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Proceedings of the Permafrost Research Conference at the Building Research Centre

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL

CANADA

A S S O C I A T E COMMITTEE ON

SOIL

AND SNOW MECHANICS

PROCEEDINGS

O F THE

.

L + yjlp

PERMAFROST RESEARCH CONFERENCE A T THE

BUILDING

RESEARCH CENTRE, OTTAWA MARCH 27,

1958

Ottawa

JOINT

CHAIRMEN OF

MEETING

Chairman,

Associate Committee on S o i l and Snow Mechanica. Director,

Division of Building Research, National Research Counoil*

.Chairman,

Permafrost Subcormnit tee, Associate Committee on S o i l and Snow Mechanics. D i s t r i c t Administrator,

Department of Northern A f f a i r s and National Resources,

F o r t S m i t h , N o W s T o

A

l i s t

of those present, w i t h a f f i l i a t i o n s , w i l l

INTRODUCTION

(1) The meeting was opened by M r . Legget who welcomed t h o s e p r e s e n t on behalf of

Mr.-.

C.L. M e r r i l l and h i m s e l f . H e

e x p l a i n e d t h a t the purpose of t h e meeting was t o provide a broad g e n e r a l review of t h e r e s e a r c h work which had been done i n t o p e r m a f r o s t n o t only i n Canada b u t a l s o i n Alaska. I t was, t h e r e f o r e , a s p e c i a l p l e a s u r e t o welcome t h e American g u e s t s p r e s e n t and t o n o t e t h a t t h e y i n c l u d e d some of those most e x p e r t i n permafrost knowledge i n North America.

( 2 ) M r . Legget e x p l a i n e d f o r the b e n e f i t of t h e g u e s t s t h e o p e r a t i o n of t h e N a t i o n a l Research Council and i t s s e v e r a l func t i o n a . Ha o u t l i n e d t h e work of A s s o c i a t e Conrmf t t e e s , under t h e a u s p i c e s of one of whfch t h i s meeting was b e i n g h e l d , He t h e n d e s c r i b e d b r i e f l y t h e work of the e i g h t Research D i v i s i o n s

of t h e Council, f i n i s h i n g with an o u t l i n e of t h e s p e c i a l f u n c t i o n s of t h e D i v i s i o n of Building Research.

( 3 )

One of t h e s e i s n a t u r a l l y t h e problem of b u i l d i n g i n Northern Canada and f t i s t h i s p r a c t i c a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t h a t h a s l e d t h e D i v i s i o n i n t o i t s s t u d i e s of peymafrost. I n o r d e r

t o a s s i s t t h i s work and t o s e r v e b u i l d i n g r e s e a r c h i n t h e North g e n e r a l l y , t h e D i v i s i o n h a s a Northern,Research S t a t i o n a t Norman Wells.

NIr.

Legget i n d i c a t e d t h a t o t h e r sclerkt i s t s would always be welcome a t t h i s S t a t i o n and t h a t he hoped one r e s u l t of t h e meeting would be more v i s i t o r s a t t h i s n o r t h e r n o u t p o s t of t h e

D i v i s i o n of B u i l d i n g Re search.

(4)

F i n a l l y , M r . Legget i n d i c a t e d t h a t , even i n t h e p r a c t i c a l work of b u i l d i n g r e s e a r c h , s c i e n t i f i c a s p e c t s of p e r m a f r o s t had n o t been f o r g o t t e n . I t was t h e r e f o r e hoped

t h a t t h e day would r e s u l t i n a g e n e r a l review of b o t h p r a c t i o a l and fundamental s t u d i e s of permafrost and a s s o c i a t e d phenomena, n o t only i n North America, b u t w i t h some thought t o c o n d i t i o n s i n o t h e r c o u n t r i e s . I t was planned t o a s k each person p r e s e n t t o o u t l i n e what t h e y knew of permafrost r e s e a r c h and t o devote t h e a f t e r n o o n t o a g e n e r a l d i s c u s s i o n based on t h e s e f a c t u a l s t a t e m e n t s .

SUMMARY OF I N D I V I D U A L REPORTS

-

( 5

The f o l f owing n o t e s summarize the s t a ternents t h a n made by a l l of t h o s e a t t e n d i n g t h e Conference, Names and a f f i l i a t i o n s a r e l i s t e d i n A e n d i x A , Wherever p o s s i b l e ,

r e f e r e n c e s t o p u b l i c a t i o n s k i n d i c a t e d , end a r e l i s t e d i n Appendix B.

( 6 )

-

J.A..

P i h l a i n e n L. reviewed t h e h i s t o r y of t h e r e s e a r c h

program of the ~ m s i o n of B u i l d i n g Research, s t a r t i n g w i t h t h e survey of b u i l d i n g s i n t h e Mackenzie River Valley d u r i n g 1950 ( a ) , * and t h e D i v i s i o n ' s p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h e

1951

Purdue a i r p h o t o i n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n t h e same r e g i o n ( b ) , I n 1952, t h e Northern Research S t a t i o n was e s t a b l i s h e d a t Norman Wells and

i t s subsequent development was o u t l i n e d .

( 7 )

H.J+ Johnston

-

e x p l a i n e d t h a t one of t h e f i r s t f i e l d

p r o j e c t s of t h e S t a t i o n , s t a r t e d i n

1953,

was e x p e r i m e n t a l work on d r i l l i n g and sampling permafrost. T h i s e a r l y work was soon a p p l i e d i n the e x p l o r a t o r y b o r i n g program a t o l d Alrlavik ( c ) . He d e s u r i b e d t h e s i t e i n v e s t i g a t i o n work c a r r i e d o u t on t h e Aklavik survey under t h e f o l l o w i n g headings: a i r p h o t o i n t e r - p r e t a t i o n , t e r r a i n s t u d i e s , d r i l l i n g and sampling, He a l s o d i s c u s s e d b r i e f l y t h e D i v i s i o n ' s i n t e r e s t i n t h e development of l i g h t e x p l o r a t o r y d r i l l i n g equipment and methods f o r d r i l l i n g and sampling i n p e r e n n i a l l y f r o z e n ground.

