Publications
NTHRACNOSE
of bananas, caused by
Colletotrichum musae and
crown rot of bananas, caused by a broad unspecific parasitic
complex, are the most important post-harvest diseases affecting
the quality of exported bananas. These diseases develop during
fruit transportation, conservation, ripening and marketing.
Like for most post-harvest diseases, the control of these diseases relies mainly on post-harvest practices like fungicide applications, fruit handling, cooling, CA or MA… Nevertheless, the regular observation of
seasonal (figure 1 et 2) and spatial (figure 1) variations in the performance of these practices highlights
the strong influence of pre-harvest factors. These pre-harvest factors determine a fruit potential quality
that is elaborated at field level (figure 3). This potential of fruit quality is constituted by a physiological
component (the fruit susceptibility) and by a parasitic component (the level of fruit contamination).
de Lapeyre de Bellaire L.1, Chillet M.2,3, Lassois L.4, Ewane C.4,5, Bastiaanse H.4, Jijakli M.H.4, Lepoivre P.4
1. CIRAD, UPR Systèmes bananes et ananas, F-34398 Montpellier, France
luc.de_lapeyre@cirad.fr
2. CIRAD,UMR Qualisud, F-34398 Montpellier, France
3. Universidade de Sao Paulo, Departamento de Alimentos e Nutriçao Experimental, Brasil 4. Faculté universitaire des Sciences agronomiques de Gembloux. Unité de Phytopathologie,
Passage des Déportés 2, B-5030 – Gembloux – Belgium
5. CARBAP – BP 832. Douala, Cameroon
P
re-harvest factors influence the physiologic
component of the fruit potential quality
•• The physiologic component is defined as the level of fruit susceptibility to
the post-harvest diseases and is evaluated through artificial inoculations (5).
•• Fruit grown in highland areas are less susceptible to anthracnose (6,8)
and also to crown rot than fruit grown in lowland areas.
•• The physiological age of fruit at harvest has a strong influence on fruit
susceptibility to both diseases: the youngest the fruits, the less susceptible (7,8).
•• The modification of source-sink ratio (fruit trimming), influences fruit
susceptibility to crown rot but has no influence on fruit susceptibility to anthracnose (6).
•• The level of development of Black Sigotoka (a fungal foliar disease) also
affects the level of fruit susceptibility to crown rot.
Figure 4. The parasitic component
Figure 5. The physiological component 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 Weeks % C ro w n ro t af te r sh ip m en t an d ri p en in g Dia-Dia Tiko no data in Dia-Dia no data in Tiko 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 44 48 52 4 8 12 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 4 8 12 16 20 Weeks % o f an th ra cn o se af te r sh ip m en t no data 2001 2002 2003 5 2000
Post-harvest factors
Marketting process Ripening rooms Packing stationPost harvest disease at commercial level
Artificial ripening
Conservation of fruits (temperature CA/MA)
Chemical control Prophylaxy
Wounds due
to manipulations
Shipment and conservation
C C C Cheeemicccaaal C Chheemmiiccaall ccccoooonnnttttrrroooolll to manipulatio p y y • Lower appreciation of the brand on the market
• Reject of the brand • Lowerprices
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Pre-harvest factors
Production plotP
hysiologicalcomponent component
P
arasiticAnthracnose Crown rot
highlands highlands
lowlands old old lowlands
young young high
high low low Level of fruit susceptibilty Fi el d de ha nd in g O pt im al ha rv es t st ag e O pt im al ha rv es t st ag e Si ga to ka co nt ol
Evaluation of fruit susceptibility
Physiological age at harvest (d.d) Physiological age at harvest (d.d) Source-sink ratio Severity of Black Sigatoka Area of production Area of production Figure 3. Elaboration of fruit quality
P
re-harvest factors influence the parasitic
component of the fruit potential quality
•• The parasitic component is defined as the level of fruit contamination by the
pathogens. In the case of anthracnose, this level is the quantity of quiescent appressoria at the fruit surface and a specific method has been established for quantitative assessment before harvest (1).
