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Fostering the development of European regions: a spatial dynamic panel data analysis of the impact of cohesion policy

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(1)Fostering the development of European regions: a spatial dynamic panel data analysis of the impact of cohesion policy Salima Bouayad Agha, Nadine Turpin, Lionel Vedrine. To cite this version: Salima Bouayad Agha, Nadine Turpin, Lionel Vedrine. Fostering the development of European regions: a spatial dynamic panel data analysis of the impact of cohesion policy. Regional Studies, Taylor & Francis (Routledge), 2011, 47 (9), pp.1-21. �10.1080/00343404.2011.628930�. �hal-01000321�. HAL Id: hal-01000321 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01000321 Submitted on 15 May 2020. HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés..

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(15) Author-produced version of the article published in Regional Studies, 2013, 47 (9), 1573-1593. The original publication is available at http://www.tandfonline.com/ doi : 080/00343404.2011.628930. E8I;HL7J?EDI E< ;79> IF7J?7B KD?J EL;H J?C;  ?? IF7J?7B :;F;D:;D9; 7J ;79> FE?DJ?D J?C; 7D:??? KDE8I;HL78B; ;<<;9JIIF;9?<?9JEIF79;7D:J?C;F;H?E:I      !IJ?C7J?ED?DIF7J?7B:OD7C?9F7D;B7=;D;H7BH;L?;M %D B?D; M?J> H;9;DJ B?J;H7JKH; ;9A ,; (3     BED?=;D ,; (3    7 IF7J?7B 7KJEH;=H;II?L; IF;9?<?97J?ED I;;CI JE 8; 7FFHEFH?7J; JE GK7DJ?<O >EM J>; =HEMJ> H7J; E< 7 H;=?ED ?I 7<<;9J;: 8O J>; =HEMJ> H7J; ?D J>; IKHHEKD:?D=H;=?EDI  99EH:?D= JE DI;B?D   7D: 8H;K ,; (3    J>; 7::?J?ED E< 7 IF7J?7BBO B7==;: :;F;D:;DJ L7H?78B; 97KI;II?CKBJ7D;?JO7D:;D:E=;D;?JOFHE8B;CI7D:J>KI797D:?:7J;9EDI?IJ;DJ;IJ?C7JEHI>EKB:B?;8;JM;;DJ>;. :7J7/ ,  !B>EHIJ IK==;IJI7DKD9ED:?J?ED7BC7N?CKCB?A;B?>EE:;IJ?C7JEH<EH7D/ , CE:;BM?J> ;?J>;H 7 IF7J?7B B7= EH 7 IF7J?7B ;HHEH IJHK9JKH; KD:;H 7 H;IJH?9J?L; 7IIKCFJ?ED E< DE 7::?J?ED7B ;NFB7D7JEHO L7H?78B;I  5K ,; (3    7D: (;; 7D: 5K   7 FHEL?:; J>; 7IOCFJEJ?9 FHEF;HJ?;I E< 7 GK7I? C7N?CKC B?A;B?>EE:<EH7D/ , CE:;BM?J>;NE=;DEKI;NFB7D7JEHOL7H?78B;I )EH;H;9;DJBO 'EHD?EJ?I  FHEFEI;: 7 IEBKJ?ED 87I;: ED $7>D 7D: 'K;HIJ;?D;HXI EHH;9J;: ?7I (;7IJ /GK7H;. KCCO 27H?78B;   7D:. ?DIJHKC;DJ7B C;J>E:I D:;HIED 7D: $I?7E   ;NJ;D:;: JE 7BBEM <EH J>; IF7J?7B ;<<;9J  )EH;EL;H J>;I; L7H?EKI ;IJ?C7JEHI C7O 8; 9ECFB;C;DJ7HO  :;F;D:?D= ED M>?9> IF;9?<?97J?ED ?I 9EDI?:;H;:  "EH ?DIJ7D9;  'EHD?EJ?I <E9KI;IED7VJ?C; IF79;H;9KHI?L;WCE:;BM>;H;7I5K7D:(;; MEHAED7VJ?C; IF79; :OD7C?9WIF;9?<?97J?ED      !NJ;D:;:CEC;DJ9ED:?J?EDI<EHIF7J?7B:OD7C?9F7D;B:7J7 3;9EDI?:;HJ>7J#));IJ?C7JEHIFH;I;DJI;L;H7B?CFEHJ7DJ7:L7DJ7=;I "?HIJ #));D78B;I;79>IF;9?7B97I; E<J>;=;D;H7BIF;9?<?97J?EDJE8;;IJ?C7J;:M?J>EDBO7<;MCE:?<?97J?EDIJECEC;DJH;IJH?9J?EDI "KHJ>;HCEH;  #)) 7BBEMI J>; FEII?8B; I;H?7B 9EHH;B7J?ED E< 7::?J?ED7B L7H?78B;I JE 8; 9EDI?:;H;: 8O ?DJHE:K9?D= :?<<;H;DJ CEC;DJH;IJH?9J?EDIEDJ>;;NFB7D7JEHOL7H?78B;I   (;JKI9EDI?:;HJ>;=;D;H7BVJ?C; IF79;I?CKBJ7D;EKIWIF;9?<?97J?EDE<;GK7J?ED7D:. . . CemOA : archive ouverte d'Irstea / Cemagref. +(/7D:3?J>?D;IJ?C7J;I 0>;H;?I7H;B7J?L;BOH;9;DJ:;L;BEFC;DJ?DJ>;B?J;H7JKH;EDIF7J?7B:OD7C?9F7D;B.