( 8 ) C.L. M e r r i l l

-

t h e n desoribed t h e p l a n n i n g of t h e survey f o r t h e new s i t e f o r t h e town of Aklavik, w i t h which he had been connected a s p r o j e c t l e a d e r , He e x p l a i n e d how the team had been organized, how t h e i n i t i a l examination of a e r i a l photo- graphs was c a r r i e d out a t t h e B u i l d i n g Research Centre

i n

Ottawa and how t h i s p e r m i t t e d t h e planning of a v e r y i n c l u s i v e f i e l d

s u r v e y d u r i n g t h e s h o r t working season. He o u t l i n e d t h e l o g i s t i c s of the o p e r a t i o n which were q u i t e u n u s u a l i n view of the l o c a t i o n of t h e a r e a t o be s t u d i e d and t h e l i m i t a t i o n s of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a He summarized t h e f i e l d s t u d i e s a t t h e f o u r s e l e c t e d sites and e x p l a i n e d how " ~ a s t - T h r e e " was f i n a l l y s e l e c t e d ( d )

( 9 ) J.A. P i h l a inen

-

o u t l i n e d t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t h a t t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of a completely new town p r e s e n t e d f o r

a

s t u d y of t h e e f f a c t s of c o n s t r u c t i o n on permafrost and d e s c r i b e d t h e d e t a i l s of p r o j e c t s t h a t t h e D i v i s i o n i s now c a r r y i n g o u t a t East-Three, These

i n c l u d e s t u d i e s of t e r r a i n , r o a d s , b u i l d i n g fo undatf ons, and

run-

wayse

( 1 0 ) R.F.

L

e

-

-

d e s c r i b e d one o f t h e e a r l i e s t i n v e s t i g a t i o n s of t h e D i v i s i o n of B u i l d i n g Research i n connect ion w i t h t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of permafrost i n Canada which was c a r r i e d o u t a t Uranium C i t y , Saskatchewan. A n i n q u i r y had been r e c e i v e d f r o m

t h e Department of N a t u r a l Resources of t h e Province of Saskatchewan

when t h e new t o w n s i t e of Uranium C i t y was b e i n g planned. S i n c e i t s l o c a t i o n i s on t h e n o r t h shore of Lake Rthabasca, i t was a t f i r s t concluded t h a t t h e r e could n o t be p e r m a f r o s t a t t h i s s i . t s .

F i e l d s t u d i e s , however, had shown t h a t t h e r e was indeed perma- f r o s t i n some l o c a t i o n s , a l t h o u g h r e l a t i v e l y shallow i n depth, probably n o t going deeper t h a n

35

f e e t . S o i l temperature

measurements had been made i n t h e f i e l d . S t u d i e s were c o n t i n u e d and i t was hoped e v e n t u a l l y t o p u b l i s h a papor on t h e f i n d i n g s of t h i s l o c a t i o n , s i n c e i t i s s o obviously on t h e s o u t h e r n border of p e r m a f r o s t ( 8 ) .

(11) H.B. Dickens

-

o u t l i n e d the r e c e n t r e o r g a n i z a t i o n of t h e ~ i v i s i o n f s n o r t h e r n r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s which now encompass t h e broader f i e l d of build in^ i n t h e North i n a d d i t i o n t o i n c l u d i n g

-

work on permafrost. Mr.-~ickens i n t r o d u c e d M r .

P.

J. Williamso who had r e c e n t l y joined t h e s t a f f of t h e Northern B u i l d i n g

S e o t i o n , w i t h i n t e r e s t s i n s o l i f l u c t i o n and pa t t s r n e d ground. R e

mentionod one p r o j e c t t h a t t h e S e c t i o n was c u r r e n t l y p l a n n i n g f o r , concerned w i t h the s t u d y of dyke c o n s t r u c t i o n a t t h e new Kelsey Generating S t a t i o n b e i n g c o n s t r u c t e d on t h e Nelson R i v e r i n n o r t h e r n Manitoba. He p o i n t e d out t h i s was i n an a r e a of s p o r a d i c permafrost and j o i n t l y w i t h Mr. G.H. Johnston and

D.C. Pearce, o u t l i n e d t h e problem

i n

some d e t a i l .

(12 ) L.

J.

Chapman

-

mentioned the i n t e r e s t of t h e O n t a r i o Research Foundation i n e v a p o t r a n s p i r a t i o n s t u d i e s a t Norman Wells and drew a t t e n t i o n t o t h e importance of t h e s e s t u d i e s i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e

energy balance i n f r o z e n s o i l ( f ) .

(13)

D.

Lane

-

emphasized t h e e n g i n e e r i n g problems of a i r s t r i p conat- i n permafrost a r e a s and r e l a t e d t h i s t o t h e need f o r d e s i g n c r i t e r i a w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e f i l l r e q u i r e d t o p r e v e n t d e g r a d a t i o n of t h e p e r m a f r o s t i n a i r f i e l d c o n s t m ~ c t i o n . He a l s o mentioned t h e problems imposed by p e r m a f r o s t on water supply

and sewage d i s p o s a l i n the North a t t h e n e c e s s a r y l i v i n g q u a r t e r s which always had t o be a s s o c i a t e d w i t h n o r t h e r n a i r p o r t s .

(a)

J.K. F r a s e r

-

s a i d t h a t t h e Geographical Branch of t h e Department of ~ i ' n e s and T e c h n i c a l Surveys h a s been e s t a b l i s h e d f o r t e n y e a r s , d u r i n g which p e r i o d t h e y had had t h i r t y f i e l d p a r t i e s i n the A r c t i c , involved i n r e g i o n a l s t u d i e s of t e r r a i n a n a l y s i s ( g ) . He s a i d t h a t t h e y had reached t h e s t a g e when more d e t a i l e d and c o n t i n u i n g work would be c a r r i e d out i n spec if i c l o c a t i o n s , He i n d i c a t e d t h e i r i n t e r e s t i n p a t t e r n e d ground and s u b s o i l c o n d i t i o n s and r e p o r t e d t h a t , t o f a c i l i t a t e t h i s work, they were cons9dering e s t a b l i s h m e n t of a n o r t h e r n r e s e a r c h l a b o r a t o r y i n t h e Arctio.

(15)

K.A. Line11

-

r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e U . S . Army i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r a l l Army end most U.S. A i r Force c o n s t r u c t i o n

i n

t h e North* The U . 3 . Corps of Engineers e s t a b l i s h e d t h e F'rost E f f e c t s

These l::ere c o n s o l i d a t e d I n Boston i n

1953

i n t o what i s knortn a s t h e A r c t i c C o n s t r u c t i o n and F r o s t E f f e c t s Laboratory, Tho p r i n c i p a l i n t e r e s t of t h e Laboratory i s t h e d e t o r m j n a t i o n of e n g i n e e r i n g d e s i g n c r i t e r i a f o r m i l i t a r y c o n s t r u c t i o n (h) , I t does not i n c l u d e s t u d i e s of snow and i c e o kIr. L i n c l l s a i d t h a t t h e i r s t u d i o s were carx*:ied o u t i n t h r o e phases:

( i ) F i e l d i n v e s t i g a t i o n s of e x i s t i n g s t r u c t u r e s ( i i ) F i e l d t e s t i n s t a l l a t i o n s such a s t h e p i l e s t u d i e s a t F a i r b a n k s ( i i i ) Cold room snd t h e o r e t i c a l s t u d i e s i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y d e a l i n g w i t h thern~odynamics and h e a t f l o w a n e l y s i a , I n such h e a t flow

s t u d i e s , they are u t i l i s i n g two analogue cornputor s o

They a r e measuring ground t e m p e r a t u r e s a t about two

hundred l o c a t i o n s i n Alaska and Greenland, P i l e t e s t s a t Fairbanks, s t a r t e d i n

1953,

have p o i n t e d out t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s of i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n and the need f o r f u r t h e r work on t h e i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n phase. They a r e s t u d y i n g t h e e f f e c t s of r a d i a t i o n and .snow cover on t h e dopth of f r o s t p e n e t r a t i o n a s a p p l i e d t o the performance of v a r i o u s s t r u c t u r e s .

