Mutation Breeding Review No. 14, April 2004 | IAEA

Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture and FAO/IAEA Agriculture and Bio- technology Laboratory, Seibersdorf

Officially Released Mutant Varieties in China

L. LIU*, L.VAN ZANTEN**, Q.Y. SHU and M. MALUSZYNSKI Plant Breeding and Genetics Section

Joint FAO/IAEA Division

International Atomic Energy Agency P.O. Box 100, A-100, Vienna, Austria

*Institute of Crop Science (ICS)

Former Institute for Application of Atomic Energy (IAAE) Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science (CAAS)

Beijing, China

**Current address:

G&G Breeding P.O. Box 5506 Oxnard, CA, USA

Abstract

The use of mutation techniques for crop improvement in China has a long and well-established tradition of more than 50 years. As the result of intensive research in many institutes dealing with application of nuclear technologies more than 620 cultivars of 44 crop species have been released. Numerous mutant varieties have been grown on a large scale bringing significant economic impact, sustain- ing crop production and greatly contributing to increase of food production also in stress prone areas of the country. However, there is still missing information not only on the number of mutant varieties released in particular crop species but also on mutagens applied, selection approaches and on the use of mutants in cross breeding. Numerous Chinese scientists collected and systematized this informa- tion. Results of their work were often published in local scientific journals in the Chinese language and as such were unavailable to breeders from other countries.

Having this in mind, we requested Dr. Liu Luxiang, the Director of the Depart- ment of Plant Mutation Breeding and Genetics, Institute for Application of Atomic Energy, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Beijing to help us in find- ing as much information as possible on mutant varieties officially released in Chi- na. The data has been collected in close collaboration with his colleagues from

Mutation Breeding Review

Contents

• Abstract 1

• Introduction 2

• Institutions for Application of Nuclear Techniques in Plant Breeding in China 2

• Current Status of Mutation Techniques in China 3

• Statistics 8

• References 8

• List of Mutant Cultivars Officially Released in China 10

No. 14 April 2004

http://www.iaea.org/programmes/mbr http://www.fao.org

ISSN 1011-2618

various institutions all over the country and then evaluated, edited and prepared for publication by our team responsible for the FAO/IAEA Database of Officially Released Mutant Varieties. We would like to thank all Chinese colleagues who contributed to this list of Chinese mutant varieties. We hope that this publication will stimulate plant breeders in China to collect more information on released mutant varieties and especially on the use of mutated genes in cross breeding.

INTRODUCTION

In China, the application of nuclear techniques in agricultural researches started with its use in crop breeding in the late 1950s. The technical cooperation between Chinese research institutions and the IAEA has contributed a lot to the spread and application of this new technology in China, e.g. the Chinese translation of the Agency’s book Manual on Mutation Breeding has helped many Chinese breeders master this new technique. Rice is the most important crop in China, and the success of induced mutations in rice improvement is also most significant. From the late 1950s to mid-1960s, numerous semidwarf mutants and mutant varieties had been developed, which was almost parallel with the Green Revolution. But the first significant success did not come until the mid-1970s, when the early mutant variety, Yuanfengzao, was released. It was planted on more than 1.5 millions ha a year in the late 1970s. The success was further expanded by another mutant variety, Zhefu 802, which later became the most widely planted conventional rice variety during 1987-1994 in China, with an accumulative planting acreage of 10.5 million ha. The success continues with the rapid expansion of planting area of the new mutant variety Yangdao 6 (released in 1997) and with its high yield and superior grain quality in the new millennium. Yangdao 6 is also the male parent of the super hybrid rice Liangyoupeijiu (Pai’ai 64s x Yangdao 6, registered in 2001), and it is also the rice variety that was used in indica rice genome sequencing by Chinese scientists. Till 2002, Yangdao 6 and Liangyoupeijiu had been planted accumulatively on more than 3.5 million ha, and it is estimated that the planting area will be more than 2 million ha in 2003. In China, the success of induced mutations was not only limited to rice. From the data we collected here, it could be seen clearly that this technique is applicable to various crops (Table 1) and in diversified research institutions, and thus is a very powerful and economical breeding tool.

INSTITUTIONS FOR APPLICATION OF NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES IN PLANT BREEDING IN CHINA

In China the first research laboratory for the application of atomic energy in agriculture,

the Institute for Application of Atomic Energy (IAAE), was established in Beijing in 1957

under the auspices of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS). Nowadays

there are more than 20 Institutes of Application of Atomic Energy (IAAE) in various

Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences (AAS) spread throughout the country. These

institutes are working on the application of induced mutations in breeding of main crops.

There are also many Regional Institutes for Agricultural Sciences (RIAS) located in the different provinces, universities and smaller institutes that have a close collaboration with AAS on the use of nuclear techniques in agriculture. (Fig. 1)

The IAAE of CAAS in Beijing has been the main co-ordinator of national research projects on plant breeding and genetics with the use of mutation techniques since the 1980's.

The IAAE has received continuous support for these projects from both the national and Provincial Governments through 5-year plans. IAAE of CAAS hosts the Chinese Society of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences that also publishes Acta Agriculturae Nucleatae Sinica and the Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, both on a bimonthly basis. Furthermore, IAAE of CAAS organizes national workshops on different topics whenever needed.

Three networks mainly contributed to the establishing of facilities and development of research on application of nuclear technology in plant breeding in China. They are - the research collaboration network focusing on IAAEs of CAAS, the academic exchange network involving the Chinese Society of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences hosted by IAAE of CAAS and the international exchange network mainly depending on the IAEA and FNCA.

It is worth mentioning that various kinds of IAEA technical assistance and cooperation with countries of the region have played active promotion roles in achieving mutation assisted breeding in China.

CURRENT STATUS OF MUTATION TECHNIQUES IN CHINA Three development periods for induced mutations in plants

The use of induced mutations in plants in China has experienced three different developmental periods. The first was in the late 1950's and 1960's. Institutes (or Laboratories) for Application of Atomic Energy were set up in many provinces after the establishment of IAAE of CAAS in 1960. National training courses on induced mutations were held and more than three hundred trainees completed these studies. Experimental facilities for mutation induction were built gradually and initial results in the use of mutants in breeding of such crops as rice, wheat and soybean were obtained.

The second period, including the 1970's and 1980's, was characterized by the rapid development of induced mutation research. Publishing, in 1981, stimulated this activity the Chinese translation of the second edition of the “Manual on Mutation Breeding” originally published by FAO/IAEA in 1977. The translation offered the breeder fundamental knowledge of induced mutations and their applications in crop breeding. Experimental facilities and equipment for induction of mutations were being continuously developed and upgraded.

Mutation induction and its use in breeding of various crops were widely carried out.

Remarkable achievements had been made in both mutant variety development and basic

research on mutation induction. The number of mutant varieties and their cultivated area

increased rapidly. The most famous ten mutant varieties, including rice, wheat, soybean, maize, cotton, sandawang and mulberry, and their breeders won the National Invention Awards. Numerous techniques and approaches were used for improving mutation efficiency especially the use of hybrid seeds for mutagenesis, exploration of various mutagens, combined mutagenic treatment and irradiation of zygotic embryos and other tissues and cells in culture in vitro (Wang, 1995; Xu, 1996; Wen, 1999).

The third - is the steady development period from the beginning of the 1990's.

Integration of mutation techniques and biotechnology has been highlighted and opened a new way for the use of mutagenesis. Application of mutagenesis in plant tissue culture quickly spread in many mutation research programs and has become a very important area of plant breeding and basic research. A new breeding possibility, which combined crosses, mutation induction and production of doubled haploids, has been successfully proven in improvement of numerous crop species. Using this approach 38 mutant varieties including rice (14), wheat (14), oilseed rape (3), potato (3), barley (2), soybean (1) and maize (1) have been developed and released since 1996. The total accumulated growing area of these varieties reached over 6.7 million hectares by the year 2000. Significant results have also been obtained from application of molecular markers to mutant screening and identification, radiation-assisted genetic transformation system and aerospace induced mutations for crop improvement (Liu and Zheng, 1997).

Crop germplasm enhancement through effective use of physical or chemical mutagens

Along with the sustained quantitative increase of the total grain output in China in the past few years, emphasis on improvement of crop quality characters has been made since 1998. Mutation induction for quality traits has become one of the most important tools in this breeding strategy for many crops. Related research projects have been organized in the tenth 5-year plan and financed by the government.

Work already done in the past 45 years in China suggests that induced mutations are the simplest and fastest way to create new desired genotypes and enhance crop genetic diversity.

