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رأس المال الفكري في منظمات الأعمال (مفهومه، قياسه، آثاره، وتنميته

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لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻅﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ )

ﻪﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤ

، ﻪﺴﺎﻴﻗ ، ﻩﺭﺎﺜﺁ ﻭ ، ﻪﺘﻴﻤﻨﺘ (

. ﻱﺮﻤﺸﻟﺍ ﻲﻛﺮﺗ

&*

. ﺢﻳﻮﻃﺎﺑ ﺮﻤﻋ ﺪﻤﳏ

**

Abstract:

Islamic countries, except few, face great challenges resulting from huge intellectual and technological gap that are formulated in the set back of its productive channels that render their products unable to stand competition in the international markets. Consequently, this gap is negatively reflected on economic and social development programs. Hence, intellectual capital must be granted due important to pre-qualify the Islamic countries to promote its privilege possession among advanced countries.

In addition, the research explores the reasons and impacts of this gap, the methods of bridging the same so that these countries may be able to keep pace with international exchanges in this context and to move from being consumers of third party products to producers and competitors within international commercial exchange. Further, the research analyzes the intellectual capital in some leading Islamic countries in this regard.

Furthermore, the research work explores the concept, importance and measurement of the intellectual capital, the mechanism of implementing the concept of intellectual capital in the companies in addition to the relationship between the intellectual capital and the performance of business organizations as well as the impact of applying the intellectual capital in the investment sector and financial services in the State of Kuwait. The research work concludes number of results and recommendations that give particular interest to intellectual capital on the large scale, particularly in business sector.

Key words: Intellectual Capital, Business Organizations.

*

ﺎﺘﺴﺃ ﺕﻴﻭﻜﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ،ﻙﺭﺎﺸﻤ .

ﺫﺎﺘﺴﺃ**

ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻟﻭﻨﻜﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻠﻟ ﺕﻭﻤﺭﻀﺤ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ،ﻙﺭﺎﺸﻤ -

ﻟﺍ ﻥﻤﻴ .

(2)

ﺹﺨﻠﻤ :

ﺔﻴﻨﻘﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﺓﻭﺠﻓ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺠﺘﺎﻨ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺕﺎﻴﺩﺤﺘ ـ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺩﺩﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺘﺴﺎﺒ ـ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ لﻭﺩﻟﺍ ﻪﺠﺍﻭﺘ ﻕﺍﻭﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺯﺠﺎﻋ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤ لﻌﺠﺘ ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺍﻭﻨﻗ ﻑﻠﺨﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺴﺠﺘﺘ ،ﺔﻌﺴﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟﺍ . ﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺞﻤﺍﺭﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ ﹰﺎﻴﺒﻠﺴ ﺓﻭﺠﻔﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺱﻜﻌﻨﺘ ﻲﻟﺎﺘﻟﺎﺒﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺔ

.

ﻥﻤﻭ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺀﻼﻴﺇ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻥﻤﻜﺘ ﺎﻨﻫ ﺀﺎﻘﺘﺭﻼﻟ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ لﻭﺩﻟﺍ لﻫﺅﻴ ﻪﻟﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ

ﺔﻤﺩﻘﺘﻤﻟﺍ لﻭﺩﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻭﻤﺭﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻨﺎﻜﻤﺒ .

ﺙﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﻑﺭﺸﺘﺴﻴ ﻙﻟﺫ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴﺘ ﻰﺘﺤ ،ﺎﻫﺩﺴ ﺏﻴﻟﺎﺴﺃﻭ ،ﺓﻭﺠﻔﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺭﺎﺜﺁﻭ ﺏﺎﺒﺴ

ﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﻜﺍﻭﻤ ﻥﻤ لﻭﺩﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻐﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟ ﻥﻴﻜﻠﻬﺘﺴﻤ ﺩﺭﺠﻤ ﻥﻤ لﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍﻭ ،ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲ

ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻊﻤ ،ﻲﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺘﻟﺍ لﺩﺎﺒﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﻤﻀ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻭ ﻥﻴﺠﺘﻨﻤ ﻰﻟﺇ لﺎﺠﻤﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺌﺍﺭﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ لﻭﺩﻟﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ .

ﺙﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺽﺭﻌﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ

ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﺔﻴﻟﺁﻭ ،ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺱﺎﻴﻗﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃﻭ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻰﻟﺇ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ

ﺭﺜﺃﻭ ،لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻅﻨﻤ ﺀﺍﺩﺃﻭ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻰﻟﺇ ،ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺸﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﻴﻭﻜﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﻭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻟﺍﻭ ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻗ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ .

ﻭﻴ

ﺹﻠﺨﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭﻟﺎﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺔﻴﺎﻨﻋ ﻲﻟﻭﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺸ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺼﻭﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺩﻋ ﺙﺤﺒﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺹﺨﻷﺎﺒﻭ ،ﻊﺴﺍﻭ ﻕﺎﻁﻨ ﻰﻠﻋ .

ﺔﻴﺤﺎﺘﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻟﺍ :

،ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻅﻨﻤ

.

ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤﻟﺍ

:

ﻡﻟﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻟﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﻤﺠ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻟﻭﻨﻜﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﻁﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺯﺭﻓﺃ ﺩﻘﻟ

لﺜﻤ ﹰﺍﺭﺨﺅﻤ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ :

،ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻗﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻤﺭﺒﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻟﻻﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺠﺘﻟﺍﻭ ،ﻲﻤﻗﺭﻟﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ

ﺭﻴﻏﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻟﻹﺍ ﺔﻤﻭﻜﺤﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻟﺍﻭ ،ﻲﻓﺭﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺽﺌﺎﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻫ

ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﻟ ﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻡﻬﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﻴ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻ ﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺭﺠﻔﺒ ﺭﺸﺒﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤﻟﺍ .

لﺌﺎﺴﻭ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻟ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺝﺫﺎﻤﻨﻟ ﺓﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﻥﺍﺩﻠﺒ ﺕﺄﺠﻟ ﺩﻗﻭ

ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻟﻭﻨﻜﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ .

ﻤ ﺢﻴﻀﻭﺘ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺙﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻑﺩﻬﻴ ،ﻕﻠﻁﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻩﺭﺜﺃ ﻥﺎﻴﺒﻭ ،ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻡﻭﻬﻔ

ﺔﻤﺌﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺓﻭﺠﻔﻟﺍﻭ ،لﺎﺠﻤﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ لﻭﺩﻟﺍ ﻪﺠﺍﻭﻴ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﺠﺤﻭ ،لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻗ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﺽﻌﺒﻟ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺎﺒ ﺔﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺸﺅﻤﻟﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﺘﻤﻟﺍ لﻭﺩﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺒﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺒ لﺎﺠﻤﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺌﺍﺭﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ لﻭﺩﻟﺍ )

ﻴﻟﺎﻤ ﺔﻴﺩﻭﻌﺴﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻤﻹﺍ ،ﺎﻴﻜﺭﺘ ،ﺎﻴﺯ .(

- ﻪﺘﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻭ ﺙﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ :

ﻲﻫ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠ ﺔﺴﻤﺨ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻊﻠﻁﺘﻨ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻴﺌﺭﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻤﻜ :

.1

ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﺯﺭﺒﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻫﺍﺭﻟﺍ ﺕﻗﻭﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻌﻴ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻟﻭﻨﻜﺘﻠﻟ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ

؛ .2

ﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ لﻭﺩﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﻑﻌﻀ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺩﻗ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻯﺩﺃ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟ

ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻟﻭﻨﻜﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﻁﻭﺘ

؛ .3

لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺸﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ لﻭﺩﻟﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﻕﺎﻔﻨﻹﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﻨ ﻲﻨﺩﺘ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ

؛

(3)

4 . ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻌﻠﻟ ﺔﻤﺯﻼﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭﻟﺍ ﺀﻼﻴﺇ ﻡﺩﻋﻭ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭﻠﻟ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻅﻨﻤ لﺎﻤﻫﺇ ﻥﺇ

ﺔﻤﺩﻘﺘﻤﻟﺍ لﻭﺩﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻡﻬﺘﺭﺠﻫ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻯﺩﺃ ﻡﻬﻨﻤ

؛ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﻌﻀﻭ .5

ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ لﻭﺩﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻗ ﻥﻴﺒ

.

- ﺙﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ :

ﺔﻴﻨﻘﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﺓﻭﺠﻓ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺠﺘﺎﻨ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺕﺎﻴﺩﺤﺘ ـ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺩﺩﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺘﺴﺎﺒ ـ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ لﻭﺩﻟﺍ ﻪﺠﺍﻭﺘ ﻕﺍﻭﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺯﺠﺎﻋ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤ لﻌﺠﺘ ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺍﻭﻨﻗ ﻑﻠﺨﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺴﺠﺘﺘ ،ﺔﻌﺴﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟﺍ . ﺎﺘﻟﺎﺒﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺞﻤﺍﺭﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ ﹰﺎﻴﺒﻠﺴ ﺓﻭﺠﻔﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺱﻜﻌﻨﺘ ﻲﻟ .

ﻥﻤﻭ ﺀﺎﻘﺘﺭﻼﻟ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ لﻭﺩﻟﺍ لﻫﺅﻴ ﻪﻟﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺀﻼﻴﺇ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻥﻤﻜﺘ ﺎﻨﻫ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﺘﻤﻟﺍ لﻭﺩﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻭﻤﺭﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻨﺎﻜﻤﺒ .

ﻭ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﻑﺍﺭﺸﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻲﺘﺄﺘ ﻙﻟﺫ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻰﺘﺤ ،ﺎﻫﺩﺴ ﺏﻴﻟﺎﺴﺃﻭ ،ﺓﻭﺠﻔﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺭﺎﺜﺁ

ﻥﻴﻜﻠﻬﺘﺴﻤ ﺩﺭﺠﻤ ﻥﻤ لﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍﻭ ،ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﻜﺍﻭﻤ ﻥﻤ لﻭﺩﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴﺘ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻊﻤ ،ﻲﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺘﻟﺍ لﺩﺎﺒﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﻤﻀ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻭ ﻥﻴﺠﺘﻨﻤ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺭﻴﻐﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟ ﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺌﺍﺭﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ لﻭﺩﻟﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ

.

- ﺙﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ :

ﻰﻟﺇ ﺙﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻑﺩﻬﻴ :

.1

ﻴﻤﻨﺘﻭ ﺭﺎﺜﺁﻭ ،ﺱﺎﻴﻗﻭ ،ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺔ

؛ ؛لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻅﻨﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺭﺜﺃ ﻥﺎﻴﺒ .2 3 . ﺓﺩﺌﺍﺭﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ لﻭﺩﻟﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ

؛ .ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﺒ ﺽﻭﻬﻨﻟﺍ لﺒﺴ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﻭ .4

- ﺙﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻓ

:

ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻫﺩﺎﻔﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻓ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺙﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺩﻨﺘﺴﻴ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘﻟ ﹰﺎﺤﻀﺍﻭ ﹰﺎﻔﻌﻀ

لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ

ﻨﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﻐﻟﺍ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ لﻭﺩﻟﺍ ﻡﻅﻌﻤ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻅﻨﻤ ﻯﺩﻟ ﻩﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋﻭ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ ﺎﻬ

.

- ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍ :

) ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ - Michel, Nour

1( ﻥﺍﻭﻨﻌﺒ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺕﻓﺩﻫ ﻲﺘﻟﺍﻭ ،ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ

ﻥﺎﻴﺒ ﻰﻟﺇ

ﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺜﺅﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﻩﻭﻗ ﻪﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺭﺜﺍ ﻲﺴﺴﺅﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺸ

. ﻴﺤ ﺙ ﺕﻟﻭﺎﻨﺘ

ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺸﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻁﺒﺭﺘ لﻤﺍﻭﻋ ﺔﺴﻤﺨ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻ ﹰﺎﺠﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﻲﻫ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫﻭ ،ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺈﺒ ﻲﺴﺴﺅﻤﻟﺍ

: ﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻔﻟﺎﺤﺘﻟﺍ ،ﻕﻭﺴﻟﺍﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ،ﻩﻭﻤﻨﻭ ﻱﺭﺸﺒﻟﺍ ﺭﺼﻨﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﻻ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﻴﺴﻨﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺠ

ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻟﺍ ،ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻟﺍ .

ﺔﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤ ﻲﻫ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍ ﺕﻠﺼﻭﺘﻭ ﺎﻫﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺡﺭﺘﻘﻴﻭ

ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍ ﺡﺎﺠﻨ ﻁﻭﺭﺸ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘﻭ ﺔﻜﺭﺸﻠﻟ ﻲﻓﺭﻌﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﺴﺴﺅﻤﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘﻟ ﺓﺩﻌﺼﻷﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﺴﺴﺅﻤﻟﺍ .

2ﻭﻨﻴﺇ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ -

ﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺯﻜﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻡﻬﻤ لﺼﺄﻜ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺭﺼﻨﻋ ﻊﻤ لﻤﺎ

ﺠﻴﻭ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺸﻠﻟ ﻲﺴﺴﺅﻤﻟﺍ ﻡﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺘﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﻪﻨﻷ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘﻟﺍ ﺏ

ﻡ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ

ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺸﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻜﻭﺤ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ .

ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺭﺼﻨﻌﺒ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﻭﻫ ،ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﺯﺭﺒﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ

ﻕﺍﻭﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺸﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻤﻀﻴ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﺍ

ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻊﻀﻭ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻰﻟﺇ ،ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻤﻟ

ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺸﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻜﻭﺤ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺎﻬﺴﻺﻟ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻟﺎﺒ ﺔﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤﻟﺍ . ﻲﺘﻟﺍﻭ ،3ﺔﻴﺭﻭﻓﺎﻐﻨﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠﻠﻟ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ - ﺔﻜﺭﺸ ﻱﻷ ﻲﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻑﺩﻬﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺕﻨﻴﺒ

ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻭﻫ

لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭﻭ ﺔﻤﻜﻭﺤﻟﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺹﺨﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺭﺸﻨﻟ ﻱﻭﻴﺤ ﺭﺩﺼﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺭﺒﻌﺘ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﺅﺭ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ . ﻭ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜ ﻥﺎﻤﻀﻟ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺸﻠﻟ ﺔﻠﻋﺎﻓ ﺔﻜﺒﺸ ﺀﺎﺸﻨﺇ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍ ﺕﻠﺼﻭﺘ

ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻴﺩﺠﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﻜﻭﺤﻟﺍ .

(4)

- ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺎﻤﺃ

ٍ Kate Gray, Estelle Sun ،4

ﺩﻘﻓ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺯﺍﺭﺒﺇﻭ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺕﻓﺩﻫ

ﻕﻟﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﻩﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ ﻓ ﻪﻤﺎﻬﺴﺇ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜ ﻥﺎﻴﺒ ﻙﻟﺫﻜﻭ ﺔﻜﺭﺸﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻟ

ﻡﺎﻅﹼﻨﻟﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻗﻭ ﻡﻴﻴﻘﺘ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻲ

ﺹﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺸﻟﺎﺒ . ﻥﻤ ،ﺕﺎﻴﺼﻭﺘﻭ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﺓﺩﻋ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﻠﺼﻭﺘﻭ ﺎﻫﺯﺭﺒﺃ

: ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻴﻜﺄﺘﻟﺍ

ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺱﺎﻴﻗﻭ ﻡﻴﻴﻘﺘ ﺩﻨﻋ ﻲﻠﺨﺍﺩﻟﺍ ﻕﻴﻗﺩﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺭﺜﺃ ﻯﺩﻤ ﻥﺎﻴﺒﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺸﻠﻟ

ﻡﻴﻴﻘﺘﻭ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺸ ﻱﻷ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻟﺍ

.

، Skyrme (2003)5ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ - ﺏﻴﻟﺎﺴﺄﺒ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﺩﻴﺍﺯﺘ ﻥﺎﻴﺒ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍ ﺕﻓﺩﻫ

لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ

ﻥﻋ ﺔﻴﺌﺯﺠ ﺓﺭﻜﻓ ﻥﻴﺒﺘ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺸﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺍﺯﻴﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻘﻴﻘﺤﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻟﺎﺤ

ﻰﻟﺇ ﺝﺎﺘﺤﺘ ﻙﻟﺫﻟ ،ﺔﻠﻠﻀﻤ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﻭﺘﺤﺘ ﻥﺎﻴﺤﻷﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ﻰﻟﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻠﻟ ﺔﻤﺯﻻﻭ ﺓﺅﻔﻜ ﺭﻴﺒﺍﺩﺘ

ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﺱﺃﺭﻟ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺸﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺴﺴﺅﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻜﻭﺤﻟﺎىﺅﺭ لﺜﻤﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺸﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﻘﺤﻟﺍ

ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ .

ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻜ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺸﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﺜﻤﺘﻤ ﺔﺴﺭﺍﺩﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻭ ﺭﺜﺄﺒ

لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺱﻭﻤﻠﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﹰﺍﺩﺭﻭﻤ ﻩﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ

. ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺢﻀﺍﻭﻟﺍ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻠﻜ ﺕﺯﻜﺭ

ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺒ ﻪﺘﻴﻤﻫﺃﻭ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ

لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺸ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜ ﻡﻋﺩﻟ ﺕﻻﺎﺤ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺭﺸﺘ ﻡﻟﻭ ﻲﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻫﻭﻤﻨﻭ ﺔﻴﻗﻭﺴﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻤﻴﻗ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘﻭ

ﺎﻬﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻥﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺔﻟﺎﺤﻟ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻥﻭﺩ ﹰﻼﻤﺎﺸﻭ ﹰﺎﻤﺎﻋ

. ﺎﻤ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻥﺎﻓ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺤﻟﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ

ﻭﻫ ﻪﻤﺩﻘﺘ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻟ ﹰﻼﻤﺎﺸ ﻪﻨﻜﻟﻭ ﺯﺠﻭﻤ ﺢﺴﻤ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ

ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ .

ﺏﺴﺤﺒ ،ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻰﻟﺇ ،ﻪﺘﺎﺒﺜﺇﻭ ﻩﺭﺼﺤ ﺎﻨﻌﻁﺘﺴﺍ ﺎﻤ ﻡﺴﻘﻨ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻨﻴﺄﺘﺭﺍ ،ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺓﺭﺜﻜﻟ ﺍﺭﻅﻨﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻥﻤﻀ ﺎﻬﻠﻜ لﺨﺩﺘ ﻊﻴﻀﺍﻭﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻪﺘﻁﻏ ﺎﻤ .

Romer ﻪﻴﻓ ﺏﺘﻜﻭ :ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺭﻴﻅﻨﺘﻟﺍ -1 ﻲﻓ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺏﺴﺘﻜﺘ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ

ﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻟ ﻲﻠﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﺞﺘﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺼﻨﻋ ﻡﻫﺃ ﺎﻫﺭﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻲﻟﺎﺘﻟﺎﺒﻭ ،لﻭﺩﻟﺍ ﻥ

ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺴﻼﻜﻟﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺏﺴﺘﻜﺘﻭ ،ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ :

،لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭﻭ ،ﺽﺭﻷﺍ

ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻟﺍﻭ ،لﻤﻌﻟﺍﻭ

؛ -2

ﺎﻬﺴﺎﻴﻗﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺸﺅﻤﻟﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ :

ﺏﺘﻜ ) Chen and Dahlman, 2005 (

ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤ ﻥﻋ

ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻡﻴﻴﻘﺘ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﺒ ﺔﻓﻭﺭﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻟﻭﺩﻟﺍ ﻙﻨﺒﻟﺍ )

KAM: Knowledge Assessment

Methodology (

ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺸﺅﻤ ﺱﺎﻴﻗﻭ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﻟ .

ﺏﺘﻜ ﺎﻤﻜ )

Griliches,

1990 ( ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺸﺅﻤﻜ ﻉﺍﺭﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺒ ﺕﺎﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤﺇ ﻥﻋ .

ﻭ ) Pavitt and

Patel, 1994 (

ﺎﻬﺴﺎﻴﻗ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻤﻫﺃﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒﻻﺍ ﻡﻅﻨ ﻥﻋ .

ﻭ ) Sveiby,

1998 ( ﻭﻨﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﺤﻟﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼ ﻥﻋ لﺎﻤ ﺱﺃﺭﻜ ﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴ

؛ -3

ﺕﻻﺎﺼﺘﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻭﻭ ،ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻟﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻭ ،ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﺒﻠﻁﺘﻤﻟﺍ :

ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﺘ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻟﺍ

ﻥﻤ ﺩﺩﻋ ﺕﺎﺒﻠﻁﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻋ ﺏﺘﻜ ،ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻟﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ،ﺕﻻﺎﺼﺘﺍﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻭ ،ﺏﻴﺭﺩﺘﻭ ،ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻟﺍ لﺜﻤ : ) Foray, 1991 (

ﻭ ) Bentley, 1998 (

ﻭ ) Foley, 2004 (

ﻭ ) xford

and Seddon, 2006 (

ﻡﻫﺭﻴﻏﻭ

؛

4 ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻘﻤﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻤﺴﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺎﻴﺍﺯﻤﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻫﻷﺍ - :

ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﺩﻨﺒﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺕﺤﺘ ﺏﺘﻜﻭ

) Pavitt and Patel 1994 (

ﻭ ) Cooke, 2001 (

ﻭ ) , 2006 Meyer

(؛ :ﺕﺎﻴﺩﺤﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻻﺍ -5

ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺭﺸﻨ ﺕﺎﻴﺩﺤﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺹﺨﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ

ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺘﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ )

ISESCO ) (

1989

" ( ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ

ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﻁﻭﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻨﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍﻭ

6 - ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ :

ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻟﺍﻭ ،ﻊﻴﺭﺎﺸﻤﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻥﻋ ﺏﺘﻜ

ﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ

) Milner, 2000 (

ﻭ ) Burke and Cooper, 2004

( .(Kermally, 2002)ﻭ

ﻭ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺯﻜﺭ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻻﺇ ،ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻟﺫﺒ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺩﻭﻬﺠﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻏﺭﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﻗﻭﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ،لﻭﺩﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﻗ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺕﺭﺎﺸﺃﻭ ،ﻲﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃﻭ

ﺼﺭ ﻲﻓ لﺜﻤﺘﺘ ،ﻥﻫﺍﺭﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﺘﻤﻟﺍ لﻭﺩﻟﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﻁﻏ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﻲﻓﺭﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﻴ

80

% .ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺎﻬﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺠﺇ ﻥﻤ

ﻙﻠﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻱﺃ ﺭﺸﺘ ﻡﻟ ،ﺕﻨﺭﺘﻨﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻻﺎﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺍﺩﻋ ﺎﻤﻭ

(5)

ﺽﻭﻬﻨﻟﺍ لﺒﺴ ﻥﻋ ﻻﻭ ،ﺕﺍﺭﻭﻁﺘﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﻜ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ لﻭﺩﻟﺍ ﻊﻗﻭﻤ ﻰﻟﺇ لﻴﺼﻔﺘﻟﺎﺒ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍ ﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜﻭ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﺒ ﻲﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﻡﻟﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅ ﻡﺌﻼﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻟ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ لﻭﺤﺘ

ﻪﺘﺎﻴﺼﻭﺼﺨﺒ .

ﹰﻻﻭﺃ

: ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃﻭ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ :

- ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ :

ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻜﻟﻭ ،ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭﻟ لﺜﻤﻷﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻟﺍ لﻭﺤ ﺏﺭﺎﻀﺘ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ لﺍﺯﻻ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻅﺤﻼﻴ

ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ،ﺕﻻﻭﺎﺤﻤﻟﺍ :

ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻥﺃ

"ﻫ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻠﻟ ﻱﺭﺸﺒﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺯﺠ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻭ

ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﻘﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻡﻬﻨﻜﻤﺘ ،ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﻪﻜﻠﻤﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ لﺜﻤﺘﻴ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻟﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻟﺍ ﺕﻋﺎﻁﺘﺴﺍ ﺍﺫﺇ ـ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﻴﺩﻗ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻷﺍ ﻌﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻗﻭﺴﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺼﺤ ﻊﻴﺴﻭﺘ ﻥﻤ ـ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺹﺎﻨﺘﻗﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﻊﻗﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻠﻌﺠﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻭﻗ ﻁﺎﻘﻨ ﻡﻴﻅ

ﺔﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﺼﺭﻔﻟﺍ

"

.6

ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻥﺃ ﻱﺭﻴ ﻥﻤ ﻙﺎﻨﻫﻭ "

ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺓﺯﺎﻴﺤ ﻭﻫ

ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻷﺎﺒ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺩﻭﺯﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻟﻭﻨﻜﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺒﺨﻟﺍ ﻕﻭﺴﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻟﺎﻌﻔﻟﺍ ."

ﺃ ﺽﻌﺒﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﻨ

"

ﺕﺴﻴﻟ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﻕﻠﺨﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻟﺍ

ﻯﺩﻤﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺤﺒﺭﻟ ﺔﻤﺴﺎﺤ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺎﻬﻟ ﻥﻜﻟ ،ﺕﺎﻤﻅﻨﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺍﺯﻴﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻀﻭﺭﻌﻤ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻭ لﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻭﻟ ﻯﻭﻗ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻭﻫ ﺔﻜﺭﺸ ﻱﻷ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﻥﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ ،لﻴﻭﻁﻟﺍ ﻲﻠﻜﻴﻬﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ

"

.7

ﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺭﻴﺸﻨ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴﻭ ﺔﺠﺘﺎﻨ ﺔﻨﻤﺎﻜ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺄﺸﻨﻤﻟﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺩﻟﻭﺘﻴ ﺎﻤ لﻜ ﻭﻫ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻥ

ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺒﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻋﺩﺒﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒﻟﺍ لﻭﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﺘ ﻪﻴﺩﺎﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻘﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻟﺍ . ﺩﺩﺤ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺸﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺩﺠﺍﻭﺘ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻤﻟ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺒﻭ "

ﺕﺭﺍﻭﻨﻴﺴ ﺱﺎﻤﻭﺘ "

ﺏﺎﺘﻜ ﻲﻓ

"

ﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻱﺭﻜﻔ

: ﺕﺎﻤﻅﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺓﻭﺭﺜ "

لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺩﺠﺍﻭﺘﻴ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﻟﺎﺒ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻤ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ

ﺔﻜﺭﺸﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ :8

-

لﻭﻷﺍ ﻊﻗﻭﻤﻟﺍ :

ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﺤﺍﺭﺘﻗﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃ ﻡﻬﻴﺩﻟ ﻥﻴﺫﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻜﺭﺸﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻠﻤﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻭﻫ

ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻠﻟ ﺓﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻭ ﺔﻟﺎﻌﻓ لﻭﻠﺤ ﻡﺩﻘﺘ

؛ :ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻊﻗﻭﻤﻟﺍ -

ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﺇ ﺢﻴﺘﻴ ﻱﺫﻟﺍﻭ لﺎﻌﻔﻟﺍ لﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﻭﻫ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻟﺍ

ﻯﻭﺩﺠ ﻱﺃ ﺎﻬﻟ ﺱﻴﻟ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻥﻭﺩﺒ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻟﺎﻓ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺸﻠﻟ ﺓﺩﻴﻔﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ

؛ :ﺙﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻊﻗﻭﻤﻟﺍﻭ -

ﺔﻜﺭﺸﻠﻟ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻟﺍ ﻡﻬﻴﺩﻟ ﻥﻴﺫﻟﺍ ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻡﻫ

ﺔﻤﻘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻌﻀﺘ .

ﻥﻤﻓ ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﺍ لﻀﻓﺃ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻟﺎﻤ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺔﻜﺭﺸﻟﺍ ﺭﻤﺜﺘﺴﺘ ﻰﺘﺤﻓ ﺍﺫﻟ

ﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻤﺎﻋ ﻊﺠﺸﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺽﺭﺘﻔﻤﻟﺍ لﺩﺎﺒﺘ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ لﻬﺴﺘﻭ ﻡﻫﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻫﺯﻔﺤ

ﺀﻻﺅﻬﻟ ﺭﻓﻭﺘ ﻥﺃﻭ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻥﻴﺒﻭ ﻡﻬﻨﻴﺒﻭ ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﺎﻤﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻜ ﺔﻴﺭﺤﺒ ﻡﻫﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃﻭ ﻡﻬﺘﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻡﻬﻨﻜﻤﻴ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﺥﺎﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺎﻌﻟﺍ .

- ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ

ﻨﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﻘﺒ ﻥﻭﻌﺘﻤﺘﻴ ﻥﻴﺫﻟﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﻡﺴﺘﻴ

:

،ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻫﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﻋ ﻡﻫﺯﻴﻤﺘ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅ

9ﺎﻬﻨﻤ : - ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻟﺍ :

ﻲﻓ لﺜﻤﺘﺘﻭ :

ﻲﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ :

- لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻉﺯﻭﺘﻴ

ﺔﻨﻴﺎﺒﺘﻤ ﺏﺴﻨﺒﻭ ﺔﻓﺎﻜ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ .

- ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ لﻴﻤﻴ

ﺔﻨﺭﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ لﻜﺎﻴﻬﻟﺍ ﻥﻤﻀ لﻤﻌﻠﻟ .

- ﻠﻋ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺯﻜﺭﻴ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻰ

ﹰﺍﺩﺠ ﺽﻔﺨﻨﻤ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻟﺍ .

- لﻴﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺩﻌﺘﺒﻴ ﹼﺔﻴﺯﻜﺭﻤﻟﺍ ﺏﻭﺼ

؛ - :ﻲﻓ لﺜﻤﺘﺘﻭ :ﺔﻴﻨﻬﻤﻟﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻟﺍ -

ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀﻟﺎﺒ ﺱﻴﻟ

ﻡﻬﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘﻭ ﻡﻅﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻡﻬﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘ ﺔﻠﺼﺍﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻤﻜﺘ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀﻟﺍ لﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﺩﺎﻜﺃ ﺓﺩﺎﻬﺸ ﻰﻠﻋ ﹰﻼﺼﺎﺤ

(6)

لﺎﻌﻔﻟﺍ . - ﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻴ ﺔﻋﻭﻨﺘﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻋ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤﺒ ﻱﺭﻜﻔ

. - لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻑﺼﺘﻴ

ﺔﻤﺩﻘﺘﻤ ﺕﺍﺯﻴﻤﺒ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ

؛ -

ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻜﻭﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻟﺍ :

ﻲﻓ لﺜﻤﺘﺘﻭ

: .1

ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﺒ لﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺀﺩﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻟﺍ لﻤﺤﺘ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ لﻴﻤﻴ

؛

؛ﺩﻜﺄﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﺩﻌﺒ ﻡﺴﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤﻟﺍ ﻊﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺫﺒﺤﻴ .2 3 . ﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺭﺩﺎﺒﻴ ﺓﺀﺎﻨﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﺭﺘﻘﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﺀﺍﺭﻵﺍ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘﺒ ﻱﺭﻜ

؛

:لﺜﻤ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺴﻟﺍ ﺽﻌﺒﺒ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻡﺴﺘﻴﻭ .4 ﻡﺴﺤﻟﺍ

– ﺀﺎﻜﺫﻟﺍ

– .ﺔﻴﻟﻼﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ – ﺱﻔﻨﻟﺎﺒ ﺔﻘﺜﻟﺍ – ﺓﺭﺒﺎﺜﻤﻟﺍ – ﺓﺭﺒﺨﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻨﻻﺍ – ﺱﺩﺤﻟﺍ

-

ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇﻭ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ

:

ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻥﺇ ﻙﺸﻻ

ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﻥﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻪﺸﻴﻌﻨ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﺭﺼﻌﻟﺎﺒ ﺔﻘﻴﺜﻭ ﺔﻠﺼ ﻭﺫ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻲﻫ

ﺔﺴﻭﻤﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺎﻬﻟﻭﺼﺄﺒ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻥﻜﻟﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻟﻭﺼﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻁﻘﻓ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﺘ ﻻ ﺔﻜﺭﺸﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﻘﺤﻟﺍ ﻕﻭﺴﻟﺍ . لﻭﺼﺃ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻭﺃ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﻴ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇﻭ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﻻﺍﻭ ﻟ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ ﻡﺘ ﺝﺫﺎﻤﻨ ﻩﺩﻋ ﻙﺎﻨﻫﻭ ،ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻑﻴﻨﺼﺘ ﻡﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺱﺎﻴﻘ

ﺕﺎﺌﻓ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺱﻭﻤﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ :

:ﻙﻠﻬﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ لﺎﻤ ﺱﺃﺭ .1 ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻌﻤﺴﻟﺍ ،ﻥﻴﻜﻠﻬﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ لﺜﻤ

؛ :ﻱﻭﻴﻨﺒﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ .2

،ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻜﺭﺸﻟﺎﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟﺍ ،ﻉﺍﺭﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺒ لﺜﻤ

ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺒﺨﻟﺍ

؛ ﻭ .3

ﻱﺭﺸﺒﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ :

لﺜﻤ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ) ﻡﻬﺘﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤ – ﻡﻬﺘﺍﺭﺒﺨ

.(

ﹰﺎﻴﻨﺎﺜ

: ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ :

ﻥﺎﻜﻤﺒ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻨﺃ ﺢﻀﺘﻴ ،ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭﻟ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﺎﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺭﻅﻨﻟﺎﺒ

ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﻥﻤ ﹰﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﻥﺃ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﺔﺴﻠﺴﻭ ﺔﻠﻬﺴ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻨﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﻲﻫ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻨﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺔﻴﺭﻜﻓ ﺕ

. ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴﺘ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁ لﻀﻓﺃ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻘﺘﻌﻨﻭ

ﺓﻭﻘﻟﺍ ﻲﺤﺍﻭﻨ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﻟ لﻤﺎﻜﺘﻤ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﺒ لﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﻫ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻟﺎﻤ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺱﻴﻘﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤ ﺔﻜﺭﺸ ﺔﻜﺭﺸﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﹰﺎﻴﺒﻠﺴ ﻭﺃ ﹰﺎﻴﺒﺎﺠﻴﺍﻭ ﹰﺍﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﺭﺜﺅﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻑﻌﻀﻟﺍﻭ .

ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴﺘ ﺔﻜﺭﺸﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺈﻓ

ﻩﺀﺎﻁﻋﺎﺒ ﹰﺎﻴﻟﺎﻤ ﹰﻼﻠﺤﻤ ﺵﻐﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺓﺄﺸﻨﻤﻟﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ ﻲﺤﺍﻭﻨﻟﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻟﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﻴﺎﻐﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺩﻘﺘ

ﹰﺍﺩﺒﺃ ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴﺘ ﻻ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻟﻭ )

ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺏﻌﺼﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻭﺃ (

ﻡﺎﻗﺭﺄﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤﻟﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﻴﺎﻐﻤ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒ ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘ

ﺍﺫﻜﻫﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻤ ...

- ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ﺩﺌﺍﻭﻓ

:

ﻲﻓ ﻞﺜﻤﺘﺗ يﺮﻜﻔﻟا لﺎﻤﻟا سأر سﺎﻴﻘﻟ ﺪﺋاﻮﻓ ةﺪﻋ كﺎﻨه :10

ﻓﺃ ﻡﻬﻓ -

ﺔﻜﺭﺸﻠﻟ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﻕﻠﺨ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻤﻫﺃﻭ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ لﻭﺼﻸﻟ لﻀ

؛ -

ﺩﻭﻬﺠﻟ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨﻜ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭﻟ ﻲﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻟﺍ لﻜﻴﻬﻠﻟ ﻡﻴﻋﺩﺘﻭ ،ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭﻟ لﻀﻓﺃ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺎﻌﻟﺍ

؛ -

ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﺭﺎﻘﺘﻠﻟ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻔﺸﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ

؛ ؛ّلﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻔﺼﻭ ﺓﻭﻘﻟ ﻡﻴﻴﻘﺘﻟﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻭ ﻯﺩﺤﺃ - ﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻠﻤﻠﻟ ﺩﻴﺠﻟﺍ لﻼﻐﺘﺴﻻﺍ - ﺞﻤﺍﺭﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﺹﻴﺨﺭﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻗﺎﻔﺘﺍﻭ ﻉﺍﺭﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺒﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻜﻔﻟ

ﺓﺭﻭﻁﺘﻤﻟﺍ

؛ -

ﻡﻬﺘﺍﺭﺩﻗﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻟﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺩﺌﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ

؛ -

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﺸﺒﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭﻟ ﺩﻴﺠﻟﺍ لﻼﻐﺘﺴﻻﺍ

؛

(7)

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻟ ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺯﻤﻟﺍ ﺏﺫﺠﻟ ﻡﻬﺘﻓﺭﻌﻤ لﻼﻐﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﻔﻅﻭﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ -

؛ﺔﻴﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺤﺒﺭﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻫﺎﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻟﺎﺒ لﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻜﺒﺸ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻴﻔﻴ -

؛

- ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻼﻌﻟﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﺯﻴﻤﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻜﻤ

.

- ﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ﺏﻴﻟﺎﺴﺃ

:

ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺭﻜﺫﻨ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻟ ﻕﺭﻁ ﺓﺩﻋ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ :

:(ﻕﻓﺭﻤﻟﺍ لﻜﺸﻟﺍ ﺭﻅﻨﺍ) ﺎﻴﺩﻨﺎﻜﺴ ﻑﺸﻜﺘﺴﻤ -ﺃ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺎﻴﺩﻨﺎﻜﺴ ﺔﻜﺭﺸ ﺕﺃﺩﺒ

1997 ﻓ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻲ

ﺩﺩﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﻴﻭ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻟﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﻑﺼﻭﻭ ﺽﺭﻌﻟ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ،ﺯﻜﺍﺭﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ :

1 . ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺯﻜﺭﻤ .

2 . ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺯﻜﺭﻤ .

3 . ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻟﺍ ﺯﻜﺭﻤ

ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒﻟﺍ . 4 . ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺙﻭﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺯﻜﺭﻤ .

5 . ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻠﻟ ﻲﻟﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺯﻜﺭﻤﻟﺍ

؛ ﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻑﺭﻌﺘ :ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻟﺍ -ﺏ ﺢﺒﺭﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻤ

ﺩﺌﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕﺭﻔﻟﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺭﺨﺁ ﻲﻨﻌﻤﺒ ﻭﺃ ،لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘ ﺹﻗﺎﻨ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻟﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻲﻠﻴﻐﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﺩﺌﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺈﻓ ،لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻭ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﻴ ﻻ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ﺏﻭﻠﺴﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻟ ﻪﺠﻭﻤﻟﺍ ﺩﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻤﺃ ،ﺢﻴﺤﺼ ﺱﻜﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﺒﺠﻭﻤ ﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻟﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﺴﻭﻤﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ لﻭﺼﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺄﺸﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻁﺒﺭﻟﺍ ﺔ ﺙﺩﺤﻴ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﺊﺠﺎﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﻁﻭﻘﺴﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘ ﺎﻬﻟ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻻ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﹰﺎﻀﻴﺃﻭ

ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﺘﻤ ﺕﺎﺤﺎﺠﻨ ﺓﺩﻋ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺔﻨﺴ لﻼﺨ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺸﻟﺍ ﺽﻌﺒﻟ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺸﻠﻟ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤﻟ ﺎﻴﺩﻨﺎﻜﺴ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ .

- ﺍ ﺩﺸﺭﻤ ﺔﺴﻭﻤﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ لﻭﺼﻷ :

ﻑﻼﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺒﺴﻟﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺕﺎﺒﺜﻹ ﺔﻟﻭﺎﺤﻤﻜ ﺔﺴﻭﻤﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ لﻭﺼﻷﺍ ﺔﺒﻗﺍﺭﻤ ﺩﺸﺭﻤﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻟ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ

ﻥﺃ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﻴﻭ ،ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺭﺘﻓﺩﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻗﻭﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻙﻟﺫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻭ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻟﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺡﺎﺒﺭﻸﻟ ﻥﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺩﻟﻭﻤﻟﺍ ﻡﻫ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ لﻭﺤﺘﻴ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ لﻤﻋ ﻥﺈﻓ

ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻟﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺱﻭﻤﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺀﺯﺠﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﻴﻭ ،ﺔﺴﻭﻤﻠﻤ ﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﺔﺴﻭﻤﻠﻤ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﻰﻟﺇ :

ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜ

ﻲﻠﺨﺍﺩﻟﺍ لﻜﻴﻬﻟﺍ ،ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺎﻌﻟﺍ )

ﻲﺠﺭﺎﺨﻟﺍ لﻜﻴﻬﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﻉﺍﺭﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺒ

) ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺴﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻼﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﺩﺭﻭﻤﻟﺍﻭ لﻴﻤﻌﻟﺎﺒ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ .(

(8)

- ﻹﺍ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﺔﺼﺼﺨﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩ

: ﻡﺎﻗ Bueno ﻡﺎﻋ 1998 ﺱﺃﺭ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﺒ

ﺔﺴﻭﻤﻠﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺼﺼﺨﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﺙﻼﺜ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺹﺼﺨﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﺴﻘﻨﻴ ﺍﺫﻟ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﻕﻠﺨﺘ ،ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻟﺍ ،ﺕﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﻻﺍ ﻲﻫ

ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻁﻟﺍﻭ

؛ -ﺏ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻟﻭﻨﻜﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺴﻤﺴ :

ﺕﻤﺎﻗ Brooking ﻡﺎﻋ

1996 ﻌﺒ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭﻟ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻤ لﻤ

ﺔﻌﺒﺭﻷﺍ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺤﻤ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻟﺫﻭ :

،ﻲﻗﻭﺴﻟﺍ لﺼﻷﺍ

ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻟﺍ لﺼﺃ ،ﺔﻴﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻠﻤﻟﺍ لﺼﺃ ،ﻱﺭﺸﺒﻟﺍ لﺼﻷﺍ

؛ :ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﻡﻴﻴﻘﺘ -ﺕ ﻲﻫ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻡﻀﻴ

:11

ﻱﺭﺸﺒﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻭ

ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ لﺎﻤ ﺱﺃﺭ )

ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻟﺍ – ﻕﻴﻭﺴﺘﻟﺍ ( ﻭ ﻲﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ

، ﺎﻬﻨﻤ لﻜ لﻜﺸﺘﻟ ﺭﻐﺼﺃ ﺀﺍﺯﺠﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺔﺜﻼﺜﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﻤ لﻜ ﺃﺯﺠﺘﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴﻭ ﻥﻤ ﻼﻜ ﻡﻀﻴ ﻱﺭﺸﺒﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻥﺃ ﺩﺠﻨ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ :

ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤﻟﺍ –

ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ

ﺓﺩﻴﺸﺭﻟﺍ – ﻑﻴﻅﻭﺘﻟﺍ –

ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﻻﺍ –

ﺡﺭﺘﻗﺃ ﺩﻘﻟ ،ﻙﻟﺫ ﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﺏﻴﺭﺩﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﻷﺍ ﻥﻭﺴﻨﻴﻓﺩﺃ

ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭﻟ ﻕﺤﻼﻟﺍ ﻡﻴﻴﻘﺘﻟﺍ :

ﻡﻀﻴﻭ ﻱﺭﺸﺒﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ - :

ﺏﺎﺤﺼﺃﻭ ﻥﻴﻔﻅﻭﻤﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﻟ ﺕﺍﺭﺒﺨﻟﺍﻭ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻜﻟﺍ

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻟﺍ

؛

ﻡﻀﻴﻭ ﻱﻭﻴﻨﺒﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ - :

لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﺎﺒﻤﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﻭ ﻙﻴﺭﺤﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﻗ

ﺎﻜﻓﻷﺎﺒ ﻑﺍﺭﺘﻋﻻﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻗﻭﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺫﺨﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍﻭ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻟﺍ ﺭ

ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻤﺌﻼﻤﻟﺍ

؛

ﻡﻀﻴﻭ ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻟﺍ لﺎﻤ ﺱﺃﺭ - :

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻟﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻡﻬﺘﺎﻗﻼﻋﻭ ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻟﺍ لﻭﺤ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻉﻭﻤﺠﻤ

: ؛ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻟﺍ لﻜﺎﻴﻬﻟﺍﻭ ﻕﻴﺩﺎﻨﺼﻟﺍﻭ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﺤﺼﺃ ﻲﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ - :

ﺔﻓﻭﺭﻌﻤﻟﺍ لﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻘﺘﻭ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍ ﻉﻭﻤﺠﻤ

ﺎﻬﺴﻺﻟ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﻰﻟﺇ ﹰﺎﺴﺎﻴﻗ ﺔﻬﺠﻭﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻡﺴﺎﻘﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻡ

ﻱﻭﻴﻨﺒﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ

؛

ﻡﻀﻴﻭ ﺩﻴﺩﺠﺘﻟﺍ لﺎﻤ ﺱﺃﺭ - :

ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺒ لﺜﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺠﺘﻟﺎﺒ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻟ ﺢﻤﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻌﻟﺍ ﻉﻭﻤﺠﻤ

ﺭﺸﻨﻟﺎﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﺏﻫﺍﻭﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﺭﺎﻜﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻕﻭﻘﺤﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻼﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﻉﺍﺭﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻤﺘﺅﻤﻟﺍﻭ

؛ ﻀﻴﻭ لﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇ لﺎﻤ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻡ

: ﻲﻓ ﺔﻘﺒﻁﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﻉﻭﻤﺠﻤ

ﻭﺯﻴﻷﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻬﺸ لﺜﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻟﺎﺒ ﺔﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﺠﺎﺘﻨﺇﻭ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﻋ ﺓﺩﻭﺠ ﺩﻴﺭﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﺎﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﺀﻼﻤﻭ

.

- ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻡﻴﻴﻘﺘ :

ﻓ ،ﺭﻴﻴﺎﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻪﺠﻭﺃ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻡﻴﻴﻘﺘ ﻡﺘﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ

لﺎﺜﻤﻟﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻌ

ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺔﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ لﻭﺼﻷﺍ لﺜﻤﺘﺘ : 12

ﺎﻬﻟ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻼﻌﻟﺍ

ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤ ،

ﺔﻴﻤﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻘﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻉﺍﺭﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺒ ،

ﺕﻨﺭﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻤ ،

ﺕﺎﺒﻠﻁﻟﺍ ﺭﻤﺍﻭﺃ ﺭﺘﺎﻓﺩ

ﺦﺴﻔﻠﻟ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﺩﻭﻘﻌﻟﺍﻭ ،

ﺕﺎﻨﻼﻋﻹﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺯﺎﻴﺘﻤﻻﺍ ﺩﻭﻘﻋ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻟﺍ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘﻭ

، ﺙﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﻔﻨ

ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﻟﺍﻭ ، ﺎﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩ ﺓﺭﻭﻁﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺘﻜﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻤﺭﺒﻟﺍ ﻭ ،

ﻥﻴﺩﺩﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ

.

- ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺤﻟﺍ :

ﺕﺎﻬﺠ ﺔﻁﺴﺍﻭﺒ ﻙﻟﺫﻭ ﹰﺎﻘﻴﻗﺩ ﹰﺎﺴﺎﻴﻗ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻠﻟ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ﻡﺯﻠﺘﺴﺘ ﺕﻻﺎﺤﻟﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻟﺍ ﻡﻴﻴﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﺠﺭﺎﺨ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻟ

. ﺕﻻﺎﺤﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ :

:ﺔﻴﺠﺫﻭﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﺎﻌﻤﻟﺍ -1

ﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺸ ﻥﻤﻀ ﺎﻬﺘﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﺩﻴﺭﺘ ﺕﺍﺩﺤﻭ ﺓﺩﻋ ﻙﻴﺩﻟ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ

ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺓﺩﻴﺠ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﻗ ﺓﺍﺩﺃ ﻡﺩﻘﻴ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻥﺃ ﺩﺠﻨ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺸﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ

؛ :ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ -2

ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﻟﺍ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻡﺘﻴﺴ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺭﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ

ﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨ

؛

(9)

3 - ﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﺭﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ :

ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﺭﺎﻘﺘﻠﻟ ﻡﻤﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﻡﺩﻘﻴ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ

ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻠﻟ لﻀﻓﺃ لﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺔﻬﺠﻭﻤﻭ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﺸ ﺭﻅﻨ ﺔﻬﺠﻭﺒ ﺎﻫﺩﻭﺯﻴﻭ .

ﹰﺎﺜﻟﺎﺜ

: ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘﻭ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺸﻟﺍ :

ﻷﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺽﺭﻋ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﺡﺭﺸ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺩﻗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺜﻤ

ﺽﻌﺒﻭ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ لﺎﻜﻴﻤﻴﻜﻭﺍﺩ ﺔﻜﺭﺸ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻟﺫﻭ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺢﻀﻭﺘﻭ ﻥﻫﺭﺒﺘ ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻭﺴﻟﺍ ﺱﺘﻟﺎﺴﻨﻭﻜ ﺔﻜﺭﺸﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺸﻟﺍ .

- ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ لﺎﻜﻴﻤﻴﻜﻭﺍﺩ ﺔﻜﺭﺸ Daw Chemical

: 13

1995 ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ

ﻰﻟﺇﻭﺤ ﺔﻜﺭﺸﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺭﺘﻓﺩﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻗﻭﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕﺭﻔﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ، 13

ﻠﺒ ،ﺭﻻﻭﺩ ﻥﻭﻴ

ﺕﺎﻌﻴﺒﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﻐﻠﺒ ﻡﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﻲﻓﻭ 20

ﺕﺀﺎﺠ ﺭﻻﻭﺩ ﻥﻭﻴﻠﺒ 25

ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺹﻴﺨﺭﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻥﻭﻴﻠﻤ

ﺔﻴﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻠﻤﻟﺍ .

ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ لﺤﺍﺭﻤ لﺎﻜﻴﻤﻴﻜﻭﺍﺩ ﺔﻜﺭﺸﺒ ﺔﻴﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﻭﺼﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺭﻴﺩﻤ ﺵﺍﺭﺘﺒ ﻥﻭﺩﺭﻭﺠ ﺢﻀﻭﻴﻭ لﺤﺍﺭﻤ ﺕﺴ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺔﻴﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﻭﺼﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ :

:ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ -1

لﻤﻌﻟﺎﺒ لﺼﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﻭﺼﻷﺍ ﺝﺎﻤﺩﺇ ﻡﺘﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ

ﻱﺩﺼﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻐﺜﻟﺍ ﺩﺴﻟ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﺌﺎﻘﻟﺍ لﻭﺼﻷﺍ لﻴﻌﻔﺘ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻬﻟ

؛

-2

ﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﻴﻴﻘﺘﻟﺍ

: ﻡﻴﻴﻘﺘ لﺜﻤ لﺼﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺩﺠﻭﻴ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻡﻬﻔﺘ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻲﻐﺒﻨﻴﻭ

ﻓﺎﻨﻤﻟ ﺔﻜﻭﻠﻤﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﻭﺼﻷﺍ ﻭﺍﺩ ﺔﻜﺭﺸ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ ﺀﺍﺯﺇ ﺔﻌﻗﻭﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﻪﺘﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﺎﻤ ﺱ

ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﺎﻬﻟﺎﻤﻋﺃﻭ

؛

:ﻑﻴﻨﺼﺘﻟﺍ -3 ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺒ ﺔﻠﻤﺘﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻤﻴﻗ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺤﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻤﻴﻗ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﻭﺼﻷﺍ ﻡﻅﻨﺘﻭ

ﺔﻤﺎﻋ ﺕﺎﻔﻴﻨﺼﺘ ﺙﻼﺜ ﺩﺠﻭﺘﻭ ﺔﻜﺭﺸﻠﻟ :

ﻲﻫ

"

ﻱﺭﺎﺠﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﻻﺍ ."

ﻭ"

ﻡﺘﻴ ﻑﻭﺴ

ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﻻﺍ ."

ﻭ"

ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻥﻟ ."

ﺔﻟﺎﺤ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻭﺃ لﺼﻷﺍ ﻊﻴﺒ ﻡﺘﻴﻻ ﺍﺫﺎﻤﻟ ﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﻑﻴﻨﺼﺘﻟﺍ

ﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﺹﻴﺨﺭﺘﻟﺍ

؟ﻪﻨﻋ لﺯﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻪﺒ ﻉﺭﺒﺘﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻪﻤ

" ﻲﻤﺴﺘ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ :ﻡﻴﻭﻘﺘﻟﺍ -4 ﻭﺍﺩ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻟﻭﻨﻜﺘ لﻤﺎﻌﻤ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁ

"

ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻲﻫﻭ

ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﻊﻤ ﻥﻭﺎﻌﺘﻟﺎﺒ ﺓﺭﻭﻁﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺞﻴﺯﻤ AD Little

ﺭﻓﻭﻴ ،ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺸﺘﺴﻻﺍ

ﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻫﺎﺴﻤﻠﻟ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﺔﻴﻭﺌﻤ ﺔﻴﺒﺴﻨ ﺓﺭﻭﺼ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﻌﻤﻟﺍ لﻭﺼﻷﺍ ﺔﻁﺴﺍﻭﺒ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻟ

ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﺼﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻠﻟ

؛

:ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﻻﺍ -5

لﻭﺼﻷﺍ ﻡﻴﻴﻘﺘ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻐﺜﻟﺍ ﺩﺴ ﻡﺘﻴ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ

ﺕﺤﺠﻨ ﺍﺫﺈﻓ ﺎﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ لﻭﺼﺃ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ ﻡﺃ ﺎﻬﺒﺎﺴﺘﻜﺍ ﻲﻐﺒﻨﻴ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻡﺜ ﺔﻴﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ ﺍ ﺓﻭﻁﺨﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺄﺸﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﺌﺎﻘﻟﺍ لﻭﺼﻷﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻟ لﻭﺼﻷﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﻡﺘﺘ ﺓﺭﻴﺨﻷ

؛

:لﻭﺼﻷﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻭ -6

ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻗ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﻤﻅﻨﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﻭﺼﻷﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺩﺩﺤﺘ

ﺔﻴﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻟﺇ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒ

.

- ﺔﻴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺱﻠﻴﻤ ﻲﻨﻴﺎﺸ ﺭﺒﻤﺍﺭﻟﺎﺒ ﺔﻜﺭﺸ :

ﺭﻜﺴﻟﺍ ﺱﺒﺩ ﻊﻴﺒﻭ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺈﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﻲﻬﻓ ﺭﻜﺴﻟﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﺒﻭ ﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻜﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺸ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻫ

ﺤﻜﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻟﻭ . ﺔﻠﻤﺤﻟ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﺭﻭﻅﻨﻤ ﺀﺎﻁﻋﻹ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻴﺭﻘﺘ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺈﺒ ﺔﻜﺭﺸﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﻤﺎﻗ

ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﻡﺘ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺔﻜﺭﺸﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻋﻭ ﺔﻜﺭﺸﻟﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻡﻬﺴﻷﺍ ﻱﺭﺸﺒﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭﻭ ،ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻗﺍﺩﺼﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﺱﻤﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﻴ ﻪﻨﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻜﺭﺸﻠﻟ ﻜﻴﻬﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭﻭ ﻙﻠﻬﺘﺴﻤﻟﺎﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺞﺘﺎﻨﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭﻭ ﻲﻠ

) ﻲﻗﻭﺴﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ (

– ﺩﻌﻴﻭ

(10)

ﺓﺄﺸﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻙﻠﺘﻟ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻲﻘﻴﻭﺴﺘﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭﻟ –

ﺔﻤﻼﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻌﻤﺴﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻜﺭﺸﻟﺍ ﺕﺩﻜﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ

ﺔﻜﺭﺸﻠﻟ ﺡﺎﺠﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻘﻤ ﻡﻫﺃ ﺎﻤﻫ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺠﺘﻟﺍ .

- ﺱﺇ لﺇ ﻲﺒ ﺔﻜﺭﺸ )

PLS ( ﺔﻴﻜﺭﻤﻨﺍﺩﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺸﺘﺴﻻﺍ :

ﺸﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺸ ﻲﻫ

ﻡﺎﻋ ﺫﻨﻤ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻥﻋ ﺡﺎﺼﻓﻹﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﺘ ﺔﻴﻜﺭﻤﻨﺍﺩ ﺔﻴﺭﺎ 1980

ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ،

ﺕﺎﻔﺼﺍﻭﻤﻭ ﺭﺎﻤﻋﺈﺒ ﻡﺘﻬﺘ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ لﻤﻋﻭ ﻡﻋﺩ ﻑﺩﻬﺒ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﺒ ﺔﻜﺭﺸﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﺤ ﻲﻓ ﹰﺍﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﹰﺍﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺇ ﺀﺍﺭﺒﺨﻟﺍ ﺀﻻﺅﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﺘ ﺔﻜﺭﺸﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻷ ﻙﻟﺫﻭ ،ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻟﺎﺒ ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻟﺍ لﻜﺎﺸﻤ .

