Méthode de requalification des ponts en maçonnerie

HAL Id: tel-01708317

https://hal.insa-toulouse.fr/tel-01708317

Submitted on 13 Feb 2018

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-entific research documents, whether they are pub-lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Méthode de requalification des ponts en maçonnerie

Nathalie Domede

To cite this version:

Nathalie Domede. Méthode de requalification des ponts en maçonnerie. Sciences de l’ingénieur [physics]. INSA de Toulouse, 2006. Français. �tel-01708317�

! " # # $ % & ! " " # $ % & " ' ( ' " " # ) ! * + * * , # -! . / $ ! # * . / $ * 0 1 ' 2 ! *

! ' (

"

#

$

#

%

) ' *

%

&

) +

%

"

'

*

(

'

'

*

,

" # $ # % + %, - # % & +% & , . / 0 " 1 ( 12 - %- 12 ( - % & -" $ # " 3 33 - 4 / 0 $/ 56 6 "" 3 " - 5 # " " " " " 6 # " $ # / 0 " ( 2 " "# % 3 - ( '( 7 -" 1 % - " " / 0 " " 1 . -" - - " # / 0 " "8" ( " - 8 " # " " - " 3 # 3 / 0 " 5 -" - 6 $ "" " 6 -/ 2 " # / 0 " " / 9 " : / ' ; :2< =: " 3 8 " " - / : . 2- 6 %'- 8 6 6 " 3 / 0 " %' -/ 2. 2< / : >2 " = # # $ % " % " 3 - 6 / "" 6/ 0 6 " # ? - % " " - " @" - " " /

B

, - .

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

I

+

1

2

+ 3 ' , + % '

' J @ @ "- )!C 3 # " @ # / ' ( ' ' J J " $ - 3 # @ J 3 " @ " " K J " 3 33 / " " 3 " @ # @ # / " 3 K 3 33 # @ # / " 3 # " J @L J " @ # / " / 3 J 3 # # 3 J @ #@ % " % " ' - J 3 ' -DEBF/ @ J " " " - " # K @ " " / @- $ " " " # J K / 3 " 3 " # - 3 3 " " " 3 3 " " @- #@ = " " " / 3 # J # K # # " / @- " 3 J @ # #@ ' # / " # ! / # 3 # - - J - # " 3 / # " " = " - #@ 3 # J # K K K / J @ 3 # # H J " " # J # @ J " / # " 3 " J $ J @ / " @ # " 3 3 # @/ ' @- 3 " # K J 3 " @ / " @ @ 3 $ # / ====================================================== 4 1 / 5 0 " - - # - - " @ - # K - " -@ " - - 3 " - 5 " - " / ======================================================

DD

6

+ 7 , *

' (

.( :

>2

D!

%

% .

%

% 2

.

7

(

DB

2

%

1

% &

' (

AD

M

%

. (

%

>2

(

2N

.(

%

ID

M

%

% 2

2

2M( 1

M 2

D!B

M

:

. ( . %

M

DBB

3 2 8 ' 0 89 ' 0 "#

D!

D) . $ " ; O % P " - 3 # / - - $ " # / % 8 - " " - 6 " H "" " ; = = O - 5 - -/ . - 3 5 -" / 3 )D*FF 6 "- DEF*F " ; -)!C / . (''D_{- " - %'- $} - " " ; # - / " / " ; -" Q - - / % " R S " -# / % - $ - " 3 - + 3 6 " ,- -6 / 2 " / " R 3 S / . " 4 - " G 6 " $ 3 6 $ # / ? " / " $ 3 " 3 " " " - 5 6 - " / # " " " ; / " " - @ 3 5 / # - 6 3 6 $ - @ - # / -#T " $ 5 / 3 - #5 " " - " - - " "# " " - " $ " " " $ / " $ 8 3 - # " / # - 3 " " / % # # - -" ; - " $ - - " $ / % D ( ' ' / % " 3 ' ; /

D* # " / " " = 6 6 $ - "# # +T " ,/ 2 - $ " - " " 3 / / -6 H "" = O = O = # " - @ " O 3 O G " $ = O % " $ 3 3 - 6 " " " / . " - 3 " " " / - - - 3 " / $ " = 6 " $ - " O - "" O M 6 - " " " " ; / 3 - M- " 3 -@ / . = - 6 - " # O P 33 O 6 6 - " ? " ; 33 " 6 " 6 / . =8 R @ S = = # - " - "# - 6 @ O - # " 6 " -" $- "" H " " " # /

DB

77

%6 %* '76

*' %+:%.: )*

6 '

*

DE

6

+ 7 , * ) . % = + 7 ' , * 7 7

77>

:

?7 ?

(

@

>

8

/D/D

"

" ;

N N

/ F

/D/

$

/

!

∗ 3 & 4 56 ∗ " 4 57 ∗ */ 1 ' ./ 14 58 ∗ 3 4 69

/D/!

%

/

!E

77>"

:

A

>

8

/ /D

0

NM

/

!I

/ /

N N

6 DI*F/

)F

/ /!

DI*F 6

5

/

)

∗ . . : " 4 75 ∗ * '" ' ' . & ' 4 77 ∗ ' ; ' . 4 88 ∗ 2 < 5 " 6 4 89

/ /)

%

/

*E

DI

77>

:*

6 '

*

+<6

*,7*

+.

?7?

7*%: *

*

@,+ %*>

! ./ ./ . '' " ; " 2 = 3 > "" % UVW> "" % 1 . 2 1> "" " ? . ' " > . ; . 3 & . 3 ' . 4 % DEEE! _{" #5 3 #T N N /} -- "" 5 - " # # -# / # Q . NM -N -N 6 3 " " ; / . 5 # " / - < > " # DIDA- "# - " / > O # - 3 $ " 3 $ $- " # / . -? $ R 3 S/ - " 33 " $ / - " " " " ; - $ -/ . - - " ; 4 / . # - " # " H 3 / - 3 " / " 3 6 DE)F- " " - $ $ - " ; " - / " - V # " / # 3 #T " - # 3 " 6 " "" " NN / " ! . . " 2 1 3 . - 3 =%/ %& - . H : @ % - DEEE- . R . " ; S-. /DF/

F " R " " S DIFA 33 # " 3 " ; / -# - N N 6 3 # " @ " 4 6 3 " " )_/ DEFF DIFF- 3 / 56- . - : @ 0 *_{/ 3 " $} / " -" " $ - - # - $- " - # /

77> >

'

2

?7?

(

>

" ; - H $ 3 -- ? - " $ +" R 8 S 6 -" R @" S 6 ,- 3 " # " $ ? / % R " S + 3 ,/ $ 3 " 3 " " " - / ? $ + + 3 3 3 ? $ + + + + 3 3 3 ) _{" 3 = ' DE*A 6 DI I/ " 5 3 DEAF} DEBF/ * _{.( - 2 . @ @ $. A ./ & 2 ? ; 4 . H : - DIEE X} : (( <- " ' > BC$' BD$' $. / . H . - DIIF X 0 >2 - . 2 '" ? / . H . - DIEA- % H 1 " . -/

D % + / + % ? 8 " @" " # . " "" % 4 % + / + % ? 8 " @" " # . " "" % 4 ? B ' ? " ' 4 ? - # - / "" - L 3 6 33 / "" -R S/ % " 3 # / . - @ + , " + , 6 + 5 ,/ - R 3 $ S/ " - " / ; ? - 5 6 . 5 " $ 3 H # +' D, " - " # $ - " $ $ / 3- " # # $ " -/ % " DEEF- $ " ? - - DEE!/ ? 5 * 3 : 3 - . E 3 F E " $ ./ 2 !* 4

R " S/ % - " 3 - " $ / " H - # 6 # + # ,- / % 3 " @ " - 3 " 5 A_{- ' /} " 6 # R S # - " 6 " " - " / 6 D "- R 3 % '" ' % % > %/ ' ? ; > : " " $ '" 3 ; ? S/ - # 6 # - ' - R : " " $ G H '" SB_{/ " 8 - " " "} / " " 3 - 3 " @ " 3 . = =. - DE)A DE)E = = - . Y : $E_/ . 3 3 " " - # 6 3 + ,/ ? " 6 3 " " - 5 " - < D_{/ . - " " - /} ? R S " / # + ? ,- R # S/ 8 33 3 " R S +' !,/ 3 -./ % " ' > ; GIH . '3 2 1 > .% : 1 . '" ? '3 ' : % ' : % 2 " ' $ ' > " " = 2 < 4 GIH : . ' ' '" 4 % " ' '" " '=' % 2 ? " % 2 & . & % " 2 : : % " " ' / BJ₄ " " # N N $ " 6 - R S " / 6 ? = "8" / A_{. 0 2( / - < / " M/ / D*!/} B _{3 / " M/ / D*!/} E _{: %& / " ' !* ./ ' ; ; - . H ' - " D- /A*/} I _{M ./ ? ' - " %.%- " # " " - DIED/} / *)/ DF _{1( - " ' - DEEE- @ $ # - / !I /}

