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Submitted on 19 Nov 2018
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Partitioning semantics for entity resolution and link
repairs in bibliographic knowledge bases
Léa Guizol
To cite this version:
Léa Guizol. Partitioning semantics for entity resolution and link repairs in bibliographic knowledge bases. Computer science. Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2014. English. �NNT : 2014MON20188�. �tel-01926280�
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❏❡ "♦✉❤❛✐(❡ )❡♠❡)❝✐❡) ❧❡" ♣❡)"♦♥♥❡" /✉✐ ♠✬♦♥( ❛❝❝✉❡✐❧❧✐❡ ❛✉ "❡✐♥ ❞✉ ▲■❘▼▼ ❡( ❞❡ ❧✬■❯❚ ❞❡ ▼♦♥(♣❡❧❧✐❡)✳ ❏❡ "♦✉❤❛✐(❡ )❡♠❡)❝✐❡) ♠❡" ❛♥❝✐❡♥" ♣)♦❢❡""❡✉)" ♣♦✉) ♠✬❛✈♦✐) ()❛♥"♠✐" ❧✬❛♠♦✉) ❞❡ ❧✬✐♥❢♦)♠❛(✐/✉❡✱ ❡( ▼❛❞❛❧✐♥❛ ❈)♦✐(♦)✉ ♣♦✉) "♦♥ ❡♥❝❛❞)❡♠❡♥( (♦✉( ❛✉ ❧♦♥❣ ❞❡ ❧❛ (❤>"❡✳ ❏❡ "♦✉❤❛✐(❡ )❡♠❡)❝✐❡) ❧✬❆❇❊❙ ♣♦✉) ❧❡" C❝❤❛♥❣❡" ❡♥)✐❝❤✐""❛♥(" /✉✐ ♦♥( ❡✉ ❧✐❡✉ ❞✉)❛♥( ❝❡((❡ ❝♦❧❧❛❜♦)❛(✐♦♥✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❡♠❡♥(✱ ♠❛✐" ♥♦♥ ❞❡" ♠♦✐♥❞)❡"✱ ❥❡ "♦✉❤❛✐(❡ )❡♠❡)❝✐❡) ♠❛ ❢❛♠✐❧❧❡ ❡( ♠❡" ❛♠✐" ♣♦✉) ❧❡✉) ❣❡♥(✐❧❧❡""❡✱ ❧❡✉) "♦✉(✐❡♥ ❡( ❧❡✉) ♣❛(✐❡♥❝❡✱ ❡( ❡♥ ♣❛)(✐❝✉❧✐❡) ▼✐❝❦❛H❧ ❡( ♠❛ ♠>)❡ ♣♦✉) ❧❡✉)" ♣)C❝✐❡✉"❡" )❡❧❡❝(✉)❡"✳ ❆✐♥"✐ /✉❡ ▼②❛ ❡( "❡" )♦♥)♦♥"✳ ✺❈♦♥#❡♥#%
▲✐"# ♦❢ ❋✐❣✉)❡" ✶✶ ▲✐"# ♦❢ ❚❛❜❧❡" ✶✸ ✶ ■♥#)♦❞✉❝#✐♦♥ ✶✺ ✶✳✶ "#♦❜❧❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✶✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧✐.❛0✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♣♦.✐0✐♦♥✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✶✳✷✳✶ ❉❡0❡❝0✐♥❣ ❡##♦♥❡♦✉. ❧✐♥❦. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✶✳✷✳✷ ❘❡♣❛✐# ♦❢ ❡##♦♥❡♦✉. ❧✐♥❦. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✶✳✸ ❊✈❛❧✉❛0✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✶✳✹ ❚❤❡.✐. .0#✉❝0✉#❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✷ ❘❡❧❛#❡❞ ✇♦)❦ ✷✸ ✷✳✶ ▲✐♥❦ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ 0❛.❦. #❡❧❛0❡❞ 0♦ ♦❜❥❡❝0. ♦# ❧✐♥❦. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✷✳✶✳✶ ❊♥0✐0② #❡.♦❧✉0✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✷✳✶✳✷ ▲✐♥❦ ♣#❡❞✐❝0✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✷✳✶✳✸ ▲✐♥❦✲❜❛.❡❞ ♦❜❥❡❝0 #❛♥❦✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✷✳✶✳✹ ▲✐♥❦✲❜❛.❡❞ ♦❜❥❡❝0 ❝❧❛..✐✜❝❛0✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✷✳✶✳✺ ●#♦✉♣ ❞❡0❡❝0✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✷ ❊♥0✐0② #❡.♦❧✉0✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❆♣♣#♦❛❝❤❡. ❢♦# ❡♥0✐0② #❡.♦❧✉0✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✷✳✷✳✷ ❙0#❛0❡❣✐❡. ❢♦# ❧❛#❣❡ ❞❛0❛.❡0. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✸ ❆♣♣)♦❛❝❤ ✸✸ ✸✳✶ ■..✉❡ ✐♥ ❙✉❞♦❝ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✸✳✷ ❆♣♣#♦❛❝❤✿ 0♦ ❞❡0❡❝0 ❛♥❞ #❡♣❛✐# ❡##♦♥❡♦✉. ❧✐♥❦. ✐♥ ❙✉❞♦❝ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✸✳✷✳✶ ❙0❡♣ ✶✿ ✜♥❞✐♥❣ ❛ ❙✉❞♦❝ .✉❜.❡0 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✸✳✷✳✷ ❙0❡♣ ✷✿ ✜♥❞✐♥❣ 0❤❡ ❜❡.0 ♣❛#0✐0✐♦♥.✬ ✈❛❧✉❡. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✸✳✷✳✸ ❙0❡♣ ✸✿ ❞❡0❡❝0✐♥❣ ❡##♦♥❡♦✉. ❧✐♥❦. ❜② ❝♦♠♣❛#✐♥❣ ♣❛#0✐0✐♦♥. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✸✳✷✳✹ ❙0❡♣ ✹✿ #❡♣❛✐#✐♥❣ ❡##♦♥❡♦✉. ❧✐♥❦. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✹ ❇❛"✐❝ ♥♦#✐♦♥" ✸✾ ✹✳✶ ❋♦#♠❛❧✐③❛0✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❙✉❞♦❝ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✹✳✶✳✶ ❙❡✈❡#❛❧ ❙✉❞♦❝ ❢♦#♠❛❧✐③❛0✐♦♥. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✼✽ ❈❖◆❚❊◆❚❙ ✹✳✶✳✷ %❡'(♦♥ ❞❡(❝'✐♣/✐♦♥( ✭❛✉/❤♦'✐/② ♥♦/✐❝❡(✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✹✳✶✳✸ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥/ ❞❡(❝'✐♣/✐♦♥( ✭❜✐❜❧✐♦❣'❛♣❤✐❝ ♥♦/✐❝❡(✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✹✳✶✳✹ ▲✐♥❦( ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥/❡①/✉❛❧ ❡♥/✐/✐❡( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✹✳✶✳✺ ■♥/❡'❡(/✐♥❣ ❙✉❞♦❝ (✉❜(❡/( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✹✳✷ ❈'✐/❡'✐❛ /♦ ❞❡/❡❝/ ❧✐♥❦ ✐((✉❡( ✐♥ ❙✉❞♦❝ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✹✳✷✳✶ ❙②♠❜♦❧✐❝ ❝'✐/❡'✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✹✳✷✳✷ ❈'✐/❡'✐❛ ✉(❡❞ /♦ ❝♦♠♣❛'❡ ❝♦♥/❡①/✉❛❧ ❡♥/✐/✐❡( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✺ !