Besides mutants with earliness and shortness, there are many other favorable mutants.

Greenable albino rice mutants W24 and W27, obtained by gamma rays treatment of seeds a

thermosensitive genic male sterile line 2177s. The leaf color of the two mutant lines is a

useful marker in eliminating contamination by selfed seeds in two-line hybrid rice. In the past

few years, eight important male sterile lines have been improved by the use of a mutated

albinotic leaf color marker that only expresses at the seedling stage. The first three young

leaves are completely albinotic, but the fourth leaf began changing into green from the leaf

base to the apex, and the leaf color converted to normal green already after the sixth leaf

development. The hybrid combination ‘Quanyou 37’ was involved in the regional test in

Zhejiang Province in 1998 and 1999 and showed a significant yield increase in comparison to

the control hybrid ‘Shanyou 10’ in both years and released in 2002 (Shu et al, 1996; Liu et al,

1996).

Institute of Nuclear& Biotechnology, XinjiangAcademy of Agricultural Sciences Institute for Application of Atomic Energy, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Institute for Application of Atomic Energy,LiaoningAcademy of Agricultural Sciences Institute for Application of Atomic Energy,ShandongAcademy of Agricultural Sciences ShandongAgricultural University

Institute of Isotopes, HenanAcademy of Sciences Institute for Application of Atomic Energy,JiangsuAcademy of Agricultural Sciences Institute for Application of Atomic Energy, AnhuiAcademy of Agricultural SciencesInstitute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences,ZhejiangUniversityInstitute for Application of Atomic Energy, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Institute for Application of Atomic Energy, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Institute of Nuclear & Biotechnology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Institueof Nuclear Technology of Sichuan Province

Institute for Application of Atomic Energy, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences GuangdongAcademy of Agricultural Sciences

Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural SciencesLixiaheRegional Institute of Agricultural Sciences,Jiangsu Province

Fi gur e 1. M a in i n st it ut es appl yi ng n u c lear t ech ni qu es i n p la n t b reed in g in t h e m a in la n d o f C h in a

A chlorophyll-reduced (Cr) seedling mutant Cr3529 was induced by fast neutrons and diethyl sulphate from oilseed rape inbred line 3529. The chlorophyll content in leaves of young Cr seedlings is about one half that of normal chlorophyll (Nc) seedlings, resulting in Cr seedlings with yellow-green cotyledons and leaves. After the five-leaf stage, the chlorophyll content of Cr seedlings increased gradually and the oldest leaves of mature plants had an appearance closer to that of the wild type. The seedling marker could be used to determine purity level of hybrid material at the seedling stage, but also eliminate unwanted sibs. A cytoplasmic male sterile line, Z01A carrying the Cr maker has been developed and used to produce oilseed rape hybrid seeds (Zhao et al, 2000).

A new elongated-uppermost-internode (eui-1, after Rutger and Carnahan, 1981) gene, induced by gamma rays in rice has become widely used in hybrid seed production. This was also due to the development of an effective procedure for rapid selection of eui mutants in hybrid’s parental lines. By seed treatment of maintainers and restorers of male sterile lines with gamma rays, and by direct planting of seedlings in a large M

2

generation, the high frequency of eui mutants has been obtained. In this method, it only took four planting seasons (within two years) to transform a common sterile line (A-line) to a eui sterile line (eA-line) and two planting seasons (one year) to transform a common restorer line (R-line) to a eui restorer (eR-line). This method has gained the patent of technological invention in China.

Also, a new eui allelic gene was found and named eui-2. It would be possible to use the eui gene to upgrade the seed production of both hybrids and male sterile lines (Yang, 1999).

The large amount of obtained mutants enriched plant genetic resources and has become a precious material in cross and heterosis breeding. Two thousand samples of 24 plant species mutants with various characters have been collected and catalogued. Some of them have been used in breeding programs and achieved remarkable success. For example, by the use of the peanut mutant ‘Fushi’ as the parent in cross breeding, series of ten ‘Yueyou’ varieties have been developed which reached the accumulated growing areas of more than four million hectares. At present, most of the fine peanut varieties planted in Guangdong and South China provinces have a certain affinity relationship with the mutant Fushi. This mutation plays an important role in peanut production in South China and achieved remarkable economic, social and ecological benefit (Cheng, personal communication).

Economic impact of mutant varieties

After 45 years of research and applications, mutation techniques have become one of the most fruitful and widely used methods for crop improvement, and have played an important role in crops, especially in food crop production in China. The total maxmium area per year for cultivation of mutant varities was over 9 million hectars, which accounted for about 1/10 of the total planting area for relevant species in the past 20 years in China. Here are two examples of very successful mutant varities in China.

The Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang Agricultural University in 1981, released Rice mutant variety ‘Zhefu 802’. This institute officially released twelve other mutant varieties between 1962 and 1995. The Zhefu mutant varieties were widely planted in six provinces, and the cumulative area under these varieties reached 14 million ha in 1995. The mutant variety Zhefu 802, was induced by gamma rays in ‘Simei No. 2’ – also a mutant variety.

Zefu 802 was the most extensively planted conventional rice variety between 1986 and 1994 in

China; its cumulative planted area reached 10.6 million ha (Shu et al., 1997). The variety ‘Zhefu

802’ has numerous desired traits: short growing period (bellow 110 days), high yield potential

even under poor management, wide adaptability, high resistance to rice blast and tolerance to cold (Fig. 2).

g a m m a r a y s - 1 3 3

g a m m a r a y s - 3 7 x - r a y s 1 4

o t h e r 4 2

8 0 8 2 8 4 8 6 8 8 9 0 9 2 9 4

. 0

5 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 5 0 0

8 0 8 2 8 4 8 6 8 8 9 0 9 2 9 4

.

Y e ar

( x 1 0 0 0 h a )

A C C U M U L A T IV E T O T A L - 1 0 m illio n h a

Figure 2. Cultivation area of rice mutant variety Zhefu 802

Wheat mutant variety Yangmai 158 was developed by Lixiahe Regional Institute of Agricultural Sciences of Jiangsu province through gamma rays treatment of hybrid seeds and released in 1993. The cultivation area per year has been over 1.33 million hectares since 1997, and its total accumulated planting area has run out at 9 million hectares by the end of 2001.

This variety represents an important progress in wheat breeding for both lower and middle

reaches of the Yangtse River in the 1990's, and has become one of the most widely cultivated

wheat varieties in China (Fig. 3).

gam m a ray s - 133

gam m a ray s - 37 x-ray s

14 oth er 42

0 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 2 0 0 0

1 9 9 3 1 9 9 5 1 9 9 7 1 9 9 9 2 0 0 1

. (x 1 0 0 0 h a )

Y ea r

A C C U M U L A T IV E TO T A L - 9 m illion ha

Figure 3. Cultivation area of wheat mutant variety Yangmai 158

STATISTICS

The total number of mutant varieties and mutant derived varieties officially registered in the FAO/IAEA Mutant Varieties Database before the end of 2001 is 2276. This number is still increasing due to the kind collaboration of the counterparts from various countries all over the world. The total number of mutant varieties from China is 629, which includes 44 crops and ornamental species.

Out of these 629 varieties 562 are crop varieties and the remaining 67 cover ornamentals and decorative plants, like chrysanthemums and roses. From the 562 crop varieties 534 are seed propagated crops and 28 varieties belong to the vegetatively propagated crops (Maluszynski et al. 2000). The popularization and utilization of all mutant varieties has made important contribution to China’s food production and social and economic development.

REFERENCES

Liu, G. F., Q. Y. Shu and W. Y. Xia. 1996. Utilization of greenable albino mutation lines of thermosensitive genic male sterile rice (Oryza sativa L.). Acta Agri.Nucl.Sinica. 10: 129-132.

Liu, L. Q. and Q. Ch. Zheng. 1997. Space-induced mutations for crop improvement. In: China Nucl.

Sci. and Tech. Report, CNIC01139/CSNAS-0111. China Nucl. Information Centre, Atomic Energy Press, Beijing.

Maluszynski, M., K. Nichterlein, L. van Zanten and B. S. Ahloowalia. 2000. Officially released mutant varieties - the FAO/IAEA Database. Mut.Breed.Rev. 12: 1-84.

Rutger, J. N. and H. L. Carnahan. 1981. A fourth genetic element for facilitating hybrid seed

production in cereals - a recessive tall in rice. Crop Sci. 21: 373-376.

Shu, Q. Y., G. F. Liu and W. Y. Xia. 1996. Temperature-sensitive leaf color mutation in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Acta Agri.Nucl.Sinica. 10: 6-10.