Cold room s t u d i e s i n c l u d e work on t h e e f f e c t of f i n e - and coarse-grained m a t e r i a l s on f r o s t a c t i o n . Some twelve t o f i f t e e n v a r i a b l e s have t o be i n v e s t i g a t e d Ln t h i s phaaoo Heat f l o w s t u d i e s i n c l u d e b o t h t h e o r e t i c a l l a b o r a t o r y r e s e a r c h a n d a l s o a c t u a l f i e l d work. T h e i r s t u d l e s had t o encompass c o n s t r u c t i o n

i n

t h e worst permafrost c o n d i t i o n s , s i n c e m i l i t a r y r e quirem.ont s d i d n o t always perr:lit s e l e c t i c n of b e t t e r s i t e s o He suggostod t h a t t h e i r e x p e r i e n c e had i n d i c s t o d c o n s t r u c t i o n i n t h e Sub-Arctic posed more s e r i o u s e n g i n e e r i n g problems t h a n i n t h o Far North.

( 1 6 )

\V.K.W, E a l d n i n

-

e x p r e s s e d h i s p l e a s u r e a t b a i n g a t t h e meeting and s t a t e d t h a t

Dr,

P o r s i l d v~ould have been p r e s e n t b u t f o r h i s absence i n Russia. The b o t a n i c a l s t a f f a t t h e N a t i o n a l Museum a r e i n t e r e s t e d i n permafrost a s r e l a t i n g t o A r c t i c vcge- t a t i o n , They had no s p e c i f i c s t u d i e s of permafrost b u t

i n

c o n n e c t i o n w i t h D r . P o r s i l d l s worlc on t h e f l o r a of t h o A r c t i o ( i ) end h i s ovm s t u d i e s i n t h e l o v ~ l a n d s s o u t h v ~ o s t of Hudson Bay (j), t h e y had socn tihe i n t e r - r e l a t i o n of permafrost and v e g e t a t i o n . He mentioned h i s i n t e r e s t i n Norwegian s t u d i e s of p l a n t and

s p e c i e s communities i n r e l a t i o n t o such f a c t o r s a s snow cover and f r o s t i n t e n s i t y .

( 1 7 )

D r .

Y.0"

F o r t i e r

-

r e p o r t e d on s t u d i e s of p e r m a f r o s t c a r r i e d o u t by tho G-eoloGicaT Survey of Canada ( k ) r Viibhin t e n y e a r s , t h e bedrock geology of t h e A r c t i c i s l a n d s i s t o be completed and

w i t h i n f i v e y e a r s , t h e mainland geology from t h e Mackenzie R i v e r t o Hudson Bay w i l l be completed, He mentioned b r i e f l y t h e work of t h e i r P l e i a tocone S e c t i o n and a l s o t h e E n g i n e e r i n g Geology S e c t i o n ( f o r m e r l y t h e Ground Water S e c t i o n ) . They a l s o have a

Geochemistry S e c t i o n whfch, while n o t d i r e c t l y concerrlod w i t h p e r m a f r o s t , may be a b l e t o give u s e f u l i n f o r m a t i o n i n p e m a f r o s t

s t u d i e s .

( 1 8 ) H.E. Neal

-

mentioned t h a t a t Knob Lake, t h e I r o n Ore Company of Canada have encountered p a t t e r n e d ground on t h e uplands a t e l e v a t i o n s of 2,400 t o 2,500 f e e t , They have i n s t a l l e d f i f t e e n thermocouples i n bore h o l e s , I n t h e mining o p e r a t i o n t h e main

problem a r t s e s i n b l a s t i n g t h e f r o z e n ground. Thermocouple r e a d i n g s i n d i c a t e g r e a t e s t d e p t h of permafrost t o be about 150 f e e t . He

mentioned t h e d i f f i c u l t y of d e t e r m i n i n g by thermocouple measurement where t h e ground i s f r o z e n , s i n c e t h e grouncl t e m p e r a t u r e s a r e

c l o s e t o 32OF,

(19)

P r o f , J. B r i a n Bird

-

t o l d of t h e Knob Lake Sub-&.rctic Research S t a t i o n of h l c ~ 1 1 U n i v e r s i t y whore t h e r e a r e normally f o u r o r f i v e s t u d e n t s , w i t h ~ r o f e s s o r I v e s f n charge. The

S t a t i o n i s p r i m a r i l y concerned w i t h m e t e o r o l o g i c a l work, a l t h o u g h many s t u d i e s of a geomorphological n a t u r e a r e b e i n g made (1). Snow banks and t h e p r o c e s s e s o c c u r r i n g i n them a r e a n oxamplo, The use of the S t a t i o n by o t h e r i n t e r e s t e d p e r s o n s i s welcomed. P r o f , B i r d s a i d t h a t he was p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t e r e s t e d i n h e a t

exchange between t h e a i r and t h e ground. He i s a t p r e s e n t working on a physiography of t h e Sub-Arctic from t h e Mackenzie R i v e r t o Hudson Eay, where s t u d i e s a r e b e i n g c a r r i e d out on s u p e r f i c i a l d e p o s i t s ,

t h a t i s , lime s t o n e and t h e bouldery upland s u r f a c e d e p o s i t s

.

( 2 0 )

A.T.

Belcher

-

d e s c r i b e d the g e n e r a l i n t o r e s t i n p e r m a f r o s t r e s e a r c h of t h e A r c t i c I n s t i t u t e of North America of which he i s t h e E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r . He e x p l a i n e d t h a t t h e I n s t i t u t e i s a n

i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n d r a w i n g t h e members of i t s Board of Governors e q u a l l y from Canada and t h e United S t a t e s . It m a i n t a i n s a l i b r a r y a t i t s h e a d q u a r t e r s i n Montreal b u t i t s main a c t i v i t y ,

i n a d d i t ion t o p u b l i s h i n g l t A ~ C T 1 c " , i s c h a n n e l l i n g f u n d s t o r e s e a r c h workers f o r r e s e a r c h work i n t h e A r c t i c , M r . Belcher promised a l l t h e a s s i s t a n c e t h a t t h e A r c t i c I n s t i t u t e could

( 2 1 ) D r . A.L. Washburn

-

a f t e r being s p e c i a l l y welcomed by the Chairman, s i n c e he had come t o the meeting almost immediately f o l l o w i n g h i s r e t u r n from A n t a r c t i c a , explained t h a t he had

become e s p e c i a l l y i n t e r e s t e d d u r i n g r e c e n t y e a r s i n geomorphological s t u d i e s i n the Arctiu (m). During t h e l a s t y e a r o r two, he had

been working i n Greenland ( n ) and h i s s t u d i e s t h e r e had aroused h i s i n t e r e s t i n t h e q u a n t i t a t i v e a s p e c t s of s o l i f l u c t i o n and mass wasting. He mentioned t h e c o r r e l a t i o n of b o t a n i c a l s t u d i e s under

D r . Hugh Raup w i t h h i s own s t u d i e s of f r o z e n ground.