! ? 6 ' 2 < 4 ? ./ : A - < " . > 2 < 3 > 2 < " 4

77> >"

&

>

∗ - # " #T " - # / M DD_{- R ' "} ; . " 3 . > ? . " & % @ @ $. . . . S/ - " " / R * ' : . & " GIH # > ! ' ? ? > 2 "" ' " . % .. '" ? " % ; ' " ; ' D _S/ " - " NN " - " - $ 3 " - 1 1 D!_{/ - N N -} -3 # " " - +' ),/ " -$ - 6 / R S + K , / T +# @ - - " $ , " " / # " " # # / % # $ $ # / " 3 $ 3 " # 6 *C - 3 ? 6 / . " - 5 6 T - =6= # R " S +# ,/ # 6 # - 6 "8" DD_{M 1( # "# $ " " $ - ""} # # N N / D _{M 1( - R # N N S % ./ ? .} -% %- Z!I "# FFD- / F/ D! . 1 - R " # 1 S- / - -- . ' " %/ ./ & ZD!- . - FF) - / DDD=D D/

) / 3 3 / 3 # 6 / " 6 - R S- # " - - - 3 / 5 +! 5 ,- 3 " " + " ,/ . - # / 33 - " -" " 3 - - # + ,/ # " $ $ L # 3 D)_{/ - N N - =.@} -# " 6 H 3 " + " , # / # # 3 " " " " # / *& 6 = 2 ' 7 6 # 2 # 3 1 2 # @ 6 " & 2 # 2 6 # 3 " . " [ . " [ *& 6 = 2 ' 7 6 # 2 # 3 1 2 # @ 6 " & 2 # 2 6 # 3 " . " [ . " [ ? 7 3 . $ 3 & & % @ @ $. > # 4 ∗ NN - # " @ "" # " -$ 6 $ " "" / .@ -/ M - " H % - : # L ( 3 6 1 # / 5 - - # - / R % 3 . . $ " 1" & K " " D) # 3 / " 3 & 33" .@ DI F- 3 - DIAF/

* ' . . . ' ; . " 3 . D*_{S/ % $} # " 6 / 2 # # " $ - # " - - " " 6 / % " " " -3 6 " - " - 3 DA_{/ - -} -- 3 3 / - -- "" # # $ # / # # 1 . . - LDB _{3 # " ' (} DIAI # / 3 " " # - 3 - " " 6 6 " 3 - 3 " / H E E! F D* 3 − − = 4 4 / =D " ' ( H ) D4IB, D 3 = × / = - 6 " 3- 6 " " # $ " " - 3 # # / ∗ : 3 # " ' 6 DE*F-$ " - -N -N + "8" 5 6 " #T " ,/ # 3 - = - " - " 3 # 3 " / " " - " $ -/ 2 " " 33 $ " + 6 " - ,/ . 3 " $ - " " @ " $ " / $ / 3 - $ R S 3 " $ # 6 / + $ ,-$ $ R S/ " R $ S 3 "" $ 33 / " " - $ $ @ D*_{M 1( - # 1 . . % ./ . . 2 # > B99J L} BDB7-&- DIIA- /**/ DA 1 < 2: >2 - NN / DB _{2( \- ' 1 . . - " D- /)F/}

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

B " " ' 3 4 2 " N ' . " & ' - 2 4 #= 2 . ./ 1 ' > ' 1 ; . > ' . 'K & % : . ' .& $ % ? . . /DI_S/ " 6 " " @ =T 5 # N N / 0 6 - " 4 / 3 - $ # " ; " " - # + G 3 $ # # 3 $,/ - " 6 # $ @ " " - 6 " / 3 - # 3 6 " / $ ? - 33 " " " " / - ' - L - G $ + $ " L- @ % - 1 -= -= - @ . - @ F_{, $ LL - + L} -- M - ( , " 3 R # S " - 3 ? " ? / 6 - " ; - " / =.@ - # " " -5 N N D_/ " NM - " "" - 3 " " - # 6 3 " "" - 8 " / - 3 " / ' - +" ,- DB)E-"" 3 / . % -DBB*- ' - - - " @ 3 ; / - "" 3 $ " " / " DBBD R % S- # 6 R " S- # " $ # / ' " -$ @ - - " - - - $- 3 / N N - " H DI _{%&/= / 2'( M - ./ . - . H . K K - DE)B/ "} " - % / M R $ S M R LL S- . D** 6 DA!/ F _{( < 2 - % ./ . - . H " - DEAF- )B/} D_{% ? 33 - M 1( 3 33 - " H " EF 6 IF} -" # ) 6 * 3 - " # $ " E 6 DF 3 / M 1( - # 1 . . E ./ . . 2 ' > B99J L BDB7- ] &- DIIA/ / D!/

E " 3 / - 6 " NM 5 6 " " -" $ " "" $- 3 " # - " $ / 3 " 3 # - 6 " " " / # " " " 6 LL _{/ 3} " H - # # + #Q 3- ,/ $ " - 3 - $ - - - - 6 / . 6 4 "8" 3 / DB*A- - " -@ - $ " - " " $ # 6 * 6 F C - - 33 3 - " " @ 3 / # DBID/ - # - 3 - . K -DBIA/ ' - " N N - @ - " "# $ 6 " / DEDE ./ ./ 1" ' ./ 1 . . > 3 ' M / % 6 !_{- " " " 3 "} -" / " # 6 6 @ " IFF 3 ; / . 3 " - 3 " P - 3 " 6 $ @ - 3 @ / $ # " 3 3 # " # / # "" " 33 6 . % $ . # / - - DE! -# 3 # " " - " M - "" " . / 1 T $ " - DEDE DE))- " 3 $ # - 1 " - "# ' R ' ; . > " & % & 2 3 ? 2 " # ./ O " 2 1 " 3 . 1 S )_{/ % - $ 4 . $ " - / ' % '/ " :} - . 0=./ - % ( - % Z*-DII- D)E 6 FF P 2 > 2 ' 1 . . - 12 ( - DII*- - / 2%-DIF %/ 1 * ' - D 6 A/ !_{. M Q - (% ( =M % - - BCB9 - . 2 . '} ; . - $ DIF! R M H $ S - DIII/ ) _{12 ( - P - - . H % " M - DII*- / DIA/}

I " - # / $ " $- $ " - # N N - 5 6 " / $ @ 3 3 . 3 / % = - 3 3 -DE! $ 3 " - -$ @ *_{/ $ 3 3} - " N N / =.@ " / " "" - 5 DI)F-" 6 # $ @ - " / % 3 A_/ #T " " 3 6 DI*F $ " / - $ $ R 6 S/ Q - $ @ 5 - 3 3 " / 3 " 3 " - @ " / 3 # $ # $ / 3 - 6 IFFZ% B_{/ 2} 3 " # + N N - " ,/ 3 -# # T - -R $ S- R $ S N N / % $ - =6= 5 + # @ 5 ,/ % # T $ - "" 3 R $ S/ % "" " $ . DIDE- R & ./$ ./ 1 " > & . 2 '=' '" . )' . 1 ;; '' . , 3 . ) " . ,> & . 2 ./ Q '" 4 > ./ 1 . %/ ' " " % 2 " / U . W & " > 2 2 . % & 2 : % F : ' $ 2 ; " " S/ "" 3 " $ R " " ./ 1 / & " " ./ 1 ? E_{/ S} * _{6 $ - - L} +DEA) H DDF FFF $ ,/ A_{. $ - " - - ( < 2 - % ./ . - . H} " - DEAF- )B 6 )I/ B _{3 6 $ 3 M} -2:(< 2 ( - & 2 1 . " > ? % ? - . H .- DIDE- DD 6 D/ E _{3 4- / )/}

!F ? 8 : ./ 1 4 % " $ 4 .> */ 1 . ' > > BDJ5> "4 CC4 " % 1 . ; 4 . ; > ./ 1> 2 " > ;; ? "" ' > 2 : 2 & ; ' % 2 ? 4 $ @ - " " - $ R S R # S/ . - " # - 3 $ R # S- R ? '3 . > : . " ? ; . ? ' & GIH> " ? ' " ? 3 1 " . J4J5' : J4J6 '> GI H ' % ' 2 ' 1 S I_{/ "} -3 - 6 R $ 3 S R 3 $ S/ - 3 " # -R S/ 3 " R % ' ? 3 . . . > ./ 1 : > ' $ 3 ./ P : " " $ ? ? > 2 P > $ S!F_{/ R $ S # 6 $} # " @ 3 # R " # S R " S/ . " 3 $ - $ # @ $ - 3 " 6 - $ @ / . . . / 1 4 $ - - " $ " # " % % !/ IFFZ% # I 3 /- / A/ !F _{3 4- / B/}