❛#$✐$✐♦♥✐♥❣ )❡♠❛♥$✐❝) ✺✼ ✺✳✶ ❇❛(✐❝ ♥♦/✐♦♥( ❢♦' ❜♦/❤ (❡♠❛♥/✐❝( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✺✳✶✳✶ ●❡♥❡'❛❧ ♣❛'/✐/✐♦♥✐♥❣ (❡♠❛♥/✐❝ ❞❡✜♥✐/✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✺✳✶✳✷ ●'❛♣❤ '❡♣'❡(❡♥/❛/✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ♣❛'/✐/✐♦♥♥✐♥❣ ♣'♦❜❧❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✺✳✶✳✸ ❆❜♦✉/ ♣❛'/✐/✐♦♥ ✈❛❧✉❡( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✺✳✷ ●❧♦❜❛❧ (❡♠❛♥/✐❝( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✺✳✷✳✶ ❊✈❛❧✉❛/✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣❛'✐♥❣ ♣❛'/✐/✐♦♥( ❛❝❝♦'❞✐♥❣ /♦ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ♣❛'✲ /✐/✐♦♥✐♥❣ (❡♠❛♥/✐❝( ❢♦' ❛ (✐♥❣❧❡ ❝'✐/❡'✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✺✳✷✳✷ ❊✈❛❧✉❛/✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣❛'✐♥❣ ♣❛'/✐/✐♦♥( ❛❝❝♦'❞✐♥❣ /♦ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ♣❛'✲ /✐/✐♦♥✐♥❣ (❡♠❛♥/✐❝( ❢♦' (❡✈❡'❛❧ ❝'✐/❡'✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✺✳✷✳✸ ❋✐♥❞✐♥❣ ❜❡(/ ♣❛'/✐/✐♦♥( ❢♦' ❛ (✐♥❣❧❡ ❝'✐/❡'✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✺✳✷✳✹ ❋✐♥❞✐♥❣ ❜❡(/ ♣❛'/✐/✐♦♥( ❢♦' (❡✈❡'❛❧ ❝'✐/❡'✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✺✳✸ ▲♦❝❛❧ (❡♠❛♥/✐❝( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✺✳✸✳✶ ■♥❝♦❤❡'❡♥❝❡( ✐♥ ❛ ❝'✐/❡'✐❛ ❣'❛♣❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✺✳✸✳✷ ❋✐♥❞✐♥❣ ❜❡(/ ♣❛'/✐/✐♦♥( ❢♦' (❡✈❡'❛❧ ❝'✐/❡'✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✺✳✹ ❆❜♦✉/ /❤❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥/❛/✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣❛'/✐/✐♦♥✐♥❣ (❡♠❛♥/✐❝( ❛❧❣♦'✐/❤♠( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✻ ❘❡♣❛✐# ❛❧❣♦#✐$❤♠) ✽✸ ✻✳✶ ■♥/'♦❞✉❝/✐♦♥✱ ❞❛/❛✱ ✇❤②✱ ❞❡✜♥✐/✐♦♥✱ ❤②♣♦/❤❡(✐( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✻✳✶✳✶ ❙♦✉'❝❡( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹ ✻✳✶✳✷ %❛'/✐/✐♦♥ /'❛♥(❢♦'♠❛/✐♦♥( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✻✳✶✳✸ ❈'✉❝✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ✉♥❛❝❝❡♣/❡❞ ❡❞❣❡( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻ ✻✳✷ ◆❛✐✈❡ '❡♣❛✐' ❛❧❣♦'✐/❤♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ✻✳✸ ■♥/✉✐/✐✈❡ '❡♣❛✐' ❛❧❣♦'✐/❤♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✻✳✹ ❙♦✉'❝❡ '❡♣❛✐' ❛❧❣♦'✐/❤♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ✻✳✺ ❆❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ '❡♣❛✐' ❛❧❣♦'✐/❤♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹ ✼ ❊①♣❡#✐♠❡♥$) ✶✵✾ ✼✳✶ ◗✉❛♥/✐/❛/✐✈❡ ❡①♣❡'✐♠❡♥/( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✾ ✼✳✷ ◗✉❛♥/✐/❛/✐✈❡ ❡①♣❡'✐♠❡♥/(✿ ❞❛/❛ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸ ✼✳✷✳✶ ❉❛/❛ ❛♠❜✐❣✉✐/② ❛♥❞ /❤❡ ❛❝❝✉'❛❝② ♦❢ /❤❡ ❝'✐/❡'✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹ ✼✳✷✳✷ ◆✉♠❜❡' ♦❢ ✐♥❝♦❤❡'❡♥❝❡( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✺ ✼✳✸ ◗✉❛❧✐/❛/✐✈❡ ❡①♣❡'✐♠❡♥/( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✵ ✼✳✸✳✶ ❊✈❛❧✉❛/✐♦♥ ♦❢ /❤❡ ✐♥✐/✐❛❧ ♣❛'/✐/✐♦♥( ❛❝❝♦'❞✐♥❣ /♦ ❜♦/❤ (❡♠❛♥/✐❝( ✶✷✷
❈❖◆❚❊◆❚❙ ✾ ✼✳✸✳✷ ❊✈❛❧✉❛*✐♦♥ ♦❢ *❤❡ ❤✉♠❛♥ ♣❛3*✐*✐♦♥4 ❛❝❝♦3❞✐♥❣ *♦ *❤❡ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ 4❡♠❛♥*✐❝4 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✹ ✼✳✸✳✸ ❊✈❛❧✉❛*✐♦♥ ♦❢ *❤❡ ❤✉♠❛♥ ♣❛3*✐*✐♦♥4 ❛❝❝♦3❞✐♥❣ *♦ *❤❡ ❧♦❝❛❧ 4❡✲ ♠❛♥*✐❝4 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✼ ✼✳✸✳✹ ❈♦♥❝❧✉4✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✾ ✼✳✹ ❯4❡3 ✐♥*❡3❢❛❝❡ ♣3♦♣♦4❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✵ ✽ ❈♦♥❝❧✉'✐♦♥ ✶✸✺ ✽✳✶ ❘❡4❡❛3❝❤ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡♠❡♥*4 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✺ ✽✳✷ ❋✉*✉3❡ ✇♦3❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✻ ✽✳✷✳✶ ❘❡♠♦✈✐♥❣ *❤❡ ❤②♣♦*❤❡4✐4 ♦❢ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝② ❛♠♦♥❣ ❝3✐*❡3✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✻ ✽✳✷✳✷ ■♠♣3♦✈✐♥❣ *❤❡ ✐♥*❡3❢❛❝❡ ❢♦3 ❧✐❜3❛3✐❛♥ ✉4❡34 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✽ ✾ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣0❛♣❤② ✶✹✶
▲✐"# ♦❢ ❋✐❣✉)❡"
✶✳✶ ❚❤❡%✐% ✇♦)❦ ❞♦♠❛✐♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✸✳✶ ▲✐♥❦❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❛ ♥❡✇ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣)❛♣❤✐❝ ♥♦9✐❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✸✳✷ ●❡♥❡)❛❧ ❛♣♣)♦❛❝❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✹✳✶ ❘❡♣)❡%❡♥9❛9✐♦♥ ♦❢ 9❤❡ ❜♦♦❦ ✏▲❡ ●#❛♥❞ ▼❡❛✉❧♥❡*✑ ❜② ✏❋♦✉#♥✐❡#✱ ❆❧❛✐♥✑ ✐♥ ❙✉❞♦❝ ▼❆❘❈ ✈❡)%✐♦♥ ❬✸❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✹✳✷ ❘❉❋ ✈❡)%✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❙✉❞♦❝ ✈✐%✉❛❧✐③❡❞ ✇✐9❤ ❈♦❣✉✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✹✳✸ ♥✲9)✐♣❧❡% ✈❡)%✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❙✉❞♦❝ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✹✳✹ ❆♥ ❛✉9❤♦)✐9② ♥♦9✐❝❡ ❛❝❝♦)❞✐♥❣ 9♦ ❙✉❞♦❝ ✇❡❜✲✈❡)%✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✹✳✺ ❆ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣)❛♣❤✐❝ ♥♦9✐❝❡ ❛❝❝♦)❞✐♥❣ 9♦ ❙✉❞♦❝ ✇❡❜✲✈❡)%✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✺✳✶ ❈)✐9❡)✐♦♥ ❣)❛♣❤ GC1 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✺✳✷ ❈)✐9❡)✐♦♥ ❣)❛♣❤ G{C1,C2} ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✺✳✸ ❘❡❢❡)❡♥❝❡ ♣❛)9✐9✐♦♥% ❢♦) GC1 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✺✳✹ P❛)9% ♦❢ ❝)✐9❡)✐❛ ❣)❛♣❤ Gu {C1,C2} ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✻✳✶ ❈)✐9❡)✐♦♥ ❣)❛♣❤ GC ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✻✳✷ ❈)✉❝✐❛❧ ❡❞❣❡% ♦❢ GC ❢♦) 9❤❡ ♣❛)9✐9✐♦♥ ✈❛❧✉❡ (++, −) ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ✻✳✸ ❯♥❛❝❝❡♣9❡❞ ❡❞❣❡% ❢♦) 9❤❡ ♣❛)9✐9✐♦♥ P ♦♥ GC ✇✐9❤ )❡%♣❡❝9 9♦ (++, −) ✾✶ ✻✳✹ ▼♦❞✐✜❝❛9✐♦♥% ♦❢ Pa ♦♥ GC ✇✐9❤ )❡%♣❡❝9 9♦ (++, −)✿ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ❢♦) 9❤❡ ♥❛✐✈❡ ❛❧❣♦)✐9❤♠ ✭✺✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✻✳✺ ▼♦❞✐✜❝❛9✐♦♥% ♦❢ P′ ♦♥ G C ✇✐9❤ )❡%♣❡❝9 9♦ (++, −)✿ ❝♦✉♥9❡) ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ❢♦) 9❤❡ ♥❛✐✈❡ ❛❧❣♦)✐9❤♠ ✭❆❧❣♦)✐9❤♠ ✺✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼ ✻✳✻ ❚❤❡ ♣❛)9✐9✐♦♥ P′✱ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛9✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣❛)9✐9✐♦♥ P ♦♥ G C ✇✐9❤ )❡%♣❡❝9 9♦ (++, −)❛❢9❡) 9❤❡ ♠❡)❣❡ %9❡♣ ♦❢ 9❤❡ ✐♥9✉✐9✐✈❡ )❡♣❛✐) ❛❧❣♦)✐9❤♠ ✭❆❧❣♦✲ )✐9❤♠ ✻✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾ ✻✳✼ ❚❤❡ ♣❛)9✐9✐♦♥ P′✱ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛9✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣❛)9✐9✐♦♥ P ♦♥ G C ✇✐9❤ )❡%♣❡❝9 9♦ (++, −) ❛❢9❡) 9❤❡ ❞✐✈✐%✐♦♥ %9❡♣ ♦❢ 9❤❡ %♦✉)❝❡ )❡♣❛✐) ❛❧❣♦)✐9❤♠ ✭❆❧❣♦✲ )✐9❤♠ ✶✵✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ✻✳✽ ❚❤❡ ♣❛)9✐9✐♦♥ P′✱ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛9✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣❛)9✐9✐♦♥ P ♦♥ G C ✇✐9❤ )❡%♣❡❝9 9♦ (++, −) ❛❢9❡) 9❤❡ ♠❡)❣❡ %9❡♣ ♦❢ 9❤❡ %♦✉)❝❡ )❡♣❛✐) ❛❧❣♦)✐9❤♠ ✭❆❧❣♦✲ )✐9❤♠ ✶✵✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹ ✶✶✶✷ ▲■❙❚ ❖❋ ❋■●❯❘❊❙ ✻✳✾ ❚❤❡ ♣❛*+✐+✐♦♥ P′✱ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛+✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣❛*+✐+✐♦♥ P ♦♥ G C ✇✐+❤ *❡6♣❡❝+ +♦ (++, −)❛❢+❡* +❤❡ ✜*6+ ♠❡*❣❡ ✐♥ +❤❡ ✉♥❞♦ ❞✐✈✐6✐♦♥ 6+❡♣ ♦❢ +❤❡ ❛❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ *❡♣❛✐* ❛❧❣♦*✐+❤♠ ✭❆❧❣♦*✐+❤♠ ✶✵✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼ ✻✳✶✵ ❚❤❡ ♣❛*+✐+✐♦♥ P′✱ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛+✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣❛*+✐+✐♦♥ P ♦♥ G C ✇✐+❤ *❡6♣❡❝+ +♦ (++, −)❛❢+❡* +❤❡ ✉♥❞♦✲❞✐✈✐6✐♦♥ 6+❡♣ ♦❢ +❤❡ ❛❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ *❡♣❛✐* ❛❧❣♦*✐+❤♠ ✭❆❧❣♦*✐+❤♠ ✶✵✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼ ✼✳✶ ▲✐♥❦6 ❞✐6+*✐❜✉+✐♦♥ ❜❡+✇❡❡♥ ❙✉❞♦❝ ❛✉+❤♦*✐+② ♥♦+✐❝❡6 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶ ✼✳✷ ❊①❡❝✉+✐♦♥ +✐♠❡ ❢♦* ❣❧♦❜❛❧ 6❡♠❛♥+✐❝6 ❛❧❣♦*✐+❤♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶ ✼✳✸ ❙✉❞♦❝ 6✉❜6❡+6 6✐③❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✷ ✼✳✹ ❊①❡❝✉+✐♦♥ +✐♠❡ ❢♦* ❧♦❝❛❧ 6❡♠❛♥+✐❝6 ❛❧❣♦*✐+❤♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸ ✼✳✺ ❊①❡❝✉+✐♦♥ +✐♠❡ +♦ ✜♥❞ ❛❧❧ ❜❡6+ ♣❛*+✐+✐♦♥ ✈❛❧✉❡6 ❛❝❝♦*❞✐♥❣ +♦ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ 6❡♠❛♥+✐❝6 ❛♥❞ ✽ ❝*✐+❡*✐❛ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ randomDate′ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✽ ✼✳✻ ❚❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡* ♦❢ ✐♥❝♦❤❡*❡♥+ ♣❛*+6 ❛❝❝♦*❞✐♥❣ +♦ ✽ ❝*✐+❡*✐❛ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ randomDate′ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✵ ✼✳✼ ❊①❡❝✉+✐♦♥ +✐♠❡ +♦ ✜♥❞ ❛❧❧ ❜❡6+ ♣❛*+✐+✐♦♥ ✈❛❧✉❡6 ❛❝❝♦*❞✐♥❣ +♦ ❧♦❝❛❧ 6❡♠❛♥+✐❝6 ❛♥❞ ✽ ❝*✐+❡*✐❛ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ randomDate′ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✶ ✼✳✽ ■♥+❡*❢❛❝❡ ❢♦* ❞❡+❡❝+✐♥❣ ❡**♦♥❡♦✉6 ❧✐♥❦6 ✇✐+❤ ❛♥ ❛♣♣❡❧❧❛+✐♦♥ 6❡❧❡❝+❡❞ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✶ ✼✳✾ ▼❡♥✉ “Best compromises” ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✷ ✼✳✶✵ ▼❡♥✉ “Modifying the comparisons showing” ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✸
▲✐"# ♦❢ ❚❛❜❧❡"
