OPENFLOW PROTOCOL EXTENS
I
ON FOR OPTICAL
NETWOR I
<:S
THE
IS
PRESENTED
AS A PARTIAL REQUIREJ\IENT
FOR T
H
E 1\
I
ASTER
l
i'J'
ELECTRICAL ENG
INEERING
BY
1\
IAH
l
OUD
1\IOHA lED
BAHNASY
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L
a diffusion de ce mémoire se fait dans le respect des droits de son auteur, qui a signé
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(SDU-522- Rév.01-2006)
.
Cette autorisation stipule que
«conformément
à
l'
article 11 du Règlement no 8 des études de cycles supérieurs
, [l
'
auteur] concède
à
l
'
Université du Québec
à Montréal une licence non exclusive d
'
utilisation et de
publication
de la totalité ou d'une partie importante de [son] travail de recherche pour
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Plus précisément, [l
'
auteur] autorise
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Université du Québec à
Montréal
à
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opies de [son] travail de recherche
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Internet. Cette licence et cette autorisation n'entraînent pas une
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EXTE SIO
DU PROTO
COLE
OPENFLOW POUR LES RÉSEAUX OPTIQUES
t
!
ÉMOIRE
PR
ÉSE TÉ
COtl
lME
EX
IG
E:-JCE
PARTIELLE
DE LA
MAÎTRISE
EN
GÉNIE
ÉLECTR
I
QUE
PAR
MAH
·
IO
UD
MOHAMED BAHNASY
It
i
s
my p
l
eas
ur
e
to
thank a
U
those
peop
l
e
who m
a
d
e
thi
s
t
h
s
i
s possible.
At
first
,
I wo
ul
d
li
k
e
to t
h
ank
my
advisor
Prof
esso
r Ha
li
ma E
l
b
i
aze.
Wit
h
h
e
r
e
n
co
ur
-age
m
e
n
t,
in pir
at
i
o
n
a
nd h
e
r
great e
ffort
of ex
p
l
a
i
n
i
n
g
things
cl
ea
rl
y and s
imp
l
y
;
s
b
e made
t
h
e
r
esea
r
c
h p
r
ocess as
s
i
mp
l
e as
po
ss
i
b
l
e throug
h
o
u
t
m
y
f
aster
p
e
r
i
od.
S
h
e provided
u
sef
u
l
a
dv
i
ce,
good
g
u
i
ding
,
p
e
rf
ect co
mpan
y
,
a
nd
s
h
e
a
l
wa
ys gave
m
e
great freedom to pursue
i
nd
e
p
e
nd
e
nt worlc
I
wou
l
d l
i
k
e to thank
m
y co
ll
eag
u
es
fo
r
provid
i
ng
an activat
i
n
g a
nd
exc
i
t
in
g e
nvironm
e
nt
i
n
w
hi
c
h
I
cou
l
d
l
ea
rn
and
e
n
h
a
nce m
y co
mp
e
te
n
ce
.
I
wish to thank
m
y e
ntir
e exte
nd
e
d f
a
m
il
y
f
or a
ll
the
i
r
l
ove
a
nd
e
n
co
urag
e
m
e
nt p
ec
iall
y
m
y
b
e
l
oved
moth
e
r
.
And mo
st
i
mport
a
nt
l
y
,
I
w
i
s
h
to
thank m
y
l
ove
l
y w
i
f
e,
L
a
il
a, as t
h
ey
a
l
ways
s
upport m
e
i
n
th
i
s
road
and they
w
e
r
e e
n
co
u
r
ag
i
ng me
a
l
ong
t
hi
s
w
ay.
Fina
ll
y
,
I
wou
l
d lik
e
to
thank a
ll
th
e staff
m
e
mb
e
r
s of the Comp
u
ter
S
c
i
e
n
ce
d
e
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
a
t
UQA
1 for t
h
e
ir
d
i
r
ec
t
and
in
dir
ect
h
e
l
p dur
i
ng my
s
tud
i
es
at UQAM.