!D 3 " $ % / " / " )*C/ % % !→ % ^ % % → $ ^ L # % # "→ $@ " ^ $@ # $ 6 5 6 $ / $ " " " " / % ^ & → % + &, $ ^ → $ $@ " ^ → @ $@ " T $ 3 " " - $ " # - / % 3 " T # " / "" " " H = # @ $@ " 3 " # " H R S/ % + &, ^ % → % % !^ & $ ^ L # → ^ @ $@ " ^ $@ # → # " ^ % % % _! % $ M % % $ % + &, % # $ % % % _! % % % _! % $ M % % $ % + &, % $ M % % $ M % % $ % + &, % $ % + &, % # $ ? R * . ./ 1 4

! . ./ 1 / & 4 / - " " / % # @ " / - 3 " $ % " 3 " " " "# $ " / " " " 3 / / % ^ → % -$ ^ → % 3 " +!% - ,- %! - # 6 D)FF D*FFZ% / - "# $ " " / $ 6 # - " $ $ @ 5 -"" $ / 6 3 6 $ @ 3 " - " - @ # - 6 % " / @ @ $ + $ ,- @ # % &/ " T /

+ % - , ^ * & → !% - - )& ^ % + &,

% ^ → @ % & ^ $ " 3 " - " " H %! -" +!% - !, %! - 3 = " +)% - !-' !, %) '/ 3 - 6 R @ S R S # + " ,/ " T " - # $ % + &, 33 " " D C- " 3 " # T / " 3 !D_/ " @ 4 " " # / !D A (/ 2M - R # " # # S 0 : ( 0 =. M (- 3 - . H .%- DIIA/ )*! /

!! % +% % !, + , " + !, % $ +% , +% -%! , " +%! - %) ', % $ +% + &,, @ +% &, # $ @ % +% % !, @ +% &, ? 9 ./ 1 / & 4 5 - $ # 5 33 $ - " 3 " - @ " / 6 @ T @ / $ @ 3 # 6 - 6 / @ +" " @ " ,/ # / " 4 - # - " - " -$ R " "" S @ / > 3 " O . -3 $ / M " 3 $ DEDE/ ' (- DIDI- # 3 33 $ DI!)/ 3 " " DI)A ' . D* Y !F 6 !DF/ % 3 # 6 " / 3 -" DIIA/ M $ - 3 R @ S/ 3 "" # $/ % 3 3 3 5 6 =% @ - / DIF ! _{+ # D,/} ! _{/ 2% 5 L / / - */ 1 * ' - . H 0/:/ : 3 - DIF - /!! 6 !I/}

!) D _ [ # $ _ [ $ > C ' # " @ F/F* 6 F/FI F/DF 6 F/DA */! 6 E/ DA 6 !F 5

@ " @ F/FI 6 F/DB F/DA 6 F/!D E/ 6 D)/E DF 6 D* 5

" " @ F/DB 6 F/ F/!D 6 F/) D)/E 6 D)/E * 6 I 5 " "" @ F/ 6 F/ E F/) 6 F/*F DI/D 6 D/E 6 ) 5 3 B * ; . ./ 1 * 4 / - R 3 "" 3 $ $ " S/ R # 6 " " -S!!_{/ . DIDE 3 " R $} " "" @ - F/) - L / 3 - " $ 3 6 F/) " 3 " !A S - - 6 $ " - $ 3 E / @ "# ` / - " " -+ # ,/ " - - " 3 6 / " " DI)A- .D*=!DF- $ $ H $ " ""

@ *F[DFF !F[AF N &- $ @ DF[!F N&/

@ R " $ S 3 6 " 6 B 5 +*F- !F DF # , 6 E 5 +DFF- AF !F # ,/ " 3 K - - LL / " S " S " R % 3 . ?$ S/ $ # 33 $ R ' " S !)_/ " ' . D*=!DD 5 DIIA 3 $ "" $ " - @ " " - $@ @ $@ " + % -% + &, ,- " " " " + - + &, ,- " + ,- " " + !, 3 +' !,/ $ @ -& + " &@ " ,- " 3/ # " $- $ 6 -# @ / 5 3 LL 8 " R L S/ " " $ @ 6 ! H & - !/* */ & !/* " D*C " $ # - " DEC % " !C !/ 6 " & !/* " " " " D/* . 6 B 5 !! 3 4> /!A/ !)_{. " ' . D*=!DF " !D5 DI*F 0 D)= =*F/}

!* !/* DF . 6 E 5 / " " D D* 5 / !*_{- $ @ -} -$ $ " "" @ " !A_/ " " " " " $ 3 " / $ " 3 5 DE F 5 / # # / 3 " " # 6 " / " " 5 " / 3 33 - " @ # 6 # + " - - " ,/ # NN - 6 3 # R " S 3 " E 6 a !B_{+' E,/} * " 3 " " / " . DIDE- " 3 R "" ./ 1 ' 3 & 3 : % . " > " . : " > " / & S/ " # B " P *F "- R ' . ' 2 . 3 2 . 3 & C S/ $ DIDE 6 5 R & % 1 ' % > ; = . ' . & . ; S/ " - R ' '" ' 5 : 7 ; " & 3 & C S/ 5 - DID)- 2 < 3 6 " $ 33 $/ . - " 5 DF 6 D* "" " 5 FC $ E!E_{/ DI )- %/ 1 @}!I _{5 - 5 6 - 33 "} " 5 " ; 3 " 6 $ 3 # + 3 " 33 " .,/ 6 3 33 " $ 6 )FFF . 6 E 5 / !* _{3 " 6 # " / . H H[[JJJ/ =} / "/ !A_{% - ./ & " & ./ 1- . H @ - FF!- /!F/} !B _{. DIDE / M - 2:(< 2 ( - . & 2 1 . " - D} - D!B 6 D)F/ !E . 0 2( - - < > " M- : H " / M @- DID!- /D!/ !I _{' - . H 0/:/ : 3 - DI )- / DBD=DE /}

!A ? C & " . > "" # ./ T " . 4 : - DIED- / "# ( M R " $ @ 6 " ; N N " F AF K [ " S)F_{/ "8" - ( #} M 2 - 6 "8" " - " $ " " " B . / 3 - "" - FF!- 0/ # " " $ + $ : @ , T / 3 6 6 " - 33 $ # - $ " $[ # / . " D[ D[!- 6 E 5 " AF B* C 6 / "# 33 " # ' I/ " - " = 6 ! / " " ( @ 33 " DEAF-- R ; . ' % .. U . F ' " ? $ 2 . %P? 4 BC ' 1 " $ ; 3 . > ' ./ 1 / & . " & % ' $ 3 S)D_{/ 2 #} DIIA) _{- # % : . = % ( N- # $ " " 6 M} -" 3 ; 6 $- 33 " - R . 3 ;; . 7 ' 2 B.' % > . 6 " ' . '$ > 3 % > 5 : 6 ; " '" & . ' : 5C S/ " - " " # )F _{M - ./ ? ' - . H %.%- DIED- I/} )D _{( < 2 - % ./ . - . H " - DEAF- AI/}

) _{R 6 $ S * / ./ & P ' ZDAE 5 =3 DIIA- / !E=)D/ % 3} #5 - DII* 2 . % = ( ( - " " "

!B $ / F * DF D* F F A D DE ) !F !A T " % " + , " D[ = FF! " D[! = FF! 5 *FFK ["! = DID) 5 !*FK ["! = DID) % = DEIA M =DED ( = DEF ? D . ' 2 . %P? ;; 4 3 5 . ' ./ 1 : . '" " ;; )./ 1 $ " > ./ 1 ) ; ? , " ,> # 4 ∗ # - " " $- 5 # N N - " 4 / $ # " # =.@ - " " / ( = DE! " " # $ 6 # + ,- " # DE!*- 1 - 6 % $[ # B 5 D " ! " A " D D b ! ( DEF !=A/* M DED D/)A % DEIA )*F K ["! / )/ DD/E! 5 DID) !*FK ["! D/E !/) */ % . DIDE D[! D ! E/! 5 1 @ DI ) *FFK ["! D ! E/! DD/B D)/D DB/D DB/A DB/B

FF! D[! ! *-E B- E-D I-A

!E 1 + 1 ,)!_{/ . " $ @ +} 6 1 ,- 4 " # #T " -/ R & 2 ./ 1 . 2 1 3 1 2 3 2 2 3 ' ' ./ ./ ' ; " 2 "" ' S))_{/ ' = O} ? BJ $' 3 . . 3 > BC654 % " $ 4 ' > :T > "4 B9R4

77> >

%

>

$ " ; 6 "# ' / 3 " / % " N N - " Q " Q / 6 / 3 - " @ " $ $/ " $ " ; N N .@ - " - # 3 " - 3 # 3 ; - " # " - " $ @ / " 6 3 3 4 $/ " " $ " / # # 6 " - - " -" / 8 6 " / " " # / 2 $ " " " " " " $ 4 # / )! _{@ " " # # - # - #} " - # 6 # - / . - "" 12 ( - P 2 - . H % " = - DII*/ )) _{/ 12 ( - 3 / / DIF/}

!I

77>"

:* %+:%.: )*

B6.'*

+<6

* * >

R . & - " @ - 8 " " " ? S/ " K )* _{3 "} 33 " ( )A _{. & - "} # DAI*- " @ 3 @ ? / " " " " -" 3 ; ? - # " -3 / "# $ / ? - # # 3 6 3 5 )B_{/ "} - 8 " / " " - " 3 $ - H 5 NM -N -N 5 6 DI*F- DI*F 6 5 /

77>" >

C

?B77 7

(

>

" - 6 - 8 # N N - " / " " ? $ " / # 3 " 5 + - " " " , - $ -3 &#-34; )E_{/ 6 "} ? # / % " $ " % = % "# - DBB!- # # % "" . $?

