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THE CODEX PROCESS
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WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION WESTERN PACIFIC REGION
MfOIWPRO
LTRRA~V MANILA. PHILlPP1•'4E~2 6 JUN 2014
A REFERENCE MANUAL fOR PACIFIC ISLAND
COUNTRIES
WHO Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
The Codex process: a reference manual for Pacific island countries 1. Codex Alimentarius 2. Food safety
3. Food standards 4. Pacific islands
ISBN 92 9061 084 0 (NLM Classification: WA 695)
© World Health Organization 2003 All rights reserved.
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Photos:
M MURRAY, T MAGNO and D SHARP
Food safety and food standards are critical global issues for health, trade and economic development.
In recognition of this, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) created the Codex Alimentarius Commission in 1962. Subsequently, the Codex Alimentarius Commission has played an important role in promoting standards and in providing guidance for the development of food control systems for more than four decades. However, while Codex standards are widely perceived as vital for protecting consumer health and facilitating trade in safe food, many countries in the Pacific have yet to either adopt Codex standards or to effectively participate in the Codex standard-setting process. This publication and the accompanying CD Rom will, it is anticipated, facilitate a better understanding of how the Commission is organized, how its committees operate, what happens at sessions of the Commission and its committees and task forces and how countries can interact with Codex in the standard- setting process. The document provides a very practical view of how to prepare for and participate in the decision-making process. The CD Rom provides power point presentations that will be useful for those attempting to explain what Codex is and how it operates to a general audience. The publication also includes a number of training exercises that can provide practical experience for members of national Codex committees so they will get a better feel what it means to be a delegate at a Codex committee.
I urge all food safety regulators in the Pacific to familiarize themselves with Codex through this publication, and to participate more effectively in the Codex standard-setting process. Doing so will ensure that the Pacific island perspective will be better captured in future standards developed by Codex and should lead to safer food for the peoples of the Pacific.
Introduction
What is Codex? ... 6
What is the CodexAlimentarius? ... 6
How does a country become a member of the Commission? ... 6
How does the Codex Alimentarius Commission operate? ... 7
How does a country participate on a particular committee or task force? ... 7
How does a country know what is happening in the Codex standard-setting process at any given time? ... 7
The Codex Contact Point
What are the functions of the Codex Contact Point? ... 8How important is it that the Codex Contact Point be committed to, and be able to implement, a process of consultation? ... 8
What can government do to assist the Codex Contact Point being consultative? ... 9
A national Codex Committee
What is a national Codex Committee and do all Codex member countries have one? ... 10What are the duties of the secretariat of the national Codex Committee? ... 11
What are the functions of national Codex Committees? ... 11
How might appointments be made to the national Codex Committee? ... 11
How does a national Codex Committee decide what Codex Committees or task forces should be a priority? ... 12
Delegations to a Codex Committee session
Once it has been decided to send a delegation to a particular committee, hnm i• thf' rlf'lf'g1tinn irl~>ntifi~r:l? , , """"'"'"""'"""'""'"'""""'"""""""'""""'"""""""'"' 13 What is a typical process for selecting heads of delegations? ... 14What are the responsibilities of the head delegate to Codex Committee sessions? ... 14
How are nongovernment organizations selected as part of a delegation? ... 16
What are the obligations of nongovernment participants in a delegation? ... 17
Issues to be considered before attending a Codex Committee session
Invitations to a particular Codex Committee session - who prepares them and how do you receive them? ... 18What documents will be received before a Codex Committee session? ... 18
What requirements are there on submissions to an upcoming Codex Committee session? ... 18
Attending a session of a Codex Committee
Who will be the chairperson of the Codex Committee session? ... 19What does the Codex Committee secretariat do at the session? ... 19
How will the work he orgnnized nt the Codex Committee ReRRion? ... 19
What documents will be received at a Codex Committee session? ... 21
When attending the session can everyone speak and vote (if required) on an issue? ... 22
What kinds of activities may be undertaken at a Codex Committee session? ... 22
Codex standards
What are the stages involved in standards development? ... 23 What components are commonly found in a Codex standard? ... 23 Why do Codex standards have a specific format? ... 26
Codex and the agreements of the World Trade Organization [WTO]
How does the Sanitary Phytosanitary Agreement (SPS) affect Codex standard-setting? ... 27 How does the Technical Barriers to Trade agreement (TBT) affect Codex standard-setting? ... 28
FAD/WHO trust fund for participation in Codex
What is the trust fund and why develop it? ... 31 What activities are likely to be funded? ... 31 What criteria will be applied to selecting those who can use the trust fund? ... 3 2
Reasons for a country wanting to effectively participate in the work of Codex
Why participate in the Codex standard-setting process? ... 3 3 Why participate in the FAO/WHO Coordinating Committee for North America
and South-West Pacific? ... 33
Annex 1
History of the Codex Alimentarius Commission ... 3 5
Annex 2
Statutes of the Codex Alimentarius Commission ... 3 7
Annex 3
Organization of the Codex Alimentarius Commission ... 3 9
Annex 4
Codex committees - terms of reference ... 41
Annex 5
Codex elaboration procedures ... 45
Annex 6
Three practical exercises in working effectively with the Codex standard-setting process ... 4 7
Annex 7
References ... 50
WHAT IS CODEX?
The Codex Alimentarius Commission, commonly referred to simply as"Codex", is the body established to implement the Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme.
The Commission currently consists of 169 Member countries that represent nearly 98% of the world's population.
The original statutes of the Codex Alimentarius Commission were adopted in May 1963. These statutes provide the legal basis for the Commission's work and formally reflect the concepts behind and reasons for its establishment. The statutes of the Codex Alimentarius Commission are contained within 10 articles. These are described in Annex 2.