Software
D fin
e
d
Networking
(
SDN
)
offre
l
a
po
ss
ibilit
é
de
co
n
t
r
ô
l
e
r l
es
r
ésea
ux
e
n
util-i
ant
un
log
i
c
i
e
l fon
ct
ionnant
s
ur un
ystè
m
e
d
'
expl
oitat
i
on
d
a
n
s
un
co
ntr
ôle
ur
exte
rn
e, ce
qui offre un
maximum de
fl
ex
ibi
l
it
é et
d
e si
mpli
c
i
té.
Op
e
nFlow
(
OF
),
un
e
d
es
impl
éme
n
ta
-t
i
o
n
SDI
l
es
plu
uti
l
i
ée
,
e
t présenté
co
mm
e a
r
c
hit
ect
ur
e
et
p
la
n d
e co
ntr
ô
l
e
unifi
é
pour
les
r
és
e
a
ux d
e
p
aq
u
ets
et
d
e c
ir
c
u
i
ts
.
D
a
n
s ce
pr
o
j
et
,
nou
proposons
exp·
rim n
t al
m
ent
d
e
ux
o
lu
t
i
ons
b
as
·
es ,
ur Op
e
nF
l
ow
pour
co
ntr
ôle
r
àl
a
fois
les
r
ésea
ux d
e
paqu
ets et
l
es
r
ésea
ux
optiques
:
(1
)
Op
e
nF
l
ow
M
essage-
Mappin
g
t(2)
Op
e
nF
l
ow
Ext
n
si
on.
Op nFlow
M
ssage
-
N
l
a
ppin
g e
t
b
asée
ur
l
'association d m
esage
Op
e
nF
l
ow
à
d
es acti
ons
ap
propri
ées
.
L
a
d
e
uxi
ème sol
uti
o
n
que n
o
u pr
oposo
n
,
Op
e
nFl
ow
Ext
n ion
,
est
ba
ée s
ur
l
'
exte
n
s
i
on
du
protocole OpenFlow
sta
nd
a
rd
e
n
a
jou
ta
nt
d
n
o
uv
eaux
m
e sage
pour
up
o
rt
e
r d
e
inf
o
r-mations
d
'int
e
r
co
nn
xion
o
ptiqu
e
au
li
e
u
cl
'uti
l
i
er
d
es
m
essages
Op
e
nFlow
sta
nd
a
rd.
No
u
s
avo
n
s
impl
é
m
eté ces
deux olutions dans
un b
a
n cl
'
a
i
et
nou
a
von
s e
ff
ect
u
é
deux
ex
p
é
ri-e
n
ces
:
(
i
)
la c
r
éat
i
o
n
de
ca
n
a
ux
o
ptiqu
e
d
e
bout
e
n
bout.
(
ii
)
la r
esta
ur
at
i
o
n d
e c
hemin
opt
iqu
e
. L
s
mesures prise
à
partir
de
ce ex
p
é
ri
e
n
ce
ont
uti
l
i
ées
p
o
ur
l
'impl
é
mnt
at
i
o
n
d
'un
s
imu
late
ur J
ava.
Ce
s
imul
ate
ur
si
mul
e les
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
ces
d
e ces
d
e
ux
techn
i
que
ur d
eux
topo
l
og
ies
de
r
ésea
u
x
optiques
r
éel
s
et
l
es
co
mp
a
r
e
av
c
le
proto
cole
G
fPLS
sta
ndard
.