D r . Washburn next d e s c r i b e d b r i e f l y some of t h e t h i n g s he had seen d u r i n g h i s r e c e n t v i s i t t o t h e A n t a r c t i c . I n the hcMurdo Sound a r e a , t h e r e i s a n absence of snow and i c e d u r i n g

some p a r t s of the year. He had n o t i c e d t h a t p a t t e r n e d ground seems t o be more p r e v a l e n t on s t e e p s l o p e s i n the Antarctic, He proceeded t o give some c ornparative n o t e s between s u r f ace evidence of perma- f r o s t i n t h e A r c t i u and the A n t a r c t i c .

( 2 2 )

P.J.

Williams

-

d e s c r i b e d the s t u d i e s t h a t he had c a r r i e d out i n Norway i n t o s o l i f l u c t i o n problems on thawing s l o p e s ( 0 ) .

He m e n t i o n e d - t h a t he had r e c e n t l y joined t h e ~ i v i s $ o n of Building Research and hoped t o c a r r y out s i m i l a r s t u d i e s i n n o r t h e r n p a r t s of Canada, p o s s i b l y a t Knob Lake.

( 2 3 ) D r .

J.

Ross Mackax

-

d e s c r i b e d s p o r a d i c permafrost which he had s t u d i e d i n the Mount G a r i b a l d i are4 of B r i t i s h Columbia i n which he had c a r r i e d out f i e l d i n v e s t i g a t i o n s . , He mentioned h i s

s p e c i a l i n t e r e s t i n b u r i e d organic l a y e r s which had been found i n permafrost i n t h e northwestern p a r t of Canada ( p ) .

( 2 4 ) R.A. Hemstock w mentioned the p o s s i b l e use of seismic methods

i n permafrost and t h e i r p o t e n t i a l use f o r i n v e s t i g a t i o n , n o t i n g t h a t t h e v e l o c i t y of sound waves i n f r o z e n ground i s m c h h i g h e r than i n unfrozen ground. He voiced p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t i n t h e d i f f ' i c u l t i e s of overland t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n permafrost a r e a s . He next d e s c r i b e d b r i e f l y h i s e a r l y s t u d i e s of permafrost a t Norman Wells,

N.W.T.

( q ) . He mentioned c u r r e n t i n t e r e s t of t h e o i l

companies of Canada i n overland t r a n s p o r t a t i o n problems, e s p e c i a l l y i n muskeg a r e a s , and p o i n t e d out t h a t t h i s problem was r e l a t e d

a l s o t o permafrost c o n d i t i o n s , e s p e c i a l l y n e a r t h e southern boundary of permafrost. A t t h e Chairman's r e q u e s t , he gave some g e n e r a l

d e t a i l s of the e x t e n t of bush road c o n s t r u c t i o n f o r c u r r e n t o i l e x p l o r a t i o n i n western Canada ( r ).

( 2 5 )

M.

F u c h s b e r ~

-

d e s c r i b e d the work being done by t h e Snow, I c e and Permafrost Research Establishment of the U.S. Corps of Engineers, e x p l a i n i n g t h a t SIPRE had t a k e n over t h e permafrost

r e s e a r o h work which had been s t a r t e d under t h e U.S. Corps of E n g i n e e r s , t h r o u g h i t s S t . P a u l D i v i s i o n a l O f f i c e , T h i s e a r l y work had l e d t o t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of e n e x p e r i m e n t a l r o s e a r c h a r e a a t F a i r b a n k s , Alaska, and o b s e r v a t i o n s were s t i l l c o n t i n u i n g a t t h i s l o c a t i o n . M r . F'uchsberger e x p l a i n e d t h a t SIPRE i s

beconling more concerned w i t h f u n d a n i e n t ~ l A r c t i c problems, e s p e c i a l l y t h o s e i n v o l v i n g t h e u s e and e f f e c t s of e x p l o s i v e s

i n f r o z e n ground. They were a c t i v e l y p u r s u i n g s t u d i e s of s p e c l a 1 d r i l l i n g methods i n p e r m a f r o s t and e x p e c t t o be c a r r y i n g o u t f i e l d work i n t h i s c o n n e c t i o n i n Alaska i n

1958.

They w i l l s t u d y t h e u s e of d i f f e r e n t media f o r c i r o u l a t i n g f l u i d , s u c h a s o i l and compressed a i r and a l s o experinlent w i t h d i f f e r e n t t y p e s of b i t s and c o r e b a r r e l s .

Mr, Fuchsberger o u t l i n e d some of t h e work on p a t t e r n e d ground which had been c a r r i e d o u t by SIPRE i n Greenland b u t added t h a t t h i s p r o j e c t was almost complete, He r e f e r r e d t o t h e e a r l y photo i n t e r p r e t a t i o n work t h a t had been c a r r i e d o u t by s t a f f from Purdue U n i v e r s i t y . He d e s c r i b e d b r i e f l y t o t h e meeting t h e SIPRE l i b r a r y f a c i l i t i e s a t Wilmette, Ill,, and mentioned t h e F i e l d S t a t i o n now l o c a t e d i n n o r t h e r n Michigan ( s ) .

( 2 6 )

D. Boyd and G. P o t t e r

-

r e p o r t e d j o i n t l y f o r t h e Meteorolo- g f c a l Branch of t h e ~ e ~ a r g r n e n t of T r a n s p o r t , I&. Boyd b e i n g t h e c l i m a t o l o g i s t seconded by t h e Department of T r a n s p o r t t o t h e s t a f f o f t h e D i v i s i o n o f B u i l d i n g Reseerch, It was e x p l a i n e d

t h a t t h e c h i e f i n t e r e s t of t h e M e t e o r o l o g i c a l Branch i n p e r m a f r o s t problems v a s the c o r r e l a t i o n of c l i m a t e w i t h t h e e x i s t e n c e of

p e r m a f r o s t , Some s t u d i e s of t h i s c o r r e l a t i o n h a d been made b u t n o t h i n g had been p u b l i s h e d , M r . P o t t e r mentioned t h a t h i s Branch was soon t o e s t a b l i s h a p r o j e c t f o r the s t u d y of shallow ground t e m p e r a t u r e s a t twenty d i f f e r e n t l o c a t i o n s and t h a t t h e r e s u l t s s o o b t a i n e d might be of a s s i s t a n c e i n f u t u r e p e r m a f r o s t r e s e a r c h work.