Codex is mandated to develop scientifically sound, international standards for consumer health protection and fair food trade practices. It does this through the Commission, its 28 committees and task forces.
The work produced by Codex, the collection of standards, guidelines and recommendations, is referred to as the Codex Alimentarius.
WHAT IS THE CODEX ALIMENTARIUS?
The term "Codex Alimentarius" is taken from Latin and means food code. In fact this is what Codex Alimentarius is all about - written codes of international food standards for use by all nations. The history of its development is outlined in Annex 1.
The Codex Alimentarius is a collection of internationally adopted food standards and other provisions of an advisory nature which are presented in a uniform manner to assist in protecting consumers' health and ensuring fair practices in the food trade.
The Codex Alimentarius includes standards for many foods, whether processed, semi-processed or raw, for distribution to the consumer. The Codex Alimentarius includes provisions in respect of:
• food hygiene; • methods of analysis and sampling.
• food additives;
• pesticide residues;
• contaminants;
• labelling and presentation; and
It also includes provisions of an advisory nature in the form of:
• codes of practice,
• guidelines, and
• other recommended measures.
HOW DOES A COUNTRY BECOME A MEMBER OF THE COMMISSION?
Membership of the Commission is open to all Member Nations and Associate Members of FAO and WHO that are interested in international food standards. Membership requires that a government notifies the Director-General of FAO or of WHO of its desire to be considered as a Member. · 1 hus, a written request to the relevant Director-General through the country or regional office of FAO or WHO is enough to initiate the process.
HOW DOES THE CODEX ALIMENTARIUS COMMISSION OPERATE?
The Commission is empowered to establish two kinds of subsidiary bodies:
1. Codex Committees and ad hoc Task Forces, which prepare draft standards for submission to the Commission; and
2. Coordinating Committees, through which regions or groups of countries coordinate food standards activities in the region, including the development of regional standards.
A feature of the committee system is that, with few exceptions, each committee is hosted by a member country, which is chiefly responsible for the cost of the committee's maintenance and administration and for providing its chairperson. An exception is the Regional Committees in that there are provisions for the cost of these Committees being borne by the Commission under certain circumstances (e.g. when the Regional Coordinator is a developing country).
The Codex Alimentarius Commission operates through the following main organizational elements:
1. Executive Committee 2. Codex Secretariat
3. General Subject Committees (Horizontal Committees) 4. Commodity Committees (Vertical Committees)
5.
Regional Coordinating Committees 6. Ad hoc Intergovernmental Task ForcesEach of these is discussed in more detail in Annex 3.
HOW DOES A COUNTRY PARTICIPATE ON A PARTICULAR COMMITTEE OR TASK fORCE?
Membership of Codex Committees is open to Members of the Commission who have notified the Director-General of FAO or WHO of their desire to be considered as members. This is achieved through the formal registration process. Membership of Regional Coordinating Committees is open only to Members of the Commission belonging to the region or group of countries concerned.HOW DOES A COUNTRY KNOW WHAT IS HAPPENING IN THE CODEX STANDARD-SETTING PROCESS AT ANY GIVEN TIME?
'Secretariat of the J,aint FAO/WHO Food Standards
Programme, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Vi ale
When a country becomes a member of the Codex Alimentarius Commission, it is required to designate an official as the "Codex Contact Point".
The location of this official within a governmental organization will vary from country to country. Regardless of where the official is located, it must be remembered that coordination and communication are two key functions that the official must ensure are carried out in order to contribute to a country's
WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE CODEX CONTACT POINT?
Codex Contact Points should:
1. Act as the link between the Codex Secretariat and Member countries;
2. Coordinate all relevant Codex activities within their own countries;
3. Receive all Codex final texts (standards, codes of practice, guidelines and other advisory texts) and working documents of Codex sessions and ensure that they are circulated to those concerned within their own countries;
4. Send comments on Codex documents or proposals to the Codex Alimentarius Commission or its subsidiary bodies and/ or the Codex Secretariat;
5. Work in close cooperation with the national Codex committee, where such a committee has been established;
6. Act as the liaison point with the food industry, consumers, traders and all other concerned to ensure that the government is provided with an appropriate balance of policy and technical advice upon which to base decisions relating to issues raised in the context of the Codex work;
7. Act as a channel for the exchange of information and coordination of activities with other Codex Members;
8. Receive the invitation to Codex sessions and inform the relevant chairpersons and the Codex Secretariat of the names of participants from their own countries;
9. Maintain a library of Codex final texts; and
10. Promote Codex activities throughout their own countries.
HOW IMPORTANT IS IT THAT THE CODEX CONTACT POINT BE COMMITTED TO, AND BE ABLE TO IMPLEMENT, A PROCESS OF CONSULTATION?
Consultation is a core function that the Codex Contact Point fosters with the Codex Secretariat, with each of the various concerned ministries within the Member Country, the private sector such as the food industry and consumer organizations, the scientific community and individuals with special interests or scientific qualifications.
The Codex Contact Point, through its coordination and consultative networks, can also be effective in forging strategic alliances with other Member countries to advance the country's goals within Codex.
Significant effort by the Codex Contact Point is necessary to ensure appropriate stakeholders, organizations and other government departments are consulted in the development of positions for sessions of the Codex Alimentarius Commission and its subsidiary committees .
The Codex Contact Point should maintain a strong link with other Government Ministries. Because of the trade implications which may be impacted by Codex standards, guidelines and related texts, liaison with Ministries concerned with trade serves to ensure that issues involving the Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Agreement (SPS) and the Agreement on Technical Barriers and Trade (TBT) under the World Trade Organization are analyzed by key stakeholders. Ministries involved in commerce or economics should also be included in any liaisons to facilitate economic impact analyses related to Codex standards.