Shu, Q. Y., D. X. Wu and W. Y. Xia. 1997. The most widely cultivated rice variety 'Zhefu 802' in China and its geneology. MBNL. 43: 3-5.

Wang, L. Q. (Ed.). 1995. Induced Mutations for Crop Improvement. Atomic Energy Press, Beijing.

Wen, X. W. (Ed.). 1999. China Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. Henan Sci. & Tech. Publishing House, Zhengzhou, Henan.

Xu, G. R. (Ed.). 1996. Plant Mutation Breeding. China Agri. Press, Beijing.

Yang, R. C. 1999. A new elongated-uppermost-internode (eui) gene. RGN. 16.

Zhao, Y., M. L. Wang, Y. Z. Zhang, L. F. Du and T. Pan. 2000. A chlorophyll-reduced seedling mutant in oilseed rape, Brassica napus, for utilization in F

1

hybrid production. Plant Breed. 119:

131-135.

Lis t o f M u ta n t C u lt iv ars O ff ici a ll y R ele as ed in C h in a

Name of cultivar Name of instituteYear of release (or approval)Mutagenic treatment Main character improved [parent variety] or cross withmutant or withmutant derived variety Allium macrostemonChinese garlic Ningsuan 1Ninganxian IAS1990gamma rays, 15 Gyyield Heilongjiang [landrace]quality Arachis hypogaeagroundnut 78961Inst. of Groundnut 1988cross earliness Shandong AASMA 143 x RH77-4-2 shortness Shandongyield 8130Inst. of Groundnut 1988cross seed quality Shandong AASF1 (Luhua 4 x BP1) x BP1 (treated with gamma ray yield Shandong 250 Gy) Changhua 4Changwei RIAS1972gamma rays chronic, 15 Gy earliness Shandong [Fuhuasheng] cold tolerance drought tolerance Fu 21Inst. of Economic Crops 1986gamma rays, 250 Gy yield Guangdong AAS[Yueyou 22] shortness Guangdong disease resistance Fu 22South China Agric. College 1985gamma rays A. flavus resistance Guangdong Ganhua 1Liujiazhan RIAS1990gamma rays, 200 Gy earliness Jiangxi [Yueyou 551-11]high yield Huayu 16 Inst. of Groundnut 1996gamma rays, 250 Gy yield Shandong AASseed quality Shandong Lainong 10 Laiyang Agric. College 1984laser earliness Shandong yield

Lu 8130Inst. of Groundnut 1993cross pod size Shandong AASHua 39 x BP 1 grain weight Shandong Luhua 11Laiyang Agric. College 1992laser yield Shandong [hybrid] Luhua 13Inst. of Groundnut 1991cross yield Shandong AAS[F1(Changda 6 x MA 143) x Baisha 1016] x Luhua 6 seed size Shandong Luhua 15Inst. of Groundnut 1994cross seed quality Shandong AASF2 (7896 x Runner) x Irradiated Runner (250 Gy earliness Shandonggamma rays) Luhua 6Inst. of Groundnut 1986gamma rays, 240 Gy earliness Shandong AAS[Baisha 1016]yield Shandong Luhua 7Inst. of Groundnut 1986gamma rays, 240 Gy logging resistance Shandong AAS[Linhua 1]adaptability Shandong yield P12Inst. of Groundnut 1986cross yield Shandong AAS(Changda 6 x MA 143) x Baisa 1016 earliness Shandongshortness Shanyou 27 Shantou RIAS1985cross uniform emergence Guangdong Yuexuan 58 x Yueyou 320-14rust resistance Guandongyield Xianghua 1Inst. of Crop Science 1985cross earliness Hunan AASYueyou 551 x Furongyield Hunan Xianghuasheng 4Inst. of Crop Science 1996gamma rays, 250 Gy yield Hunan AAS[Xianghuasheng 2]disease resistance Hunan Yangxuan 1Yangjian RIAS1978cross Guangdong Yueyou 1 x Yueyou 551 Yeuyou 22 Inst. of Economic Crops 1968cross dwarfness Guangdong AASFushi x Fuhuashengpod number Guandongyield Yuexuan 58Shantou RIAS1978cross yield GuangdongYueyou 22 x Yueyou 431 (selection from Yueyou 551)

Yueyou 169Guangdong AAS1980cross plant architecture Guangdong Yueyou 551-6 x 76/30leaf morphology yield Yueyou 187Guangdong AAS1981cross tallness Guangdong (Yueyou 1 x Yangxuan 1) x Yueyou 551 flower number pod size Yueyou 187-93Guangdong AAS1982cross tallness Guangdong (Yueyou 1 x Yangxuan 1) x Yueyou 551 flower number pod size Yueyou 33 Inst. of Economic Crops 1971cross yield Guangdong Fushi x Fuhuasheng (selection from Yueyou 22) Yueyou 551Inst. of Economic Crops 1972cross dwarfness Guangdong AASYueyou 22 x Yueyou 431pod number Guangdong yield Yueyou 551-116Inst. of Economic Crops 1975cross yield Guangdong AASYueyou 22 x Yueyou 431 (selection from Yueyou 551)earliness Guangdong Yueyou 551-38South China Agric. College 1975cross yield Guangdong Yueyou 22 x Yueyou 431 (selection from Yueyou 551) Yueyou 551-6 South China Agric. College 1975cross yield Guangdong Yueyou 22 x Yueyou 431 (selection from Yueyou 551) Astragalus huangheensis

shadawang Heifu 2Inst. of Animal Science 1987gamma rays, 180 Gy earliness Heilongjiang AAS[domesticated Shadawang] yield Heilongjiang grain yield Heifu 4Inst. of Animal Science 1987laser, 5 min. earliness Heilongjiang AAS[domesticated Shadawang] yield Heilongjiang Heifu 21Inst. of Animal Science 1987gamma rays, 180 Gy earliness Heilongjiang AAS[domesticated Shadawang] seed setting Heilongjiang PenyangzaoshudawangNorth-West Inst. Water Soil Cons. 1991gamma rays, 500 Gy earliness CAS, Jilin[Liaoningshadawang]

ZaoshushadawangInst. of Soil and Fertilizer 1983gamma rays, 500 Gy earliness Liaoning AAS[Shadawang] yield Liaoningadaptability Beta vulgarissugar beet Tianyan 301Inst. of Sugar Beet 1986cross quality CAAS, HeilongjiangTainyan 908 x 11032disease resistance Tianyan 302Inst. of Sugar Beet 1989cross yield CAAS, HeilongjiangTianyan 408 x Tian 202disease resistance Boehmeria niveawhite ramie Xiangzhu 2Inst. of Flax Crops 1987gamma rays, 100 Gy yield CAAS[Xiangzhu 1]disease resistance Bougainvillea sp. bougainvillea Suicheng 85-2South China Agric. University1990gamma rays, 35 Gyflower colour Guangdong[Meiguihong]flower duration Yuehong 85-1 South China Agric. University1990gamma rays, 30 Gyflower colour Guangdong[Meiguihong]flower duration Brassica napus rapeseed Ganyu 5 Inst. of Oilseed Crops 1977gamma rays, 1400 Gycold tolerance CAAS, Hubei [Shengliyoucai]disease resistance yield Huahuang 1Inst. Crop Gen. & Breeding1980gamma rays viability Huazhong Agric. University Hubei Huyou 4 Shanghai AAS1970gamma rays, 600 Gy lodging resistance Shanghai[Shengliqinggeng] pod number disease resistance Xiangyou 11Hunan AAS1987cross stress tolerance HunanMalu x Guanyou 5 lodging resistance Xinyou 1 Inst. of Economic Crops 1979gamma rays, 700 Gy seedling growth Xinjiang AAS[Baichenghuangyoucai]plant architecture Xinjiangstress tolerance

