r(O
DISTR. : LIMITED
ECA/MULPOC/KIA/90/XII/21 JULY 1990
ENGLISH
ORIGINAL : FRENCH
UNITED NATIONS
ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR AFRICA
MULTINATIONAL PROGRAMMING AND OPERATIONAL CENTRE (MULPOC )
FOR WEST AFRICA
TWELVETH MEETING OF THE COMMITTEE OF pFFICIALS
27-30 Mars 1991 "
NIAMEY, NIGER
THE IMPACT OF STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMMES ON EMPLOYMENT AND ON THE OTHER ASPECTS OF THE SOCIO - ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT IN WEST AFRICA
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Headings Pa9es
I. INTRODUCTION 1 " 3
II. APPROACHING THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION
THROUGH STATISTICS 5
2.1 The Modern Sector 5-9
2.2 The Informal Sector 10 ~ 11
III. STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT : FINANCING AND CONSUMING
THE BASIC SOCIAL SERVICES : HEALTH AND EDUCATION 11 - 23
3.1 The foundations of the adjustment policies
in the social sector 11 - 13
3.2 The impact of the adjustment policies on
the health sector 1^
3.2.1. The Health System in Niger 13 - 14
3.2.2. The costs recovery practice within
the health sector 14 -15
3.2.3- The effects on the utilization of the health services and the health situation of vulnerable
social groups 15 -17
3.2.4. The new orientations : protestion and appreciation 18 3.3 The impact of adjustment policies on the education sector 19
3-3.1. The effects of the adjustment measures already
apphed in the sector 20 - 22
3.3.2. Plants for structural reforms in education 22 - 23
IV. ADJUSTMENT AND STABILIZATIONPOLICY AND EVOLUTION OF INCOMES 23 - 27
4.1 Impact of adjustment and stabilization on salaried incomes
4-2 Impact of adjusment on stabilization on incomes on the rural areas
V. STRUCTURAL ADJUSMENT : GROWTH AND SOCIAL POLICY
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.
24
24
26
27
- 26
- 27
- 28
&CA/MULP0C/NIA/90/XII/21
Page 1
I. INTRODUCTION
1. The report on impact of structural adjustment programmes on employment and on the other aspects of the socio - economic environment in West Africa has been prepared in compliance with resolution n"2 of the Eleventh Council of MULPOC of West Africa
held in Dakar in February, 1989.2. The study, is a continuation of the different MULPOC/ECA
Reports prepared to ensure better understanding of the measurestaken by the Governments with assistance from the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (W.B.) , the International
Monetary Fund (IMF) and other financial backers, with a view torectifying the economic situation of the West African States - an
economic situation facing an unprecedented crisis. This report wasprepared from documentations available in Niamey during the first
half of 1990.3. Indeed,it appeared that the economies of these countries, in the early 1980s, were in such a state of ruin that there was the need for far-reaching reforms. Similarly, some far-reaching reform
programmes known under the appelation "Structural AdjustmentProgrammes (SAP)", had to be initiated or intensified. These
programmes were initiated either by the governments themselves bybilateral partners or by the World Bank (WB) in conjunction with the IMF. But these last years, almost all such programmes in West Africa have been initiated, sustained or conditioned mainly by the
last two institutions.4. After a decade of strict application, not only do the achievements fall short of the sacrifices made but also the social consequences are everywhere disturbing. ~
These social consequences are first of all,perceptible in the area of employment where reduction was among the first measures
taken.These effects are now speading to all the other aspect of thesocio-economic environment.Indeed, the easiest initial measures to be taken involve privitisation or closing down of money-wasting public enterprises(Waste-pipes),direct reduction of the wage bill, limiting of recruitment into the Public Service and encouragement
of voluntary retirements.1 Some countries seem to be ifecording good but ephemeral results and are in all cases, supported by considerable capital inflows.
ECA/MULP0C/NIA/90/XII^21
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5. subsequently it is the entire socio-economic structure that was affected by other aspects of the SAP like:cost recovery, true pricing policy,removal of subsidies on agricultural inputs etc affected the socio-economic structure.
6. This policy has so disrupted the economy that in many places,it has had some adverse effects on the implementation of the very objectves of the programmes,thus,bringing into question
the logic underlying the definition of the orthodox adjustment policies.Thus,for example,in COTE D'IVOIRE,an attempt at reducing
salaries brought about waves of unprecedented protests which made
the government recind its decision.7. By and by,contradiction within the theoretical reference model and the adverse effects of the prescriptions have led the ECA propose a new reference framework for the Structural Adjustment Programmes with a view to achieving socio-economic recovery and transformation:ARFSAP
8. These Structural Adjustment Programmes are composed of a
considerable number of measures pursuing various objectives:re-establishment of balance of payments
equilibrium(IMF,viewpoint),economic growth based on stabilization of specific sectors (World Bank,US-AID,etc ,viewpoint).