(16) Author-produced version of the article published in Regional Studies, 2013, 47 (9), 1573-1593. The original publication is available at http://www.tandfonline.com/ doi : 080/00343404.2011.628930. @0; = α@0 ; − + ρ ¦ >01 @0 ; + ?0 ; β + (η0 +ν 0 ; ) 1 ≠0. 3;H;IJH?9JEKH7JJ;DJ?EDJEJ>;IJ78B;97I; ? ; M?J> α <    ρ <  7D: α + ρ <   3; 9EDI?:;H CEC;DJ H;IJH?9J?EDI ?DLEBL?D= DE 9EHH;B7J?ED 8;JM;;D <?HIJ :?<<;H;D9;: ;HHEHI 7D: ;7HB?;H B7==;: B;L;BIE< @ 0 ; − 7I:;I9H?8;:?DI;9J?ED  ?. (. ).  @ 0 : ∆ε 0 ; = <EH:D# 7D:; D#. (;J ?0 ; 8;:;<?D;:7I7L;9JEHE<9KHH;DJ7D:B7==;:L7BK;IE<7::?J?ED7B;NFB7D7JEHOL7H?78B;I  ;F;D:?D=ED M>7J?I7IIKC;:78EKJJ>;9EHH;B7J?ED8;JM;;D ?0 ; 7D:J>;JME9ECFED;DJIE<J>;;HHEHJ;HC M;97D:;I?=D :?<<;H;DJCEC;DJ9ED:?J?EDIED:  . ??. (. CemOA : archive ouverte d'Irstea / Cemagref. • %< ?0 ; ?IIJH?9JBO;NE=;DEKI. ).  ? 0 : ∆ε 0 ; = <EH:D#7D:; D# . • %< ?0 ; ?IM;7ABO;D:E=;DEKI  ???. (. ).  ? 0 : ∆ε 0 ; = <EH:D#7D:; D# . • %< ?0 ; ?IIJH?9JBO;D:E=;DEKI  ?L. (. ).  ? 0 : ∆ε 0 ; = <EH:D# 7D:; D# .  I C;DJ?ED;:?DJ>;FH;L?EKII;9J?ED IJHK9JKH7B<KD:I9ECC?JC;DJI7H;IJHED=BO9EHH;B7J;:M?J>?D?J?7B# ,  M>?9> ?CFB?;I 7D E8L?EKI ;D:E=;D;?JO FHE8B;C <EH J>?I L7H?78B;  $;D9;  M; 9EDI?:;H J>?I L7H?78B; 7I ;D:E=;DEKI M>7J;L;HJ>;IF;9?<?97J?ED7D:J>;I;B;9J;:CEC;DJ9ED:?J?EDI;JI  0>; 9>E?9; E< CEC;DJ H;IJH?9J?EDI ED EJ>;H ;NFB7D7JEHO L7H?78B;I ?DL;IJC;DJ F;H 97F?J7 7D: :;CE=H7F>?9 =HEMJ> H7J; ?I B;II 9B;7H  0>KI  EKH 9>E?9; M?BB 8; CEH; FH7=C7J?9 I;; I;9J?ED   I IK==;IJ;: 8O ED:   M;KI;7$7DI;D :?<<J;IJJE:?I9H?C?D7J;8;JM;;D:?<<;H;DJCEC;DJH;IJH?9J?EDI;JIEDJ>;I;7::?J?ED7B L7H?78B;I  . . .