Xiuyou 1 Yichun RIAS1978gamma rays, 800 Gy earliness Jiangxi [(Chuannongchangjiao x Qianyou 23)]adaptability yield Zheyou 7 Zhejiang AAS1983cross earliness Zhejiang119 x (Jiangshanchangjia x 127) oil content Brassica pekinensis Chinese cabbage Baicai 9Inst. of Horticulture1978gamma rays, 800 Gy earliness Heilongjiang yield Longbai 1Inst. of Horticulture1984gamma rays, 700 Gy earliness Heilongjiang AAS[F4 line (Jiaoerye x Tongnong)]disease resistance Heilongjiang storability LongfuerniuxinHeilongjiang AAS1991gamma rays, 700 Gy disease resistance Heilongjiang [Xinnongerniuxin] yield Longxiebai 1Inst. of Horticulture1992cross earliness Heilongjiang AAS78-23-2 x 006-7 Heilongjiang Camelia sinensistea FufengInst. of Tea1997gamma rays yield Hunan AAS[Fudingdabeicha]quality Hunan Canna indica canna lilies CaixiaoShandong Agric. Univ. 1986gamma rays, 9.2 Gyflower colour Shandong[Dahonghua (root)] shortness Caixui Shandong Agric. Univ. 1986gamma rays, 36.8 Gyflower colour Shandong[Dahonghua (root)] Huamei 1Guangdong AAS1986gamma rays flower colour Guangdong flower duration Xuhong Shandong Agric. Univ. 1986gamma rays recurrent, 37.6 Gy + 36.8 Gyflower colour Shandong[Dahonghua (root)]

Chrysanthemum sp. chrysanthemum Angshoujingshi Inst. of Isotopes1989gamma rays, 30 Gyflower colour Henan AS[Fengsehuan] Henan Baiyunyong Inst. of Isotopes1991gamma rays, 30 Gyflower type Henan AS[Changfengwanli]flower petal Henan ChongyangshaoyaoInst. of Isotopes1989gamma rays, 30 Gyflower colour Henan AS[Saishaoyao] Henan ChuntaoInst. of Isotopes1991gamma rays, 25 Gyflower colour Henan AS[Zihe]flower petal Henan Fuchengzao Inst. of Nuclear & Biotechnology 1987gamma rays, 40 Gyphotoperiod insensitivity Sichuan AAS[Jiangchengluoxia]earliness Sichuanflower duration Huangjuanyun Inst. of Isotopes1991gamma rays, 30 Gyflower colour Henan AS[Chuntao] flower petal Henan JingguangsisheInst. of Isotopes1989gamma rays, 30 Gyflower colour Henan AS[Wuguangshise]flower petal Henan JingsuiqiuInst. of Isotopes1989gamma rays, 30 Gyflower petal Henan AS[011] Henan LiangjihuangBeijing Forestry University1989gamma rays, 30 Gyflower colour Beijing [Yaohong (leaf callus)]flower petal number shortness MantianxinIAAE1990gamma rays, 30 Gyflower colour Liaoning AAS[104 Ju] disease resistance Liaoningdrought tolerance SijifengBeijing Forestry University1989gamma rays, 30 Gyflower colour Beijing [Yaohong (leaf callus)]flower petal number flower duration

SijihongBeijing Forestry University1989gamma rays, 30 Gyflower colour Beijing [Yaohong (leaf callus)]flower petal number flower duration SijihuangBeijing Forestry University1989gamma rays, 30 Gyflower colour Beijing [Yaohong (leaf callus)]flower petal number flower duration SijimohongBeijing Forestry University1986gamma rays, 30 Gyflower colour Beijing [Yaohong (leaf callus)]flower petal number flower duration XishihanxiaoInst. of Isotopes1991gamma rays, 30 Gyflower colour Henan AS[Chuntao] flower petal Henan Xueyinghong Inst. of Isotopes1991gamma rays, 25 Gyflower type Henan AS[Daguangming] flower petal Henan YaochuxueanInst. of Isotopes1989gamma rays, 30 Gyflower colour Henan AS[Fenggouhuan] Henan YingsidaiInst. of Isotopes1991gamma rays, 30 Gyflower colour Henan AS[Fenggouhuan] Henan Zitiane IAAE1990 gamma rays, 20 Gyflower colour Liaoning AAS[104 Ju] flower petal number Liaoningdrought tolerance Zixia Inst. of Isotopes1989gamma rays, 30 Gyflower colour Henan AS[Huangjingying] Henan ZiyuntuoyueInst. of Isotopes1991gamma rays, 25 Gyflower type Henan AS[Shuangmantian]flower petal Henan Citrullus lanatus watermelon Huozhou 1 Inst. of Horticulture1983cross quality Xinjiang AAS20031 x Yichuistorability Xinjiang

Luxigua 1Yexian IAS1987gamma rays earliness Shandong[(Taojian 8 x Lemi 1)] disease resistance yield Citrus sp. orange/mandarin Hongju 418Inst. of Orange 1983gamma rays, 100 Gy seedless CAAS, Zhongging [Dahongpaohongju (branch)] yield fruit quality Hongju 420Inst. of Orange 1986gamma rays, 100 Gy seed number CAAS, Zhongging [Dahongpao (branch)] cold tolerance Xuegan 9-12-1Inst. of Orange 1983gamma rays, 100 Gy seedless Guangxi [Xuegan (branch)]yield parthenogenesis Zhongyu 7Inst. of Orange 1985gamma rays seedless CAAS, Zhongging Zhongyu 8Guangdong AAS1985gamma rays seedless CAAS Colocasia esculentataro Luyutou 1 Laiyang College of Agric.1993gamma rays, 20 Gyyield Shandong[8501]plant architecture

taste Corchorus capsularis jute Xianghuangma 3Inst. of Flax Crops 1997gamma rays earliness CAAS[Kuanyechangguo] seed quality Coronilla variacrown vetch Xifuxiaoguanhua N-West Inst. of Water & Soil Cons. 1991gamma rays, 600 Gy toxin content CAS, Jilin[Xidexaoguanhua]yield Cucumis sativus cucumber Ludi 1Inst. of Horticultural Crops 1981laser mildew resistance Liaoning AAS[Jinyan 1] Liaoning

Xianghuanggua 5Inst of Horticulture Crops 2000cross yield Hunan AASdisease resistance Hunan Dahlia sp. dahlia HuanghuanIAAE1989gamma rays, 9.5 Gy + 46.5 Gyshortness Jiangsu AAS[Honghua (root + seed)]flower colour Jiangsu earliness MeiguiziIAAE1989gamma rays, 9.5 Gy + 46.5 Gyflower colour Jiangsu AAS[Honghua (root + seed)]flower morphology Jiangsu earliness Glycine maxsoybean Anji 2Anhui Agric. Univ. 1989laser oil content Anhui[hybrid]protein content adaptability Fengdou 1IAAE, Liaonjing AAS 1988gamma rays, 200 Gy earliness Liaonjing [F2 (Qunxuan 1 x Qunjing) x 5621]yield Fengshou 1Keshan IAS1970gamma rays, 140 Gy earliness Heilongjiang [Ke 56-4253]lodging resistance branching Fengshou 22Heilongjiang AAS1992gamma rays, 160 Gy earliness Heilongjiang [Hejiao 77-153]stress tolerance Hefeng 25Hejiang RIAS1992gamma rays, 160 Gy yield Heilongjiang [Hejiao 77] Hefeng 33Hejiang RIAS1992thN, 1x1011 disease resistance Heilongjiang [Hejiao 8069]virus resistance Hefeng 36Hejiang RIAS1995gamma rays, 80 Gyearliness Heilongjiang[hybrid] yield adaptability Heihe 8Heihe RIAS1989fN, 2.27 x 1011 adaptability Heilongjiang AAS[Heijiao 75-327 strain] grain morphology Heilongjiangoil quality Heihe 9Heihe RIAS1990fN, 1.3 x 1011 stiffness Heilongjiang AAS[Heijiao 7710 F2] yield Heilongjiang protein content

Heihe 12Inst. of Soybean 1995fN, 5x1011 earliness Heilongjiang AAS[hybrid] yield Heilongjiang Heinong 4Inst. of Soybean 1966gamma rays, 100 Gy plant type Heilongjiang AAS [Mancangjing] Heilongjiang Heinong 5Inst. of Soybean 1967gamma rays, 100 Gy root system Heilongjiang AAS [Dongnong 4] internode length Heilongjiangfertilizer response Heinong 6Inst. of Soybean 1967x-rays, 100 Gytallness Heilongjiang AAS [Mancangjing] drought tolerance Heilongjiang Heinong 7Inst. of Soybean 1967x-rays, 100 Gybranching Heilongjiang AAS [Mancangjing] pod number Heilongjiang grain number Heinong 8Inst. of Soybean 1967x-rays, 100 Gyearliness Heilongjiang AAS [Mancangjing] humidity tolerance Heilongjiang Heinong 16Inst. of Soybean 1970gamma rays, 100 Gy branching Heilongjiang AAS [F3 (Wudingzhu x Jingshanpu)] internode length Heilongjiangdrought tolerance Heinong 28Inst. of Soybean 1986fN, 5x1011 earliness Heilongjiang AAS [F5 (Heinong 16 x Shengchangye)] stiffness Heilongjiangprotein content Heinong 31Inst. of Soybean 1987fN, 5x1011 oil content Heilongjiang AAS[F4 (Ha 70-5075 x Ha 53)] disease resistance Heilongjiangprotein content Heinong 32Inst. of Soybean 1987fN, 5x1011 oil content Heilongjiang AAS[F4 (Ha 70-5075 x Ha 53)] protein content Heilongjiangdisease resistance Heinong 34Inst. of Soybean 1988cross yield Heilongjiang AASHeinong 16 x Tokachinogaha protein content Heilongjiang Heinong 35Inst. of Soybean 1990cross yield Heilongjiang AASHeinong 16 x Tokachinogaha protein content Heilongjiang