ﻫ ﻥﻤﻭ

ﺔﻜﺭﺸ لﺨﺍﺩ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺴﺤﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﺘ ﺎﻨ PLS

ﻲﺘﻟﺍﻭ ،

ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒﻟﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻠﻟ ﺓﺭﺒﺨﻟﺍ ،ﺭﻤﻌﻟﺍ ،ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻜﺭﺘ ﻲﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ لﻭﺩﺠﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺢﻀﻭﻤ ﻭﻫ :

(:1) ﻡﻗﺭ لﻭﺩﺠ ﺔﻜﺭﺸﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺴﺤ

PLS

Source : " intellectual capital accounts : reporting and managing intellectual capital " , The Danish Trade and industry Development council , Copenhagen memorandum , May 1997.

ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﺨﺍﺩ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺴﺤ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺠﺘﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺜﻵﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴﻭ لﻼﺨ : ﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﺘ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺴﺤﻟﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻠﻟ ﻲﺠﺭﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﺭﺼﻨﻌﻟﺍ ﺹﺨﻴ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﹰﻻﻭ ﺭﺜﻷﺍ ،ﻪﺒ ﺭﻴﺭﻘﺘﻠﻟ ﻥﻭﻌﺴﻴﻭ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭﺒ ﻥﻭﻤﺘﻬﻴ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻫﻭ ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻉﻭﻨ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﻗﺭﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻜﺭﺸﻟﺍ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﺘ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺴﺤﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻷ ﻙﻟﺫﻭ ﻲﻠﺨﺍﺩﻟﺍ ﺭﺼﻨﻌﻟﺍ ﻭﻬﻓ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻌﺒﺎﺘﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯﻭ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ ﻁﺒﺭ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯﻭ

ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺎﻌﻟﺍ لﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻤﻬﻔﺘ .

- ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻭﺴﻟﺍ ﺱﺘﻟﺎﺴﻨﻭﻜ ﺔﻜﺭﺸ :

ﻥﺭﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻨﺎﻤﺜﻟﺍ ﺫﻨﻤ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺎﺒ لﻤﻌﺘ ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻭﺴ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺸﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺸ ﻲﻫ ﺠﻨ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻜﺭﺸﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﻤﻌﺘﻭ ،ﻲﻀﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺸ ﻥﻋ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺸﻟﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻭﻤﻨﻭ ﺡﺎ

لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺔﻜﺭﺸﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺭﻭﻅﻨﻤ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻭﻤﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻋﻭﻨﻟﺍ ﻱﻭﺎﺴﺘ ﻡﻏﺭﺒ ﺓﺄﺸﻨﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﻷﺎﺒ ﺅﺒﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﻴ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ .

ﻰﻟﺇ ﻑﺩﻬﻴ لﻜﺸ ﺢﻴﻀﻭﺘﺒ ﺔﻜﺭﺸﻟﺍ ﺕﻤﺎﻗ ﺩﻗﻭ

ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺯﻴﻤﻟﺎﺒ ﻪﻴﻤﺴﻨ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻟﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻟﺍ Complete Balance Sheet

ﻲﻓﺭﻁ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺙﻴﺤ

ﻩﺫﻫ ﺽﺭﻋ ﻡﺘﻭ ،ﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻜﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻕﻭﻘﺤﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﺍﺯﺘﻟﻻﺍﻭ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻲﻓ لﻭﺼﻷﺍ ﻡﻫﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺯﻴﻤﻠﻟ ﻲﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ لﻭﺩﺠﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺢﻀﻭﻤ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺯﻴﻤﻟﺍ :

(11)

ﻡﻗﺭ لﻭﺩﺠ )

2 (:

ﺔﻜﺭﺸ ﻡﻴﺴﻘﺘ Consultus

ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤﻟ

Source: Danish Trade and Industry Development Council , 1997 , "Intellectual Capital Accounts:

Reporting And Managing Intellectual Capital" The Danish Trade and Industry Development Council, Copenhagen Memorandum, May, P.91 .

ﻴﻫ ﺩﺎﻋﺃ ﻪﻨﻜﻟﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺯﻴﻤﻠﻟ ﻡﺎﻌﻟﺍ لﻜﺸﻟﺎﺒ لﺨﻴ ﻡﻟ ﻪﻨﺃ لﻭﺩﺠﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻅﺤﻼﻴﻭ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻜﺃ ﺙﻴﺤﺒ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺯﻴﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﻜ

،ﻲﻘﻴﻭﺴﺘ لﺎﻤ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻠﺒﺎﻘﻴﻭ ﺔﺴﻭﻤﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ لﻭﺼﻷﺎﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺎﻬﻟ لﻭﺼﺃ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ،ﻡﻫﺀﺎﻀﺭﻭ ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜ لﺜﻤﻴ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻱﺭﺸﺒ لﺎﻤ ﺱﺃﺭﻭ ،ﻙﻠﻬﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻀﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻜﺘﺭﻴ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﻡﻅﻨ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜ ﻲﻓ لﺜﻤﺘﻴﻭ ﺓﺄﺸﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻤﻜﻟﺍ ﻕﺸﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﻠﻜﻴﻬﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭﻭ ﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ،ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻟﺍ

ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻔﻨﻤﻟﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﻗﻼﻋﻭ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻬﺠﻭﻟﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺭﺒﻌﻴ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻭﻬﻓ . . ﺓﺄﺸﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺤﺒﺭﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻟﺎﺒ ﺅﺒﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﻋﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺯﻴﻤﻟﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﺘﻭ

ﹰﺎﻌﺒﺍﺭ

: ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺸﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﺃﻭ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ :

14

ﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ،ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺸﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﺃﻭ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺜﺤﺒ ﻲﺘ

ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﺞﺘﻨ ﻲﺘﻟﺍﻭ :

.1

ﻩﺫﻫ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﺘ ﻥﻜﻟﻭ ،ﺡﺎﺒﺭﻷﺍ ﻲﻓﺎﺼ ﻥﻴﺒﻭ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻴﺩﺭﻁ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻙﺎﻨ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻁﻘﻟﺍ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﺎﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ

؛ .2

ﻥﻜﻟﻭ ،لﻭﺼﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺌﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﻨ ﻥﻴﺒﻭ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻴﺩﺭﻁ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻁﻘﻟﺍ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﺎﺒ لﻭﺼﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺌﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﻨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤﻟﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﺃ

؛ .3

ﻑﻠﺘﺨﺃ ﻥﻜﻟﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻌﻴﺒﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﻥﻴﺒﻭ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻴﺩﺭﻁ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻁﻘﻟﺍ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﺎﺒ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘﻟﺍ

؛ ﻭ .4

ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻟﺍ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺜﺅﻴ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ لﺎﻤ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻥﻋ ﺡﺎﺼﻓﻹﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍ ﺕﻠﺼﻭﺘ ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﻻﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻥﻋ ﺡﺎﺼﻓﻹﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍ ﺕﻠﺼﻭﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻥﻴﺭﻤﺜﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ لﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴ ﻰﻟﺇﻭ ،لﺎﻌﻓ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺸﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻜﺤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﻑﺍﺭﻁﻷﺍ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﻴ ﻱﺭﺸﺒﻟﺍ

ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺸﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻜﺤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﻴ ﻲﻠﻜﻴﻬﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻥﻋ ﺡﺎﺼﻓﻹﺍ ﻥﺃ

.

ﹰﺎﺴﻤﺎﺨ

: لﻭﺩﻟﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ

: ﻲﻓﺭﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺸﺅﻤ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ

ﺓﺭﻜﻓ ﻲﻁﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺸﺅﻤ ﻡﻴﻴﻘﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻟﻭﺩﻟﺍ ﻙﻨﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺎﺒ

ﻩﻼﻋﺃ ﺓﺭﻭﻜﺫﻤﻟﺍﻭ ،ﻲﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻕﺎﻁﻨﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻤﺎﻋ )

KAM:

Knowledge Assessment Methodology (

ﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺸﺅﻤ ﺹﻼﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻡﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ لﻭﺩﻟ

ﻲﻟﻭﺩﻟﺍ ﻙﻨﺒﻟﺍ ﻯﺩﻟ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻜ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﺭﻓﻭﺘﺘ .

(12)

ﻡﻗﺭ ﺏﻴﺘﺭﺘﻟﺍ لﺘﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺎﻴﺯﻴﻟﺎﻤ ﻥﺃ ،ﺔﺤﺎﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺒﺘﻴﻭ )

40 ( ،ﻡﻟﺎﻌﻟﺍ لﻭﺩ ﻥﻴﺒ

ﻩﺭﺩﻗ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺭﺸﺅﻤﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ لﻭﺩﻟﺍ ﺭﺩﺼﺘﺘﻭ 6.23

ﻥﻤ 10 ﺎﻴﺯﻴﻟﺎﻤ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻴﺒﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ،

ﺎﻬﺒﻴﺘﺭﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻊﻓﺭﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺕﻋﺎﻁﺘﺴﺍ ﺭﺸﻋ ﺔﺜﻼﺜﺒ

) 13 ( ﻥﻴﺴﻤﺨﻟﺍﻭ ﺙﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﺒﻴﺘﺭﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺒﺘﺭﻤ

) 53 ( ﻡﺎﻋ 1995 ﻥﻴﻌﺒﺭﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﺒﻴﺘﺭﺘ ﻰﻟﺇ )

40 ( ﻡﺎﻋ 2007 ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺤﻀﺍﻭ ﺔﻟﻻﺩ لﺩﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ،

ﺭﺎﻤﻀﻤﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﺠ ﹰﺍﺩﻭﻬﺠ ﺕﻟﺫﺒ ﺩﻗ ﺎﻴﺯﻴﻟﺎﻤ .

ﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺏﻴﺘﺭﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﻼﺘﺤﺘ ﻥﺎﺘﻠﻟﺍ ﺕﻴﻭﻜﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﻭﺩﻭ ﺭﻁﻗ ﺔﻟﻭﺩ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﺎﻴﺯﻴﻟﺎﻤ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻲﺘﺄﺘﻭ ﻲﻨ

) 2 ( ﺙﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍﻭ ) 3

( (46) ﻥﻴﻌﺒﺭﻷﺍﻭ ﺱﺩﺎﺴﻟﺍﻭ (42) ﻥﻴﻌﺒﺭﻷﺍﻭ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺏﻴﺘﺭﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ لﻭﺩﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻡﻟﺎﻌﻟﺍ لﻭﺩ ﻥﻴﺒ

ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻟﺍﻭﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ 2007

ﻥﺎﻤﺜﺒ ﺎﺘﻤﺩﻘﺘﻭ ، )

8 ( ﺱﻤﺨﻭ ) 5 ( ﻡﺎﻋ ﺎﻤﻬﻴﺒﻴﺘﺭﺘ ﻥﻋ ﻲﻟﺍﻭﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﺒﺘﺭﻤ

1995 . ﻊﺒﺍﺭﻟﺍ ﺏﻴﺘﺭﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻤﻹﺍ ﺔﻟﻭﺩ ﻲﺘﺄﺘ ﻡﺜ )

4 ( ﻊﺴﺎﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﹰﺎﻴﻤﻼﺴﺇ

ﻥﻴﻌﺒﺭﻷﺍﻭ )

49 ( ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺭﺸﺅﻤﺒ ﺎﻴﻟﻭﺩ 5.78

ﻥﻤ 10 . ﺏﻴﺘﺭﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺭﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﻠﺘﺤﺃ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ

ﺱﻤﺎﺨﻟﺍ ) 5 ( ﻥﻴﺴﻤﺨﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺏﻴﺘﺭﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ لﻭﺩﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ )

52 ( ﺭﺸﺅﻤﺒ ﻡﻟﺎﻌﻟﺍ لﻭﺩ ﻥﻴﺒ

ﻩﺭﺩﻗ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ 5.58

ﻥﻤ 10 . ﺱﺩﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺏﻴﺘﺭﺘﻟﺍ ﺎﻴﻜﺭﺘ لﺘﺤﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ )

6 ( لﻭﺩﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ

ﻥﻴﺴﻤﺨﻟﺍﻭ ﺙﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺏﻴﺘﺭﺘﻟﺍﻭ )

53 ( ﺭﺸﺅﻤﻟ ﺏﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺭﺸﺅﻤﺒ ﻙﻟﺫﻭ ،ﻡﻟﺎﻌﻟﺍ لﻭﺩ ﻥﻴﺒ

ﻩﺭﺩﻗ ﻥﻴﺭﺤﺒﻟﺍ 5.56

ﻥﻤ 10 ﺔﻌﺒﺴﺒ ﺔﻌﻔﺘﺭﻤ ، )

7 ( ﻥﻴﺘﺴ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﺒﻴﺘﺭﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺘﺍﺭﻤ

) 60 ( ﻡﺎﻋ 1995 .

ﺔﻌﺴﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻥﻴﺒﺘﻴﻭ 9

ﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺸﺅﻤ ﺎﻬﻟ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ لﻭﺩﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ﻁﻘﻓ لﻭﺩ ﻱﻭﺎﺴﺘ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗ

ﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻋ ﹰﻼﻴﻠﻗ ﺩﻴﺯﺘ ﻭﺃ 5

ﻥﻤ 10 ،ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺕﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﺄﺘ ﺎﻬﻠﻜﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ لﻭﺩﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻘﺒ ﺎﻤﺃ ،

ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻴﺯﺘ ﻻ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺸﺅﻤﺒ لﻭﺩﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺨﺅﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺒﻠﻏﺃ ﻥﺇ لﺒ 3

ﻥﻤ 10 . ﺩﻜﺅﻴ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ

ﺭﺎﻘﻤﻟﺎﺒ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ لﻭﺩﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺓﻭﺠﻔﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺙﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻟ ﺎﻨﺘﻴﻀﺭﻓ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻐﻟﺍ لﻭﺩﻟﺎﺒ ﺔﻨ

ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟﺍﻭ .

ﺭﺸﻋ ﺔﻌﺒﺴ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻟﺍ لﻭﺩﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻅﺤﻼﻨﻭ )

17 ( ﺕﺍﺭﺸﺅﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﺩﻟ ﺭﻓﻭﺘﺘ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻋ ﺔﻟﻭﺩ

ﻊﺒﺴ ،ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ )

7 ( ﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻼﻴﻠﻗ ﺎﻬﻴﺩﻟ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺸﺅﻤ ﺩﻴﺯﺘ ﻁﻘﻓ لﻭﺩ )

5 (5) ﺱﻤﺨﻭ .ﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺭﺸﺅﻤ لﻘﺘﻓ ﺔﻴﻘﺒﻟﺍ لﻭﺩ (10) ﺭﺸﻌﻟﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ،(10 ﻥﻤ لﻭﺩﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻭﺩ

ﺔﻌﺒﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻟﺍ )

7 ( ﻥﻋ ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺭﺸﺅﻤ ﺩﻴﺯﺘ ﻻ ﻙﻟﺫ ﻊﻤﻭ ،ﻁﻔﻨﻠﻟ ﺓﺭﺩﺼﻤ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﻠﺨ لﻭﺩ ﻲﻫ ،ﻰﻟﻭﻷﺍ

6.20 ﻥﻤ 10 ﻯﺩﻟ ﻲﻓﺭﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺸﺅﻤ ﻑﻌﻀ ﻥﻋ ﹰﺎﻌﻴﺭﺴ ﹰﺎﻋﺎﺒﻁﻨﺍ ﻙﺭﺘﻴ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ،

ﻁﻔﻨﻠﻟ ﺓﺭﺩﺼﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻐﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺎﻤﺒ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻟﺍ لﻭﺩﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻨﻟ ﺩﻜﺅﻴﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻟﺍ لﻭﺩﻟﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺩﻴﻌﺒ ﺕﻟﺍﺯ ﺎﻤ

ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﺩﻘﺘﻤ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ .

ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺎﻴﺯﻴﻟﺎﻤ ﻥﺃ ﺢﻀﻭﺘ ،ﺔﺤﺎﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ،لﺎﺠﻤﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺌﺍﺭﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ لﻭﺩﻠﻟ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺒ ﺎﻤﺃ ﻥﻴﻌﺒﺭﻷﺍ ﺔﺒﺘﺭﻤﻟﺍ لﺘﺤﺘ ﻩﻼﻋﺃ ﺎﻨﺭﻜﺫ )

40 ( ﺭﺸﺅﻤﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ لﻭﺩﻟﺍ ﺭﺩﺼﺘﺘﻭ ﻡﻟﺎﻌﻟﺍ لﻭﺩ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ

ﻩﺭﺩﻗﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ 6.23

ﻥﻤ 10 ﺭﺸﻋ ﺔﺜﻼﺜﺒ ﺔﻌﻔﺘﺭﻤﻭ ، )

13 ( ﻡﺎﻋ ﺎﻬﺒﻴﺘﺭﺘ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺒﺘﺭﻤ 1995

. (49) ﻥﻴﻌﺒﺭﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻌﺴﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﺘﺭﻤﻟﺍ لﺘﺤﺘﻓ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻤﻹﺍ ﺔﻟﻭﺩ ﺎﻤﺃ ﻡﻟﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻱﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﺔﺜﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﺘﺭﻤﻟﺍﻭ )

3 ( ﻩﺭﺩﻗﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺭﺸﺅﻤﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ لﻭﺩﻟﺍ ﻱﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ 5.62

ﻥﻤ 10

، .1995 ﻡﺎﻋ ﺎﻬﺒﻴﺘﺭﺘ ﻥﻋ ﺏﺘﺍﺭﻤ ﻊﺴﺘﻟ ﺓﺩﻗﺎﻓﻭ

ﺔﺜﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﺘﺭﻤﻟﺍ لﺘﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺎﻴﻜﺭﺘ ﻙﻟﺫ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻲﺘﺄﺘ

ﻥﻴﺴﻤﺨﻟﺍﻭ )

53 ( ﺔﺴﺩﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﺘﺭﻤﻟﺍﻭ ،ﻡﻟﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻱﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ )

6 ( ﺭﺸﺅﻤﺒ ﻲﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﻡﻟﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻱﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﻩﺭﺩﻗﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ 5.29

ﻥﻤ 10 ﻊﺒﺴ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﺘﻤﻭ ، )

7 ( ﻡﺎﻋ ﺎﻬﺒﻴﺘﺭﺘ ﻥﻋ ﺏﺘﺍﺭﻤ 1995

.

ﺎﻤﺃ (10) ﺭﺸﺎﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﺎﻴﻟﻭﺩ (69) ﻥﻴﺘﺴﻟﺍﻭ ﻊﺴﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺏﻴﺘﺭﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺀﺎﺠﻓ ﺔﻴﺩﻭﻌﺴﻟﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺭﺸﺅﻤﺒ ﺎﻴﻤﻼﺴﺇ

ﻩﺭﺩﻗﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ 5.62

ﻥﻤ 10 .

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