✸✳✶ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♥.❡①.✉❛❧ ❡♥.✐.✐❡1 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✺✳✶ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♥.❡①.✉❛❧ ❡♥.✐.✐❡1 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✼✳✶ ❊✈❛❧✉❛.✐♦♥ ♦❢ P i ❛❝❝♦5❞✐♥❣ .♦ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ 1❡♠❛♥.✐❝1 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✸ ✼✳✷ ❊✈❛❧✉❛.✐♦♥ ♦❢ P i ❛❝❝♦5❞✐♥❣ .♦ ❧♦❝❛❧ 1❡♠❛♥.✐❝1 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✸ ✼✳✸ ●❧♦❜❛❧ 1❡♠❛♥.✐❝1✿ ❤✉♠❛♥ ♣❛5.✐.✐♦♥ ❡✈❛❧✉❛.✐♦♥ ✇✐.❤ 5❡1♣❡❝. .♦ C9 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✺ ✼✳✹ ●❧♦❜❛❧ 1❡♠❛♥.✐❝1✿ ❤✉♠❛♥ ♣❛5.✐.✐♦♥ ❡✈❛❧✉❛.✐♦♥ ✇✐.❤ 5❡1♣❡❝. .♦ C7 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✺ ✼✳✺ ▲♦❝❛❧ 1❡♠❛♥.✐❝1✿ ❤✉♠❛♥ ♣❛5.✐.✐♦♥ ❡✈❛❧✉❛.✐♦♥ ✇✐.❤ 5❡1♣❡❝. .♦ C9 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✽ ✼✳✻ ▲♦❝❛❧ 1❡♠❛♥.✐❝1✿ ❤✉♠❛♥ ♣❛5.✐.✐♦♥ ❡✈❛❧✉❛.✐♦♥ ✇✐.❤ 5❡1♣❡❝. .♦ C7 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✽ ✼✳✼ B5❡❝✐1✐♦♥✱ 5❡❝❛❧❧ ❛♥❞ ❋✲♠❡❛1✉5❡ ✇✐.❤ 5❡1♣❡❝. .♦ C9 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✾ ✼✳✽ B5❡❝✐1✐♦♥✱ 5❡❝❛❧❧ ❛♥❞ ❋✲♠❡❛1✉5❡ ✇✐.❤ 5❡1♣❡❝. .♦ C7 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✾ ✶✸❈❤❛♣$❡& ✶
■♥$&♦❞✉❝$✐♦♥
✶✳✶ "#♦❜❧❡♠
❙✐♥❝❡ ✷✵✵✶✱ ❆❇❊❙ ✭❋.❡♥❝❤ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣.❛♣❤✐❝ ❆❣❡♥❝② ❢♦. ❍✐❣❤❡. ❊❞✉❝❛;✐♦♥✮ ❤❛= ❜❡❡♥ ♠❛♥❛❣✐♥❣ ❙✉❞♦❝✶ ✭❯♥✐✈❡.=✐;② ❙②=;❡♠ ♦❢ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥;❛;✐♦♥✮✱ ❛ ❋.❡♥❝❤ ❝♦❧❧❡❝;✐✈❡ ❝❛;❛✲ ❧♦❣ ❝♦♥;❛✐♥✐♥❣ ♦✈❡. ✶✵ ♠✐❧❧✐♦♥ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥; ❞❡=❝.✐♣;✐♦♥= ✭❜✐❜❧✐♦❣%❛♣❤✐❝ ♥♦+✐❝❡-✮ ❛♥❞ ❛.♦✉♥❞ ✷✳✹ ♠✐❧❧✐♦♥ ♣❡.=♦♥ ❞❡=❝.✐♣;✐♦♥= ✭❛✉+❤♦%✐+② ♥♦+✐❝❡-✮✳ ▼♦=; ♦❢ ;❤❡ ;✐♠❡✱ ❜✐❜❧✐✲ ♦❣.❛♣❤✐❝ ♥♦;✐❝❡= ❞❡=❝.✐❜❡ ❜♦♦❦= ❜✉; ;❤❡② ❝❛♥ ❛❧=♦ ❞❡=❝.✐❜❡ ♦;❤❡. ❦✐♥❞= ♦❢ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥;=✱ ❧✐❦❡ ♠✉=✐❝ ♦. ♠♦✈✐❡=✳ ❆✉;❤♦.✐;② ♥♦;✐❝❡= ❛.❡ ✉=❡❞ ;♦ ❞❡=❝.✐❜❡ ♣❡.=♦♥= ❛♥❞ ❡♥;✐;✐❡= ;❤❛; ❤❛✈❡ ❝♦♥;.✐❜✉;❡❞ ✭❛= ;❤❡ ❛✉;❤♦. ♦. ;❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐=❤❡.✮ ;♦ ❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥; ❞❡=❝.✐❜❡❞ ✐♥ ❙✉❞♦❝✳ ■♥ ;❤✐= ;❤❡=✐=✱ ✇❡ ❢♦❝✉= ♦♥ ❜♦♦❦ ❞❡=❝.✐♣;✐♦♥= ❛♥❞ ❧✐♠✐; ♦✉.=❡❧✈❡= ;♦ ♣❡.=♦♥ ❞❡=❝.✐♣;✐♦♥=✳ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣.❛♣❤✐❝ ♥♦;✐❝❡= ❤❛✈❡ =❡✈❡.❛❧ ❛;;.✐❜✉;❡= ✭❧✐❦❡ ;✐;❧❡✱ ♣♣♥ ♦. ;❤❡ ✉♥✐I✉❡ ✐❞❡♥✲ ;✐✜❡.✱ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛;✐♦♥ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✱ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛;✐♦♥ ❞❛;❡✳✳✳✮✳ K❡.=♦♥= ✇❤♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❝♦♥;.✐❜✉;❡❞ ;♦ ❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣.❛♣❤✐❝ ♥♦;✐❝❡ ❛.❡ .❡♣.❡=❡♥;❡❞ ❜② ❧✐♥❦- ;❤❛; ♣♦✐♥; ❛; ❛✉;❤♦.✐;② ♥♦;✐❝❡= .❡♣.❡✲ =❡♥;✐♥❣ ;❤♦=❡ ♣❡.=♦♥=✳ ❆✉;❤♦.✐;② ♥♦;✐❝❡= ❤❛✈❡ =❡✈❡.❛❧ ❛;;.✐❜✉;❡=✿ ♣♣♥ ✭;❤❡✐. ✉♥✐I✉❡ ✐❞❡♥;✐✜❡.✮✱ ❧✐=;= ♦❢ ♥❛♠❡= ❛♥❞ =✉.♥❛♠❡=✱ ❧✐❢❡ ❞❛;❡= ❛♥❞ =♦✉.❝❡=✳ ❚❤❡ -♦✉%❝❡ ❛;;.✐❜✉;❡ .❡❢❡.= ;♦ ;❤❡ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣.❛♣❤✐❝ ♥♦;✐❝❡ ❢♦. ✇❤✐❝❤ ;❤❡ ❛✉;❤♦.✐;② ♥♦;✐❝❡ ✇❛= ❝.❡❛;❡❞✳ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✶ ✭▲✐♥❦✮✳ ❙♦♣❤♦❝❧❡' ✐' )❡♣)❡'❡♥+❡❞ ❜② +❤❡ ❛✉+❤♦)✐+② ♥♦+✐❝❡ ✇✐+❤ ♣♣♥ ✏✵✷✼✶✹✸✻✶✾✑✳ ❍❡ ❤❛' ❝♦♥+)✐❜✉+❡❞ ❛' ❛♥ ❛✉+❤♦) +♦ +❤❡ ♣❧❛② ♥❛♠❡❞ ✏❆♥+✐❣♦♥❡✑✳ ❚❤✐' ♣❧❛② ✐' )❡♣✲ )❡'❡♥+❡❞ ❜② +❤❡ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣)❛♣❤✐❝ ♥♦+✐❝❡ ✇✐+❤ ♣♣♥ ✏✶✻✻✽✺✽✵✶✸✑✱ '♦✱ +❤❡)❡ ✐' ❛ ❧✐♥❦ ❧❛✲ ❜❡❧❧❡❞ ✏❛✉+❤♦)✑ ❜❡+✇❡❡♥ +❤❡ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣)❛♣❤✐❝ ♥♦+✐❝❡ ✏✶✻✻✽✺✽✵✶✸✑ ❛♥❞ +❤❡ ❛✉+❤♦)✐+② ♥♦+✐❝❡ ✏✵✷✼✶✹✸✻✶✾✑✳ ❲❤❡♥ ❛ ❧✐❜.❛.✐❛♥ ♥❡❡❞= ;♦ .❡❣✐=;❡. ❛ ♥❡✇ ❜♦♦❦ ✐♥ ;❤❡ ❙✉❞♦❝✱ ✭=✮❤❡ ❝.❡❛;❡= ❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣.❛♣❤✐❝ ♥♦;✐❝❡ ❞❡=❝.✐❜✐♥❣ ;❤✐= ❜♦♦❦✳ ❋♦. ❡❛❝❤ ♣❡.=♦♥ ✇❤♦ ❤❛= ❝♦♥;.✐❜✉;❡❞ ;♦ ;❤❡ ❜♦♦❦ ✭♥❛♠❡❞ ❝♦♥+%✐❜✉+♦%✮✱ ✭=✮❤❡ ❤❛= ;♦ ✜♥❞ ✇❤❡;❤❡. ❛♥ ❛✉;❤♦.✐;② ♥♦;✐❝❡ ❞❡=❝.✐❜✐♥❣ ;❤✐= ♣❡.=♦♥ ❛❧.❡❛❞② ❡①✐=;= ✐♥ ❙✉❞♦❝✳ ❙❡✈❡.❛❧ =;❡♣= ❛.❡ ♣❡.❢♦.♠❡❞✿ ✶❆ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ✈❡)*✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❙✉❞♦❝ ✐* ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♦♥ 1❤❡ ✇❡❜*✐1❡ http://en.abes.fr/Sudoc/The-Sudoc-catalog✳ ✶✺✶✻ ❈❍❆#❚❊❘ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ❼ ✭❙✮❤❡ ❡♥(❡)* (❤❡ ♥❛♠❡ ❛♥❞ *✉)♥❛♠❡ ✭(❤❡ ❛♣♣❡❧❧❛(✐♦♥✮ ♦❢ (❤❡ ♣❡)*♦♥✳ ❆ ❢✉♥❝(✐♦♥ *❡❧❡❝(* ❛❧❧ (❤❡ ❛✉(❤♦)✐(② ♥♦(✐❝❡* (❤❛( ❤❛✈❡ ❛♥ ❛♣♣❡❧❧❛(✐♦♥ (❤❛( ♠✐❣❤( )❡❢❡) (♦ (❤❡ *❛♠❡ ♣❡)*♦♥✳ ❼ ❋♦) ❡❛❝❤ *❡❧❡❝(❡❞ ❛✉(❤♦)✐(② ♥♦(✐❝❡✱ ✭*✮❤❡ ❧♦♦❦* ❛( (❤❡ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣)❛♣❤✐❝ ♥♦(✐❝❡* ❧✐♥❦❡❞ (♦ ✐( ✭(❤❡ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣)❛♣❤②✮ ✐♥ ♦)❞❡) (♦ ❝♦♠♣❛)❡ (❤❡♠ (♦ (❤❡ ♥❡✇ ❜✐❜❧✐♦✲ ❣)❛♣❤✐❝ ♥♦(✐❝❡✳ ❯♥❢♦)(✉♥❛(❡❧②✱ ✐( ✐* ♣♦**✐❜❧❡ (♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ❧♦( ♦❢ *❡❧❡❝(❡❞ ❛✉(❤♦)✐(② ♥♦(✐❝❡*✱ ❜❡❝❛✉*❡ ♦❢ ❤♦♠♦♥②♠*✳ ❼ ✭❙✮❤❡ *❡❧❡❝(* (❤❡ ❛✉(❤♦)✐(② ♥♦(✐❝❡ (❤❛( )❡♣)❡*❡♥(* (❤❡ ❞❡*✐)❡❞ ❝♦♥()✐❜✉(♦) ❛♥❞ ❧✐♥❦* ✐( (♦ (❤❡ ♥❡✇ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣)❛♣❤✐❝ ♥♦(✐❝❡✳ ■❢ ♥♦ ❛✉(❤♦)✐(② ♥♦(✐❝❡ ✜(*✱ ✭*✮❤❡ ❝)❡❛(❡* ❛♥ ❛✉(❤♦)✐(② ♥♦(✐❝❡ ✐♥ ♦)❞❡) (♦ )❡♣)❡*❡♥( (❤✐* ❝♦♥()✐❜✉(♦) ❛♥❞ ❧✐♥❦* ✐( (♦ (❤❡ ♥❡✇ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣)❛♣❤✐❝ ♥♦(✐❝❡✳ ■♥ (❤✐* ♣❛)(✐❝✉❧❛) ❝❛*❡✱ (❤❡ ♥❡✇ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣)❛♣❤✐❝ ♥♦(✐❝❡ ❜❡❝♦♠❡* (❤❡ *♦✉)❝❡ ♦❢ (❤❡ ♥❡✇ ❛✉(❤♦)✐(② ♥♦(✐❝❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❧✐♥❦ ❞❡❝✐*✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ❧✐❜)❛)✐❛♥ ✐* ❜❛*❡❞ ♦♥ (❤❡ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣)❛♣❤② ♦❢ (❤❡ *❡❧❡❝(❡❞ ❛✉(❤♦)✲ ✐(② ♥♦(✐❝❡✳ ❙♦✱ (❤❡ ❞❡❝✐*✐♦♥ (♦ ♠❛❦❡ ❛ ❧✐♥❦ ✐* ❜❛*❡❞ ♦♥ ❡①✐*(✐♥❣ ❧✐♥❦*✳ ❯♥❢♦)(✉♥❛(❡❧②✱ (❤❡)❡ ❛)❡ ❡))♦♥❡♦✉* ❧✐♥❦* ✐♥ ❙✉❞♦❝✱ (❤❛( ❡♥(❛✐❧ ♥❡✇ ❡))♦♥❡♦✉* ❧✐♥❦*✳ ❆♥ ❡))♦♥❡♦✉* ❧✐♥❦ ✐* ❛ ❧✐♥❦ ❜❡(✇❡❡♥ ❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣)❛♣❤✐❝ ♥♦(✐❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❛♥ ❛✉(❤♦)✐(② ♥♦(✐❝❡ (❤❛( ❞♦❡* ♥♦( )❡♣)❡*❡♥( (❤❡ ❝♦))❡❝( ❝♦♥()✐❜✉(♦)✱ ❜✉( ❥✉*( ❛ ♣❡)*♦♥ ✇✐(❤ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛(✐❜❧❡ ❛♣♣❡❧❧❛(✐♦♥✳ ❚❤✐* ✐♠♣❧✐❡* (❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❘❡*❡❛)❝❤ ◗✉❡*(✐♦♥✿ ❘❡"❡❛$❝❤ ◗✉❡")✐♦♥✳ ❍♦✇ #♦ ❞❡#❡❝# ❛♥❞ )❡♣❛✐) ❡))♦♥❡♦✉- ❧✐♥❦- ✐♥ ❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣)❛♣❤✐❝ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❞❛#❛❜❛-❡ ✉-✐♥❣ 3✉❛❧✐#❛#✐✈❡ ♠❡#❤♦❞-❄ ▲❡( ✉* ♣)❡*❡♥( ❤♦✇ ✇❡ ❛♥*✇❡) (♦ (❤✐* ❘❡*❡❛)❝❤ ◗✉❡*(✐♦♥ ✐♥ (❤❡ ♥❡①( ❙❡❝(✐♦♥ ✶✳✷✳ ❲❡ ✇✐❧❧ *✉♠ ✉♣ ❤♦✇ )❡*✉❧(* ❛)❡ ❡✈❛❧✉❛(❡❞ ✐♥ ❙❡❝(✐♦♥ ✶✳✸ ❜❡❢♦)❡ ❞❡(❛✐❧✐♥❣ (❤❡ (❤❡*✐* *()✉❝(✉)❡ ✐♥ ❙❡❝(✐♦♥ ✶✳✹✳
✶✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧✐)❛+✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♣♦)✐+✐♦♥✐♥❣
▲❡( ✉* ❡①♣❧❛✐♥ ❤♦✇ ✇❡ ♣)♦♣♦*❡ (♦ ❞❡(❡❝( ❛♥❞ )❡♣❛✐) ❡))♦♥❡♦✉* ❧✐♥❦*✳ ❲❡ ✇✐❧❧ *(❛)( ✇✐(❤ (❤❡ ❞❡(❡❝(✐♦♥ ♣❛)( ✭✐♥ ❙❡❝(✐♦♥ ✶✳✷✳✶✮ ❛♥❞ ❡♥❞ ✇✐(❤ (❤❡ )❡♣❛✐) ♣❛)( ♦❢ (❤❡ ♣)♦❜❧❡♠ ✐♥ ❙❡❝(✐♦♥ ✶✳✷✳✷✳✶✳✷✳✶ ❉❡%❡❝%✐♥❣ ❡**♦♥❡♦✉-
❧✐♥❦-▲❡( ✉* ♣)❡*❡♥( ❤❡)❡ ✉♥❞❡) ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤②♣♦(❤❡*❡* ❛♥❞ ❤♦✇ ✇❡ ❞❡(❡❝( ❛♥❞ )❡♣❛✐) ❡))♦♥❡♦✉* ❧✐♥❦* ✐♥ ❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣)❛♣❤✐❝ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❜❛*❡✳ ■♥ (❤✐* (❤❡*✐*✱ ✇❡ ❛**✉♠❡ (❤❛( ❛♥ ❛✉(❤♦)✐(② ♥♦(✐❝❡ ❞❡*❝)✐❜✐♥❣ ❛ ♣❡)*♦♥ ❝♦♥(❛✐♥* ❛❧❧ (❤❡ ❛♣♣❡❧❧❛(✐♦♥* (❤❛( )❡❢❡)* (♦ (❤✐* ♣❡)*♦♥✳ ❚❤✐* ✐♠♣❧✐❡* (❤❛( ♦♥❧② ❛✉(❤♦)✐(② ♥♦(✐❝❡* (❤❛( ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ♦) ❝♦♠♣❛(✐❜❧❡ ❛♣♣❡❧❧❛(✐♦♥ ✭♥❛♠❡ ❛♥❞ *✉)♥❛♠❡✮ ♠❛② )❡♣)❡*❡♥( ❛ *❛♠❡ ♣❡)*♦♥ ✭❲♦)❦ ❍②♣♦(❤❡*✐* ✶✮✳ ❚✇♦ ❛♣♣❡❧❧❛(✐♦♥* ❛)❡ ❝♦♠♣❛(✐❜❧❡ ✐❢ (❤❡② ♠❛② ❞❡*✐❣♥❛(❡ (❤❡ *❛♠❡ ♣❡)*♦♥ ✭❛* ✏●✉✐③♦❧✱ ▲✳✑✱ ✏●✉✐③♦❧✱ ▲❡❛✑ ♦) ✏●✉✐③♦✱ ▲Q❛✑✮✳✶✳✷✳ ▼❖❉❊▲■❙❆❚■❖◆ ❆◆❉ -❖❙■❚■❖◆■◆● ✶✼
❲♦"❦ ❍②♣♦'❤❡*✐* ✶ ✭❈♦♠♣❛(✐❜❧❡ ❛♣♣❡❧❧❛(✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛✉(❤♦1✐(② ♥♦(✐❝❡4✮✳ ❖♥❧② ❛✉&❤♦)✐&② ♥♦&✐❝❡- &❤❛& -❤❛)❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛&✐❜❧❡ ❛♣♣❡❧❧❛&✐♦♥ ✭♥❛♠❡ ❛♥❞ -✉)♥❛♠❡ ♦❢ &❤❡ )❡♣)❡-❡♥&❡❞ ♣❡)-♦♥✮ ❝❛♥ )❡♣)❡-❡♥& ❛ -❛♠❡ )❡❛❧✲✇♦)❧❞ ♣❡)-♦♥✳ ❲❡ ❛❧4♦ ❛44✉♠❡ (❤❛( ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥(4 ❝♦✲❛✉(❤♦1❡❞ ❜② ❛ 4❛♠❡ ♣❡14♦♥ 4❤❛1❡ 4♦♠❡ ❝❤❛1✲ ❛❝(❡1✐4(✐❝4✿ ✈❡1② ❞✐44✐♠✐❧❛1 ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥(4 ❞♦ ♥♦( 4❤❛1❡ ❝♦♥(1✐❜✉(♦14 ✭❲♦1❦ ❍②♣♦(❤❡4✐4 ✸✮ ❜✉( ✈❡1② 4✐♠✐❧❛1 ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥(4 ✭4❛♠❡ (✐(❧❡4 ❢♦1 ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✮ ❛1❡ ❧✐❦❡❧② (♦ 4❤❛1❡ 4♦♠❡ ❝♦♥(1✐❜✉(♦1✭4✮ ✭❲♦1❦ ❍②♣♦(❤❡4✐4 ✷✮✳ ❙✐♠✐❧❛1✐(② ♦❢ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥(4 ✐4 ❡✈❛❧✉❛(❡❞ ❜② ❝♦♠✲ ♣❛1✐♥❣ (❤❡✐1 ❝❤❛1❛❝(❡1✐4(✐❝4 ✭❧✐❦❡ (✐(❧❡✱ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛(✐♦♥ ❞❛(❡✱ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛(✐♦♥ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❛♥❞ 4♦ ♦♥✮✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦1❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥(4 4❡❡♠ ❧✐❦❡❧② (♦ ❜❡ ♣✐❡❝❡4 ♦❢ ❛ 4❛♠❡ ✇♦1❦✱ (❤❡ ♠♦1❡ (❤❡② ❛1❡ ❝♦♥4✐❞❡1❡❞ ❛4 4✐♠✐❧❛1✳ ❲♦"❦ ❍②♣♦'❤❡*✐* ✷ ✭❙✐♠✐❧❛1 ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥(4 ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥(1✐❜✉(♦14✮✳ 8❡)-♦♥- ✇❤♦ ♣♦--❡--✈❡)② ❝♦♠♣❛&✐❜❧❡ ❛♣♣❡❧❧❛&✐♦♥- ✭♥❛♠❡ ❛♥❞ -✉)♥❛♠❡✮ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥&)✐❜✉&❡❞ &♦ ♣♦--❡--✈❡)② -✐♠✐❧❛) ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥&- ❛)❡ &❤❡ -❛♠❡ )❡❛❧✲✇♦)❧❞ ♣❡)-♦♥-✳