9. These measures were applied and are still being applied in an atmosphere of persistent and even aggravating crisis resulting in social upheavals and protests whose solution could lead to the abandonment of the "Programmes".The measures are,however, being pursued,for,contrary to the previous economic policies international financial institutions and even bilateral partners monitors their application closely,making this a condition for any assistance to countries looking for aid.To stress the negative effect of the programmes does not,therefore,stem from any bias against these programmes which cannot be circumvented but rather to enhance their contribution to social progress.
10. Social progress is,however, difficult to define statistically.It includes elements of civilisation and can difer from country to country and even within the same country.lt is therefore,difficult to quantify universally.For the purpose of our report, we will consider social progress as defined by UNDP from the specific indicators :life expectancy, adult education and the Gross National Product (GNP) per capita adjusted in accordance with the purchasing power which is used to evaluate capacity to purchase
( 1 ) Africa Reference Framework for Structual Adjustment Programmes for socio-economic recovery and transfomation.
3 Emergence of programmes for mitigation of social costs of the SAPS constitutes open admission of their negative effects even if there effects are considered to be ephermeral.
4 Human Development Report. UNDP 1990.
ECA/MULP0C/NIA/90/XII/21
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the necessary goods to satisfy basic needs.This enabled us to assess the impact of SAP on sectors like:the health,education and
incomes in Niger which was chosen as a model country where some specific measures have been taken and where latest statistics are available.
11.Certain measures are still on the drawing board in many countries because of the hesitant attitudes of the Authorities.
We,therefore,deem it appropriate to first of all, highlight the theoretical basis of the adjustment policies in the social sectors for better assessment of the real and potential impact of the measures we dealt with partially in a previous study referred to earlier.
12. The objective of this study is to complement the one prepared in 1989 BY MULPOC OF Niamey,thus referenced ECA/MULPOC/NIA/89/40 which extended investigations to the other sectors of the socio- economic environment based on the Niger experience
13. Evaluation of the impact of SAPs in the countries of the sub- region is faced with three main difficulties:
1.Problem of information:Lack of reliable and homogeneous statistical data on the SAP period.Available indicators are rough estimates;
2.SAPs are conceived to have long-term effects.The social
"transition" costs,do they Stricto-sensu have any significant value or should they be envisaged over a long period?
3.Problem of imputation:what effects should be attributed to the adjustment policies bearing in mind the fact that these
policies were adopted as a result of the disastrous economic
situation? Even if the impact of the crisis on the social variable were still not perceptible everywhere,money-wasting and badly managed parastatals extreme imbalance between budget
and trade balance,could they be compatible with growth policy.
14. In spite of these difficulties, it is now evident that the general aggravation of the socio-economic situation in the countries of the sub-region seems to be attributable to SAP.
The situation can be rectified in three ways.One can compare the situation of the countries depending on whether or not they have adopted the Adjustment policies.
ECA/MULPOC/NIA/90/XII/31
Page 4 *
15. This method was utilised by the World Bank(WB) itself{1).But its oriented approach has come up with results which sidestep the issue-and this is highly and rightly criticized by ECAf<
16. Another method involves evaluating the differences between the set goods and the results obtained.lt is widely proved today that a tar-reaching devaluation does not,necessarily,improve 'trade balance of an under developed country(3),(one of the IMF-WB Viewpoints) and that subsidies on agriculture are necessary in our
sub-region (view point condemned by WB - IMF) (4).
17. Finally, in our previous study referred to earlier it was deemed more judicious to examine the trend of the economies before and after the SAPs in order to ascertain the changes brought about;
18. None of these methods is completely satisfactory, but we will follow this last method already used in our study to facilitate eventual synthesis of the results recorded in certain countries undergoing some economic reforms under the auspices of the IMF and the World Bank (WB). What is apparent today, is the fact that these measures have still not revived the respective economies, whereas social unrests, which constitute a hamper internal peace, break out and jeopardize the long-term effectiveness of these measures.' 1) adjustment and growun in Africa in cue years 1980 World Bank
Publication
+ i! S^tistics and Policies : preliminary observations of ECA on
the WB report referred to in Note 1
3) CF Theory of critical elasticities, particularly, in the international monetary system - Economic Aspect J. L. Huitlier - Armand Colin 1971 and document : System of multiple rate of
exchange.
19. It must be noted that it is for the sake of simplification that sums allocated and paid out under extremely diverse forms are grouped here under the caption : loans for structural adjustments
and stabilizations .