It is equally important to maintain strong linkages with nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) such as consumer organizations, industry associations, etc. Involving industry NGOs is particularly useful for those Committees and Task Forces involved in establishing "commodity standards" or "standards of identity". Frequently, these organizations can be a source of technical expertise specific to processing and distribution issues.
Public meetings may also be convened to discuss views and positions in preparation for Codex sessions. Public involvement in the development of a country's position on Codex issues will provide a greater pool of expertise upon which to draw. Greater involvement of NGOs will also enhance the credibility of a country's national position.
The Contact Point for a country maintains important links with all officers of the Codex Secretariat in Rome. The close liaison with the Secretariat is particularly important for facilitation of information exchange.
WHAT CAN GOVERNMENT DO TO ASSIST THE CODEX CONTACT POINT IN BEING CONSULTATIVE?
Some Codex Contact Points have no government support for maintaining a Codex library, reproducing and distributing Codex documents, holding meetings, providing access to the Codex website, or other key functions. For a country to effectively participate in the work of Codex, government needs to provide the necessary human and financial resources to enable the Codex Contact Point to ensure the national Codex process is consultative. Government should also monitor the work of the Codex Contact Point and review the appointment where necessary.
WHAT IS A NATIONAL CODEX COMMITTEE AND DO ALL CODEX MEMBER COUNTRIES HAVE ONE?
'From this point forward, NCC is taken to mean either the National Codex Committee or an alternative national Codex structure.
There are no specific guidelines for National Codex Committees (NCCs) as they are usually established to facilitate the conduct of a country's Codex programme and hence tend to reflect national requirements. In this respect, the composition and organization of a National Codex Committee will vary. NCCs provide a forum for discussions and for the formulation of the national position(s) and responses to Codex proposals or policy. If a country has a pre-existing forum for discussions and for the formulation of the national position(s) and responses to Codex proposals or policy, that forum may act as a NCC without being designated as a National Codex Committee. Several developed countries operate in this manner. In fact, there is a move away from using the term "National Codex Committee" since many countries do not have such Committees. The term that is becoming more popular is "national Codex structures". For example, in Canada there is an interdepartmental committee (IDC) consisting of senior officials from each of the federal departments/ agencies involved in Codex, i.e. Health Canada, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade and Industry Canada. Canada has an Office of the Codex Contact Point for Canada that provides the Secretariat to the IDC and to the Codex Committee on Food Labelling (hosted by Canada) and also coordinates the national consultative process on Codex issues. Other countries, particularly those that do not have the resources and infrastructures, tend to establish National Codex Committees as a way to engage all stakeholders and support the Codex Contact Point.
Ideally, all government departments and organizations concerned with food safety, food production and trade in food should be included in the national Codex structures. Further, owing to the functions of these structures, some scientific organizations such as public universities and research institutions and any other notable experts in the relevant field and with keen interest in Codex matters could be co-opted to the national Codex structure. It may also include consumers' organizations, food industries/manufacturers (representatives from various sectors), and traders in food items, i.e. importers and exporters.
The NCC3 should, however, not be so large as to make it unmanageable. The NCC could elect a chairperson or decide that the country's Codex Contact Point be the chairperson. Ideally, in order to ensure the independence of the Committee, the chairperson should be selected from among its members and the Codex Contact Point should be the Secretary to the NCC.
WHAT ARE THE DUTIES OF THE SECRETARIAT OF THE NATIONAL CODEX
COMMITTEE?
The duties of the Secretariat of the NCC will vary according to the specific composition and function of the National Codex Committee.However, some suggested functions include:
• taking minutes at the NCC meetings;
• keeping all records relating to the activities of the NCC;
• drafting the agenda items and sending invitations to meetings in conjunction with the chairperson; and
• undertaking such other duties as may be prescribed by the NCC and/or the government.
In some countries, where human resources are limited, the members of the NCC may also act as a food safety committee with broader responsibilities.
WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF NATIONAL CODEX COMMITTEES?
The function of NCCs may vary, reflecting national priorities or circumstances. As a general guide, the following are some of the functions that can be performed by NCCs:
1. Formulating the country response to the proposals of the Codex Alimentarius Commission;
2. Nominating delegates to represent the country at various Codex meetings;
3. Advising the government on the best possible decisions as regards Codex standards and their implementation;
4. Appointing such technical sub-committees as may be necessary for the country's effective participation in Codex; and
5. Undertaking such other duties as may be advised by the government.
HOW MIGHT APPOINTMENTS BE MADE TO THE NATIONAL CODEX
COMMITTEE?
As there are several interested parties who could become involved in and represent their organizations at the NCC, the procedure for nomination/inclusion into the NCC should ideally be known, open and transparent. Whereas different countries could use different methods to select those to sit at the NCC depending on resources and structures available, it is recommended that the Codex Contact Point identify and list all key stakeholders and invite them to the inaugural meeting of the NCC. The participants at this meeting would then identify and invite (through the secretary) other members to the NCC.Ideally, the intention to form the NCC should be advertised and organizations should be requested to recommend nominees. The government agency responsible for establishing a NCC could form a small sub-committee to sort out the list of applicants and make a selection based on a NCC predetermined criteria for representation at the NCC. Possible criteria for selection could include:
• track record on food issues relevant in Codex Alimentarius;
• reasonable prospects of continuous participation;
• expertise; and
• availability to attend meetings and comment on Codex documents.
Participation at the NCC meetings should be reviewed annually and new members should be appointed to replace members who have ceased to participate in the national Codex programme.
It is important to note that NCCs may become dysfunctional if appointees are not available to participate routinely, if there are too few appointees to form a quorum, or if proxies who are not familiar with past discussions are appointed. To avoid this, consideration should be given to the likelihood of participation before appointment.