❲♦"❦ ❍②♣♦'❤❡*✐* ✸ ✭❉✐44✐♠✐❧❛1 ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥(4 ❛♥❞ (❤❡✐1 ❝♦♥(1✐❜✉(♦14✮✳ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥&-&❤❛& ♣♦--❡-- ♦♥❧② ✐♥❝♦♠♣❛&✐❜❧❡ ❝❤❛)❛❝&❡)✐-&✐❝- ✭❧✐❦❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛&✐♦♥ ❞❛&❡- -❡✈❡)❛❧ ❝❡♥&✉)✐❡-❛♣❛)&✮ ❞♦ ♥♦& ❧♦♦❦ ❧✐❦❡ ❡❛❝❤ ♦&❤❡) ❛♥❞ ❞♦ ♥♦& -❤❛)❡ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ❝♦♥&)✐❜✉&♦)-✳
▲✐♥❦4 ❜❡(✇❡❡♥ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣1❛♣❤✐❝ ♥♦(✐❝❡4 ❛♥❞ ❛✉(❤♦1✐(② ♥♦(✐❝❡4 ♠❛② ❜❡ ✐♥❝♦11❡❝(✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡1✱ ❛♥ ❛✉(❤♦1✐(② ♥♦(✐❝❡ ✐4 ✉4✉❛❧❧② ❝1❡❛(❡❞ (♦ 1❡♣1❡4❡♥( ❛ ❝♦♥(1✐❜✉(♦1 ♦❢ ❛ 4♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣1❛♣❤✐❝ ♥♦(✐❝❡✱ ✇❤❡♥ ♥♦ ❡①✐4(✐♥❣ ❛✉(❤♦1✐(② ♥♦(✐❝❡ ❛❧1❡❛❞② 4❡❡♠4 (♦ 1❡♣1❡4❡♥( ✐(✳ ■♥ (❤✐4 ♣❛1(✐❝✉❧❛1 ❝❛4❡✱ (❤❡ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣1❛♣❤✐❝ ♥♦(✐❝❡ ✐4 4❛✐❞ (♦ ❜❡ (❤❡ 4♦✉1❝❡ ♦❢ (❤❡ ❛✉(❤♦1✐(② ♥♦(✐❝❡✱ ❛♥❞ ✇❡ ❛44✉♠❡ (❤❛( (❤❡ ❧✐♥❦ ✐4 ❝♦11❡❝( ✭❲♦1❦ ❍②♣♦(❤❡4✐4 ✹✮✳ ❚❤✐4 4♦✉1❝❡ ♥♦(✐♦♥ ✐4 ✐♥(1♦❞✉❝❡❞ ✐♥ ✶✳✶✳ ❲♦"❦ ❍②♣♦'❤❡*✐* ✹ ✭❘❡❧✐❛❜✐❧✐(② ♦❢ ❧✐♥❦4✮✳ ▲❡& ✉- ❝♦♥-✐❞❡) ❛ ❧✐♥❦ ❜❡&✇❡❡♥ ❛♥ ❛✉✲ &❤♦)✐&② ♥♦&✐❝❡ ❞❡♥♦&❡❞ Nai ❛♥❞ ❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣)❛♣❤✐❝ ♥♦&✐❝❡ ❞❡♥♦&❡❞ Nbj✳
❲❡ ❛--✉♠❡ &❤❛& &❤✐- ❧✐♥❦ ♠❛② ❜❡ ✇)♦♥❣✱ ✉♥❧❡-- Nai ✇❛- -♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❧❧② ❝)❡❛&❡❞ ✐♥ ♦)❞❡) &♦ )❡♣)❡-❡♥& &❤❡ ❝♦♥&)✐❜✉&♦) ♦❢ &❤❡ Nbj✳ ■♥ &❤✐- ❝❛-❡✱ Nbj ✐- -❛✐❞ &♦ ❜❡ &❤❡ ♦✉#❝❡ ♦❢ Nai✳ ■♥ ♦1❞❡1 (♦ ❞❡(❡❝( ❡11♦♥❡♦✉4 ❧✐♥❦4✱ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ (♦ ❡✈❛❧✉❛(❡ ❧✐♥❦4✬ 1❡❧✐❛❜✐❧✐(②✳ ❊✈❡♥ ✐❢ ❛♥ ❡①✐4(✐♥❣ ❧✐♥❦ ❜❡(✇❡❡♥ ❛♥ ❛✉(❤♦1✐(② ♥♦(✐❝❡ ❞❡♥♦(❡❞ Nai ❛♥❞ ❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣1❛♣❤✐❝ ♥♦(✐❝❡ ❞❡♥♦(❡❞ Nbj ✐4 ♥♦( ❝♦11❡❝(✱ ✇❡ ❛44✉♠❡ (❤❛( (❤❡ Nai ❛♣♣❡❧❧❛(✐♦♥ ✐4 ❝♦♠♣❛(✐❜❧❡ (♦ (❤❡ ❛♣♣❡❧❧❛(✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ (❤❡ Nbj ❝♦♥(1✐❜✉(♦14✳ ■♥❞❡❡❞✱ Nai ❤❛4 ❜❡❡♥ ❧✐♥❦❡❞ (♦ Nbj ✐♥ ♦1❞❡1 (♦ 1❡♣1❡4❡♥( ♦♥❡ ♦❢ ✐(4 ❝♦♥(1✐❜✉(♦14✱ ❛♥❞ (❤❡ ❧✐♥❦ ❞❡❝✐4✐♦♥ ✐4 ❛( ❧❡❛4( ❜❛4❡❞ ♦♥ (❤❡ ❛♣♣❡❧❧❛(✐♦♥✳ ❇❡❝❛✉4❡ ♦❢ ❲♦1❦ ❍②♣♦(❤❡4❡4 ✷ ❛♥❞ ✸✱ (♦ ❝❤❡❝❦ ✐❢ (❤❡ ❧✐♥❦4 ❛1❡ 1❡❧✐❛❜❧❡ ❝♦♠❡4 ❞♦✇♥ (♦ ❝❤❡❝❦ ✐❢✿ ❼ ❡❛❝❤ ❛✉(❤♦1✐(② ♥♦(✐❝❡ ✐4 ♥♦( ❧✐♥❦❡❞ (♦ ❞✐44✐♠✐❧❛1 ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣1❛♣❤✐❝ ♥♦(✐❝❡4✱ ❼ ❛❧❧ 4✐♠✐❧❛1 ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣1❛♣❤✐❝ ♥♦(✐❝❡4 ❤❛✈✐♥❣ ❝♦♥(1✐❜✉(♦14 ✇✐(❤ ❝♦♠♣❛(✐❜❧❡ ❛♣♣❡❧❧❛✲ (✐♦♥4 ❛1❡ ❧✐♥❦❡❞ (♦ (❤❡ 4❛♠❡ ❛✉(❤♦1✐(② ♥♦(✐❝❡✳
✶✽ ❈❍❆#❚❊❘ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ■♥ ♦%❞❡% (♦ ❝♦♠♣❛%❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥(. ❢%♦♠ (❤❡ ♣♦✐♥( ♦❢ ✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ (❤❡✐% ❝♦♥(%✐❜✉✲ (♦%.✱ ✇❡ ❝%❡❛(❡ ♦♥❡ ❝♦♥#❡①#✉❛❧ ❡♥#✐#② ♣❡% ❧✐♥❦✳ ❆ ❝♦♥(❡①(✉❛❧ ❡♥(✐(② %❡♣%❡.❡♥(. ❛ ❧✐♥❦✳ ■( ❛❧.♦ ❝♦%%❡.♣♦♥❞. (♦ ❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥( ❢%♦♠ (❤❡ ♣♦✐♥( ♦❢ ✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ ✐(. ❝♦♥(%✐❜✉✲ (♦%. ♦% ❛ ♣❡%.♦♥ ✐♥ (❤❡ ❝♦♥(❡①( ♦❢ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ ✐(. ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥(.✳ ■( ❝♦♥(❛✐♥. ❛❧❧ (❤❡ ❛((%✐❜✉(❡. ♦❢ (❤❡ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣%❛♣❤✐❝ ♥♦(✐❝❡ ✭(✐(❧❡✱ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛(✐♦♥ ❞❛(❡✱ ❡❝(✳✮✱ (❤❡ %❡❧✐❛❜❧❡ ❛((%✐❜✉(❡ ❢%♦♠ (❤❡ ❛✉(❤♦%✐(② ♥♦(✐❝❡ ✭(❤❡ ❛♣♣❡❧❛(✐♦♥ ♦❢ (❤❡ ❝♦♥(%✐❜✉(♦%✮✱ ❛♥❞ ♦(❤❡% ❛((%✐❜✉(❡. %❡✲ ❧❛(❡❞ (♦ (❤❡ ❧✐♥❦✱ ❛. (❤❡ ❧✐.( ♦❢ (❤❡ ✏♦(❤❡% ❝♦♥(%✐❜✉(♦%.✑ ♦❢ (❤❡ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣%❛♣❤✐❝ ♥♦(✐❝❡ ✭(❤❡ ❝♦♥(%✐❜✉(♦%. ✇❤♦ ❛%❡ ♥♦( %❡♣%❡.❡♥(❡❞ ❜② (❤❡ ❝♦♥(❡①(✉❛❧ ❡♥(✐(②✮✳ ▲❡( ✉. .❡❡ ❛♥ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❝♦♥(❡①(✉❛❧ ❡♥(✐(②✳ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✷ ✭❆ ♣❡%.♦♥ ✐♥ (❤❡ ❝♦♥(❡①( ♦❢ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ ❤✐. ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥(. ✭❝♦♥(❡①(✉❛❧ ❡♥(✐(②✮✮✳ ■♥ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✶✱ ✇❡ ,❛✇ -❤❛- ❙♦♣❤♦❝❧❡, ✇❛, 2❡♣2❡,❡♥-❡❞ ❜② -❤❡ ❛✉-❤♦2✐-② ♥♦-✐❝❡ ✇✐-❤ ♣♣♥ ✏✵✷✼✶✹✸✻✶✾✑ ❧✐♥❦❡❞ -♦ -❤❡ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣2❛♣❤✐❝ ♥♦-✐❝❡ ✇✐-❤ ♣♣♥ ✏✶✻✻✽✺✽✵✶✸✑ -❤❛- 2❡♣2❡,❡♥-, -❤❡ ♣❧❛② ❡♥-✐-❧❡❞ ✏❆♥-✐❣♦♥❡✑✳ ▲❡- ✉, ❞❡-❛✐❧ ,♦♠❡ ♦❢ -❤❡ ❛--2✐❜✉-❡, ♦❢ -❤❡ ❝♦♥-❡①-✉❛❧ ❡♥-✐-② -❤❛- 2❡♣2❡,❡♥- -❤✐, ❧✐♥❦ ♦2 ❙♦♣❤♦❝❧❡, ✐♥ -❤❡ ❝♦♥-❡①- ♦❢ ✏❆♥-✐❣♦♥❡✑✿ ❼ ❛♣♣❡❧❧❛-✐♦♥,✿{✏❙♦♣❤♦❝❧❡'✑✱✏❙♦♣❤♦❦❧❡'✑✱✏❙♦♣❤♦❝❧❡✑} ❼ -✐-❧❡✿ ✏❆♥-✐❣♦♥❡✑ ❼ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛-✐♦♥ ❞❛-❡✿ ✏✷✵✶✷✑ ❼ ♦-❤❡2 ❝♦♥-2✐❜✉-♦2,✿ {✏❇♦✉'+✉❡,✱ ❏♦,❡♣❤✑✱ ✏❱❛❝+✉❡❧✐♥✱ ▼✳✑✱ ✏❑❛❧♥✐♥✲▼❛❣❣✐♦5✐✱ ❍M❧N♥❡✑} ✭❚❤♦,❡ ♦-❤❡2 ❝♦♥-2✐❜✉-♦2, ❛2❡ -❤❡ -2❛♥,❧❛-♦2,✱ ❛♥❞ -❤❡ ❡❞✐-♦2✳✮ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♥(❡①(✉❛❧ ❡♥(✐(✐❡. ♣♦..