L
e
r
's
u
l
tat
e
t
r
e
pr
ése
nt
é so
us
fo
r
mat d
e
g
r
ap
hi
q
u
s co
m
r
aratifs
po
ur
d
é
t
e
rm
i
n
er l
a
t
ec
hn
i
que
qu
i a le
m
ille
ur
temps d
'éta
b
l
i
sse
m
e
nt de
lie
n
s,
la
p
l
u
s
p
eti
t
e
charge d
e co
ntr
ôle e
t
1
r
a
pport
de blocage
l
e
plus ba
. L
a
fai
a
bilit
é
d
e ce
o
luti
o
n
a été
vérifée
d
a
n
s
n
ot
r
e
banc d
'essa
i
et
l
eu
r
s
performances
sont
quantitativement
'
valuée
et compa
r
ées
dans deux réseaux
opt
i
ques
r'e
l
.
So
f
twa
r
e
D
e
fi
ned Netwo
rk
(S
D
N) a
ff
o
rd
s
t
h
e
poss
ibili
ty to
co
n
t
r
o
l n
etwo
rk
s
u
s
in
g so
f
twa
r
e
r
unni
ng o
n
a
n
etwo
r
k ope
r
at
i
ng
syste
m
in
a
n
exte
rn
a
t
co
n
t
r
o
ll
e
r
, w
hi
c
h p
rov
i
des max
i
mum
fi
ex
ibili
ty,
s
impli
c
i
ty an
d m
a
n
agea
bili
ty.
Op
e
nFl
ow (
OF
), o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
w
id
e
l
y
u
sed
S
D
im-p
l
eme
n
tat
i
o
n
s,
i
s
pr
es
nted
as a
unifi
ed co
n
t
r
o
l pl
a
n
e
a
n
d a
r
c
hi
tect
ur
e
f
o
r
pac
k
et
and
c
i
rc
ui
t
sw
i
tc
h
ed
n
etwo
rk
s
. B
ase
d
o
n thi
s,
in
t
hi
s
t
h
es
i
s,
w
e ex
p
e
rim
e
n
ta
ll
y
pr
o
p
ose two
so
lu
t
i
o
n
s
based o
n O
pen
Fl
o
w
to
co
n
t
r
o
l
bot
h
pac
k
et
a
nd
o
p
t
i
ca
l
n
etwo
rk
s
:
(
1
)
Op
e
n
F
l
ow Message
-Map
pin
g an
d
(2)
Op
e
nFl
o
w
exte
n
s
i
o
n
.
O
pen
Fl
ow Message
-M
ap
pin
g
i
s bas
d
o
n
mapp
in
g
t
h
e
O
pe
n
F
l
ow
m
essages
in
to a
ppr
op
ri
ate c
r
o
-
co
nn
ect
act
i
o
n
s
. Th
e seco
nd
so
lu
t
i
o
n
we p
r
opose
,
O
pe
n
F
l
ow Extens
i
o
n
,
i
s
b
ase
d
o
n
extend
in
g t
h
e
ta
nd
a
rd O
pe
n
F
l
ow p
r
otoco
l
by
a
ddin
g
n
ew
m
essages to ca
rr
y
t
h
e c
r
oss-co
nn
ect
inf
o
rm
at
i
o
n in
stea
d
o
f
u
s
in
g sta
nd
a
rd O
pe
n
F
l
ow mes
-ages. We
im
p
l
eme
n
ted t
h
ese
two so
lu
t
i
o
n
s o
n
a tes
tb
ed an
d
co
n
d
u
ct
two
expe
ri
me
n
ts:
(
i
)
E
nd-
to-E
nd
li
g
h
t
p
at
h
e
t
ab
li
s
hm
e
n
t.
(
ii
)
B
ac
kup
li
g
htp
a
th r
esto
r
at
i
o
n. Th
e
m
eas
ur
e
m
ents
ta
k
en
f
ro
m
t
h
ese
exper
i
me
n
ts a
r
e
u
se
d in
w
ri
t
in
g a
c
u
stom
-buil
t
J
ava eve
n
t
-dri
ven
s
i
m
ul
ato
r
.
