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Forging a True Federal Spirit: Refuting the Myth of Quebec’s “Radical Difference”

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A. The Quebec Sovereignist Orthodoxy: Unrestrained Centralization of Federal Powers Destructive of Quebec’s Cultural Specificity

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(15)

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(16)

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(36)

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D. Why Canada Is Not Yet a Unitary State

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