❡.. (❤❡ ❛♣♣❡❧❧❛(✐♦♥. ♦❢ (❤❡ ❛✉(❤♦%✐(② ♥♦(✐❝❡ ♣♦✐♥(❡❞ ❛( ❜② (❤❡ ❧✐♥❦ (❤❡② %❡♣%❡.❡♥(✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♥(❡①(✉❛❧ ❡♥(✐(✐❡. ❛❧.♦ %❡♣%❡.❡♥( ❛ ♣❡%.♦♥ ✐♥ (❤❡ ❝♦♥(❡①( ♦❢ ❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥(✳ ❲❡ %❡❝❛❧❧ (❤❛( ❛✉(❤♦%✐(② ♥♦(✐❝❡. ❝❛♥♥♦( %❡♣%❡.❡♥( (❤❡ .❛♠❡ ♣❡%.♦♥ ✉♥❧❡.. (❤❡② ❤❛✈❡ ❝♦♠♣❛(✐❜❧❡ ❛♣♣❡❧❧❛(✐♦♥. ✭❲♦%❦ ❍②♣♦(❤❡.✐. ✶✮✳ ❚❤✐. ✐. ❡①(❡♥❞❡❞ (♦ ❝♦♥(❡①(✉❛❧ ❡♥(✐(✐❡. ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝❛♥♥♦( %❡♣%❡.❡♥( (❤❡ .❛♠❡ ♣❡%.♦♥ ✐♥ (❤❡ ❝♦♥(❡①(. ♦❢ .❡✈❡%❛❧ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥(. ✐❢ (❤❡② ❞♦ ♥♦( ❤❛✈❡ ❛( ❧❡❛.( ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛(✐❜❧❡ ❛♣♣❡❧❧❛(✐♦♥ ✭❲♦%❦ ❍②♣♦(❤❡.✐. ✺✮✳ ❲♦1❦ ❍②♣♦#❤❡5✐5 ✺ ✭❈♦♠♣❛(✐❜❧❡ ❛♣♣❡❧❧❛(✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦♥(❡①(✉❛❧ ❡♥(✐(✐❡.✮✳ ❖♥❧② ❝♦♥✲ -❡①-✉❛❧ ❡♥-✐-✐❡, ✇✐-❤ ❝♦♠♣❛-✐❜❧❡ ❛♣♣❡❧❧❛-✐♦♥, ❝❛♥ 2❡♣2❡,❡♥- ❛ ,❛♠❡ 2❡❛❧✲✇♦2❧❞ ♣❡2,♦♥ ✐♥ -❤❡ ❝♦♥-❡①- ♦❢ ❞✐,-✐♥❝- ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥-,✳ ❇❡❝❛✉.❡ ❝♦♥(❡①(✉❛❧ ❡♥(✐(✐❡. %❡♣%❡.❡♥( ❛ ♣❡%.♦♥ ✐♥ (❤❡ ❝♦♥(❡①( ♦❢ ❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥(✱ ❝♦♥(❡①(✉❛❧ ❡♥(✐(✐❡. ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦%%❡.♣♦♥❞ (♦ ❧✐♥❦. ♣♦✐♥(✐♥❣ (♦ (❤❡ .❛♠❡ ❛✉(❤♦%✐(② ♥♦(✐❝❡ ❛%❡ .✉♣♣♦.❡❞ (♦ %❡♣%❡.❡♥( (❤❡ .❛♠❡ ♣❡%.♦♥ ❛♥❞ (♦ ❜❡ .✐♠✐❧❛%✳ ■♥ (❤❡ .❛♠❡ ✇❛②✱ ❝♦♥(❡①(✉❛❧ ❡♥(✐(✐❡. ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦%%❡.♣♦♥❞ (♦ ❧✐♥❦. ♣♦✐♥(✐♥❣ ❛( ❞✐.(✐♥❝( ❛✉(❤♦%✐(② ♥♦(✐❝❡. ❛%❡ .✉♣♣♦.❡❞ (♦ %❡♣%❡.❡♥( ❞✐.(✐♥❝( ♣❡%.♦♥. ❛♥❞ ❜❡✐♥❣ ❞✐..✐♠✐❧❛%✳ ■❢ ✐( ✐. ♥♦( (❤❡ ❝❛.❡✱ (❤❡ ❲♦%❦ ❍②♣♦(❤❡.❡. ✷ ❛♥❞ ✸ ❛%❡ ❢❛❧.❡ ♦% (❤❡%❡ ❛%❡ ❡%%♦♥❡♦✉. ❧✐♥❦.✳ ❈♦♥.❡L✉❡♥(❧②✱ ❝♦♥(❡①(✉❛❧ ❡♥(✐(✐❡. (❤❛( ❛%❡ .✐♠✐❧❛% ❛%❡ .✉♣♣♦.❡❞ (♦ %❡♣%❡.❡♥( ❧✐♥❦. ♣♦✐♥(✐♥❣ ❛( (❤❡ .❛♠❡ ❛✉(❤♦%✐(② ♥♦(✐❝❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥(❡①(✉❛❧ ❡♥(✐(✐❡. (❤❛( ❛%❡ ❞✐..✐♠✐❧❛% ❛%❡ .✉♣♣♦.❡❞ (♦ %❡♣%❡.❡♥( ❧✐♥❦. ♣♦✐♥(✐♥❣ ❛( ❞✐.(✐♥❝( ❛✉(❤♦%✐(② ♥♦(✐❝❡.✳
✶✳✷✳ ▼❖❉❊▲■❙❆❚■❖◆ ❆◆❉ -❖❙■❚■❖◆■◆● ✶✾ ❲❡ ❛%❡ ✐♥(❡%❡)(❡❞ ✐♥ )❡() ♦❢ )✐♠✐❧❛% ❝♦♥(❡①(✉❛❧ ❡♥(✐(✐❡) ✐♥ ♦%❞❡% (♦ ❞❡(❡❝( ✇❤✐❝❤ ❧✐♥❦) )❡❡♠ ❡%%♦♥❡♦✉)✳ ❚❤❡ ♣%♦❜❧❡♠ ♦❢ ❞❡(❡❝(✐♥❣ )✐♠✐❧❛% ♦❜❥❡❝() ✐) ❡①❛❝(❧② (❤❡ ❡♥(✐(② %❡)♦❧✉(✐♦♥ ♣%♦❜❧❡♠✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡%✱ ✇❡ ❛%❡ ❛❧)♦ ✐♥(❡%❡)(❡❞ ✐♥ ❞❡(❡❝(✐♥❣ ❡%%♦♥❡♦✉) ❧✐♥❦) ❛♥❞ %❡♣❛✐%✐♥❣ (❤❡♠✳ ❚❤♦)❡ (❛)❦) ❛%❡ ❧✐♥❦ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ (❛)❦)✳ ■♥❞❡❡❞✱ (❤❡ ❧✐♥❦ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ ✐) (❤❡ ✏♣!♦❝❡%% ♦❢ ❞✐%❝♦✈❡!✐♥❣ ✉%❡❢✉❧ ♣❛//❡!♥% ♦! ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❢!♦♠ ❞❛/❛ ✑ ❬✺✺❪ ✐♥ ❞❛(❛ (❤❛( ❝♦♥(❛✐♥ ❧✐♥❦)✱ ❧✐❦❡ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣%❛♣❤✐❝ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❜❛)❡)✳ ❊♥(✐(② %❡)♦❧✉(✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❛❧)♦ ❜❡ ❛ ❧✐♥❦ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ (❛)❦ ✇❤❡♥ ❞❛(❛ ❝♦♥(❛✐♥ ❧✐♥❦) ❬✸✶❪✳ ▲✐♥❦ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ (❛)❦) ❛❝❝♦%❞✐♥❣ (♦ ❬✸✶❪ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❞✐)❝✉))❡❞ ❧❛(❡% ✭✐♥ ❙❡❝(✐♦♥ ✷✳✷✳✶✮✳ ■♥ ♦%❞❡% (♦ ✐❞❡♥(✐❢② ❝♦♥(❡①(✉❛❧ ❡♥(✐(✐❡) (❤❛( ❧♦♦❦ ❧✐❦❡ ❡❛❝❤ ♦(❤❡%✱ ✇❡ ✉)❡ ❛ ♣❛%(✐✲ (✐♦♥✐♥❣ ♠❡(❤♦❞ ❧✐❦❡ ❬✹❪✳ ❆ ♣❛%(✐(✐♦♥ ♦♥ ❛♥ ♦❜❥❡❝( )❡( O ✐) ❛ )❡( ♦❢ ❝❧❛))❡) ✭O )✉❜)❡()✮ )✉❝❤ (❤❛( ❡❛❝❤ ♦❜❥❡❝( ♦❢ O ✐) ✐♥ ♦♥❡ ❛♥❞ ♦♥❧② ♦♥❡ ❝❧❛))✳ ❚❤❡ ♣❛%(✐(✐♦♥✐♥❣ ♠❡(❤♦❞ ❝♦♥)✐)() ✐♥ ❝♦♥)(%✉❝(✐♥❣ ❛ ♣❛%(✐(✐♦♥ )✉❝❤ (❤❛( ♦❜❥❡❝() (❤❛( ❛%❡ )✐♠✐❧❛% ❛%❡ ✐♥ (❤❡ )❛♠❡ ❝❧❛)) ❛♥❞ ♦❜❥❡❝() (❤❛( ❛%❡ ❞✐))✐♠✐❧❛% ❛%❡ ✐♥ ❞✐)(✐♥❝( ❝❧❛))❡)✳ ❙✐♠✐❧❛%✐(② ✐) ❞❡(❡%♠✐♥❡❞ ❜② ❝♦♥)✐❞❡%✐♥❣ ♦♥❡ ♦% )❡✈❡%❛❧ ❝%✐(❡%✐❛✳ ▲✐❦❡ ❬✷❪✱ ✇❡ ✉)❡ )②♠❜♦❧✐❝ ❝%✐(❡%✐❛✳ ❙②♠❜♦❧✐❝ ❝%✐(❡%✐❛ ❣✐✈❡ )②♠❜♦❧✐❝ ❝♦♠♣❛%✐)♦♥ ✈❛❧✉❡) ❛) %❡)✉❧( ❢♦% (✇♦✲♦❜❥❡❝( ❝♦♠♣❛%✐)♦♥)✳ ❖✉% ✐♥(❡%❡)( ✐♥ )②♠❜♦❧✐❝ ❝%✐(❡%✐❛ ♦✈❡% ♥✉♠❡%✐❝❛❧ ❝%✐(❡%✐❛ ✐) ❜❡❝❛✉)❡ (❤❡ ❝%✐(❡%✐❛ ✉)❡❞ ♠✐%%♦% ❤♦✇ ❛ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❡①♣❡%( ❞❡❝✐❞❡) ✇❤❡(❤❡% (✇♦ ❝♦♥(❡①(✉❛❧ ❡♥(✐(✐❡) ❜❡❧♦♥❣ (♦ (❤❡ )❛♠❡ ❝♦♥(%✐❜✉(♦%✳ ❆♥ ❡①♣❡%( ❝❛♥ )❛② (❤❛( (❤❡ date ❝%✐(❡%✐♦♥ ✐♥❞✐❝❛(❡) (❤❛( ✐( ✐) ♥♦( ❧✐❦❡❧②✱ ❜✉( (❤❡ title ❝%✐(❡%✐♦♥ ✐♥❞✐❝❛(❡) ✐( ✐) ❧✐❦❡❧② ✭❧✐❦❡ ✏ ❆♥/✐❣♦♥❡✑ ❢%♦♠ ✏❙♦♣❤♦❝❧❡'✑ ♣✉❜❧✐)❤❡❞ ✐♥ ✏✷✵✶✷✑ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ✏✶✺✻✽✑✮✳ ❲❡ ❞♦ ♥♦( ♥❡❝❡))❛%✐❧② ✇✐)❤ (♦ ❛❣❣%❡❣❛(❡ (❤❡)❡ ❝♦♠♣❛%✐)♦♥ ✈❛❧✉❡)✱ ❡)♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ✇❤❡♥ (✐(❧❡) ❛%❡ ❝❧♦)❡ ❜✉( ♥♦( ✐❞❡♥(✐❝❛❧✳ ❆ ♣❛%(✐(✐♦♥ ✐) ❡✈❛❧✉❛(❡❞ ❛❝❝♦%❞✐♥❣ (♦ ❛ ♣❛%(✐(✐♦♥✐♥❣ )❡♠❛♥(✐❝)✳ ❬✷❪ ❛♥❞ ❬✹❪ ♣❛%✲ (✐(✐♦♥ ❛ ❣%❛♣❤ )✉❝❤ (❤❛( ✈❡%(❡①❡) %❡♣%❡)❡♥( (❤❡ ♦❜❥❡❝() (♦ ❜❡ ♣❛%(✐(✐♦♥❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❡❞❣❡) ❛%❡ ❧❛❜❡❧❧❡❞ ❜② ❛ ✈❛❧✉❡ (❤❛( %❡♣%❡)❡♥() ✐❢ (❤❡ ✈❡%(❡①❡) %❡♣%❡)❡♥( )✐♠✐❧❛% ♦❜❥❡❝() ♦% ♥♦(✳ ❬✷❪ ✉)❡) ❛ )❡( ♦❢ ❝%✐(❡%✐❛ ✐♥ ♦%❞❡% (♦ ❞❡(❡%♠✐♥❡ (❤♦)❡ ✈❛❧✉❡) ❛♥❞ ❡❛❝❤ ❝%✐(❡%✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❝♦♥)✐❞❡% (❤❡ neutral ✈❛❧✉❡✱ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ (❤❛( (❤❡ ❝%✐(❡%✐♦♥ ❝♦♥)✐❞❡% (❤❡ ♦❜❥❡❝() ❛) ❜❡✐♥❣ ♥❡✐(❤❡% )✐♠✐❧❛% ♥♦% ❞✐))✐♠✐❧❛%✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡%✱ (❤❡ ❣%❛♣❤ (♦ ♣❛%(✐(✐♦♥ ❝❛♥♥♦( ❤❛✈❡ ❡❞❣❡) ❧❛❜❡❧❧❡❞ neutral ✐♥ ❬✷❪ ❛♥❞ ❬✹❪✳ ■♥ ❝♦♥(%❛)(✱ (❤❡ (✇♦ ♣❛%(✐(✐♦♥✐♥❣ )❡♠❛♥(✐❝) ♣%❡✲ )❡♥(❡❞ ✐♥ (❤✐) (❤❡)✐) ❛❝❝❡♣( (❤❛( ❝♦♠♣❛%✐)♦♥ ✈❛❧✉❡) ❜❡(✇❡❡♥ (✇♦ ♦❜❥❡❝() ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❥✉)( neutral✱ ❡✈❡♥ ✐♥ (❤❡ ❣%❛♣❤ (♦ ♣❛%(✐(✐♦♥✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡%✱ ❧✐❦❡ ✐♥ ❬✷❪✱ )♦♠❡ ✈❛❧✉❡) ✭always ❛♥❞ never✮ ❛%❡ )❤❛%❡❞ ❜② ❛❧❧ ❝%✐(❡%✐❛ ❛♥❞ ❛%❡ ♠♦%❡ )✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥( (❤❛♥ ♦(❤❡% ✈❛❧✉❡)✳ ❋♦% ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ✇❤❡♥ (✐(❧❡) ❛%❡ ✐❞❡♥(✐❝❛❧✱ (❤❡ title ❝%✐(❡%✐♦♥ ❣✐✈❡) (❤❡ always ✈❛❧✉❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❡❛♥) (❤❛( ♦❜❥❡❝() %❡♣%❡)❡♥( (❤❡ )❛♠❡ ✇♦%❦✳ ■♥ (❤✐) ✇♦%❦✱ ✇❡ ♦♥❧② ❝♦♥)✐❞❡% (❤❡ ❝❛)❡ ✇✐(❤ ♥♦ ♠♦%❡ ♦% ❧❡)) )✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥( ❝%✐(❡✲ %✐♦♥ (❤❛♥ ❛♥♦(❤❡% ❝%✐(❡%✐♦♥✳ ❈%✐(❡%✐❛ ❛%❡ )❛✐❞ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥( ❢%♦♠ ❡❛❝❤ ♦(❤❡% ✭❲♦%❦ ❍②♣♦(❤❡)✐) ✻✮✳ ❲♦"❦ ❍②♣♦'❤❡*✐* ✻ ✭■♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❛♥❝② ❜❡(✇❡❡♥ ❝%✐(❡%✐❛✮✳ ❲❡ ❝♦♥%✐❞❡! ✐♥ /❤✐% /❤❡%✐% /❤❛/ ❝!✐/❡!✐❛ ❛!❡ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥/ ❬✶✹❪ ❢!♦♠ ❡❛❝❤ ♦/❤❡!✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❡❛♥% /❤❛/ ♥♦ ❝!✐/❡!✐♦♥ ✐% %/!✐❝/❧② ♠♦!❡ ✐♠♣♦!/❛♥/ /❤❛♥ ❛♥♦/❤❡! /♦ ❞❡❝✐❞❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♣❛!/✐/✐♦♥ ✐% ❜❡%/✳ ❚❤❡ (❤❡)✐) ✇♦%❦ ✐) ✐♥ ❡♥(✐(② %❡)♦❧✉(✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ❧✐♥❦ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ ❞♦♠❛✐♥)✱ ❛) ✐( ✐) %❡♣%❡)❡♥(❡❞ ♦♥ ❋✐❣✉%❡ ✶✳✶✳ ■( ✉)❡) )②♠❜♦❧✐❝ ❝%✐(❡%✐❛ ❛♥❞ ❢♦❝✉)❡) ♦♥ (❤❡ ♣❛%(✐❝✉❧❛% ❝❛)❡ ♦❢ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣%❛♣❤✐❝ ❞♦♠❛✐♥✳
✷✵ ❈❍❆#❚❊❘ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆
❋✐❣✉&❡ ✶✳✶✿ ❚❤❡-✐- ✇♦&❦ ❞♦♠❛✐♥
❊✈❛❧✉❛8✐♥❣ ♣❛&8✐8✐♦♥- ❛❧❧♦✇- ✉- 8♦ ❝♦♠♣❛&❡ 8❤❡♠ ✐♥ ♦&❞❡& 8♦ ❞❡8❡❝8 ❡&&♦♥❡♦✉-❧✐♥❦-✳ ❚✇♦ ♣❛&8✐8✐♦♥- ❛&❡ ❝♦♥-✐❞❡&❡❞ ✐♥ ♣❛&8✐❝✉❧❛&✿
❼ 8❤❡ ✐♥✐8✐❛❧ ♣❛&8✐8✐♦♥✿ 8❤❡ ♣❛&8✐8✐♦♥ -✉❝❤ 8❤❛8 ❝♦♥8❡①8✉❛❧ ❡♥8✐8✐❡- ❛&❡ ✐♥ 8❤❡ -❛♠❡ ❝❧❛-- ✐❢ ❛♥❞ ♦♥❧② ✐❢ 8❤❡② &❡♣&❡-❡♥8 ❛ ❧✐♥❦ ♣♦✐♥8✐♥❣ 8♦ 8❤❡ -❛♠❡ ❛✉8❤♦&✐8② ♥♦8✐❝❡ ✐♥ 8❤❡ ❙✉❞♦❝✳
❼ 8❤❡ ❤✉♠❛♥ ♣❛&8✐8✐♦♥✿ 8❤❡ ♣❛&8✐8✐♦♥ -✉❝❤ 8❤❛8 ❝♦♥8❡①8✉❛❧ ❡♥8✐8✐❡- ❛&❡ ✐♥ 8❤❡ -❛♠❡ ❝❧❛-- ✐❢ ❛♥❞ ♦♥❧② ✐❢ 8❤❡② &❡♣&❡-❡♥8 ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥8- ❢&♦♠ 8❤❡ ♣♦✐♥8 ♦❢ ✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ 8❤❡ -❛♠❡ &❡❛❧✲✇♦&❧❞ ♣❡&-♦♥ ❛❝❝♦&❞✐♥❣ 8♦ ❛ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❡①♣❡&8✳
■♥ ♦&❞❡& 8♦ ❞❡8❡❝8 ❡&&♦♥❡♦✉- ❧✐♥❦-✱ ✇❡ ❡①♣❡❝8 8❤❛8 8❤❡ ❤✉♠❛♥ ♣❛&8✐8✐♦♥ ♠✉-8 ❜❡ ❛ ❜❡-8 ♣❛&8✐8✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ✇❡ ❛--✉♠❡ 8❤❛8 8❤❡ ✐♥✐8✐❛❧ ♣❛&8✐8✐♦♥ ✐- ❛ ❜❡-8 ♣❛&8✐8✐♦♥ ✐❢ ❛♥❞ ♦♥❧② ✐❢ ✐8 ❝♦&&❡-♣♦♥❞- 8♦ 8❤❡ ❤✉♠❛♥ ♣❛&8✐8✐♦♥ ✭❲♦&❦ ❍②♣♦8❤❡-✐- ✼✮✳ ❚❤✐-❲♦&❦ ❍②♣♦8❤❡-✐- ❤❛- ❜❡❡♥ ❡✈❛❧✉❛8❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✈❛❧✐❞❛8❡❞ ♦♥ ❛ ❙✉❞♦❝ -❛♠♣❧❡ ❛❝❝♦&❞✐♥❣ 8♦ ❧✐❜&❛&✐❛♥ ❡①♣❡&8-✳
❲♦"❦ ❍②♣♦'❤❡*✐* ✼ ✭❆❜♦✉8 ✐♥✐8✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❤✉♠❛♥ ♣❛&8✐8✐♦♥-✮✳ ❲❡ "✉♣♣♦"❡ &❤❛& &❤❡ ❤✉♠❛♥ ♣❛+&✐&✐♦♥ P h ✐" ❛ ❜❡"& ♣❛+&✐&✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ &❤❛& &❤❡ ✐♥✐&✐❛❧ ♣❛+&✐&✐♦♥ P i ✐" ❛ ❜❡"& ♣❛+&✐&✐♦♥ ✐❢ ❛♥❞ ♦♥❧② ✐❢ P h ✐" P i✳
❚♦ ✜♥❞ ❡&&♦♥❡♦✉- ❧✐♥❦- ❝♦♠❡- ❞♦✇♥ 8♦ ✜♥❞ 8❤❛8 8❤❡ ✐♥✐8✐❛❧ ♣❛&8✐8✐♦♥ ✐- ♥♦8 ❛ ❜❡-8 ♦♥❡✳ ▲❡8 ✉- ❡①♣❧❛✐♥ 8❤❡ &❡♣❛✐& ♦❢ 8❤♦-❡ ❡&&♦♥❡♦✉- ❧✐♥❦- ✐♥ 8❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❙❡❝8✐♦♥✳
✶✳✷✳✷ ❘❡♣❛✐( ♦❢ ❡((♦♥❡♦✉-
❧✐♥❦-❚❤❡ ♣❛&8 ✏&❡♣❛✐&✐♥❣ ❡&&♦♥❡♦✉- ❧✐♥❦-✑ 8❛❦❡- 8❤❡ ♣❛&8✐8✐♦♥ ✈❛❧✉❡ v ♦❢ ❛ ❜❡-8 ♣❛&8✐8✐♦♥ ♦♥ ❛♥ ♦❜❥❡❝8 -❡8 O✳ ■❢ 8❤✐- ✈❛❧✉❡ ✐- ♥♦8 8❤❡ ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ 8❤❡ ✐♥✐8✐❛❧ ♣❛&8✐8✐♦♥ P i ♦♥ O✱ ✐8 ♣&♦♣♦-❡- ❛ &❡♣❛✐&✲♣❛&8✐8✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛- v ❛- ♣❛&8✐8✐♦♥ ✈❛❧✉❡✱ ❜✉8 ✐- ❛- ❝❧♦-❡ ❛- ♣♦--✐❜❧❡ 8♦ P i✳ ❚❤❡ &❡♣❛✐& ♣❛&8✐8✐♦♥ ✐- ❛ &❡♦&❣❛♥✐③❛8✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❙✉❞♦❝ ❧✐♥❦-✱ ✇✐8❤ 8❤❡ ❧❡❛-8 ❝❤❛♥❣❡-❛- ♣♦--✐❜❧❡✳
✶✳✸✳ ❊❱❆▲❯❆❚■❖◆ ✷✶