( 2 7 ) D r . R. Spence T a y l o r

-

d e s c r i b e d t h e s t u d i e s of p a t t e r n e d a r o u n z which he had c a r r i e d o u t on b e h a l f of t h e Snow. I c e and

-

Permafrost Research E s t a b l i s h m o n t and which had been a e s c r i b e d i n t h e thes3.s which he had p r e p a r e d f o r h i 3 d o c t o r a t e , T h i s work had n o t been p u b l i s h e d b u t he would be g l a d t o make i t

available t o anyone s p e c i a l l y i n t e r e s t e d , He n o t e d t h a t some p e r m a f r o s t had been found f n t h e f o o t h i l l s of t h e Rocky Mountains i n the west of A l b e r t a .

( 2 8 )

KO

Hawkins

-

e x p l a i n e d t h a t t h e Department of P u b l i c \Works h a s a g r e a t i n t e r e s t i n c o n s t r u ~ t ~ o n work i n t h e North, I t

t h e r e f o r e welcomed t h e o p p o r t u n i t y of p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n t h i s

meeting. The Department hoped t o uco a v e r y o p p o r t u n i t y f o r s t u d y i n g t h e e f f e c t s of c o n s t r u c t i o n upon p e r r m f r o s t and the

( 2 9 ) L t . Col. S c o t t L a

-

e x p l a i n e d t h a t , d e s p i t e h i s e a r l y i n t e r e s t i n p e r m a f r o s t , h i s d u t i e s i n t h e Canadian Army were now somewhat removed from t h l s f i e l d so t h a t he had no o f f i c i a l

connection w i t h any p e r m a f r o s t s t u d i e s i n t h e Department of N a t i o n a l Defence. He was v e r y g l a d t o know t h a t t h e r e was i n p r o s p e c t a manual which would d e a l w i t h c o n s t r u c t i o n methcda

i n p e r m a f r o s t a r e a s . The Chairman mentioned Col. Lynn1 s e a r l y work i n t h i s f i e l d , n o t i n g i n particular t h e e x c e l l e n t manual which Col. Lynn had p r s p a r e d

( t )

and t h e e f f o r t s t h a t he had made i n developing one of t h e f i r s t g e n e r a l maps t o show t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of permafrost i n Canada.

( 3 0 ) D r . Andrew Taylor

-

spoke b r i e f l y of his g e n e r a l i n t e r e s t i n permafrost and r e f e r r e d t o f i e l d s t u d i e s whioh he had made b o t h

i n t h e A r c t i c and t h e A n t a r c t i o ( u ) ,

( 3 1 )

J.

Day

-

e x p l a i n e d t h a t h i s own i n t e r e s t s l a y i n t h e development of a g r i c u l t u r e i n Northern Canada. The f i r s t r e c o n n a i s s a n c e t r i p s i n t h e North f o r h i s Department had been made by D r . A. Leahe

,

who r e g r e t t e d t h a t he c o u l d n o t be p r e s e n t a t t h e meeting ( v ) ( w

3

.

M r . Day mentioned t h a t some work had been done on t h e u t i l i z a t i o n of p l a n t growth a s an i n d i c a t o r of perma- f r o s t c o n d i t i o n s , For example, it was known t h a t b i r c h t r e e s grow on f r o z e n ground b u t t h a t a s p e n do n o t . He reminded t h e meeting of t h e e x p e r i e n c e t h a t should be a v a i l a b l e r e g a r d i n g

f i e l d s t u d i e s of p e r m a f r o s t t h r o u g h work done d u r i n g t h e c o n s t r u c - t i o n and subsequent ma i n t e n a n c e of t h e Hudson Bay Railway.

( 3 2 ) D r . R.F. Black

-

a f t o r r e f e r r i n g t o t h e s t u d i e s which he had made f o r t h e U ~ S . G e o l o g i c a l Survey i n Alaska, e x p l a i n e d t h a t he was now s t u d y i n g f o s s i l p a t t e r n e d ground- and- p o s t -

g l a c i a l d e p o s i t s i n Wisconsin. He hoped t h a t t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of t h e s e f e a t u r e s coupled w i t h h i s p r e v i o u s e x p e r i e n c e w i t h

permafrost would suggest some u s e f u l c o n c l u s i o n s r e g a r d i n g p r o c e s s e s of permafrost f o r m a t i o n ( x ) .

(33)

Prof. A.D, Misener

-

e x p l a i n e d t h a t he was i n t e r e s t e d c h i e f l y i n h e a t flow from t h e e a r t h , which n a t u r a l l y a f f e c t e d permafrost c o n d i t i o n s . I t had been found t h a t h e a t f l o w from t h e e a r t h i n t h e North was two o r t h r e e t i m e s a s much a s t h a t m a s u r e d i n s o u t h e r n r e g i o n s (y). An unusual change i n the ground temperature g r a d i e n t had been observed a t a d e p t h of about 120 f e e t b u t t h i s could n o t be regarded a s s i g n i f i c a n t u n t i l improved methods of measuring a c t u a l ground t e m p e r a t u r e s had been developed. He had found t h a t t h e r m i s t o r s were p r e f e r a b l e t o themnocouples f o r t h i s purpose.

(34)

D r . N.B. Hutcheon

-

brought t h e review of p e r m a f r o s t and i t s

problems t o a c l o s e by a d i s c u s s i o n of the e f f e c t of muskeg cover on f r o z e n c o n d i t i o n s , s u g g e s t i n g t h a t t h e o f f s c t of the muskeg was much more complex t h a n merely a c t i n g a s a n i n s u l a t i n g medium. D r . Hutcheon spoke of p o s s i b l e instrumen- t a t i o n t h a t might be used f o r d e t e r m i n i n g a c c u r a t e l y d e p t h of t h e a c t i v e l a y e r , mentioning s p e c i f i c a l l y t h e p o s s i b l e develop- ment of a new type of probe and t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of s e i s m i c

t e c h n i q u e s ,

GENERAL DISCUSSION

(35)

Following lunch, the meeting t u r n e d t o a g e n e r a l d i s c u s s i o n of p e r m f r o s t problems i n Canada, This covered a l m o s t t h e e n t i r e f i e l d i n d i c a t e d by t h e f o r e g o i n g d o t a i l e d

r e p o r t s , Although no c o n c l u s i o n s were a r r i v e d a t by t h e maeting, t h e f o l l o w i n g n o t e s g i v e t h e s e n s e of t h e d i s c u s s i o n and a r e

r e c o r d e d , n o t a s ' ~ c o n c l u s i o n s " , b u t a s s u g g e s t i v e of t h e d i r e c t i o n i n which f u t u r e p e r m a f r o s t r e s e a r c h i n Canada may be e x p e c t e d t o proceed:

(36

) P e r m a f r o s t T e r m i n o a

-

-

It was c l e a r t o the meeting t h a t a n agreed-upon terminology f o r p e r m a f r o s t viould be a most d e s i r a b l e a i d t o f u r t h e r work. Mention was made o f a s t a r t i n t h i s d i r e c t i o n by American a g e n c i e s and i t was g e n e r a l l y hoped t h a t such. a

p r o j e c t c o u l d be completed b e f o r e p e r m a f r o s t r e s e a r c h advanced t o o f a r .

