127 « u k d u , h hw ! », pi -kv ts mv , i - i , t i , u k , s k , pi -h d u -kv ts mv ! “ ”
128 t i , s k -bi -kw -t i -l , t i , « æ.hi.hi! » l -k l -bi -zo -kv ts mv .
“ ” =
130 - i u l -bi -kw -t i -l , « s k v l i ze », pi , o pv -ti , t o pv -ti , -gi !
“ ”
131 h ni p æ , t v ni p æ , -t u kw ! o pv -ti -h -t i !
132 t i , h - « -ze ! -ze ! -ze ! » pi , ni p æ ! t v ni p æ ! kw -t i -l ,
= “ ”
133 - i to mi -ki , < u -k i t i -h -kw -t i ,> [ u k i -qo t v ], « æ.hi.hi! s k v l - i -ze ! » pi kw -t i -l ,
…… “ ”
134 zo no , to mi , u to mi , ... m -ki [to mi ] t i -di -m -di , -gi ! m! …… 135 to mi d -kv -ts -mv , qo -d , k i b <s > < -d > [ -d -t i --d ]! 136 « s k v l - i -ze ! » pi , “ ” 137 k i b l -d -se , w to mi d -kv , ts mv .
138 b ! b ! pi , to mi d d u t i , « -ze ! » pi , o pv -ti -kv ts mv !
“ ”
139 ze ! ze ! ze ! pi , o pv ti , pi , n d u t i , æ æ d u ,
“ ” ……
140 ni mi , zo no , go mi h ki ki , pi d u , ni mi i ze mæ , -gi ! “ ” /æ mv / “ + ” “ + ” brother sister 141 æ mv -go mi , pi -h d u t i , zo d u t i , ni mi -ki d u , go mi pi - i -ze -mæ ! “ ” “ ” 142 mv z i h , d u t i , < … n…> mv d u t i , mv z - i -h i , pi d u , zo -ki pi - i -ze mæ ! …… “ ” 143 t i , æ mv -go mi , mv z -ni mi pi . “ ” “ ”
145 ! æ æ d u ni w -kv mv ! 146 t i , m … nj si - w d i ! i - i ! = …… “ ” “ ”/ si / “ ” 147 m w ni do -m -d i ! =
148 z h t u - -t u , -gi ! tso m - i g - w -zo -kv mv !
149 si , nj si , <p ...> p t u -h -v - w -d i mæ ! i - i , nj -ki ! æ æ d u , ni gv -kv ! ni gv -kv !