Thi
s s
i
m
ul
ato
r
s
imul
ates t
h
e
pe
rf
or
m
ance of t
h
ese two tec
hni
q
u
es
o
n
two
r
ea
l
opt
i
ca
l n
etwor
k
to
p
o
l
og
i
es a
nd
co
mp
a
r
e
t
h
e
m
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
sta
nd
a
rd
GM
PLS
p
r
o
t
oco
l.
Th
e
r
es
ul
t
i
s
dep
i
cted
w
i
t
h
comparat
i
ve g
r
a
ph
s to
m
ake
i
t
easy
to
d
eter
min
e
w
hi
c
h
tec
hni
q
u
e
h
as t
h
e
fastest
estab
-li hm
e
n
t t
im
e,
l
owest co
n
t
r
o
l l
oa
d and
l
owest
bl
oc
kin
g
r
at
i
o
. Th
e ove
r
a
ll
f
eas
i
b
ili
ty o
f
t
h
ese
so
lu
t
i
ons
i
s
assessed
u
s
in
g o
ur
test
b
ed and t
h
e
ir p
e
rf
orma
n
ces
a
r
e
q
u
a
n
t
i
tat
i
ve
l
y
eva
lu
ated
RÉSUMÉ
ABSTRACT
LIST OF FIGURES
.
LIST OF TABLES .
ABREVIATIO S
I TRODUCTIO
STRUCTURE OF THIS DISSERTATION
CHAPTER I
PRINCIPAL CONCEPTS.
1.1 Circui
t-switched
and
P
acket-Swi
tched Net
work
1.1.1
I
nt
ernet Archit
ectur
e
1.1.2
Tran
sport Network Archit
ectur
e
1.2
Existing
Approach
es
1.2.1
IP
ov
r WD 1
1.2.2
G
1PLS
as a Unified Control iechanism
1.3 SOFT
\NARE
DEFlNED
ET\i ORKI
G
(
D
T
)
1.3.1
OPE
!
FLOW .
CHAPTER II
PROPOSED SOLUTIO S
2.1 OpenFlow
ch
ann
e
l
. . .
2.2 OpenFlow Optical Agent
2.2.1 Ports-Emulation
Modu
l
e
.
2
.
2.2 OpenFlow
/
TL1 Tran
lator
2.3 Path
Computat
i
on E
l
ment
(PCE)
2.3.1 Executor
.
.
.
2.3
.
2
0
S Ad
apter .
2.4
OpenFlow
Message-Mapping
So
lu
t
i
on
iv
vviii
x Xl 1 78
10
12
12
14
15
17
.
.
.
.
. .
22
24
27
27
27
3
1
31
32
32
2.5 Op
e
nFl
ow
Ext
e
n
s
i
o
n
So
lu
tion
.
.
2
.
6 GMPLS
\
1\f
iTH P
CE
LIGHTPATH
SETUP
CHAPTERIII
CONDUCTED EXPERIMENTS
3
.
1 T
est
b
e
cl
S
e
tup
3.2 Scenar
i
o
1:
End-to-End
Li
g
h
tpath
S
et
up
a
nd R
e
l
ease .
3.3 S
ce
n
a
ri
o
2: B
ac
kup
li
g
h
t
p
at
h R
es
torat
i
on
3.4
GMPLS Approa
c
h Exp
e
r
i
ment
3.5 Exp
e
rim
e
n
tat
i
o
n R
es
ul
ts
.
CHAPTERIV
SIMULATION STUDY
4.
1 Th
e
C
u
tom
-built J
a
va Ev
e
nt-Dri
ve
n
Simulator
.
4
.2
Na
tion
a
l S
c
i
e
n
ce
F
o
und
atio
n
(N
SF)
topo
l
ogy ..
4
.3
E
ur
opea
n
Opti
cal
et
work Topo
l
ogy (COST239)
4.4
Summar
y
of
Simu
lat
i
on
R
es
ul
ts .
CHAPTER V
34
35
38
3
8
41
45
47
50
52
53
59
63
6
8
CONCLUSION
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
70
CHAPTER VI
PUBLICATIONS
. . . .