Heinong 37Inst. of Soybean 1992thN, 1x 1011 earliness Heilongjiang AAS[hybrid] grain quality Heilongjiang Heinong 38Inst. of Soybean 1992thN, 1x 1011 lodging resistance Heilongjiang AAS [hybrid]yield Heilongjiang Heilongjiang AASNongfu 73-8955 (gamma ray mutant of Fengshan) x protein content HeilongjiangNongfuo 81-9825 (thN mutant)disease resistance Heinongxiaolidou 1Inst. of Soybean 1989fN grain weight Heilongjiang AAS [F2 (7626 x 7634)] disease resistance Heilongjiang Heinoun 26Inst. of Soybean 1975cross plant architecture Heilongjiang AAS Ha 2294 x Xiaojinhuang 1adaptability Heilongjianggrain quality Huayou 446Shijiazhuang Inst of Agric.20010.2%DES + PYM, 2hstress tolerance Modernization, CAS[Jidou 4]yield Heilongjiang Huayou 542Shijiazhuang Inst of Agric. 20000.2%DES + PYM, 2hstress tolerance Modernization, CAS[Jidou 4]yield Heilongjiang Jidou 8Shijianzhuang Inst of Agric 1992EMS + PMS, 0.8%; 1ppmearliness Modernization, CAS [Zaoshu 10]grain morphology Heilongjiangadaptability Jiyuan 1IAAE, Jilin AAS1986laser, 3 min. drought tolerance Jilin[Gongjiao 6514] stress tolerance yield Kefu 795-832Inst. of Wheat 1988gamma rays + DES, 150 Gytallness Heilongjiang AAS[Fengshou 12]yield Heilongjiang drought tolerance Liaodou 3 IAAE, Liaoning AAS1983cross earliness Liaoning 6405 x Amsuo lodging resistance disease resistance Liaoduo 4 IAAE, Liaoning AAS1992gamma rays protein content Liaoning [79 Hong-1] drought tolerance disease resistance Liaodou 7 IAAE, Liaoning AAS1992gamma rays, 180 Gy disease resistance Liaoning [hybrid]drought tolerance grain quality

Liaodou 9 IAAE, Liaoning AAS1993gamma rays, 160 Gy disease resistance Liaoning [hybrid]grain quality yield Liaodou 10 IAAE, Liaoning AAS1995cross lodging resistance LiaoningLiaodou 3 x Liao 825185earliness yield Liaodou 11 IAAE, Liaoning AAS1996cross yield LiaoningLiao 84063 x Liaodou 3 oil content Liaonong 1 IAAE, Liaoning AAS1988gamma rays, 180 Gy earliness Liaonjing[F2 (Heinong 11 x Tiefeng 9)]yield Ludou 9 Heze RIAS1993gamma rays, 180 Gy plant architecture Shandong[(7528 x 7405)] grain quality disease resistance Mufeng 6Mudanjiang RIAS1987gamma rays, 160 Gy earliness Heilongjiang AAS[F2 (Tielingduanyebin x Meiguokelake 63)] disease resistance Heilongjiang protein content Mushi 6Mudanjiang Teachers College 1980gamma rays, 120 Gy earliness Heilongjiang[F2 (Fengshu 10 x Jilin 3)] tallness yield Ningzheng 3 Inst. of Economical Crops 1993gamma rays, 200 Gy plant architecture Jiangsu AAS[Ningzheng 1]grain morphology Jiangsu Suilong 12 Suihua RIAS1996gamma rays, 120 Gy yield Heilongjiang AAS[F6 (Suijio 83-432 x (Heihe 4 x Te 7604))] Heilongjiang Tainung 1(R) 1962thN vigour non-shattering seed yield Tainung 2(R) 1962x-rays vigour non-shattering seed adaptability

Tiefeng 18Tieling RIAS1973gamma rays, 120 Gy fertilizer response Liaonjing[45-15 x 5621]stiffness disease resistance Tiefeng 19Tieling RIAS1974gamma rays, 120 Gy earliness Liaonjing[45-15 x 5621]fertilizer response yield Tiefeng 24Tieling RIAS1988cross plant architecture LiaonjingTiefeng 18 x Kaiyu 8 lodging resistance Wei 7610-13Wei County Inst. Sci. & Tech. 1983gamma rays + fN earliness Hebei[Fengshouhuang] disease resistance yield Wendou 79012Wenniute1986gamma rays lodging resistance Neimenguyield Yedadou 2Guangdong AAS1990 gamma rays disease resistance Guandong[(Williams x Sanledaqindou)] protein content Yubian 30Inst. of Genetics1982x-rays, 100 Gyvirus resistance CAS, Beijing[6825]yield Yubian 31Inst. of Genetics1982x-rays, 100 Gydrought tolerance CAS, Beijing[6825]virus resistance Yudou 4Yanjing1987gamma rays disease resistance Henan [Heidou]protein content Yudou 9Bureau of Agric.1989gamma rays, 300 Gy yield Henan [Shangqiu 7068]plant type pest resistance Zhangdou 1Zhangwuxian IAS1980gamma rays drought tolerance Liaonjing[Tiefeng 18] lodging resistance Gossypium sp. cotton 113Inst. of Cotton 1985gamma rays, 350 Gy earliness Shandong AAS[Liao 6496]better quality Shandong Chuanpei 1South-West Agric. Univ. 1982gamma rays earliness Zhongging [Dongtin 1]plant architecture elongated internode

Emian 15Hubei AAS1991gamma rays, 300 Gy yield Hubei[Henan 75]disease resistance Jimian 8Hubei AAS1984gamma rays, 300 Gy earliness Hubei[hybrid]yield Lumian 1Inst. of Cotton 1976gamma rays, 400 Gy plant architecture Shandong AAS[F9 (Zhong 2 x 1195)] yield Shandongearliness Xinhai 2Inst. of Economic Crops 1979x-rays, 300 Gyplant architecture Xinjiang AAS[66-170]fibre quality XinjiangFusarium resistance Yanmian 48Yanhai RIAS1985cross yield Jiangsu 86-1 x Lumian 1 fibre quality Yunfu 885Inst. of Cotton 1977gamma rays, 150 Gy earliness Shanxi AAS[Daizimian 15 x Xiaoyemian]boll number/yield Shanxi fibre quality Helianthus annuus sunflower Jingkui 1Shanxi Agric. University1987fN, 5x1010 earliness Shanxi[Mokui]shortness Hordeum vulgarebarley 7938Lixiahe RIAS1984gamma rays earliness Jiangsu[Zaoshu 3]yield Fuxuan 48Inst. of Crop Science 1985gamma rays, 300 Gy earliness Shanghai AAS[Zaoshu 3]shortness Shanghaidisease resistance JianghaidameiHaian County IAS1991gamma rays + microwave stress tolerance Jiangsu[7422]yield grain quality Lupidamei 1Shandong Agric. Univ. 1987gamma rays, 300 Gy photoperiod response Shandong[Zaoshu 3]lodging resistance yield Qianlu 1Shandong Agric. Univ. 1995gamma rays, 300 Gy disease resistance Shandong[Zaoshu 3]yield grain quality