' 1 ' ' ' : & & " 3 $' & ; : % ./ .

$ ? / # 6 )I _{? 8} # 3 " $ # / 3 " $ # + 3 " % "#,/ # $- " 3/ / 3 ? # - 3 -- 6 ? - 33 6 6 " / " "" " $ " " "

-)* _{./ & 9 - 0 ; ? / ; ' - J < K H # - DI*!- /A!/} )A_{0 ( - / & " & E 3P - . H L - DEF - " / !A/} )B _{- '( \ (- DB!I- ( - DEF - & 9 DI*! 3 : %>- DIE /} )E _{5 " '( \ (- DB!I- / " & . " "} 3 " . . 2 < - " !- $ " " ? "" / & @ / . !) 6 !IF/ )I _{6 6 / . 6} -0 7 - - % " . . . : " - . H / . @ - FF - / FD 6 FE/

)F 3 # / ? BB # . ' 2 < > % " $ ' Q > B96D4

77>" >"

)

?7?

(

D 8 #>

$ " N N 8 6 " / " " " / ? = - " / . " - " " " " / - DE *- / @-- # " 5 " +' D ,/ " @ # ? / 33 " # $ # $ - ? " # / 3 " / " - 5 - " ? - " " # " *F_{/ DEAB- 3 =% @ "} " # ? " 3 " $ 5 *D_{/ " # " - 3 " $ "} " " * _/ *F _{"# $ " $ 3 N N # NN " / .} - " ! 2 < 0 2 - DID!/ *D _{" # / ' - 3 * . > . ' 1- . H : @ % - DEEA/} DA! 6 DAB/ * % " @ " - - 3 " 6 NN 0/ / : %> 0/ / %& < " @ " " /

)D ? B5 # / # 4 % " $ 4 ' > BCCR4 0 ( - DE*D- $ . % R 2 < 3 . . . . '' . . '3 *!_S / "" R ' / ? . . S-6 " @ R ' ? '" ' > GIH % . " 2 . . Q 1 . ' 2 . ' / 1 . /*)_{S/ . - " ;} " 8 H * . % 1 . . . & ./ ' > & " '=' . / ?$ > " 3 & ' > % 2 " % ' 1 & % " 2 4 GIH # ' ' & ./ ? ' ;; . ? .. 2 " " 3 ' ' 1 : ; 3 ' . N . : " " $ 2 . . 2 > . . & 2 88₄ *!_{0 ( - 3 . . - - . H %/ : - DE*D- / *A)/} *) 3 /- / *BF/ ** _{3 /- / *BD/}

)

2 $ - . 5 3 - - #

" 6 $ / $ ""

? T $ $ " # 6 3

H - " @/

R . . 3 14 UVW ? "/ & ; ? ' / UVW 1 2 %/ " /$

1 . A " . . . ; F . ? "/ & ;; F % 2 ' " : % & . ' & " . S*A_/

77>" >

)

8 # D

!

>

" - " ; / " ; $ - - - " " 33 3 / " " 6 3 3 " "8" " # / $ H - 6 - -" # " " " " 3 / 6 - 6 6 " 6 / " " - 6 " $ " " $ / " " 6 - " " " $/ ∗ " 6 " = 3 " -6 "" R M 2 S # ( *B _{DIE /} $ " 6 5 3 *E _{3 33} " " " ; H " 3 > % . . . > 2 " . : . . . '" ' ' > & 8D₄ " " ; " # ? - " ; " / # " - 6 - 33 3 "" *A_{. 0 2( - 2 < - : H " " M @- DID!- " - / !*E/} *B _{( + ( ,- " ' > / & > 3 >} " ? '' 2 < - DIE / *E 0/ / : %>/ *I _{( - M 2 - "4 . 4> /!/}

)! " $ 8" " / " 33 33 6 / ? " / 3 " % "# 5 # / = " $ # - " 6 " 3 σF 6 / " 6 # 6 3 -5 +' D!,/

σ

−

≤

i 0 i i i i

S

N

1

2

h

N

M

/ =!

ϕ

≤ tg

N

T

_{i i} / =) G / σ ? B6 # / . . > " ? '' - 4 & 3 2 > BDC54 # " - "" 3 =% @ " / - " - " % "# 5 6 "" + , "" @ H = # 6 ? -= + $ ,-= -= # # + ,-= ? + @ ,-= " " $ " ; / = 33 " / # " 6 H " 3 " % "#- 6 - 6 " " / % @ $ # + 3 " ,

)) 3 " " ; H " @" - $ " $ + 3 6 $,- 3 " - " -" - 3 - / ∗ DIEF- " 3 3 " - # 6 " - " # " $ " " " ; / % @ $ # / # 3 " " $ " $ " - # " ; / ' & 4 ( # / " & " # " / " $ 3 " -G " " " R S/ Y 3 " H cε d _ U W cσd / =* H cεd 3 " 6 A " - cσd 6 A " U W " 6 !A 33 / " - " " - 3 -- " $ " H 33 . ν " < / " " - =6= 3 - !A 33 U W 33 / - " - " $ -3 - " / % " 6 3 " $ R S/ - " " 3 " 3 " H

)* ν − ν − ν − ν − ν − ν − D !D ! ! ! ! ! !D ! D D D! D D D 1 D F F F F F F 1 D F F F F F F 1 D F F F F F F D F F F D F F F D / =A @" " 33 H D D D

=

ν

ν

/ =B ! ! !

=

ν

ν

/ =E D D! ! !D

=

ν

ν

/ =I " " 3 " $ + 3 " L ,- $ $ + $ " - $ - ,/ 6 $ - " " " / 3 " U W 6 " H $ " D !- $ 33 νD νD! 33 1D!/ = 3 " " H σ σ σ σ σ σ ν − ν − ν − ν − ν − ν − = ε ε ε ε ε ε D! ! D !! DD D! D! D ! D D! D D! D D! D D D D D! D D D D! ! D !! DD 1 D F F F F F F 1 D F F F F F F 1 D F F F F F F D F F F D F F F D / =DF

)A H 12 1 12 1 E G 2 ν + = / =DD 33 H ν!D_ν! νD!_ν !/ / =D ' " & 4 = 6 " + " -" " $ 3 ,- " " # " / " 3- 3 + " $ = 3 ,/ 3- @ " Y " 4 " 3 5 6 + 3 ,/

σ

ε

e " 3 e " 3 e " 3

σ

ε

e " 3 e " 3 e " 3 ? B7 . ? % ' ./ ? ' ' 1 4 M 6 " $ - " " # " " 3 / % 3 - 3 - 3 $ " $ 3 " - " -" $ # / " " " 3 " " / 3 - @ 3+σ , _ F- " X 3 3 / " - 3 3 " cσd/ " $ / $ " 3 / M @ $ $ " $ / " 3 6 - N N AF_/ AF _{& 9 0 ; ? / ; ' - / ) - # $ 3 6} DEAE-M - DEB / 6 DI*F " Q " /

)B 6 " " $ " H +σD=σ XσD=σ! Xσ =σ! , _ τ" $ / =D! σDfσ fσ!/ " " " 6 " " H τ" $_ 3 [ 5 " M - $ " H 3 _ +σD=σ, ^ +σ =σ!, ^ +σ!=σD, = 3 _ F / =D) $ " 0 -0 _ c +σD=σ, ^ +σ =σ!, ^ +σ!=σD, d [ A # H F ! 3 0 − = / =D* " " " 6 3 [√!/ % " # $ " $ " 3 "8" - # -" / % " 3 " " $ 6 3 # 6 " - " / 6- K =. " $ # 3 3 " ? $ " / H F & ! 0 +α D −α = _{/ =DA} D H D_σD^σ ^σ! α & % 3 " ϕ " AD_H

ϕ

−

ϕ

=

α

! ! _{= &4 ϕ} / =DB

ϕ

−

ϕ

=

α

.