HOW DOES A NATIONAL CODEX COMMITTEE DECIDE WHAT CODEX COMMITTEES OR TASK FORCES SHOULD BE A PRIORITY?
In determining which Codex Committees should be the primary focus of a country's Codex programme, the following should be considered:
• What are the primary agri-food export industries contributing to the c:ountry's ec:onomy?
• What are the major agri-food imports?
• What are the agri-food priorities identified by government?
• What are the issues most relevant to the consumer?
• What resources (e.g. time, money) are available to commit to the Codex programme?
• Which Codex Committees elaborate standards, guidelines or related texts pertaining to the areas identified above?
Reviewing the terms of reference for the various Committees (see Annex 4) in the context of the above considerations should facilitate the identification and prioritization of those Codex Committees of most significance.
ONCE IT HAS BEEN DECIDED TO SEND A DELEGATION TO A PARTICULAR COMMITTEE SESSION, HOW IS THE DELEGATION IDENTIFIED?
The selection process for forming a delegation need not be as formal as the process outlined here. It is the qualifications of the individual(s) that are important. It should also be remembered that contributions are often best made by submission of written comments -not everyone needs to be
"on the delegation". The delegation has a role in consultation and preparing any position- not all members of the delegation attend the actual meeting.
The process may start with the Codex Contact Point circulating invitations and provisional agendas for upcoming Codex Sessions to government and nongovernmental organizations that have expressed an interest in relevant Codex Committee Sessions.
Replies to the invitation are received and reviewed by the Codex Contact Point and the Head Delegate.
Delegations should not exceed 25 official members, including both government and nongovernment delegates. The following selection criteria will be applied for selection of members of delegations:
1. expertise relevant to the items on the agenda;
2. assistance, if necessary, to the Head Delegate to items on the agenda;
3. is representative of the individuals, groups, and organizations that have an interest in the items on the agenda;
4. is representative of the individuals, groups, and organizations that could be affected by standards to be considered; and
5. the number of nongovernment members required on the delegation to provide balanced representation of the individuals, groups, and organizations. Where feasible and practical, attempts will be made to achieve a balance of NGO delegates representing the various nongovernment sectors, e.g. consumer groups, industry associations, professional associations.
Final composition of all delegations should be reviewed by the National Codex Committee and be subject to endorsement by the government.
It is important to involve NGOs where possible. If a NGO indicates willingness to participate on a national delegation, the criteria provided should be applied. Preference should be given to those organizations that have a broad, national interest over organizations which are single interest or limited in their scope. However, it should be noted that NGO delegates would normally be responsible for all their own costs associated with their participation on delegations.
WHAT IS A TYPICAL PROCESS FOR SELECTING HEADS OF DELEGATIONS?
For the selection of the head of delegation, it should be stressed that the individual should have not only technical knowledge, but also strong communication and leadership skills and a sense of familiarity with the Codex process. Although the responsibility for preparing national positions rests with the Head Delegate, that individual does not, and should not, draft the positions alone.
Heads of delegations representing a country at the various committees and task forces of Codex may be selected based on the following guidelines:
1. The National Codex Committee requests nominees for Head Delegate to specific Codex Committee(s) and Task Forces from the appropriate government Ministries or Departments.
2. The Codex Contact Point solicits nominations from senior level managers of departments or agencies active in the Codex Programme.
Nominations are based on:
a. terms of reference of Codex Committee for which the Head Delegate is being selected;
b. primary Ministerial/Departmental responsibility for the Codex Committee;
c. technical expertise of nominee in the subject matter of the relevant Codex Committee; and
d. other factors such as level of position are considered where appropriate.
3. The government endorses the nomination submitted by the applicable department/agency taking into consideration the above criteria.
WHAT ARE THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE HEAD DELEGATE TO CODEX
COMMITTEE SESSIONS?
The Head Delegate to each session of a Committee of the Codex Alimentarius Commission, in consultation with the Codex Contact Point and National Codex Committee, is commonly responsible as follows.In preparation for the Codex Committee session
1. He/she identifies a list of advisers with an interest in, and expertise relevant to, the terms of reference for the Committee, as well as the specific items on the provisional agenda of a particular session. The advisers are selected from representatives from the various government Ministries or Departments. Observers may also be identified from NGOs.
2. He/she strives to form a delegation of government officials and nongovernment representatives with an interest in, and expertise relevant to the items on the provisional agenda. The NGO participation shoulrl he selecterl in accorrlAnce with th~ "Snee-~st~rl Guidelines for Nongovernmental Organization Participation in Delegations to Committee Sessions of the Codex Alimentarius Commission".
3. He/she prepares draft positions for each agenda item, in consultation with National Codex Committee representatives.
4. He/she where appropriate, solicits comments by correspondence or electronic means or at a public meeting on the draft positions for each item on the provisional agenda. This consultative process may be conducted through the Codex Contact Point and is facilitated by the National Codex Committee.
5. He/she where appropriate, conducts a discussion of the draft positions on each agenda item with officials from other countries that may share common views.
6. He/ she presents the draft positions for each agenda item to the National Codex Committee for review, amendment as necessary and endorsement. As positions reflect official national government opinion, it is important that an appropriate government authority endorse them.
7. He/ she provides copies of the final draft positions to:
a. the Codex Contact Point;
b. each member of the delegation;
c. the list identified in item 1; and
d. the designated contacts in other countries as appropriate.