Wandamei 1Inst. of Crop Science 1991gamma rays, 300 Gy grain weight Anhui AAS[Zaoshu 3] Anhui Yanfuaizao 3Yanhai RIAS1977gamma rays, 250 Gy earliness Jiangsu [Zaoshu 3] shortness yield Wanshu S-367Anhui AAS1998ion beams disease resistance Anhui[83-367]yield Yanshu 759Yantai RIAS1986fN, 4x1011 starch content Shandong[(Yanshu 3 x Xushu 18)]black spot resistance plant type Yanshu 781Yantai RIAS1986fN, 1x1012 starch content Shandong[(Fengshouhuang x Honghong 1)] yield Yushu 5Nanyang RIAS1990gamma rays + NaN3 disease resistance Henan [(Yesheng x Lanyang 203)] yield Linum usitatissimumflax/linseed Heiya 4 Inst. of Sugarbeet Research1978cross earliness Heilongjiang AASGamma 671-681 x 6409-640lodging resistance Heilongjiangsalt tolerance Heiya 6 Inst. of Economic Crops 1985cross yield Heilongjiang AASgamma 7907-2-4 x Heiya 4 fibre quality Heilongjiangsalt tolerance Heiya 7 Inst. of Economic Crops 1989cross stress tolerance Heilongjiang AAS7106-3-6 x Gamma 7017-2-4 disease resistance Heilongjianglodging resistance Lycopersicon esculentum tomato Lufanqie 7Yantai City AAS1997 N+ ion beams, 30kevearliness Shandong[Xifeng 3]resisitance to TMV Yufan 1Inst of Horticulture Crops 2000 areospace earliness Heilongjiang AAS yield Heilongjiang fruit quality

Malus sp. apple Donghenghongpinguo Inst. of Horticulture1987gamma rays, 250 Gy shortness Qinghai AAS[Jingguan (seed)] fruit colour Qinghai fruit quality Medicago sativaalfalfa Xinmu 1Bayi College of Agriculture1986gamma rays, 100 Gy cold tolerance Xinjiang drought tolerance yield Morus albamulberry Fusang 10Inst. of Silk & Tea1980gamma rays internode length Jiangxi leaf thickness leaf colour Fuzaofeng Inst. of Silk & Trade 1992gamma rays, 5 Gyearliness CAAS[Yu 151 (branch)] leaf quality disease resistance Ji 7681Inst. of Silk & Trade 1988laser vigour Sichuan AAS[F1 (Cangxi 49 x Yu 2)] leaf morphology Sichuanleaf quality Sangfu 1Institute of Silk & Trade 1974gamma rays, 75 Gyinternode length CAAS[Yizhilai]leaf morphology Shannsang 871Institute of Silk & Trade 1994gamma rays, 60 Gyvigour Shannxi [hybrid] yield Shigu 11-6Shantai Silk Production Farm1995gamma rays, 100 Gy yield Sichuan [Husang 32]leaf quality adaptability Nelumbo nuciferalotus Dandinyuge Inst. of Vegetable Crops 1997gamma rays flower colour Hunan AAS[Xianbeilian 6]flower petal type Hunan DianezhuangWuhan Inst. of Hortic. & Ornam. 1983gamma rays earliness Hubei[Beixianglian]

Ruyijiali Inst. of Vegetable Crops 1997gamma rays flower colour Hunan AAS[(Dongguali x Xianbeilian 6)]flower petal type Hunan Oryza sativarice 202Yueyang RIAS1973gamma rays, 200 Gy leaf size Hunan [IR 8]panicle size 240Lixiahe RIAS1980gamma rays, 300 Gy earliness Jiangsu [Guangbeiguang] disease resistance 652Hubei AAS1979gamma rays, 300 Gy blast resistance Hubei[129 x Ewan 3]adaptability 1870Lixiahe RIAS1984gamma rays, 200 Gy earliness Jiangsu [Nanjing 33]yield grain quality 7404Lixiane RIAS1977gamma rays, 350 Gy shortness Jiangsu [Xinan 175]yield disease resistance 7738Lixiahe RIAS1980gamma rays, 300 Gy earliness Jiangsu [Guangbeiguang] yield pest resistance 69-280Hunan AAS1969gamma rays, 300 Gy earliness Hunan[Ainanzhao x Qingxiaojingzao] tillering Aifu 9 Wenzhou RIAS1966gamma rays, 300 Gy semi-dwarfness Zhejing [Aijiaonante]blast resistance yield AiliutiaohongFengxin County IAS1989gamma rays semi-dwarfness Jiangxi [Liutiaohong]blast resistance yield B-fu 1 Chiangsu County IAS1982gamma rays shortness Chiangsu[(5450 x Yinnisuitiangu) BG 90-2]earliness grain size Baofu 766Guangxi College of Agric.1988gamma rays, 50 Gyearliness Guangxi [Baoxuan 3 (PMC)]semi-dwarfness ChangwanxianIAAE, Hunan AAS1992gamma rays, 300 Gy cold tolerance Hunan[hybrid]yield

Changyouzao 1 IAAE, Hunan AAS1995gamma rays, 300 Gy earliness Hunan [hybrid]yield grain quality Chenzao 5Chenzhou IAS1979gamma rays, 350 Gy earliness Hunan [IR 8] tillering spike number Dongting 3 Wuxi County1976gamma rays semi-dwarfness Jiangsu[Aixin 3] stiffness yield Ejingnuo 6Jingzhou RIAS1986gamma rays, 350 Gy blast resistance Hubei [Guizao 2]grain quality yield Enuo 7Jinzhou AAS1994cross disease resistance Hubei BG 90-2 x 82033grain quality Erfuzao Wenzhou RIAS1967gamma rays, 300 Gy earliness Zhejiang [Erjiuai 7]semi-dwarfness ErjiufengJiaxin RIAS1985cross blight resistance Zhejiang Yuanfenzao x IR29 earliness yield Fu 709Pinhu IAS1974gamma rays, 300 Gy yield Zhejiang [Nonghu 6]cold tolerance Fu 756IAAE, Zhejiang AAS1975gamma rays, 300 Gy disease resistance Zhejiang [Jiangerai] grain quality Fu 769IAAE, Zhejiang AAS1976gamma rays, 300 Gy disease resistance Zhejiang [Jiangerai] yield adaptability Fu 8970IAAE, Zhejiang AAS1995cross disease resistance Zhejiang Fu 8515 x Fu 9638 Fu 8-1China Nat. Rice Res. Inst. 1988gamma rays, 350 Gy blast resistance Zhejiang [8004]yield grain quality Fu 85-63IAAE, Zhejiang AAS1989cross tillering type Zhejiang Fu 78-12 x IR 36fertility increase cooking quality

Fubao 201Pinnan County IAS1978gamma rays, 300 Gy earliness Guangxi [Baoxuan 2]shortness disease resistance FuchueraiGuangdong AAS1978cross shortness GuandongIR 20 x Zhuyin C6965bact. leaf blight resistance Fugui 1Guangdong AAS1980gamma rays, 15 Gyearliness Guandong[Guichao 2]shortness disease resistance FuheixiangnuoInst. of Nuclear Technology 1993gamma rays, 350 Gy earliness Sichuan [Nongqin 3] scent glutinous endosperm Fuhui 06Inst. of Nuclear Technology 1983gamma rays earliness Sichuan [Taiyin 1] restorer for hybrid FulianaiZhejiang Agric University1966gamma rays, 200 Gy semi-dwarfness Zhejiang[Liantangzao] blast tolerance Fulianzao 3Zhejiang AAS1968gamma rays, 300 Gy earliness Zhejiang [Liantangzao] disease resistance shortness Fuluzao 1Guangdong AAS1976gamma rays leaf size Guandong[Guangdongai 4 x IR 8]tillering earliness Funuo 1Inst. of Nuclear Technology 1995cross earliness SichuanNA x Nuohui 1 yield Funuo 101Inst. of Nuclear Technology 1987gamma rays, 300 Gy earliness Sichuan[Guichao 2]glutinous endosperm cont. disease resistance Funuo 402Inst. of Nuclear Technology 1989gamma rays glutinous endosperm cont. Sichuan[Guichao 2]yield Fushe 31Fujian AAS1966gamma rays, 250 Gy earliness Fujian AAS[Lucaihao] shortness adaptability Fushe 410Sichuan AAS1974gamma rays, 300 Gy blast resistance Sichuan[Chenai 8]