.
..
.
.
.
. . . .
.
. .
6.1 A
cce
pt
ed
p
a
p
e
r
a
t
I
EEE GLOBECOM 2014
co
nf
e
r
e
n
ce
6
.
2
Submitt
e
d
pape
r
at
Opti
cs
lnf
o
B
ase j
o
urnal
(20
14
)
.
.
.
71
71
79
Fi
g
ur
e
IP
a
nd
Tran
s
port
Network
s
Op
e
r
at
in
g
L
aye
r
1
2
3
Op
e
nFl
ow
M
e. sages
/
TL1
Command
Tran
s
later
A
ge
nt .
T
es
tb
e
d
r
c
hit
ect
ur
e
.
1.1
IP
a
nd Tr
a
n
spo
rt
Networks
1.2 IP
Network
Ov
e
rl
ay
Tran
s
por
t
N
etwo
rk
s
1.3 Th
e
Ov
e
rl
ay
letworks
s
upp
o
rt
e
d b
y
Tran p
o
rt
Network
1.4
Tran
s
port
letwork
Control
&
Mana
ge
m
e
n
t
. . . .
.
1.5 IP
over WD
fsce
nar
io
for th
e
Futur
e
of
th
e
letworks
1.6
Th
e
Tr
a
cli
tional Network
1ode
hi
e
rarch
y
..
1.7
The Software
-D
e
fin
e
cl
Network
in
g et
work
ode
hi
e
ra
r
c
h
y
.
1.
Softw
a
r
e-
D
e
fin
e
d
e
tworkin
g etwo
rk
Nod
hi
era
r
c
h
y
1.9
Op
e
nFl
ow
n
et
w
o
rk
. .
. .
. .
1.10
Th
e se
paration b
et
w
e
n d
ata
p
l
a
n
e
and
co
ntrol
p
l
a
n
e
u
s
in
g
Op
e
nFl
ow
1
.
11 Packet flow t
hrough
an
Op
e
n
F
low witch
1.12 Pa
c
k
et
fl
ow
through
an
Op
e
n F
low
wit
c
h
2
.
1
Unifi
ed
architecture of
a co
nv
e
r
ge
cl
P
ac
k
et-C
ir
c
uit n
etwo
rk
.
2.2
Op
e
nFlow A
ge
nt
.
2.3
Op
e
nFl
o
w
Ch
a
nn
e
l
2.4
Op
e
nFl
w M
e sage
Fa
c
tory
2.5 Port
-Emu
l
at
i
o
n
Modul
e
.
2.6
P
at
h
Computati
o
n
E
l
e
m
e
nt
workflow
.
P
age
15
6
9
10
1112
13
15
16
16
118
19
20
22
23
24
25
29
31
3.
1
Test
bed A
r
ch
i
t
ect
ur
e
.
.
..
3.2
Opt
i
ca
l
domain
I
nterconn
ect
i
on
3.3
phys
i
ca
l
equipments
i
n
the
Opt
i
ca
l
Transport
1etwork Laboratory
3.4
W
i
reshark Screen hot
(Lightpath
Set
up
Message
Exch
ange)
3.5 Netwo
rk
configurat
i
on and
message exchange
.
..
.
3.6
C
i
sco
Transport
Contro
ll
er Screenshot
(
I
n
i
ti
a
l
State)
3.7 Cisco
Tran
sp
ort
Controller
Screenshot
(After L
i
ght
path
Estab
li
shment)
3.8
ML diagram
for
li
g
h
tp
ath
e
tab
li
shment
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
3.9 Exch
anged messages
Backup
li
ghtpath Resto
rat
i
on
Scen
ario
3.
1
0 W
i
res
h
a
r
k Screens
h
ot (L
i
ghtpath
Set
u
p Me. sage
Exc
h
ange)
3.11
C
i
sco
Transport
Cont
r
o
ll
er Screen
shot
(After Lightpath Restorat
i
on
)
3.12 U ifL
d
i
ag
r
am of
l
ightp
ath recovery
.