(17) Author-produced version of the article published in Regional Studies, 2013, 47 (9), 1573-1593. The original publication is available at http://www.tandfonline.com/ doi : 080/00343404.2011.628930. IJ>;IF7J?7BB7=?IIJH?9JBO;D:E=;DEKI J>;CEC;DJH;IJH?9J?EDI:;I9H?8;:78EL;7H;DEJIK<<?9?;DJJEFHEL?:; 7D KD8?7I;: 7D: 9EDI?IJ;DJ ;IJ?C7J?ED  D E8L?EKI IEBKJ?ED ?I JE ;IJ?C7J; ;GK7J?ED  7D:  M?J> <KHJ>;H CEC;DJH;IJH?9J?EDI9EDI?:;H?D= ¦ >01 @0 ; 7I7D;D:E=;DEKIL7H?78B; 0>;I;7::?J?ED7BCEC;DJH;IJH?9J?EDI7H; 1 ≠0. MH?JJ;D?DJ>;I7C;M7O7I?. L. · §  ¨¨ ¦ >01 @ 0 : ∆ε 0 ; ¸¸ = <EH:D# 7D:; D#  ¹ © 1 ≠0. /F7J?7BBO M;?=>J;: ;NFB7D7JEHO L7H?78B;I. ¦> ?. 01 0 ;.  97D 8; KI;: JE ?DIJHKC;DJ J>; IF7J?7B B7= J;HC  0>;. 1 ≠0. ;NE=;DEKIF7HJE<J>;IF7J?7BB7=L7H?78?B?JO?I?:;DJ?<?;:KI?D=7VIF7J?7BBO M;?=>J;:CE:;BW 0>;L7B?:?JOE<J>?I FHE9;:KH;H;GK?H;IJ>;<EBBEM?D=CEC;DJH;IJH?9J?EDIM?J> ¦ >01 ?0 ; ;NE=;DEKI. L?. · §  ¨¨ ¦ >01 ?0 ; ∆ε 0 ; ¸¸ = <EH; D# ¹ © 1 ≠0.    !1IJHK9JKH7B<KD:I7D:+H;=?EDI    7J7:;I9H?FJ?ED 0>;7D7BOI;::7J7I;J>7I8;;D:;I?=D;:799EH:?D=JE;9EDEC;JH?9?IIK;I:;I9H?8;:?D/;9J?ED 3;KI;7F7D;B :7J7I;J E<  H;=?EDI ?D  C;C8;H IJ7J;I E< !1  I;; FF;D:?N  M>?9> :;I9H?8;I J>; I;JI E< H;=?EDI ?D9BK:;:7D:;N9BK:;:?DJ>;I7CFB; +M?D=JEC?II?D=:7J7 7IC7BBDKC8;HE<H;=?EDI7H;;N9BK:;: 7CED= M>?9>I;L;H7B7H;;B?=?8B;ED+8@;9J?L;FHE=H7CC;I*;M#;HC7D(7D:;H "H;D9>EL;HI;7I;J9  3;KI; *10/:7J7B;L;B<EHJ>;C7?DF7HJE<EKHI7CFB; ;N9;FJ<EH#;HC7DO7D:J>;1D?J;:'?D=:EC<EHM>?9>:7J7 EDIJHK9JKH7B<KD:IH;=?ED7B7BBE97J?ED7H;7L7?B78B;7J*10/B;L;B  "?D7BBO EKH:7J7I;JH;FH;I;DJI E<EL;H7BB!1 H;=?EDI7D: E<+8@;9J?L;H;=?EDI 0>;H;=?EDI 7H;E8I;HL;:EL;H7F;H?E:JEO;7HI     7J7 L7H?78B;I H;B7J;: JE ;GK7J?EDI  JE  9EC; <HEC J>; 7C8H?:=; !9EDEC;JH?9I :7J787I;  0>; =HEII :EC;IJ?9FHE:K9J# ,7D:?DL;IJC;DJFHEL?:;:8O7C8H?:=;!9EDEC;JH?9I?D9EDIJ7DJ;KHEI>7L;. . . CemOA : archive ouverte d'Irstea / Cemagref. 1 ≠0.

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