( 3 7

) Deep Holes i n t h e North

-

The p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t t h e D i v i s i o n of B u i l d i n g R e s e a r c h might be a b l e t o s i n k a deep h o l e i n t h e Macken2J.e D e l t a u s i n g

i t s p e r m a f r o s t d r i l l i n g r i g was g e n e r a l l y welcomed. It soenied c l e a r t h a t , i f such a h o l e could be p r o p e r l y i n s t r u m e n t e d , it would y i e l d u s e f u l i n f o r m a t i o n when c o r r e l a t e d w i t h r e c o r d s from e x l s t i n g h o l e s a t R e s o l u t e Bay, P o i n t Barrow, and Thule, The p o s s i b i l i t y of u s i n g d r y h o l e s t h a t may be sunk f o r o i l e x p l o r a -

t i o n was n o t e d , American g u e s t s promised t h e i r c o - o p e r a t i o n i f and when such a h o l e could be p u t down and i t was s u g g e s t e d t h a t u s e f u l a d v i c e might be o b t a i n e d from t h e Waterways Experiment S t a t i o n of t h e U.S. Army a t Vicksburg, Miss, The e x a c t l o c a t i o n of the h o l e was n o t d i s c u s s e d b u t D i v i s i o n of B u i l d i n g R e s e a r c h r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s promised t h a t a l l i n t e r e s t e d would be c o n s u l t e d b e f o r e any f i n a l d e c i s i o n s were made.

The Active Layer

-

A u s e f u l d i s c u s s i o n took p l a c e r e g a r d i n g t h e problem of measuring a c c u r e t e l y t h e d e p t h and t h e f o r m a t i o n of t h e

a c t i v e l a y e r i n p e r m a f r o s t a r e a s . It was suggested t h a t p o s s i b l y a n e u t r o n meter might be used i n i n ~ e s t i g a t ~ j n g t h i s m a t t e r b u t t h e consensus seemed t o be t h a t i t w o u l d be d e s i r a b l e t o develop, i f p o s s i b l e , some sin:ple s e i s m i c method of deterrninlng t h e d e p t h t o t h e f r o z e n m a t e r i a l . I t was c l e a r t o t h e meeting t h a t t h e p r o b l e n ~ , a l t h o u g h s u p e r f i c i a l l y simple, i s a c t u a l l y most complex. Correspondingly, i t was a g r e e d t h a t thorough s t u d y of t h e m a t t e r would be most v a l u a b l e .

( 3 9 )

-

Patterned. Gro-und

-

A corresponding1.y u s e f u l e i s c u s s i o n took p l a c e

r e g a r d i n g p a t t e r n e d ground phenomena. I t w a s p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e s e a r e l i n k e d w i t h tk:e g e n e r a l problem of f r o s t a c t i o n

i n

s o i l s now being i n v e s t i g a t e d i n t h e D i v i s i o n of B u i l d i n g Research l a b o r a t o r y . M r . E. Penner d e s c r i b e d some of h i s work and D r .

Washburn suggested t h a t t h e e n t r a i n m e n t of f i n e p a r t i c l e s i n upward f l o w i n g water d u r i n g t h e development of i c e l e n s e s mlght p o s s i b l y be an i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r i n t h e f o r m t i o n of p a t t e r n o d ground. D r . Mackay mention06 t h a t he had r e c e i v e d a g r a n t from t h e N a t i o n a l Research Council f o r such s t u d i e s . D r . Baldwin mentioned t h e remarkable examples of p a t t e r n e d ground t o be found i n t h e Hudson Bay Lowland. D r . B i r d d e s c r i b e d something of t h e work being done i n t h i s f i e l d a t t h e Knob Lake S t a t i o n of McGill U n i v e r s i t y .

(40)

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E n g i n e e r i n g Problems

-

The l a t t e r p a r t of t h e meeting was t a k e n up by a number cf r e f e r e n c e s t o the engineering, problems i n p e r m a f r c s t a r e a s r e c o g n i z e d by t h o s e p r e s e n t , These may be l 3 s t e d a s f o l l o w s : ( i ) t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n of p i l e s a s f o u n d a t i o n u n i t s and t h e e f f e c t of such p i l e s on t h e t h e r m a l regime of t h e ground. ( i i ) t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f embankments and o t h e r e n g i n e e r i n g works upon f r o z e n ground and t h e

e f f e c t o f such s t r u c t u r e s , such a s t h e embankment a t t h e Kelsey Generating S t a t i o n , on t h e therrrlal regime of the ground.

( i i i ) t h e problem of i c i n g of r o a d s and o t h e r r o u t e s which may be c o n s t r u c t e d a c r o s s f r o z e n ground

such a s h a s developed i n some s e c t i o n s of t h e Alaska Highwayo

( i v ) t h e s e l e c t i o n of s i t e s f o r new b u i l d i n g i n s t a l l a t i o n s such a s t h o s e which have had t o be c o n s t r u c t e d f o r t h e DEW Line and t h e Mid-Canada Line.

( v ) v a r i o u s d i f f i c u l t i e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h s o l i f l u c t i o n , e s p e c i a l l y on s l o p i n g ground.

( v i ) t h e e f f e c t of f r e e z i n g upon t h e p r o p e r t i e s of and t h e e a s e of h a n d l i n g i r o n o r e such a s t h a t

which i s now being mined i n t h e Knob Lake d i s t r i c t . ( v i i ) tha whole q u e s t i o n of thermal f l o w from t h e

ground, i t s e f f e c t on ground s t a b i l i t y and upon s t r u c t u r e s e r e c t e d on f r o z e n ground.

( v i i i ) t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of pavements, n o t o n l y f o r

' roads, b u t more p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r l a r g e paved

a r e a s such a s a i r f i e l d s .

( i x )

t h e g e n e r a l q u e s t i o n of s o i l temperature

v a r i a t i o n which can be c l e a r l y s e e n - t o a f f e c t a v a r j - e t y of e n g i n e e r i n g o p e r a t i o n s .