313
GMPLS
Exper
i
ment
U
i
ng
DRAGO
3
.
14
GMPLS Scen
ar
i
o : W
i
res
h
ark
scree
n
s
h
ot
4
.
1
SF
topo
l
ogy (
1
4
nodes and 21 lin
k
s)
4.2
Lightpath
establ
i
shment
time
[m
]
vs.
network
l
oad
(
SF topology)
4.3 N
u
mber Of Hop Per Request
vs
.
network
l
oad
(
J
SF
topo
l
ogy)
4.4
umber
of
contro
l
messages
vs.
networ
k l
oad (
SF
topo
l
ogy)
.
4.5
Lightp
ath b
l
ock
i
ng
probab
i
lity
vs.
net
work
l
oad
(NSF
topology)
.
4.6 COST239
Topo
l
ogy (11
nodes a
nd
26
li
nks)
. . . .
.
..
..
..
.
4.7
Lightpath
establ
i
shment
time
[ms
]
vs.
n
etwork
l
oad
(COST239 Topology)
4.
8 N
u
mber Of Hop Per R
equest
vs
.
netwo
r
k
l
oad (COST239
Topo
l
ogy)
4.9
Number
of
contro
l
messages
vs
.
net
wo
r
k
l
oad (COST239
Topo
l
ogy)
.
4.
10 Lightpath
blocking
probabi
li
ty
vs.
netwo
rk
l
oad (C
OST239
Topology)
39
40
40
41
42
44
44
44
45
46
47
47
449
60
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
66
67
Tabl
e
2.1
l
lessage
Factory Example
.
.
. . .
.
.
..
.
..
.
2.2
Us
in
g
Message
Factory To
C
reat
a
Feat
ur Reply Message
2.3 Exec
u
t
in
g
TLl
Create
Li
g
h
tpat
h
Comma
nd
o
n
th
e Op
t
ical Switch
3.
1
Th
experim
e
n
ts
timing
4.
1
Summary
of
Simul
ated
Solutions
4.2
S
umm
ary of NSF topo
l
ogy s
i
m
ul
at
i
o
n
resul
ts
4
.3 Summary
of C
OST239
topo
l
ogy
simul
at
i
o
n r
es
ult
s
P
age
26
2
30
5
1
52
6
69
AS
CLI
Cost239
CSA
CTC
DRAGON
DWDM
EMS
/
NMS
FEDERICA
Autonomo
u
s
System
Command Lin
e
In
terface
European
union Ultr
a
-Hi
g
h
Capac
i
ty
Opti
ca
l
Transm
i
ss
i
on
etwo
rk
C
li
e
nt Sy
ste
m Agent
s
C
i
sco
Transport Contro
ll
e
r
D
y
nami
c
R
eso
ur
ce
A
ll
ocat
i
on via GMPLSnOpt
i
ca
l
etwor
k
s
D
e
n
se
W
ave
l
e
n
gth
Di
v
i
s
i
on M
ul
t
ipl
ex
ing
Element and Network Management Systems
F
e
d
e
rat
e
d E-
infr
astruct
ur
e
D
ed
i
cated
to European R
esea
r
c
h
ers
Inn
ovat-in
g
in
Computing network A
r
c
hit
ect
ur
es
flow
GENI
GMPLS
ITU
LSA
LSP
MPLS
Node
OADM
NSF
OF
n
etwor
k
traffic
The Glob
a
l
Env
ir
o
nm
e
nt for
etwo
rk Inn
ovations
Gene
r
a
li
zed
Mu
l
t
i-P
rotoco
l
L
abe
l
Sw
i
tch
i
ng
In
ternationa
l
T
e
l
eco
mmuni
cat
i
on Un
i
on
Link
State Adve
r
t
i
se