! % ! & / =DE AD . 3 " - 0= / ( < 2 ( 1/ . 0 2 (=% : - * '" ' ' . & 3 - /D*B=DAF-.=</ & %& (- 0'/ & - " . ./ - / D!D=D!E/

)E τ σ 3 & 3 ϕ τ σ 3 & 3 ϕ . " $ @ R M " S + / K =. ,-" + / " " ,/ - " " @ + / P ,/ % ' ' ? ' 4 "" " 3 ; # A _{/ #} # 3 - # - 3 # " / " 3 " 6 33 33 3 # - # / 3 " "" " "" [ / 33 33 H D 33

₋

σ

=

σ

/ =DI " " - " / 6 " - "" " 33 " < - " H _ +D Y , / = F = 3 " H

(

−

)

ε

=

σ

4 D

4

/ = D " L - # $ " $ - 3 $ " / 3 " $ " "" " A _{# DIAF " $- F # /}

)I 33 - - " - - 3 ; A!_H

(

)

( )

, ): KF F D K D

−

_ε−

ε

−

−

=

/ =

(

)

( )

, ): KF F D K D

−

_ε−

ε

−

−

=

/ = !

ε

3 " - 3 3 " εD-ε-ε!H ! D

+

ε

+

ε

ε

=

ε

/ = ) ε g F

ε

=

F

ε

=

ε

- _ D-!/ K "" " / " K - - - : - : " $ " " / ε σ ? B8 # $ # Q > . '" ' . . . '" 4 " ; " " / " " " " " " 6 H " " " ; " - " " " # 5 " O % - " -@ - " / % -" " $ " "" " " / - 3 5 $ + ,-A! 0 =' ; 1 (1 - 9 & (- 1 . 0 2 (=% : 0 = ( < 2 ( - * '" ' ' . & 3 - . H & " - FF*/ / D)A=D)I/

*F " 8 / . - " $ - " -3 # / " ; 3 6 " = -" = " - / $ # H 3 " $ 5 [" # [" - # " " # " " ; / % "" ./ . 4 - $ # + # , 5 " / " " " - -" - 3 $/ " " $ 5 / "" " 5 $ " " # +' DA,A)_{/ " " # " 6} # " - " 3 $ " $ + 3 # 5 ,/ 2 " 3 ; DIIA- 6 " 3 " R 5 S - " # 3 ; 6 " # / " R 5 S- $ % - # " " 3 - = " 3 " @ % "#/ : 0 # D/ ' 5 -5 / 1 " 5 -" !/ ' # $ 5 )/ ' # "# " [ " */ e " " ; " : 0 # D/ ' 5 -5 / 1 " 5 -" !/ ' # $ 5 )/ ' # "# " [ " */ e " " ; " ? BR # . ' 3 " % ' 1 3 .R8₄ " $ " " " ; A) _{" @ " " M 2 ( + " " Z*, H} RUVW . '' ' % . ' 3 . " " ; 3 & . " > ' . : % ' 4 % / . ; ' ' " > . 1" " ' . '" A " " ; ? " S/ A* _{.( - * . 2 ? ? 1 . . - . H & " - DIIB/ / *!E/}

*D " 8 $ " " ; 3 # " " " / % - FF - 0/ / % L L " " " ; # +6 L , 6 5 $ AA_{/ # " " " "} " L " - 33 6 " / 2 " " - " " $ 5 / " = " " " 8 # R % " . '" ' % " 1 "/ '$ ; ? 3 & > & ' ; ? ' " $ " SAB_{/ 3 " " " 5 6} - - # - " " # " "" # / . 5 - % L L " = R 5 % "# S % "/ 1 # " " @ / R . '" ? 1" ' ' * " ' 2 ' $ ' & SAE_{- " 6 5 $ # 6 "} " R . ? ? 3 & % " = . '' $' . 2 ' SAI_/ % "" ./ ' . 4 " ; # # 5 " / % # 3 " " ; " / # 6 "# " H " # " # " # - - # 6 / 3 8 " 3 " " ; / " ; # / " Q 3 " # 3 " ; / % = "" " " 3 / " ; 6 " # + , $ + " ? " ,- + " " ; ,/ # -"" M " " ( 3 +M (,- " " / "8" " " ; - =6= 33 "8" AA_{0 %(2\= \- ' . 2 ' ' % ' .} -- 2 M - FF / AB _{3 /- /DF)/} AE 3 /- / D!I/ AI _{3 /- / D*!/}

* / " " M ( # 6 " " " 3/ " " " - $ " 3 - " M (-" / # 6 5 33 @ M ( + 3 = $ " ,/ 33 3 " @ M ( + " " , 3 " 5 - " " $ " + 3 " ,/ $ - 6 - 3 " " / . BF _{DIIB- " @" 6 "} / " 3 " 3 " / " " " = "" # / " - 8 " 3 " + ,- 5 $ 8 H " " ; "" " " # / % " " 3 / 3 # 5 $/ : # 0 " _" ' " # ! : # 0 " _" ' " # ! ? B9 . " ' . '" ; 9B 4 . B _{" $ - /} - " 6 " # 5 $ + $ $,- " " # "" 5 L $ + $ @,/ $ " 5 ν5 $ " - 3 " # / 3 " 3 " $ / . B!_{- - - @} BF_{./ . 1 / & - " 3 " " # " J 3 /} " L 3 @- * '" V . - M " A)- D=)- 5 ? DIIB- / A !=A) / BD _{"4 * / %(2\= \- - FF - / !D/}

B _{/ . - 0/N/ 1- 0/ - " 3 # K " @/ * '" ./ . - / E- Z} !- DIEI- )!= A*/

*! $/ % " $ - $@ @$- - " -; DIIB- 5 / " $ " $ " " / 3 6 DFC " # " 3 6 $B)_/ ? BC * 3 " " " ? / BDD9 ): ? ./ ,> " 4 X ../ 4 4 5JJ7 ): ,4 DIII- : B* _{" # `} #@ H " ; " " " 3 " @ / $ " $ " / " " " = / % "# R 33 S + 3 ,/ " ; " / - " $ " / % #- FF - 6 3 " " $ " - " BA_{/ $ @ M ( H} 5 $ - 5 $ / 2 " " ' " # 3 # 5 6 # +D[* " - D[D* L " , " < " 3 # " # / 6 ' F 3 " " M ( / ? BD * 3 " " " 4 * ../ (4 3 5JJB> " ' : 2 . 1 . . 4 B) _{/ \2%%& - h " =" " 3 " 3 " @i- ;} . !I- ' # @ FF - / ! !*/ B* _{/ :( %% - 1/ ( %%& - / ( M ( - R " " ] " " ;} # S- # . - ! Z D*- 1:(- DIII- / =!F/ BA / % %%& 9/ :- h " = " " L @ 3 " " @i- " O ; # ./ . - [ D- FF / / A /

*) H # " H ε ε ε = σ σ σ 12 22 11 1212 2222 1122 1122 1111 12 22 11 A 0 0 0 A A 0 A A % # H :_ " < # ν:_ 33 . #

(

B _B

)

B 1 2 E ν + = µ 2 B B B B 1 E ν − ν = λE % " H _ " < " ν _ 33 . "

(

M _M

)

M 1 2 E ν + = µ 2 M M M M 1 E ν − ν = λE D C a e B b e a e 4 a e a b a e 4 a e B A M M h B B v 2 2 h v M h M M h M M B B 1111 ν λ + ν λ + µ + ν λ + ν λ ν λ = E E E E E 2 M M v h B B M M v h B B M M v M M 2222 b e a e b e a e B b e B A ν λ + + ν λ ν λ + ν λ ν λ + ν λ = E E E E E E D C a e B b e a e 4 a e a b a e 4 A M M h B B v 2 2 h v M h M M M M B 1122 ν λ + ν λ + µ + ν λ ν λ λ = E E E E E G F a e 2 b e b a 4 b e 2 A M h B h M v M M M B 1212 µ + µ µ + ν λ µ µ = E H 2 B E B = a e a b b e a e 4 C v M v h M M + + µ ν λ = E a e a b a e 4 D v M h M M + µ ν λ = E b e b a 4 b e b a 4 b e F v M 2 2 h M v M M + µ + µ ν λ = E b e b a 4 b e G h M v M M + µ ν λ = E H # " H ε ε ε = σ σ σ 12 22 11 1212 2222 1122 1122 1111 12 22 11 A 0 0 0 A A 0 A A ε ε ε = σ σ σ 12 22 11 1212 2222 1122 1122 1111 12 22 11 A 0 0 0 A A 0 A A % # H :_ " < # ν:_ 33 . #

