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Learning Mechanical Engineering in a Virtual Workshop: A Preliminary Study on Utilisability, Utility and Acceptability

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OATAO is an open access repository that collects the work of Toulouse

researchers and makes it freely available over the web where possible

Any correspondence concerning this service should be sent

to the repository administrator:

tech-oatao@listes-diff.inp-toulouse.fr

This is an author’s version published in:

https://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/22287

To cite this version:

Müller, Nicolas and Panzoli, David and Galaup, Michel and

Lagarrigue, Pierre and Jessel, Jean-Pierre Learning Mechanical

Engineering in a Virtual Workshop: A Preliminary Study on

Utilisability, Utility and Acceptability. (2017) In: 9th International

Conference on Games and Virtual Worlds for Serious Applications

(VS-Games 2017), 6 September 2017 - 8 September 2017 (Athens,

Greece).

Open Archive Toulouse Archive Ouverte

Official URL :

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² With the recent development of virtual reality (VR) technology, a variety of new tools can be imagined. This article presents a preliminary study on the use of VR for immersive learning games in the field of mechanical engineering. We present the design of such a game and the results of the experiments that followed the implementation of the game. This study was conducted with teachers and students from an undergraduate school of Mechanical Engineering and focuses on utility, usability and acceptability.

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