8. At the Codex Committee session, he/she presents, defends and promotes the positions on each agenda item to the Codex Committee, taking into account issues raised by other delegations while ensuring consistency with departmental/governmental policy. Where a particular agenda item falls within the mandate of a Ministry represented by another delegate, the Head Delegate shall consider asking this delegate to speak on behalf of the country with respect to this item. In accordance with rules governing Codex meetings, only the Head Delegate can cast a vote on behalf of the delegation. Each Committee member country is entitled to one vote.
After the Codex Committee session:
9. He/she should prepare a report on the outcome of the session for the Codex Contact Point and the National Codex Committee.
10. He/she prepares responses to Circular Letters (CLs) issued with respect to the Committee, with consultation as per items 4 and 5 above, as appropriate. The reply should be submitted to the Codex Secretariat via the Codex Contact Point and tabled at the National Codex Committee for information.
HOW ARE NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS SELECTED AS PART OF
A DELEGATION?
It is recommended that the government should encourage public participation in the activities of Codex to the greatest extent possible. Towards this end, the Codex Contact Point should maintain a list of persons and organizations that have expressed an interest in activities of one or more Committees, and regularly disseminate information to those interested parties about Codex activities, including invitations to participate as part of a delegation. Only those individuals and organizations listed with the Codex Contact Point and/ or National Codex Committee should be considered as candidates for nongovernment representatives on delegations. It is the responsibility of an organization to submit nominations to the Codex Contact Point for consideration as potential delegates. Generally, a maximum of two candidates per organization should be permitted to be part of a delegation, although this is to help maintain balance on delegations.Where feasible and practical, attempts should be made to achieve a balance of nongovernment delegates representing the various nongovernment sectors, e.g. consumer groups, industry associations and professional associations.
Preference will be given to organizations that have national status and have indicated an interest in a broad spectrum of issues. Organizations with a more localized membership will be given consideration after national organizations.
Nominees for delegates should have knowledge of the issues on the Committee's agenda. Preference should be given to nominees who have recognized credentials in the area of work related to the mandate of the Codex Committee in which their participation is being considered.
In all cases, nongovernment representatives, whether considered for official delegate status or not, may provide written comments to the Head Delegate on the issues to be discussed at the Committee Session. Comments from stakeholders are solicited prior to the establishment of an official position on an issue and copies of draft positions should be made available to stakeholders prior to any Codex Committee meeting.
Organizations should act on behalf of their membership and should be prepared to disclose information concerning their organization (e.g.
membership, charter, process used to establish their position/ develop comments and select their recommended nominee).
Final composition of all delegations should be subject to endorsement by the National Codex Committee.
WHAT ARE THE OBLIGATIONS Of NONGOVERNMENT PARTICIPANTS IN
A DELEGATION?
Delegations participate in Codex Sessions in accordance with the Procedural Manual, Guidelines for Codex Committees, Conduct of Meetings. It is the responsibility of all delegates to become familiar with the contents of the referenced procedural manual.Delegates should advise the Head Delegate on the concerns of the organization they represent and make every effort to contribute to enhancing the effectiveness of the delegation at Codex sessions.
Delegates are expected to attend all plenary sessions and any meetings convened by the Head Delegate. With the concurrence of the Head Delegate, nongovernment delegates may also attend working group meetings held during the session.
Nongovernment delegates should not be permitted to speak with foreign government officials on behalf of the Member Government without the consent of the Head Delegate. Nongovernment delegates should not negotiate or purport to negotiate for the Member country.
Nongovernment delegates should not take any individual action on behalf of the Member country without the express permission from the Head Delegate.
A nongovernment delegate may not serve concurrently during a Codex Committee Session as a member of any other country's delegation or on the delegation of an accredited observer to the Codex Session.
Nongovernment members are not immune from any laws or regulation of their country or the host country as a result of participation on a delegation.
Nongovernment delegates are responsible for payment of all costs associated with their participation in sessions of Codex Committees and the Commission.
Nongovernment delegates may, if they desire, prepare a report on the Codex Session at which they participated for the organization they represent and may provide a copy of that report to the National Codex Committee.
~~~UE~ TO BE CON~IDERED BEfORE ATTENDING A CODEX COMMITTEE ~E~~ION
INVITATIONS TO A PARTICULAR CODEX COMMITTEE SESSION - WHO PREPARES THEM AND HOW DO YOU RECEIVE THEM?
The letter of invitation and provisional agenda are generally prepared by staff of the Chief, Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, FAO, Rome, in consultation with the chairperson of the Committee and mailed through official lists. Invitations should include the following:
• title of the Codex Committee;
• time and date of the session's opening and date of its closing;
• place of the session;
• languages to be used and arrangements for interpretation;
• if appropriate, information on hotel accommodation; and
• request for the names of the Head Delegate and other members of the delegation, and for information on whether the chief delegate of a government will be attending as a representative or in the capacity of an observer.
The invitations are mailed through official lists and to the Codex Contact Point among others. Replies to invitations will normally be requested to be sent to reach the chairperson as early as possible and in any case not less than 30 days before the session. A copy should also be sent to the Chief, Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, FAO, Rome.
WHAT DOCUMENTS WILL BE RECEIVED BEFORE A CODEX COMMITTEE
SESSION?
The chairperson of the Codex Committee should distribute papers for a session at least two months before the opening of the session.Normally this task is carried out by the Rome-based Codex Secretariat, with assistance as necessary from the Committee Secretariat, on behalf of the chairperson.
Relevant papers should be sent to the following:
1. All Codex Contact Points;
2. Chief delegates of Member countries, of observer countries and of international organizations; and
3. Other participants on the basis of replies received.
WHAT REQUIREMENTS ARE THERE ON SUBMISSIONS TO AN UPCOMING CODEX COMMITTEE SESSION?