(

B _B

)

B 1 2 E ν + = µ

₍

₎

B B B 1 2 E ν + = µ 2 B B B B 1 E ν − ν = λE ₂ B B B B 1 E ν − ν = λE % " H _ " < " ν _ 33 . "

(

M _M

)

M 1 2 E ν + = µ

₍

₎

M M M 1 2 E ν + = µ 2 M M M M 1 E ν − ν = λE ₂ M M M M 1 E ν − ν = λE D C a e B b e a e 4 a e a b a e 4 a e B A M M h B B v 2 2 h v M h M M h M M B B 1111 ν λ + ν λ + µ + ν λ + ν λ ν λ = E E E E E D C a e B b e a e 4 a e a b a e 4 a e B A M M h B B v 2 2 h v M h M M h M M B B 1111 ν λ + ν λ + µ + ν λ + ν λ ν λ = E E E E E 2 M M v h B B M M v h B B M M v M M 2222 b e a e b e a e B b e B A ν λ + + ν λ ν λ + ν λ ν λ + ν λ = E E E E E E 2 M M v h B B M M v h B B M M v M M 2222 b e a e b e a e B b e B A ν λ + + ν λ ν λ + ν λ ν λ + ν λ = E E E E E E D C a e B b e a e 4 a e a b a e 4 A M M h B B v 2 2 h v M h M M M M B 1122 ν λ + ν λ + µ + ν λ ν λ λ = E E E E E D C a e B b e a e 4 a e a b a e 4 A M M h B B v 2 2 h v M h M M M M B 1122 ν λ + ν λ + µ + ν λ ν λ λ = E E E E E G F a e 2 b e b a 4 b e 2 A M h B h M v M M M B 1212 µ + µ µ + ν λ µ µ = E G F a e 2 b e b a 4 b e 2 A M h B h M v M M M B 1212 µ + µ µ + ν λ µ µ = E H 2 B E B =E_B2 B = a e a b b e a e 4 C v M v h M M + + µ ν λ = E a e a b b e a e 4 C v M v h M M + + µ ν λ = E a e a b a e 4 D v M h M M + µ ν λ = E a e a b a e 4 D v M h M M + µ ν λ = E b e b a 4 b e b a 4 b e F v M 2 2 h M v M M + µ + µ ν λ = E b e b a 4 b e b a 4 b e F v M 2 2 h M v M M + µ + µ ν λ = E b e b a 4 b e G h M v M M + µ ν λ = E b e b a 4 b e G h M v M M + µ ν λ = E ? 5J L 0 ' ? & 5 4 ' * ../ 34 5JJ54 ./ & ' . ' 4 " "8" "" " - M " ( 3 +M(,- " " $ = / 3 3 # " / 33 3 " " - "" " / .

-** ( 33 33 " ; " BB_{/ M( " ; " - #} "8" / . - " " " " 3 $ " " $ 3 + $ ,/ R S 3 $ " / " 3 " " 5 6 - 3 " " # $ 3 # 3 - " # " / - - " " " / " - " # / ∗ ! " " $ " 3 - " -" $ " BE_{- " - #} H / @ 6 # 8 # " " 6 " = + ,- " 6 / ; - 5 - 3 "" 6 " " 3 BI _{" 6 " $ - "} # + 6 # "" -( - $ " ,/ 3 - " - $ # " " - " 6 " - " 6 " $ - - - T 6 3 + 6 " , " " " / 6 - " 6 "# 'EF_{- $ "} -"# " " R " 3 S "# 3 R Q S/ " 2 $ Q " # " / 33 " " @ " @ 9 2 _ '/ " # @ " / " 3 " - + Q ,/ BB _{"4 . 4> ( '' ( - / A*=B /} BE _{' 3 ; - ' /} BI _{" R " 3 S " 3 % DIAF/ %2( ( 3 "}

" $ # " " 6 DI**- # / ' & ' . & > H . @ 2 ( " - DII!- /)!/

*A H (2. +1 /- - DIIA,- 2 +' 3 - ( @ " 2 - DIII,- < +' : #@- 2 - FFD,- % ' +. / : - FFD- 0/ / % L L- ' - FF ,/ " " 3 % " R 5 S " " $- 3 3 4 6 3 ED_/ " + , " 33 3 -" $ # " 3 # " / " $ / " "" " " # -3 &#-34; # + 3 " ,/ $ / = % "#/ 5 " " + 3 " @ " ,/ " 6 / " - # + " $ ,/ " " 6 DIIF " " - @ # 3 / 33 - " # 6 " $ # + 3 " , # " + " ,-" " 6 " @ " / 3 " # / % # # " / % -" ; - $ " / # JE _{DIIA- / ( 33} FFF- 2 %/ # J 6 33 " " " " ; + @ 3 ; N M , " 6 " @ " @ - @ " / " " 33 " 3 " $ # - 5 E!_/ " 6 / " " # + 5 ,/ / ( 33 E) _{3 $ "} -/ $ " $ 6 " " " $ # " $ 3 / " 3 # " $ " $ H " #T " - $ ED _{= $ - " R ' S =6= R 3 " " J} " S- 6 R ' S $ " $ /

E _{3 = & :( j / * '" ' 2 ? / & ' : . ' & 4 "" '} ' & " ' / ' . - . @- DIIA/

E! _{3 4> D D/} E)

( '' ( - # . ' " / ' ? ' & 4 "" . 1 2 ? E = ./ ? & 4 . - M @- FFF/

*B @ - # - / 3 - -- $ " / $ " ' " " / E* _{" " 3 6} " + " 5 , " 6 $ " -"8" - 3 " + " 3 " 3 " " ,/ 2 " " " / 1 - 2 FF EA_{/ H : >2 % " $ " 3} -2 % " $ " / . " : >2 -"" - " @ R # S + " $ " " ,/ % - " R 5 S / " -# - 3 ; " # / - " $ @ $-" ; / " 6 " L " -# " : >2 - @ / " " " " # -" / : >2 " " " 5 " @ / % 33 # " - " " " " / 2 % " " " 33 " 3 " # / ? 5B # 1 ' . % ; ' 4 4 ∗ " # $ %" &" " 5 # " " - $ " E* _{3 4> DDB/} EA _{/ 1 ( - / - / 2% - k 3 " @ H " 3 33} @k- ? ? . - / )- E- 5 @ FF - /DF*BlDFAI/

*E ? " 3 / # " ? " / % - " $ / 3 " ? # " # EB_/ # .0/ ' / : #@EE_/ $ =2 - - " $ " 3 -" - " "" < / 33 " ; + ? @" , R " S/ . " -" " @ R # S / " "" " @ K =. / $ L - 3 " / - # " 3 - " 3 " 33 " # + " ? ,/ " " - # " 3 # / % "" " O . "" - " 6 .0/ ' = : 3 - N N - " L " EI_{/ " - /} " " $ " 5 " / 8 - -" $ " $- - -" " # / " " " " " ; 3 # " $ 3 / % - - # - -6 @ "# /

77>" >E

%

>

? 5 6 # " " / % "#- $= # $ - 6 3 / ? " H -- 6 - " " EB _{# 3 3 %'- . " ./ & "} 2 . ' . 2 ? % - " ; - %' # FF / EE_{. ' 1 " : &:<- k = " " 3 = 3 # k- * '"} V . /BI- I=!F- "# FFD- / A)*= AA k 33 " @

" k- * . 3 ? # > /D*- D- 3 FFD- /*D=AF/

EI_{.0/ ' 1- M / - / - ! ' ? ; ' " ./ 3 ? 2 . . - DF} 3 $ # - h $ 3 3 # - ^ " - # - " @ ^ i-- 29i-- D=! 5 @ FF!/

*I " " $ 3 " ; / " 3 ? " "# @ " 3 / % = $ # 3 " 3 " " ; @" - $ " $ 3 " / ' " -" / " " " $ " ; 6 / % " 5 " # - " " $ # " " R " ; S/ $ # " " ; # $ " $ " / $ " -3 &#-34; / $ 3 " @ " + " " , " " $ " " $ # / 8 " / " ? ! " # / " " " 3 + ', " " + ,/ - " 6 " -6 " / # - $ " 6 " " " ; " 3 " / 3 " " " # -6 - / ' " 3 " " - "" / "" " " $ + 3 ,/ " " / . " " 3- " "# " / # -" " 3 " # / . - ' 6 " " "# " $ / $ " - - 3 " / 56 - " - 3 # "# / " $ 3 - / @ # " / # # 3 " "" =.@ / % " " 56 3 " " - 3 " $ " # " "