CONCLUSION OF BIEETING

(41)

M r . Legget brought t h e meeting t o a c l o s e by e x p r e s s i n g t h e t h a n k s of t h e Council f o r the a t t e n d a n c e of a l l t h o s e p r e s e n t , s p e o i a l t h a n k s b e i n g expressed t o t h e American v i s i t o r s o Even though t h e d i s c u s s i o n s had been s o i n f o r m a l , a summary r e c o r d of t h e meeting would be prepared when time p o r n i t t e d i n r e l a t i o n t o s m e r f i e l d work, and t h i s would be c i r c u l a t e d t o t h o s e p r e s e n t .

(42

The meeting had shown c l e a r l y t h e many i n t o r e s t s

concerned w i t h p e r m a f r c s t r e s e a ~ c h and s u g g e s t e d t h e d e s i r a b i l i t y of c o - o r d i n a t i n g such e f f o r t s i n Canada t h r o u g h t h e medium of a

sub-commit t e e of the A s s o c i a t e Committee on S o i l and Snow hlechanics, follovring t h e p a t t e r n which had proved s o s u c c e s s f u l i n t h e c a s e of s o i l mechanics and muskeg. I f and when such a sub-committee was organized, one of i t s e a r l y t a s k s might be t h e o r g a n i z i n g of a p u b l i c meeting t o d i s c u s s p e r m a f r o s t problems i n Canada, a g a i n f o l l o w i n g t h e examples i n t h e f i e l d s of s o i l mechanics and muskeg r e s e a r c h . The n e e t i n g a d j o u r n e d a t 4:30 p.m.

APPENDIX A

LIST OF THOSE PRESENT AT THE PEHMAFHOST CONFERENCE

--

MARCH 27,

19%

From t h e United S t a t e s Black, D r . R.F. Fuchsberger,

M.

L i n e l l , K.A. Washburn, D r . A.L.

From Across Canada Belcher, T.A. B i r d , Prof. J. B r i a n Chapman, L.J. Hen~stock, R.A. tJackay, D r . R. Department of Geology, U n i v e r s i t y of V!isconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. Snow, I c e and P e r m a f r o s t Research E s t a b l i s h m e n t , U.S. Corps of E n g i n e e r s , 1215 Washington Avenue, Wilmette, 1 l l . i n o i s . U.S. Corps of E n g i n e e r s , A r c t i c C o n s t r u c t i o n and F r o s t E f f e c t s L a b o r a t o r y , 150 Causeway S t r e e t , Boston

lb.,

Mass. Dartmouth College, Hanover,

N.H.

A r c t i c I n s t i t u t e of North America,

3485

U n i v e r s i t y Avenue, Montreal, P.Q. Department of Geography, hlcGill U n i v e r s i t y , Montreal, P.Q. O n t a r i o Research Foundation,

43

Queents Park, Toronto

5,

O n t a r i o . I m p e r i a l O i l Limited, 300

-

9 t h Avenue West, Calgary, Albert,a, Department o f Geology, U n i v e r s i t y of Rrl t i s h Colunlbiz, Vancouver

8,

S r l t i sh Columbia.

M e r r i l l , C

.L.

Misener, P r o f . A o D e

Neal, H.E.

P o t t e r , G.

Taylor, Dr. R o s e

From Ottawa, Ontario. Baldwin, D r . W.K.W. Day, J* F o r t i e r , D r . Y.0. F r a s e r , D r . J.K. Hawkins,

K.

Lane, DoA. Lynn, Lt. Cole S e Taylor, D r . Andrew D i s t r i c t A d n i n i s t r a t o r , Department of Northern A f f a i r s and N a t i o n a l Resources, F o r t Smith, N e W e T o Department of P h y s i c s , U n i v e r s i t y of Western O n t a r i o , London, O n t a r i o , O r e T e s t i n g and Research D i v i s i o n , I r o n Ore Company of Canada,

S c h e f f e r v i l l e , P.Q. M e t e o r o l o g i c a l D i v i s i o n , Department of T r a n s p o r t , 315 Bloor S t r e e t Viest, Toronto, Ontario. Department of Geology, U n i v e r s i t y of A l b o r t a , Edmonton, Alborta

.

Botani s t , Department of Northern A f f a i r s and N a t i o n a l Resources, N a t i o n a l Museum, D i v i s i o n of F i e l d Husbandry, Department of A g r i c u l t u r e , C e n t r a l Exp3rimental Farm, Department of Mines and T e c h n i c a l Surveys.

Departmen% of Minos and Technical Surveys,

Northern C o n s t r u c t i o n Divf s i o n , Department of P u b l i c Works. B u i l d i n g Constrluc.tion Dlvi s i o n , Department of Tranupo.r'i;.

D i r e c t o r a t e of Enginoor Deve l.opmsnt, Department or Na t i o n n l Defence.

C o n s u l t i n g Enginoar, 293 I s l a n d Park D r i v e o

From N a t i o n a l Research Council D i v i s i o n of B u i l d i n g Researoh Legget, R e F e

Hutcheon, D r .

N.B.

Boyd, D e

Crawf ord, COB.

Dickens, H.B. Johnston, G.H. MacFarlane, 1.C. Pearce, D r . D.Co Penner,

E.

P i h l a i n e n , J.A. Williams,

P. J.

D i r e c t o r A s s i s t e n t D i r e c t o r C l i m a t o l o g i s t S o i l Mechanic8 S e c t i o n Northern B u i l d i n g S e c t i o n Northern B u i l d i n g S e c t i o n S o i l Mechanics S e c t i o n B u i l d i n g S e r v i c e s S e c t i o n S o i l Mechanics S e c t i o n Northern B u i l d i n g S e c t i o n Northern B u i l d i n g S e c t i o n

APPENDIX - B

REFERENCES CITED I N REPORT

-

--L

( a ) P i h l a i n e n , J e A o B u i l d i n g f o u n d a t i o n s on perlnaf rc)s t, Mackenzie Valley, N.W.T. June

1951

(PBR T e c h n i c a l P a p e r No, 1 2 ) .

( b ) Airphoto P a t t e r n reoonnaiasance of F o r t h w e s t e r n Canada, I n t e r i m Report, Volumes I and 11. Prepared by J o i n t Highway

Research P r o j e c t , Purdue U n i v e r s i t y f o r t h e S t , Paul D i s t r i c t Corpa of E n g i n e e r s , February

1953.

( c ) P i h l a i n e n , J.A. and G.H. Johnston, Permafrost i n v e s t i g a t i o n s a t Aklavik ( d r i l l i n g and sampling)

1953.

(DBR T e c h n i c a l Paper NO.

16).

( d ) M e r r i l l , CoL., J.A. P i h l a i n e n and R.F. Legget. The now Aklavik: s e a r c h f o r t h e s i t e , ( s u b m i t t e d f o r ~ u b l i c a t i o n ) .

