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Être dans l'écrit, être au monde : étude d'enfants aveugles précoces présentant des troubles associés

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(1)Être dans l’écrit, être au monde : étude d’enfants aveugles précoces présentant des troubles associés Florence Pocchiola. To cite this version: Florence Pocchiola. Être dans l’écrit, être au monde : étude d’enfants aveugles précoces présentant des troubles associés. Médecine humaine et pathologie. 2012. �dumas-01512463�. HAL Id: dumas-01512463 https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-01512463 Submitted on 23 Apr 2017. HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés..

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