m
ent
L
abe
l Sw
i
tched
Path
M
ul
ti
-Pr
otoco
l L
a
b
e
l
Sw
i
tc
hin
g
networ
k
nod
e
(Sw
i
tch
, r
o
u
te
r
... )
Op
tical
Add-Drop Multip
l
exer
Nat
i
ona
l
Sc
i
e
nc
e
Foundation
OFP
ONF
ONS
OSPF
PCE
PSTN
QoS
ROADM
RSVP-TE
SDN
SLA
Switch
TCO
TDM
TED
UCP
VLSR
VPN
WDM
wso
Op
e
nFl
ow
Pr
otoco
l
Op
en
Networ
king
Foundati
o
n
Opti
ca
l
Network
Swit
ches
Op n
Short
est
P
at
h
Fir
s
t
P
ath Comp
utati
on E
le
m
e
nt
Publi
c
Swit
ch
d
Te
l
eph
one Netwo
rk
Qu
a
li
t
y-
of-Se
rvi
ce
Reco
nfi
g
urabl
e
Opti
cal
Add-Drop
Mu
l
t
iplexer
l
esource
R
ese
r
vat
i
o
n Pr
otoco
l-
Traffi
c
Engin
eerin
g
Software
De
fin
e
d
Networ
k
S
ervice
Le
v
l
Agr
ee
m
ent
ne
twork
node
(Switch
, r
o
uter
,
e
t
c .
.
)
T
otal
Co
t
o
f
Own
ership
Tim
e
Dev
i
sion iul
t
iplex
in
g
Tr
a
ffi
c
En
ginee
rin
g
D
ataba
e
U
nifie
d
Co
n
tro
l Pla
n
e
Virtu
a
l
L
a
be
l
Switch
R
o
u
t
ers
Virtu
al Pri
vate Network
Wa
ve
l
en
gth
-d
i
v
isio
n Mu
ltipl
exin
g
O
ver
v
iew
Th
e expo
n
e
nti
a
l
grow
th
of
I
nternet traffic
r
eq
uir
es
network
provid
e
r
s
to
co
n
str
u
c
t
e
ffi
c
i
e
nt
n
etwo
rkin
g systems.
Th
ese
l
a
r
ge
n
etwo
rk
s
n
ee
d
a com
p
l
ex a
nd
sop
hi
st
i
ca
t
e
d
cont
rol
system
es
p
ec
iall
y when
it includ
es
two
diff
e
r
e
nt infra
st
ru
ct
ur
es.
On
e so
luti
on
to
manag
e
th
i
s
probl
e
m
i
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
the differences
in n
etwo
rk
st
ru
ct
ur
e,
f
o
r
exa
mpl
e,
mo
st
network
pr
ov
i
de
r
s
h
ave
r
emoved
t
e
l
e
ph
o
n
y co
r
e sw
it
c
h
es
and
r
e
p
l
aced
them by
u
s
in
g
voice over
IP
se
r
v
i
ces.
Today
'
s
n
etwo
rk
s a
r
e com
p
osed o
f
an
o
p
t
i
cal
d
oma
in
(c
ir
c
ui
t
-
sw
i
tched
networks)
and
an
e
l
ect
ri
ca
l
dom
a
in
(packet-switched
n
e
t
wo
rk
s)
. Th
ese
two
n
e
twork
st
ru
ct
ur
es
operate on
different network
l
aye
r
s: c
ir
c
uit
-sw
i
tched networks
ope
r
ates o
n l
aye
r
o
n
e an
d
two,
w
hil
e
p
ac
k
et
-
sw
i
tched
n
etwo
rk
operates on
l
aye
r thr
ee a
nd f
o
ur (Figur
e
1). Ho
weve
r
, e
l
ect
rical
OSlModel Application
Layer 7 Presentation Layer 6
Session Layer 5
,-
- - - -
-1 Packet-switched Network )
1 1 1 • • 1