Fushe 94Sichuan AAS1971Neutrons, 3.5x1010 earliness Sichuan[Zhongaizi] tillering blast resistance Fushenongken 58Yueyang RIAS1973gamma rays, 300 Gy disease resistance Hunan [Nongken 58]yield Fuwan 23IAAE, Hubei AAS1978gamma rays, 300 Gy disease resistance Hubei [Huxuan 19]spike size grain quality Fuwan 81-548IAAE, Hubei AAS1989gamma rays, 300 Gy grain quality Hunan [Yuchi 231-8]disease resistance lodging resistance Fuxian 6IAAE, Zhejiang AAS1989cross disease resistance ZhejiangFu 774 x IR 24yield Fuxiang 1Shandong AAS1978gamma rays + microwave, 300 Gyearliness Shandong[Mingshuixiangdao] shortness cold tolerance Fuxuan 1Inst. of Nuclear Technology 1968gamma rays, 300 Gy earliness Sichuan [Zhongnong 4]salt tolerance adaptability Fuxuan 124Inst. of Nuclear Technology 1972gamma rays, 300 Gy blast resistance Sichuan [Guangxuan 3]earliness Fuxuan 3Inst. of Nuclear Technology 1970gamma rays, 300 Gy tillering type Sichuan [Fuxuan 1]blast resistance Fuxuan 8IAAE, Zhejiang AAS1998cross blast resistance Zhejiang Fu 8329 x Fu 8105 x IR13471-74-1cold tolerance Fuyou 63 (H) Inst. of Nuclear Technology 1993Fu 74A x Fuhui 63-1 earliness Sichuan yield Fuyou 130 (H) Inst. of Nuclear Technology 1997Fu 76A x 130 yield Sichuan Fuyou 802 (H) Inst. of Nuclear Biotechnology1998Fu 74A x Chuanfu 802 earliness Sichuan AASyield Sichuan Fuyou 838 (H) Inst. of Nuclear Technology 1997Fu 74A x Fuhui 838 earliness Sichuan yield

FuyouxiannuoInst. of Nuclear Technology 1995gamma rays, 280 Gy semi-dwarfness Sichuan [Nongqin 2] grain colour scent Fuyu 1 Zhejian AAS1968gamma rays, 150 Gy earliness Zhejiang[Erjiuai 7]disease resistance Fuzao 2 Zhejiang Agric Univ. 1969gamma rays, 300 Gy earliness Zhejiang [Erjiuai] spike size Fuzhou 383IAAE, Hubei AAS1989cross plant architecture Hubei Fuzhu x Yuanfengzao tillering Fuzhu IAAE, Hubei AAS1979gamma rays, 350 Gy earliness Hubei [Zhulianai]cold tolerance blast resistance Gang You 6 (H) 1985Gangai A x Fuhui 06 fertility rate GanwannuoJiangxi AAS1993gamma rays, 300 Gy grain quality Jiangxi [SG 8960]plant architecture disease resistance Ganwanxian 23IAAE, Jiangxi AAS1994cross grain quality Jiangxi TR 841 x M79215 disease resistance Ganzaoxian 47Fushun RIAS2000areospace earliness Jiangxi [Zaoxian 86-70]shortness, yield Gongshe 13Jiangsu AAS1969gamma rays, 250 Gy disease resistance Jiangsu[Laolaiqing] TKW Guangdabai Fujian AAS1979laser earliness Fujian[Hong 410]yield panicle number Guangfen 1Zhejiang AAS1977laser earliness Zhejiang [Guangluai 4] tillering shortness Guangfu 1Fuzhou IAS1981gamma rays + laser earliness Fujian[Hong 410]tillering Guifu 3Fujian AAS1973gamma rays, 450 Gy earliness Fujian[Guiluai 8] cold tolerance blast tolerance

GuifunuoIAAE, Guizhou AAS1989gamma rays, 300 Gy yield Guizhou [Shuangchengnuo] disease resistance grain quality Guifuxian 2Guizhou AAS 1992gamma rays, 300 Gy grain quality Guizhou [83-231]adaptability GuiwanfuGuangxi College of Agric.1988gamma rays, 300 Gy cold tolerance Guangxi [Baotaiai]earliness shortness Hangfeng Inst. Of Crop Science 1983cross shortness Shanghai AAS(Kenqui x Keqing 3) x Reimei tillering type Shanghaigrain quality Hangyu 1 Crop Research Institute1998aerospace earliness Zhejiang AAS[ZR 9]shortness Heizhenmi China National Rice Research Institute 1995gamma rays, 15 Gyblack grain Zhejiang[Basmati 370, embryo culture] earliness Hongfuzao 7 Inst. of Rice & Wheat 1980gamma rays, 300 Gy shortness Fujian AAS[Hong 410]panicle size Fujian Hongnan Guangxi AAS1981gamma rays, 300 Gy earliness Guangxi [F2 (Hongmeizao x Guanxi 1)]cold tolerance spike size Hongtu 31Zhoushan IAS1985electrons cold tolerance Zhejiang [Hong 410]tillering type grain quality Hu 2205IAAE, Hubei AAS1987gamma rays, 10 Gycooking quality Hubei [IET 2938]lodging resistance Huahang 2Huanan Agric Univ2000areospace yield Jiangxi [Zaoxian 86-70]grain quality Huangpiai Guangdong AAS1969gamma rays, 300 Gy semi-dwarfness Guangdong [Huangpizhong] Huayu 1 Taixin County IAS 1990gamma rays yield Jiangsu grain quality

II You 802 (H) Inst. Nuclear Biotechnology 1996II 32A x Chuanhui 802 yield Sichuan AASgrain quality Sichuan II You 838 (H) Inst. of Nuclear Technology 1995II 32A x Fuhui 838 earliness Sichuanyield ⅡYou 3027 (H) Inst. Nucl. Agric. Sci. Zhejiang University2000Ⅱ32A x R 3027 yield Zhejiang Ikungbau 4-2 1973x-rays [Ikungbau] Jiahezaozhan Xiamen University1997gamma rays, 10 Gygrain quality Fujian (pollen) yield JiasifuJiaxin RIAS1973gamma rays, 300 Gy earliness Zhejiang [Jiahu 4]shortness tillering type Jiguang 2Hubei University1977laser shortness Hubei[Guangluai 4]earliness Jinfu 1Inst. of Agric. Sciences1969gamma rays, 300 Gy earliness Tianjin [Jinyin 37]blast resistance Jinfu 48Jinhua IAS1988gamma rays yield Zhejiang [Jinke 5] Jinfu 8Inst. of Agric. Sciences1969gamma rays, 300 Gy earliness Tianjin [Xiaozhan 101]semi-dwarfness blight resistance JuanyebaiInst. of Rice & Wheat 1974neutrons, 1x1012 earliness Fujian AAS[IR 8] tillering Fujianblast resistance Kefuhong 2 Liancheng County IAS1981cross earliness FujianMutant IR 8 x Hong 410blast resistance tillering type KT 20-741957x-rays yield [Ketze] earliness Liangyoupeijiu (H) Jiangsu AAS2000Pei’ai 64S x Yangdao 6 grain quality Jiangsu yield

Liaofeng 5 Liaoning AAS1969gamma rays, 200 Gy earliness Liaoning[Liaogeng 125]semi-dwarfness blast resistance Liaoyan 2 Inst. of Sal. & Alk. Soil Util.1992gamma rays salt tolerance Liaoning[Toyonishiki] Lu 18SZhuzhou City IAS2000crossearliness HunanKefuhong 2 M 112Jiangxi AAS1981gamma rays, 300 Gy cold tolerance Jiangxi [5450 x Yinnishuitiangu]Sogatella resistance yield M 114Jiangxi AAS1981gamma rays cold tolerance Jiangxi [(5450 x Yinnisuitiangu) BG 90-2]Fulgorid resistance Meisanwu 2Guangdong AAS1990gamma rays, 150 Gy disease resistance Guangdong [Aimeizao 3 x Waixuan 35]pest resistance Minnuo 706Fujian AAS1991gamma rays, 300 Gy tillering type Fujian[7056 x IR29]glutinous endosperm cont. blast resistance Minyuan 1IAAE, Fujian AAS 1977gamma rays, 300 Gy photonasty Fujian [Sanyeqi] adaptability yield Nangeng 23Jiangsu AAS1967gamma rays, 250 Gy shortness Jiangsu[20025]tillering Xanthomonas resistance Nanhua 11Tonglin County IAS1987pollen culture + laseryield Anhui [Nanyou 2]blast resistance Nanjing 34Jiangsu AAS1976gamma rays + microwave shortness Jiangsu [Zhaofeng]yield Nanzao 1 Fujian AAS1980gamma rays, 300 Gy earliness Fujian [Nanjing 11]panicle size adaptability Nongshi 4Fujian College of Agric. Sci.1975fN, 5x1011 earliness Fujian [IR 20] cold tolerance Xanthomonas resistance