AF " $ / 3 - - 3 " " " ; + # - " 5 ,/ 2 " 3 ; " " 3 / " " " / . " " - "# - " = " " / R S -$ - " " / - " " H = ( 6 " - 3 4 - "" - " " $ 3 " ; -= ( " " " " ; -# # " " " - 5 6 - " ; - 6 " " 3 " # / = % " " 3 6 % -" / ? " -5 /

AD

A

6

+ 7 , * ) . % = + 7 ' , * 7 7 7

777>

:

>

$

777>"

=

2

>

$

777>

%

2

2

>

9#

777>E

:

2

> 9"

/)/D

@

"

$

/

B

/)/

"

$

#

/

B*

∗ 3 & 4 98 ∗ ' 4 9R ∗ " 4 CB ∗ ./ 14 C6 ∗ ' 4 C7 ∗ 3 4 C7

777>

*

>

777>$

:

G '

H>

$

777>9

%

>

9

A! 2 3 $ " " ; -3 " ; - " / % $= - - 8 # / " 3 DEBF % " % " 3 - % # / $ 5 -6 @ # / % - " %'- 6 - 5 # / % # " - 33 $ / 3 -$ / 3 - @ " "# " $ / 3 " -- " $ /

777>

:*

6.,%* >

6 " 3 % 6 # " %'IF_/ " " $ " " " 3ID _{3 " # # +' ,/} 3 " " "" -/ %' 6 B!A DEAE/ "# " $ + % " 3 -' !,- + 3 R @ S,- " ! + ,/ 3 " + " " ' ),/ # @ R 5 S @ R $ S/ $ " $ / % - " "# 3 # - $ / . " " -$ " % " $ ; P $/ 2 $ % " " P $/ IF " %' - " + B!A,/ ID / " " - 6 3 /

A) " P 3 " " " / $ " " -" " / . - " R 5 S 8 3 $ 3 " " / % - " - @ - 3 + / " ,- $ " $ - " - % " / % = @ $ % " - / % " " " 5 6 $ / - " " $ " Q -- $ 3 # / 3 " " 3 " $- $ $ # % " - 33 $ / ? 55 L ? 3 2 BDJJ4 % " $ - > * . Y9J> " 4BDCR> "4BJ4

A*

? 56 "" % ? * '" ? */ ' # 4 BCR94

AB

AE

777>"

=7 '6,7; .* )* :+ %6

' ,.%'7 6

)* : + :7 F *>

5 % 6 # - $ " ( - # - 3 $ + ' *,/ 2 . # DEA)-; % = # - F 5 DEAD ; # = ( / ? 58 ? * : Q> % " $ - > * . Y9J> " 4BDCR> "4R4 % " % " ' - / 1 " - " 5 6 # DEAE/ $ L H L +% - K " !AA/FFF- F , 5 + AA,- L 6 $ "

AI + # - .9 )D /EFF- )AE,/ 6 " )B K"/ . 3 D L D " DEAE " L E 5 DEAI/ 6 # $ -3 # DID % 6 " + 3 , / 0 6 " " - R ? * Q . U ; . . & 4 . > $2 ' 2 ' * * ' 1 UVW 1 * L 3I _{S- @} 5 / " " 3 " - 3 %' 6 " B!A % @ 6 ( L/ Y # 3 " -DIB + $ DF ,/ 3 % 5 3 $ * - 5 !D " DIIB-+ $ D B ,/ 5 " 5 @ # + ' A, % 1 / ? 5R " . . 3 B8 5JJ6> 2 4 4 # 4 / !4 4 I _{: M 2- R % @ 6 ( L S- * . - ZBD- # DIEA- / D =D) !D=!)/}

BF

777>

%:+

7 @7 %+'7 6

)*

6 .B,+F*

) +,' )* : + :7 F *>

% # R @ S + 3 # ,- R $ S- =6= 3 #5 3 / . " R @ S- % " # + " ,- + " ; ,- $ + " " ; ,- 6 # " + " ; )- )/*F A " , 3 6 : JI! _{)/*F " + 3} # !,/ $ + 3 # ), 3 " " ; / @ # " / ; " ; / " "# " @ " * # F/!F ! " D # F/)F " AF # F/*F " ; BA F/BF " ; F/EF " ; )) D/FF " ; DD D/*F " ; DF /FF " D! @ ) )/*F A/FF " D 6 : J )/*F $ " ! . */FF A/FF D) " ; DD - - . . f _ 6 !/FF !B 3 6 . " ; " ? * 3 4 +)B K" ,- " ; " "# $- 33 # " H 6 - 6 # - 6 + 6 ,- 6 $ - 3 6 / M 33 R S " / I!_{% @ 6 M - " - / " '} !* ./ ' ; ; - " D- B /

BD

? 4 ./ ' % 1" #

. 4 BR % 3 : 2

% 4 4 ./4 # 2 : '" BBC

B " +", " 6 . . ! D ? % F[D [DII) . . # B D ? 6 !D[F*[DIIB . : D! D ? !D[F*[DIIB . @ ) D ? !D[F*[DIIB ./ / $ / D)-!B D ? # !D[F*[DIIB . L * D ? !D[F*[DIIB . D ) ? !D[F*[DIIB . ( DA # 6 B D ? !D[F*[DIIB . I ? # A[![DIEF . / : # A-)F D ? A[![DIEF ./ / / @ 6 " DDE ) D ? A[![DIEF 3 7 . " ; 2 ? " . 1 ' ? * 3 4

777>E

:*

+<6

* ,7 *

)*

6 .B,+F*

) +,'>

"# " $ - " " Q " $ " ; - # " /

777>E >

1

(

&

>

" ; H " ; # +:( ,-" # + :,- 6 3 + '(,- 6 5 + 0 - ' E,I)_{- +. ,/ @ #} */ % # " - " - " $ H # $ - " " 6 3 + " ; , " + " ; ,- ? # - "" # - 6 "8" / @ " ; % Y # - " : - ' I/ I) _{R " S/}

B! ? 5C L # ' " . ' 2 . ./ U ? " 4 % " $ 3 2 > # % ? */ > A > BC96> " ./ 8J4 " @" # ? " = 3 . . 0 . :( 0 : # . . # 0 . O = = # . : 0 . :( # 5 = : # ./ / @ 0 . :( # 5 0 : # ./ / / $ 0 . :( 0 : # O # . L '( . :( '( : : . '( . :( '( : ^ # : ./ / ( DA # 6 '( . :( '( : : ./ / '( . :( '( : # ./ / " : # '( . :( '( : # ./ / / @ 6 " DDE '( . :( '( : # 3 8 . " ; ' 1 " . . " ' ? * 3 4

B) @" " ; " " : @" " ; " " : % " ; " # ' # " ; " # M ? " ; # % " ; " # ' # " ; " # M ? " ; # M ? " ; # M ? " ; # ? 5D " ' 1 " ' 4 " ? 4 ./ 2 !* 4

B*

777>E >"

:

&

>

∗ ? 6J ' 3 & 4 / !4 4 # 3 " + ' !F,- " $ # + : m DD m */*,/ " " 4 " 3 " # H R 3 & " 2 ' ; . '' .> . 2 > 2 $ > " ) ' * , ' ) ' % 3 ,4 ' 2 A ?

. & . '$ > ? 2 ? . & . '$ > " & . & ' '$ S /

3 6 + " " ) m E m*,/ # M - " -# # / % " 3 " H . . " ; & % " > 3 & " " & " 3 & '" : . . ./ ' > . ? "" ' " 4 ; 3 . '=' 3 ./ . " 3 & & % .. " " K . ./ 1 Q

3 " 4 % . ; 3 & 3 " 2 & &

" 3 & " ' ? 2 "" '

; 3 . ' ' 2 1 ? > % . & % " &

; & & ; " ; 3 & 3 & ' & ' 4

. $ " & : 3 & * . .. "

: ; 3 & " . '" " & . '' . 2 1 2 #4

' > % " & . " % " 2 . ''

. & % & 3 ' ' 3 & & % 3 ? ; : 3 4

UVW O $ " 2 ' & 3 & '" " . ;

BA " Q - # " " - "" " / . - 3 " R " ; ' : ' S/ " 8 5 @ - R ; . . ' ) ; , " '=' 3 & S/ ? # / " . "# / " # - - 6 # 6 # / 2 # $ % " 3 " " I- 3 6 R " . ; . ' S / " - ' !!-# 6 R & % ; ' % 2 . " 2 . ' % " S/ " 3 H R % . 5B . . ? % ' " . ; . ' '" > " 2 .. " " ' S/ ∗ " ; " H " ; " # - " 6 5 + ", " " +' !D,/ ? 6B A # > ' ' ' : . ) " . ',> 3 " > . " 2 < 3 & 4 ? ./ A # 2 > ' : ' ' : / Q 4