Papers prepared by countries must be drafted in one of the workinglanguages of the Commission, which should, if possible, be one of the languages used in the Codex Committee concerned. These papers should be sent to the chairperson of the Committee, with a copy to the Chief, Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, FAO, Rome, in good time to be included in the distribution of papers for the session. As papers are normally distributed two months before the opening of the session, the papers should reach Rome as early as possible.
WHO WILL BE THE CHAIRPERSON OF THE CODEX COMMITTEE SESSION?
The Codex Alimentarius Commission will designate a member country of the Commission, which has indicated its willingness to accept financial and all other responsibility, as having responsibility for appointing a chairperson of the Committee. The member country concerned is responsible for appointing the chairperson of the Committee from among its own nationals.
WHAT DOES THE CODEX COMMITTEE SECRETARIAT DO AT THE SESSION?
A member country to which a Codex Committee has been assigned is responsible for providing all conference services including the secretariat.
The secretariat should:
• have administrative support staff able to work easily in the languages used at the session;
• have at its disposal adequate word processing and document reproducing equipment;
• use interpretation, preferably simultaneously, from and into all languages used at the session; and
• make the services of a translator available if the report of the session is to be adopted in more than one of the working languages of the Committee.
HOW WILL THE WORK BE ORGANIZED AT THE CODEX COMMITTEE SESSION?
A Provisional Agenda will have been prepared by the chairperson of the Committee in consultation with the Codex Secretariat stating the time, date and place of the meeting and possibly including the following items:
• adoption of the agenda;
• if considered necessary, election of rapporteurs;
• items relating to subject matter to be discussed, including, where appropriate, the step in the Commission's Procedure for the Elaboration of Standards (reference should also be made to the Committee papers relevant to the items);
• any other business;
• consideration of date and place of next session; and
• adoption of draft report.
The work of the Committee and the length of the meeting should so be arranged in line with the agenda and should leave sufficient time at the end of the session for a report of the Committee's transactions to be agreed.
Meetings should be conducted in accordance with the Rules of Procedure of the Codex Alimentarius Commission.
Member countries responsible for the session will decide who should officiate at the opening of meetings on their behalf.
The chairperson should invite observations from members of the Committee concerning the Provisional Agenda and in the light of such observations formally request the Committee to adopt the Provisional Agenda or the amended Agenda. If there is a wish to add something to the agenda, it should be done so at this time. It is always beneficial to have discussed proposed modifications with the chairperson and other key delegates from whom support is being sought in an informal manner prior to this time.
Chairpersons of Codex Committees should ensure that all questions are fully discussed.
Chairpersons should also ensure that the written comments of members not present at the session are considered by the Committee and that all issues are put clearly to the Committee. This can usually best be done by stating what appears to be the generally acceptable view and asking delegates whether they have any objection to its being adopted.
The chairperson should always try to arrive at a consensus and should not ask the Committee to proceed to voting if agreement on the Committee's decision can be secured by consensus.
Delegations from member and observer countries who wish their opposition to a decision of the Committee to be recorded may do so, whether the decision has been taken or not, by asking for a statement of their position to be contained in the report of the Committee. This statement should not merely use a phrase such as: "the delegation of X reserved its position" but should make clear the extent of the delegation'~
opposition to a particular decision ot the Committee and state whether they were simply opposed to the decision or wished for a further opportunity to consider the question.
Specific tasks may be assigned to countries, groups of countries or to international organizations represented at meetings of the Committee. Ad hoc working groups established to accomplish specific tasks are disbanded once the tasks have been accomplished as determined by the Committee.
During the adoption of the report it is not generally possible to introduce new issues on previous agenda items.
WHAT DOCUMENTS WILL BE RECEIVED AT A CODEX COMMITTEE
SESSION?
There are a number of different types of documents present at Codex sessions, all of which are related to one of the items on the agenda.Written comments are normally requested with a Circular Letter (CL).
These letters are numbered sequentially and reflect the Codex Committee to which they pertain. For example CL 2003/8 - GP would be the eighth Circular Letter issued in the calendar year 2003; the GP indicates it pertains to an issue under consideration by the Codex Committee on General Principles. CL 2003/9 - FO indicates the ninth Circular Letter issued in the calendar year 2003 and the issue pertains to the Codex Committee on Fats and Oils. In some cases, a Circular Letter is a working document on a Committee agenda. Circular Letters that include a request for comments often lead to the Secretariat developing country comment papers that consolidate comments received on an issue from various governments and observer organizations.
Workmg papers bemg constdered by a Lommtttee are normally indicated by a CX followed by the Codex Committee identifier and then a sequential number indicating the year and document number. For example, document CX/NASWP 3/9 indicates a working paper for the Regional Coordinating Committee for North America and the South-West Pacific, on the agenda of the meeting held in 2003 and it is the ninth document (not necessarily agenda item #9 since some agenda items could have several parts and more than one working paper).
CLs and CXs are circulated prior to the meeting. There are occasions where a paper is not circulated until the meeting itself. These are referred to
';!~ lnnfPrPnrf' R nnm nnrllffif'nt~ (I.R n~) ThPy rnnlrl hf' rmmtry comments submitted too late to be incorporated into the country comments paper or it could be a decision by a country not to submit its comments until the meeting itself.
During discussions, CRDs and previously written comments are dealt with in the same manner. The disadvantage to a CRD is that it gets limited circulation and may not get the same degree of review by other countries that may not have their technical experts present.
The advantage of circulating documents early is that people will have had an opportunity to review and consider the contents before coming to the meeting. Also, it is circulated to all Member countries. Sometimes it is advantageous to circulate a position early, while at other times it is best to wait. Each is a case-by-case determination.
WHEN ATTENDING THE SESSION CAN EVERYONE SPEAK AND VOTE [IF REQUIRED] ON AN ISSUE?