Qikesui Heilongjiang AAS1986gamma rays, 225 Gy cold tolerance Heilongjiang [Hejiang 12] stiffness vigour Qinghuaai 61980cross yield (Songhuaai x Fuchuerai) x F4 line quality disease resistance Qingwei 1Guangdong AAS1985gamma rays yield Guangdong disease resistance late season Qiufu 1Inst. of Rice, Guizhou AAS1982gamma rays, 250 Gy cold tolerance Guizhou [Qiujuai] adaptability tillering Quannuo 101Quanzhou AAS 1990gamma rays, 200 Gy yield Fujian [hybrid]glutinous endosperm cont. R 462IAAE, Jiangsu AAS1985gamma rays, 20 Gyshortness Jiangsu [501 Xuan (pollen)]yield plant architecture R 817IAAE, Zhejiang AAS1987gamma rays, 300 Gy glutinous endosperm cont. Zhejiang[Aishungnuo] yield blast resistance SH 30-211957x-rays yield [Shungchiang] earliness Shanyou 371 (H) INAS, Zhejiang University1998Zhenshian 97A x Zuhui 371 grain quality Zhejiang yield Shanyou 36 Fu (H) Wenzhou RIAS1984Zhenshan 97A x IR 36 Fu earliness Zhejiang ShenxiangjingShanghai AAS1994x-rays, 95 Gyblast resistance Shanghai shortness grain quality ShuangchengnuoJiangsu AAS1980gamma rays, 300 Gy compact growth Jiangsu[2004]stiffness taste Shuangchiang 30-21Taiwan1957x-rays yield [Shuangchiang] earliness

Shuangfu 1Chuxian IAS1989gamma rays, 350 Gy shortness Anhui [Guichao 2]earliness grain quality Shuangke 1Zhejiang Agr. Univ. 1981cross earliness Zhejiang IR 24 x Kefuzao yield heat tolerance Sifu 851Inst. of Nucl. Agr. Sci.1985cross earliness Zhejiang Agric. UniversityGuoji 24 x Zhefu 802 yield Zhejiang grain size Suifu 17Liuzhou RIAS1979gamma rays, 300 Gy shortness Guangxi [Suiya 156]yield Suiwan 2Suixian IAS 1974gamma rays, 300 Gy tillering type Hubei [Huxuan 19]stiffness Taifu 4Jiangchuan County 1979gamma rays, 200 Gy disease resistance Yunnan[Taizhong 3]fertilizer response TangernianGuangdong AAS1985gamma rays yield Guangdong disease resistance late season variety Vyouwan 3 (H) Hunan Hybrid Rice Centre1994V 20A x Wan 3 yield Hunan grain quality Wandao 20Rice Research Institute1994ion beams grain quality Anhui AAS[Eyu 105]fertilizer response Anhui Wandao 25Chuxian RIAS1990gamma rays, 294 Gy earliness Anhui[Minggui 1 x Simei 2]disease resistance lodging resistance Wandao 42Rice Research Institute1997ion beams earliness Anhui AAS[Taiwanzhongjing] blight resistance Anhui Wandao 44Rice Research Institute1997ion beams yield Anhui AAS[hybrid] Anhui Wandao 45Rice Research Institute1994ion beams earliness Anhui AAS[Zhefu 15]blight resistance Anhui

Wandao 51Rice Research Institute1997gamma rays, 300 Gy yield Anhui AAS[hybrid] Anhui Wanfu 33Wanxian RIAS1980gamma rays, 300 Gy earliness Sichuan[72-10]blast resistance Wanfu 8818Chuzhou IAAE1997gamma rays, 340 Gy yield Anhui[Yaodao 4]disease resistance Wanjing 257Hubei AAS1975gamma rays, 300 Gy fertilizer response Hubei[Huxuan 19]blast resistance yield WanhongfuJinxi County IAS 1980gamma rays, 350 Gy cold tolerance Guangxi [25-1 x Hongmiyouzhan]disease resistance adaptability WanhuaGuangdong AAS1983cross semi-dwarfness Guangdong Qinghuaai 6 x Qinglian 32disease resistance grain quality Wanjing 3073IAAE, Hubei AAS1990gamma rays, 300 Gy fertilizer response Hubei [Sujing 7 x Ewan 5]panicle size yield Weiyouji (H) Dept. of Biology1983V 20A x Jiguang 4 earliness Hubei Universityyield Hubei Xangzaonuo 1IAAE, Hunan AAS1984gamma rays glutinous endosperm cont. Hunan [F2 (IR 29 x Wenqingxuan)]yield disease resistance XiangfudaoHunan AAS1976gamma rays, 300 Gy cold tolerance Hunan[Erjiuqing] blast resistance Xanthomonas resistance Xianghu 24Jiaxin RIAS1984cross blast resistance Zhejiang (Funong 709 x Jingyin 154) x Funong 709 daylength insensitivity glutinous endosperm cont. Xianghu 47Jiaxin RIAS1985cross panicle size ZhejiangJiahu 4 x Jian 3 x Funong 709 x Jiangyng 154grain size yield Xianghu 93Jiaxin RIAS1984cross lateness Zhejiang(Funong 709 x Jingyin 154) x Funong 709 disease resistance

Xiangjing 832Crop Research Institute1989x-rays, 95 Gyshortness Shanghai AAS[Wuxiang 203 (germinating seed)]blast resistance Shanghai yield Xiangwanxian 7Rice Research Institute1996cross blast resistance Hunan AASCaimoji 22 x Hongtu 5 yield HunanHongtu 5 Xiangzaoxian 18IAAE, Hunan AAS1995gamma rays, 300 Gy earliness Hunan [hybrid]grain quality Xiangzaoxian 20IAAE, Hunan AAS1995gamma rays, 300 Gy earliness Hunan [hybrid]grain quality blight resistance Xiangzaoxian 21IAAE, Hunan AAS1996gamma rays + laser, 288 Gyblight resistance Hunan [Xiangaizao 7]yield Xiangzaoxian 22Huaihua City IAS1996cross grain quality HunanHuai 4333 x Zhefu 802 yield Xiangzaoxian 23Zhuzhou City IAS1997cross earliness Hunan Xiangzaoxian 7 x Zhefu 9 yield Xiangzaoxian 25Xiangtan City IAS1997cross shortness Hunan Zhe 733 x Fu 26 disease resistance Xiangzaoxian 28Hunan Agric. University1999chemical mutagen earliness Hunan[Zhe 733]yield Xiangzaoxian 8Hunan College of Agric.1988laser earliness Hunan[Xiangaizao 9]yield grain quality Xiangzaoxian 9Chenzhou RIAS1989gamma rays, 330 Gy earliness Hunan [Hongtu 5]yield grain quality Xiaofuzao Xiaogan IAS1974gamma rays, 300 Gy earliness Hubei [Liantangzao] shortness Xieyou 371 (H) INAS, Zhejiang University1999Xieqingzao A x Zuhui 371 earliness Zhejianggrain quality Xieyou 36 Fu (H) Wenzhou RIAS1986Xieqingzao A x ZR 36 Fuearliness Zhejiang

Xindao 1IAAE, Xinjiang AAS1986gamma rays, 187 Gy earliness Xinjiang [F2 (Ningxi 62-2 x Panjin 1)]yield grain quality Xiongyue 613Xunyue RIAS1970gamma rays, 150 Gy blast resistance Liaoning [Nongken 20]yield grain quality Xiushui 04Jiaxin RIAS1985cross earliness ZhejiangZe 21/ Funong 709/ Dan 209disease resistance Xiushui 06Jiaxin RIAS1984cross earliness Zhejiang Funong 709 x Dan 209yield Xiushui 48Jiaxin RIAS1984cross blast resistance ZhejiangFunong 709 x Jingyin 154yield Xiuxui 117Jiaxin RIAS1984cross earliness ZhejiangFunong 709/ Zaison/ Funong 709/ Chengbaoxifengdisease resistance panicle size Yangdao 6Lixiahe RIAS1997gamma rays, 300 Gy yield Jiangsu [F1 Yangdao 4 x 3021]disease resistance Yangfunuo 1 Lixiahe RIAS1990gamma rays, 300 Gy earliness Jiangsu [IR 29]yield disease resistance Yangfuxian 2Lixiahe RIAS1991gamma rays, 300 Gy yield Jiangsu[IR 1529-68-3-2]disease resistance grain quality Yangfuxian 3Lixiahe RIAS1993gamma rays, 300 Gy blast resistance Jiangsu [IR 2415]yield Yangfuxian 5Lixiahe RIAS2000gamma rays, 300 Gy cooking quality Jiangsu [Yangdao 6] blast resistance YanzhengfuLongyan RIAS1979gamma rays, 300 Gy yield Fujian[Longzhen 13] Yenhsing-1 1963cross yield Taichung N 1 x SH 30-21 Note: Yenhsing-1 = YH 1 earliness (MBRW 61) Yenhsing-2 1967cross erectoid type Taichung N 1 x KT 20-74