BB

? 65 " > E " $ 3 2 >

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

EF

? 66 .. 2 1 . - . " # " . ; . ' 4

ED ∗ ? 67 ? A ' ' " . '> " 4 / !4 4 3 " # $ 4 " / "" - 3 -- 3 " - " / 8 $ R ' . $ . '' . S/ " " " ! + D" 3, 33 " $ " $ / % 3 3 " $ % " - 33 6 33 + , 5 + K " ,- 6 $ / % " "#

$-. & & . " " 3 . $ > . & #4 '

1" " . % 1" 4 O% .. " K ?' ? 1 ;; . " & ' ? 4 ./ ' " . ? ' " " $ ' 2 2 . " $ " 4 : . & . "" 2 ' ; ' 2 > 2 ./ " 2 3 3 > 3 ? " ./ ? ' 3 ./ ' ' 4 " '" > ' %Z 2 ./ ? ' ./ ? ' " & ' %= " . 4

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

E! ∗ " 6 # $ " / DD R ./ 1 / & " 2 ; ' ). > ' 2 > ,D8_{S/ . 5} @ $- H

& / & . ' % " 2 & % " ;

& % ? 2 4 . ;; > ./ & & ./ "

. . $ "/ & ' 4 * ./ '3 "P ; ' " . 2 & % '" % 4 " $ 1 % '' > ' ? " > '" > : ? % . % ' '$ '$ > ' . ' : % 1 ' ./ ? " . ? '' > % "" 2 ' & % "" & % 1" . ; 1 '' ' ' ? 4 : 6 3 # " 6 # $ H ./ 1 / & ; " > 3 '" ' 3 2= " ./ > " . / ? . 2 > 3 3 : " ; 3 . ' 3 4 % '" & & % . " : % "P ; ' / ' ?$ F . & > & 2 " 2 > ' ' / . " '$ . 3 ./ 1 " 4 ./ 1 2 2 / & . '$ > 2 % " " ' 1 3 > ? " . $ ' 2 " [ ./ 1 ; : .> " " " ; 1 4 ./ 1 '" & 2 ? & / " $ 1 . & % . '" $ ' ; F % : ; & & . " . '' 1 " 4 2 % '" . " ' 2 . " ./ 3 ? ; > ' $ : ./ 1 " ; ' "P : 2 " & " . '" $ ' ; 4 I* _{" - $ " - 3 " $ 3 6 " H .} ' ./ 1 . ' # ' / ( # 1 - # H " " % / DIF*/ D! /

E) ∗ " " " 4 H R " $ $ " T 3 " " - # / % " " 3 - @ $ " " # S / " 6 # $ 3 # - 3 6 " # R " @ # @ 3 3 " " 8 UVW/ UVW # @ "? $ S / 8 " @ R P 3 S/ " # " " H R " 8 " 3 4 " 6 -@ L " " " - $ "" "# $ " 3 $ " S / " " ; - " -/ " Q " $ ? -" # " / % - $ " - / ∗ % 3 # / % = " R " 3 # "" "" - " $ # S/ # # 8 R 3 " 6 $ " " S/ E 3 H R $ $ 6 3 # : S-R % " $ 3 " " # -T - 6 / @ S/ % $ $ # " # / / " 6 3 " # H R " # - " 6 $ " " S/ " " 33 R S- 3 % " / $ 8 T - # "" " / # R -5 8 " # 3 S/ " " 3 # 8 $ : + " $ @ , / " $ -

-E* R ? : ? ; S/ 33 6 # " 6 6 $ 3 " # " $ @ R ./ & ; & ' ; % 1 . : . S/ - # # 3 " ; " # /

777>

*'+' +%' .*: )*

6 '

*

+<6

* ,7*>

" ; # H @ # "# # # - 33 " " / " $ -"# - # - " " - " # - 6 - 3 # - ; 5 / % / . @ # 5 - 5 "# " / 3 " ? : + $ ,/ - . - # / ? 68 3 & > " ' 4 / !4 4 " " +' !*,/ " # - 5 "# 3 + # # " 6 "# " ,/ 33 - 3 + " $ D " $ ? ,/ 5 " ; 6 / " 3 # - 3 # " 3 - # +' !*,/ % - 6 $ . ( DA- 3 / - - 3 " / 3 "

EA " 4 - - " ? +' !A,/ ? 6R . ' ./ U ? " ' 4 / !4 4

777>$

:* %+

G '+7::* @* , H>

3 3 B!A- " = % / 3 ; #5 - " 33 / . " " - 3 DEAA " / $ " " - " $ " 6 @ / 3 - 6 ; 5 $ / 3 #5 / 2 DIB! 3 " 3 " IA_/ 3 6 F" / # - ? " ; # / @" " # -" $ % = # / $-DI )- - 3 " / DIB!-" 5 3 3 8 " # " +' !B,- 3 " / " @" -# - 3 / P # " # $ / 6 - ! "# -' : " " ' 3 & $ ' 2 > ' 3 . ? . 2 ' . '" . " ; ' 4 . '" % IA 3 " 3 -%'/

EB ' ./ 1 .4 G 3 & H $ : % $ & '=' $ 4 " 3 2 " > 2 ; . " > . ' 2 3 5 : 6 .' 2 . ' 3 . ? 4 * ' 3 . ? . '" ;; ' ). . > ? $ > I, . '" . > > . %/ ' > 2 . ' ./ 1 ? 3 " ; ' . ? . 14 2 B 5 DIB) 3 R 3 6 # $ +* 6 A " /,- U W " " - - UVW " ; # 6 IFC - " - 3 5 @ - UVW 3 " - UVW " - " # # S/ " / DIB)- 6 / ? 69 / % " . 2 . ; > "" . K 4 !* > ? > 5R 2 '3 BD964 - 3 "" @- 3 " # / " $ 5 - " "# 8 6 " " ; " - # 3 / ( " ; / %' $ R ;; . ? 2 < % '3 3 L '" " " SIB_{/ - - #} -? # / = # 6 3 " O

777>9

%6 %:. 76 >

% = # - DEBF-# + "" %',-# %',-# - / # 6 3 " - " $ - " $ - " @ " Q / IB %'- - ; ; . - . ' % "" . > ./ " ' - FEA-# FF / /)D/

EE " %'- " - # % " % " 3 33 P $ " $ " Q / " " % " - 33 " " ; " N N / $ 33 $ " $ - 3 # 3 " 6 3 " / " # # " " " - " -/ 3 " 3 " % " " 3 -3 &#-34; " - " " / % " -"# " " - " 3 " - - / " 8 / " ; $- "# L % # -"# " " $ 3 - 3 3 " " / ? # 3 " " + "" $ # ,- $ # $ $ -$ " @" " ; " - " " ; " # / $ 3 6 " " -" " 6 K " - "" / " 5 3 " " # $ @ -3 " + ,- 5 " " / -" $ 6 " )FK" / % " 6 / # # $ -5 " $ " + D 6 D/* " L ,- @ / - " 3 " " ; -# " " - # " " $ "" / - 6 - "# / @ " 6 3 " -" / B!A % @ ( L @ - 8 6 -/ . $ " - 3 - % - "8" " $/ % 3 #5 3 3 "

EI " @" $ / # $ P 33 3 " +3 " 33 " ; ,- " / - -P # " - 3 -$ " / . - " 3 5 " 6 " # ? + - " $-$ ,/ " " $ 3 - " " " " / 3 " 8 - " $ " " " $/ . " Q " ; " 3 - . / 8 3 " " " / % 3 " $ - T " ! 3 /

ID

7B

%6

6,'*

* '

*%+ 7;.* )*

I

6

+ 7 , * ) . % = + 7 ' , * 7 B

7B>

*

&

>

8E

M/D/D

"

$

#

/

I)

∗ ./ 14 D7 ∗ ' 4 D8 ∗ 3 & 4 D8

M/D/ .

$

"

/

IA

∗ ' 4 DR ∗ 3 & 4 D9

M/D/! (

$

"

$

"

$

#

/

II

∗ ' 4 DD ∗ 3 & 4 BJ5

7B>"

*

I

>

#E

M/ /D

3

"

/

DF)

∗ ; W ./ 4 BJ7 ∗ ; 2 ' " ; ' 4 BJ8

M/ / (

J

/

DFB

∗ . : . '" 4 BJ9 ∗ # % ? ' . '" 4 BJC ∗ ; ' ' 3 & 4 BJD

M/ /! (

"

/

DDF

∗ . : . '" A BBJ ∗ # % ? ' . '" 4 BBB ∗ ; ' ' 3 & 4 BBB

7B>

> "

M/!/D

"

"

"

$

#

/

DD)

∗ ' $ B A " . 2 . . ? . $ - # 4 BB7 ∗ ' $ A " & . ? . $ .\ ? 4 BB8 ∗ ' $ A '' ? ' " # Q 4 BB8 ∗ ' ' & 4 BB8

M/!/ & "

" ;

#

/

DDA