Only the chief delegates of Member countries, observer countries or international organizations have the right to speak unless they authorize other members of their delegations to do so. "Flagging up" is the standard process for indicating to the Chair that you wish to speak. This is usually done by turning your country's nameplate on end. In the Codex Committee on Food Labelling it is done electronically. Pressing a microphone button places the country's name on a computer screen in front of the Chair.
Observer countries may participate fully in the discussion of the Committee and shall be provided with the same opportunities as other Members to express their point of view (including the submission of memoranda), but without the right to vote or to move motions either of substance or of procedure. International organizations can also be invited to attend in an observer capacity.
WHAT KINDS OF ACTIVITIES MAY BE UNDERTAKEN AT A CODEX COMMITTEE SESSION?
The following activities may be undertaken at a Codex Committeesession:
• compiling a list of priorities among the subjects and products within its terms of reference;
• considering the safety and quality elements to be covered;
• considering the types and scope of product to be covered by standards, e.g. whether materials for further processing into food should be covered;
• preparing draft Codex standards;
• reporting to each session of the Commission on the progress of its work and, where necessary, on any difficulties caused by its terms of reference, together with suggestions for their amendment
• reviewing and, as necessary, revising existing standards and related texts on a scheduled, periodic basis to ensure that the standards and related texts within its terms of reference are consistent with current scientific knowledge and other relevant information.
WHAT ARE THE STAGES INVOLVED IN STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT?
The preparation of food standards and their publication in the Codex Alimentarius is the principal purpose of the Codex Alimentarius Commission. Like all other aspects of the Commission's work, the procedures for preparing standards are well defined, open and transparent.
Once the Commission agrees to the drafting of a standard, an eight-step process is normally followed in the development and approval of the standard (see Annex 5).
Using the eight-step process, the Committee considers the comments submitted to it by the Codex Secretariat (Step 4) as a result of circulating the document to Governments and international organizations for comments (Step 3). At Step 4, the Committee can revise the document taking into account the comments received and then forward it to the Commission for adoption as a Draft Standard at Step 5. Or, the Committee can return the document to Step 3, i.e. send it out for additional comments. It is the responsibility of the chairperson to determine the degree of consensus on the document and to decide if the document can be sent forward. If there are a lot of unresolved issues, or if there was a major re-write, the document is more often than not sent back to Step 3 and re-circulated (via a Circular Letter) for more comments. After a document has been adopted at Step 5 (i.e. it goes from being a "proposed draft" to a "draft" standard), it is circulated for another round of comments (Step 6). Usually by this time, the document should be close to being finalized and should only contain limited text in square brackets, if any. At Step 7, the Committee considers any comments submitted at Step 6 and finalizes the document and submits it to the Commission for adoption at Step 8 as a Codex standard.
The Commission may also approve the use of an accelerated procedure for the elaboration of standards using a five-step process. These procedures are also described in Annex 5.
Delegations should be familiar with these steps so that it is clear where in the drafting process the standard is.
WHAT COMPONENTS ARE COMMONLY FOUND IN A CODEX STANDARD?
N arne of the Standard
The name of the standard should be as clear and concise as possible. It should usually be the common name by which the food covered by the standard is known, or, if more than one food is dealt with in the standard, by a generic name covering them all. If a fully informative title would be
Scope
This section should contain a clear, concise statement as to the food or foods to which the standard is applicable unless this is self-explanatory in the name of the standard. In the case of a general standard covering more than one specific product, it should be made clear as to which specific products the standard applies.
Description
This section should contain a definition of the product or products with an indication, where appropriate, of the raw materials from which it is derived and any necessary references to processes of manufacture. It may also include references to types and styles of product and to type of pack.
There may also be additional definitions when these are required to clarify the meaning of the standard.
Essential Composition and Quality Factors
This section should contain all quantitative and other requirements as to composition including, where necessary, identity characteristics, provisions on packing media and requirements as to compulsory and optional ingredients. It should also include quality factors that are essential for the designation, definition or composition of the product concerned.
Such factors could include the quality of the raw material, with the object of protecting the health of the consumer; provisions on taste, odour, colour and texture that may be apprehended by the senses; and basic quality criteria for the finished products, with the object of preventing fraud. This section may refer to tolerances for defects, such as blemishes or imperfect material, but this information should be contained in an appendix to the standard or in another advisory text.
Food Additives
This section should contain the names of the additives permitted and, where appropriate, the maximum amount permitted in the food. It may take the following form:
"The following provisions in respect of food additives and their specifications as contained in section [ __ ] of the Codex Alimentarius are subject to endorsement [have been endorsed] by the Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants."
Tabulation should then follow, viz.:
"[name of additive, maximum level (in % or mg/kg))"
Contaminants
Pesticide Residues:
This section should include, by reference, any levels for pesticide residues that have been established by ___ the Codex Alimentarius __ _ Commission for the product concerned.
Other Contaminants:
In addition, this section should contain the names of other contaminants and where appropriate the maximum level permitted in the food. The text to appear in the standard may take the following form:
"The following provisions in respect of contaminants, other than pesticide residues, are subject to endorsement [have been endorsed] by the Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants."
"[name of contaminant, maximum level (in % or mg/kg)]"
Hygiene
Any specific mandatory hygiene provisions considered necessary should be included in this section. Reference should also be made to applicable codes of hygienic practice. Any parts of such codes, including in particular any end-product specifications, should be set out in the standard if it is considered necessary that they be made mandatory. The following statement should also appear:
"The following provisions in respect of the food hygiene of this product are subject to endorsement [have been endorsed] by the Codex Committee on Food Hygiene."