( e ) Legget, R .Fa Permafrost a t Uranium C i t y , Saskatch.ewan, w i t h n o t e s on the development of the new t o w n s i t e , A P r o g r e s s Report June

1955

(DBR Report No.

60).

( f ) Sanderson, Marie. Measuring p o t e n t i a l e v a p o t r a n s p i r a t i o n a t Norman Wells,

1949.

Geographical Review, Vol.

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No.

4,

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( g ) F r a s e r , J o Keith. P h y s i o g r a p h i c n o t e s on f e a t u r e s i n t h e

Mackenzie D e l t a a r e a , The Canadian Geographer, No.

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( h ) L i s t of r e p o r t s of t h e A r c t i c C o n s t r u c t i o n and F r o s t E f f e c t s L a b o r ~ t o r y , New England D i v i s i o n , Corps of Engineers, M i s c e l l a n e o u s Paper No,

14,

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1956.

( i ) P o r s i l d , AaEo The Alpine f l o r a of t h e e a s t s l o p e o f Mackenzie Mountains, Northwest T e r r i t o r i e s . Net5 o n a l TJuscum of Canada B u l l e t i n , No. 101, Biological S e r i e s No, 30,

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( j ) Baldwin, WoKaW. B o t a n i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n t h e Reindeer-Nueltin Lakes a r e a , Manitoba. Nat i o n a l Fuseurn of Canada B u l l e t i n

No. 128, pa 110-142,

1953.

( k ) F o r t i e r , Y.O. The P a r r y I s l a n d s f o l d e d b e l t i n t h e Canadian A r c t i c Archipelago, American J o u r n a l o f Science, Vole 251,

S c i e n t i f i c s t u d i e s i n t h e Labrador Peninsula. Annual. Report 1956-57, Supplement No, 1, Decembes

1958,

McGill Sub- A r c t i c Research S t a t i o n , Schef f ' e r v i l l e , PDQ" NcGill U n i v e r s i t y , IvIontreal.

Washburn, A.L. C l a s s i f i c a t i o n of p a t 1;orned ground a n d review of suggested o r i g i n s , B u l l e t i n of t h e Geological S o c i e t y of America, Vole

67,

J u l y

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pa 823-865.

Washburn, AIL. Unusual p a t t e r n e d ground i n Greenland. B u l l e t i n of t h e Geological S o c i e t y of America, Vol,

67,

No,

6,

June

1956,

p. 807-310.

Williams, P.J. Some i n v e s t i g e t l o n s i n t o s o l i f l u c t i o n f e a t u r e s i n Norway. Geo r a p h i c a l J o u r n a l , Vol, C X X I I I , P a r t I, March

1957,

p *

&-a.

Mackay, J.R. A s u b s u r f a c e organic l a y e r a s s o c i a t e d w i t h perma- f r o s t i n t h e Western A r c t i c , Gocgraphical Paper N o ,

18,

Geographical Branch,

1958,

2 1 p.

Heinstock, R.A. Engineering i n p e r m a f r o s t i n Canada' s hlackenzie Valley. Proceedings of t h e Second I n t e r n a t i o n a l Conference

of S o i l Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol.

4,

1948,

p. 62-64. Also appears in A s s o c i a t e Comlnittec on S o i l and Snow Mechanics, N a t i o n a l Research Council, T e c h n i c a l Memorandum NO.

13,

June

1949.

Hemstock, R . A . Permafrost problems i n o i l development i n n o r t h e r n Canada. Canadian

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i cnd M e t a l l u r g i c a l B u l l e t i n , Vol.

45,

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No.

481,

hlay 1952, p. 2 0-283,

L i s t of p u b l i c a t i o n s , U.S. Army, Snow, I c e and Permafrost Research E s t a b l i s h m e n t , J u l y

1958, 16

p,

Permafrost

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a d i g e s t o f c u r r e n t informat ion. Prepared by t h e Directors t e of Enginoer Development, Army Headquarters, Ottawa, Canada, June

1949.

I s s u e d a s Technical Memorandum No. 49,of t h e A s s o c t a t e Committoi: on S o i l and Snow IGech.ai?iics,

N a t i o n a l Research Council, August 1957.

Taylor, Jmdrew, P h y s i c a l geography of t.he Queen E1S.zci beth I s l a n d s . 12 Voluri~es, Amerrcan Geograpkrlcal S o c i e t y , N o w

York,

1956.

Leaheyo A. PrelirrlSnary r e p o r t on explca-at2o1>y soll. s u ~ v c : y a3 ong t h e Alaska m i l f t a r y krighway and t h e Yukon R i v e r s g y t e n ~ .

Exporirrentel Farbms Ssrvj-ce, Deparbtment of Agrj c u l t ~ ~ r a o , C t t s ~ v a , October

19b3.

Leahey, A , S o i l and a gr: c u 1 t u ~ s . l pro\,le~.:~s i n ~ u l ~ - e l - c t , i c R lid

a r c t i c Canada. A r c t i c , V O ~ . ,

7,

No,

3

: ~ n t j

I:,

I~)F,'!~,, p . 2!1~)-2sLc*

( x ) Black, RoF. Permafrost: a review. G e o l o g i c a l S o c i e t America B u l l e t i n , Vol.

65,

N O .

9,

September

195

*

( y ) Misener, A.D. Heat flow and d e p t h of permafrost a t R e s o l u t e

B y ,

Cornwallis I s l a n d , N o W o T o , Canada. T r a n s a c t i o n s

American Geophysical Union, Vol. 36, NO.

6,

December

1955

4& Brown, RoJoE. Observations on break-up i n t h e Mackenzie R i v e r

and i t s d e l t a i n

1954.

R e p r i n t from J o u r n a l of

Glaciology Vol.

3,

NO. 22, October

1957

(DBR

Research Paper N O *

&5)

r

4 Legget, RoF. Permafrost r e s e a r c h . R e p r i n t from A r c t i c Research, Vol.

7

NOS.

3

and

4,

December

1955

(DBR T e c h n i c a l Paper

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401.

9 P i h l a i n e n , J o A r , R.J.E. Brown and RoF- Legget. Pingo i n t h e

Mackenzie D e l t a , NeWeTe R e p r i n t from B u l l e t i n of t h e Geolo i c a l S o c i e t y of Amerioa, Vol. 67, NO.

8,

August

1956

TDBR Research Paper No. 2 7 ) .

P i h l a i n e n , J.A., R.J.E. Brown and G o H o Johnston. S o i l s in. some a r e a s of t h e Maokenzie River D e l t a r e g i o n . October

1956

(DBR Research Paper No. 24). ,

*

_{A d d i t i o n a l p u b l i o a t i o n s of t h e D i v i s i o n of B u i l d i n g}