•• It has been shown that floral remnants are the main inoculum sources for
fruit contamination by Colletotrichum musae (2, 3).
•• Most contaminations occur very early in the field, during the first month of
bunch emergence (2, 3).
•• Rainwater is essential for the dissemination of conidia, so the early
protection of bunches with a plastic sleeve reduces strongly fruit contamination (3,4). Inoculum sources Rainfall flowering harvest low high deflowering appressoria
Evaluation of fruit contamination
a a spore trap Anthracnose Level of fruit contamination anthracnose lesions Ethylene 1000 ppm 35°C – 6 days floral remnants and bunch bract are present Bu nc h sl ee vin g Ir rig at io n Pr ec oc ity of bu nc h ca re Fi el sa ni ta tio n Population dynamics C o n c e p ti o n : C IR A D , M ar t in e D up ort al , M a rc h 2 0 0 9 — P h o to s © H . B a st ia a n se , L . d e L a p e y re d e B e ll a ir e , R . D o m e rg u e , C . E w a n e , M . C h il le t
(1) DE LAPEYRE DE BELLAIRE L., CHILLET M.,
MOURICHON X. 2000. Elaboration of an early
quantification method of quiescent infections of Colletotrichum musae on bananas. Plant Disease, 84 (2) : 128-133.
(2) DE LAPEYRE L., MOURICHON X. 1997. The
pattern of fungal contamination of the banana bunch during its development and potential influence on incidence of crown-rot and anthracnose diseases. Plant Pathology (46) : 481-489.
(3) DE LAPEYRE DE BELLAIRE L., CHILLET M., DUBOIS
C., MOURICHON X. 2000. Importance of different
sources of inoculum and dispersal methods of conidia of Colletotrichum musae, the causal
agent of banana anthracnose, for fruit contamination. Plant Pathology (49) : 782-790. (4) MOUEN BEDIMO J.A., CHILLET M., JULLIEN A., DE
LAPEYRE DE BELLAIRE L. 2003. Le gainage précoce
des régimes de bananes améliore la croissance des fruits et leur état sanitaire vis-à-vis de l'anthracnose (Colletotrichum musae).
Fruits, 58 (2) : 71-81.
(5) DE LAPEYRE DE BELLAIRE L., CHILLET M., CHILIN
-CHARLES Y. 2008. Determination of banana fruit
susceptibility to post-harvest diseases: Wound anthracnose, quiescent anthracnose and crown rot. Fruits, 63 (3) : 183-186.
(6) CHILLETM.,DE LAPEYRE DEBELLAIREL., DORELM.,
JOAS J., DUBOIS C., MARCHAL J., PERRIER X. 2000.
Evidence for the variation in susceptibility of bananas to wound anthracnose due to
Colletotrichum musae and the influence of
edaphic conditions. Scientia horticulturae, 86 : 33-47.
(7) CHILLET M., HUBERT O., RIVES M.J., DE LAPEYRE DE BELLAIRE L. 2006. Effects of the physiological
ages of bananas on their susceptibility to wound anthracnose due to Colletotrichum
musae. Plant disease, 90 (9) : 1181-1185.
(8) CHILLET M., HUBERT O., DE LAPEYRE DE BELLAIRE
L. 2007. Relationship between physiological age, ripening and susceptibility of banana to wound anthracnose. Crop protection, 26 (7) :
1078-1082.
Figure 1. Evolution of crown rot on untreated bananas exported from 2 banana plantations of Cameroon in 2006 (estimation over 900 banana clusters/week/plantation)
Figure 2. Evolution of anthracnose on fungicide treated bananas exported from one banana plantation of Guadeloupe from 2000 to 2003 (estimation over 250 fruits/week)
Anthracnose
Crown rot