Weights and Measures
This section should include all provisions, other than labelling provisions, relating to weights and measures, e.g. where appropriate, fill of container, weight, measure or count of units determined by an appropriate method of sampling and analysis. Weights and measures should be expressed in Standard International (S.l.) units. In the case of standards which include provisions for the sale of products in standardized amounts, e.g.
multiples of 100 grams, S.l. units should be used, but this would not preclude additional statements in the standards of these standardized amounts in approximately similar amounts in other systems of weights and measures.
Labelling
This section should include all the labelling provisions contained in the standard and should be prepared in accordance with the guidance.
Provisions should be included by reference to the General Standard for the Labelling of Prepackaged Foods. The section may also contain provisions that are exemptions from, additions to, or which are necessary for the interpretation of the General Standard in respect of the product concerned provided that these can be justified fully. The following statement should
8l~o 8pp~8r:
Methods of Analysis and Sampling
This section should include, either specifically or by reference, all methods of analysis and sampling considered necessary. If two or more methods have been proved to be equivalent by the Codex Committee on Methods of Analysis and Sampling, these could be regarded as alternative and included in this section either specifically or by reference. The following statement should also appear:
"The methods of analysis and sampling described hereunder are to be endorsed [have been endorsed] by the Codex Committee on Methods of Analysis and Sampling."
WHY DO CODEX STANDARDS HAVE A SPECIFIC FORMAT?
There are several distinct advantages in having guidance on a specific format for standards development:
• It guides subsidiary bodies of the Codex Alimentarius Commission in presenting their commodity standards in a uniform manner.
• It facilitates a structured approach to standards development.
• The structured approach aids in ensuring all elements essential to protect the consumer are identified and described.
• The format can also be used as a model by national governments in developing national standards.
CODEX AND THE AGREEMENT~ Of THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO)
HOW DOES THE WTO AGREEMENT ON THE APPLICATION OF SANITARY AND PHYTOSANITARY MEASURES [SPS AGREEMENT] AFFECT CODEX
STANDARD-SETTING?
The SPS Agreement (see Annex 1 of the WHO publication Food Safety Issues: Food safety and globalization of trade in food - A challenge for the public health sector, WHO/FSF/FOS/97.8 Rev 1, 1998) identified standards, guidelines and recommendations adopted by the Codex Alimentarius Commission as the international benchmark for food safety.National regulations consistent with Codex standards are deemed to meet the requirements of the SPS Agreement, i.e. they do not have to be justified. Members (of the WTO) should base their food safety standards on the standards of the Codex Alimentarius Commission, keeping in mind the right of WTO Members to establish their appropriate level of protection. In other words, WTO Members may have standards more stringent than the Codex standard if the more stringent measure is required to achieve their appropriate level of protection, provided there is scientific justification.
For the purposes of the SPS Agreement, the WTO does not differentiate between standards, guidelines and recommendations elaborated by Codex; all have the same status under the WTO. For food safety, the SPS Agreement references standards developed by Codex in the following areas:
• Food Additives
• Veterinary Drug and Pesticide Residues
• Contaminants
• Methods of Analysis and Sampling
• Codes/Guidelines of Hygienic Practices
It is important to remember that not all Members of Codex are Members of the WTO. Although Codex standards are referenced by the WTO, Codex does not establish food standards for the WTO; it establishes food standards for the use of its (Codex) Member countries.
The direction of the 45th Session of the Codex Executive Committee should be followed, i.e. " ... the work of Codex should move forward without concern arising from misunderstandings or misinterpretations as to how Codex standards and related texts might be used".
A fundamental premise of all Codex standards is that they are based on science. The first principle on Codex decision-making states, "The food standards, guidelines and other recommendations of Codex Alimentarius shall be based on the principle of sound scientific analysis and evidence,
As WTO Members are obligated to base their SPS measures on an assessment of the risk taking into account all available scientific information, the usefulness of Codex standards to the SPS Agreement is evident.
HOW DOES THE TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO TRADE [TBT] AGREEMENT AFFECT CODEX STANDARD-SETTING?
The Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Agreement is an integral part of the WTO Agreement. Some of the key elements are as follows:
• It seeks to ensure that technical negotiations and standards, as well as testing and certification procedures, do not create unnecessary obstacles to trade.
• It recognizes that countries have the right to establish protection, at levels they consider appropriate, for example for human, animal or plant life or health or the environment, and should not be prevented from taking measures necessary to ensure those levels of protection are met.
• It encourages countries to use international standards where these are appropriate, but it does not require them to change their levels of protection as a result of standardization.
The TBT Agreement provides for situations that are not covered by the SPS Agreement. With regard to food, it could include additional labelling requirements (when they are not related to food safety issues) or compositional requirements. Many of the standards, guidelines and recommendations of the Codex "vertical" or Commodity Committees are standards of this type.
Mutual Recognition of Conformity Assessment Procedures
One of the main difficulties exporters face is costly multiple testing or certification of products. These costs would be drastically reduced if a product could be tested once and the testing results be accepted in all markets. In practice, countries would agree to accept the results of each other's conformity assessment procedures, although these procedures might be different.
National Treatment Obligations
Like many other WTO Agreements, the TBT Agreement includes the most-favoured-nation (MFN) and national treatment obligations of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Article 2.1 of the TBT Agreement states that "in respect of their technical regulations, products imported from the territory of any Member be accorded treatment no less favourable than that accorded to like products of national origin and to like products originating in any other country".
The MFN and national treatment provisions also apply to conformity assessment procedures. Procedures for conformity assessment shall be applied to products imported from other WTO Members "in a manner no less favourable than that accorded to like products of national origin and to like products originating in any other country" (Article 5.1.1). This means that imported products must be treated equally with respect to any fees charged to assess their conformity with regulations. Similarly, Members