20. One can distinguish ; the Stand by Agreement (SBA) , Structural Adjustment Facilities (SAF) Reinforced Structural Adjustment Facilities (RSAF), the Funds Extended Facilities (FEF), Extended Mechanisms (EM) and finally the World Bank Loans for structural Adjustment. The last loans include IMF and IDA loans for adjustment special fund for assistance to Africa and special co-
£in?!Tingi ■ excludin* Sectoral adjustment loans.A break with the
World Bank risks blocking all these forms of assistance.
of IMF nn I™? V^W^ WOrld Bank (WB) and the confirmation Agreements
of IMF on employment in West African countries. In this study, there were reports
on the "experiences of Senegal, Nigeria and the Republic of Guinea"
E^CA/MULPOC/NIA/90/XI 1/21
Page 5
II- APPROACHING THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION THROUGH OFFICIAL STATISTICS
II•1• The modern sector
21 . From 1975 to 1981,Niger, our reference country,experienced economic boom,the annual growth rate was 5.8 percent,whereas her growth rate between 1981-1983 had become negative (-1.7 per cent) .The rapid growth was due partly to the increase in the price of uranium and partly to good rainfall. Export revenue that was 19.6 billion CFA recorded 6per cent increase during the period under review.This capital inflow led to the strengthening of the modern sector which in 1980-1981 contributed 25 per cent of the GDP.
Public enterprises are going to be increased to contribute 21 per cent to the value added to the modern sector with an average of 11.500 permanent employment opportunities.
22. During this period,employment,on the whole.progressed very favourably.In the urban areas,in addition the labour force of the public enterprises and the state companies,it is the entire modern sector which absorbed more labour force. In spite of the crisis that began in 1981 and until the adoption of the first SAP,the level of modern employment remained high in spite of some fluctuations.
TABLE 1: Level of employment in the modern sector 1977- 981(number of permanent employments) Year
Sector
Agriculture
Extrative Industry Manufacturing Ind Water and Electric Secondary
BPW
Com. Hotels Transport
Bank/Insurances Social Services Tertiary
Total
1977
1682 2315 4597 776 7688 10716 2926 1456 1126 2631 8139
28225
1978
1507 6080 2413 2171 10664 13826 4167 2652 1499 1943 10261
36258
1979
1285 3857 2945 1425 8227 17040 3321 2980 1383 2020 9704
36256
1980
1649 5851 2754 1196 9801 7716 2936 1677 1324 899 6836
26002
1981
2534 5076 2938 2346 10360 11818 3027 2246 2893 1674 9840
34552
1982
1376 1376 7122 1546 2376
25711
CF. UNDP-Project NER/88/014 methodological aspect n° 19 march 1990.
ECA/MULP0C/NIA/90/XII/21 Page 6
Source:1988 Annual report-Ministry of Public Works Labour and Professional Training
Department of Employment.23. It can be observed from Table 1 that in 1977-1981 the total number of salaried employments of the modern sector never went below 25,000 units.Points were even recorded in 1978-1979 and 1981 with more than 34,000 units.The average permanent staff over the
six years was more than 31,000 persons.
24. In the case of modern urban employment and that of agriculture, he crisis did not unduly affect the previous situation.Indeed,if we consider the level of the labour force in the urban areas, we arrive at the same observations.That is,to say,the crisis did not
affect the employment situation.25. But after 1984,the adjustment measures began to produce their effects which were easily perceptible.The total labour force in both the public and private modern sectors which was 24,263 persons in 1984,the first year of coming into force of the SAP in Niger,has been decreasing regularly.The Average permanent employments,over the four years,is only about 23,000 salaried workers as noted by the Report of a BT,Mission in Niger.
TABLE:2 The Level of the Labour Force in the Moder
Sector
Branches
100 Agro 200 Mines
300 Manufactures 400 Energy
500 BPW
600 Commerce,Hotel,Tourism
700 Transports800 Services
900 Miscellaneous Insurances
Financial Oganization
Total
Rate of growth from one year to another
1984
Total(a)
32 3891 3065 1543 4753 4080 5052 235 332 175 1105
24263 -5%
1985 Total(b)
27 3943 2888 1607 4236 3459 4749 283 404 189 1154
23029
-1 .5%
1986
Total(c) 27 3955 2889 1699 4423 3357 6165 362 500 222 1090
22689 -3%
1987
Total(d) 35 3659 3048 1746 3437 3304 4565 332 541 246 1176
21999
ECA/MULP0C/NIA/90/XII/21
Page 7
Sources:Contribution to the National Employment Policy.Report of a multidisciplinary
mission to NIGER BIT 1990 Page 79.
26. It is observed from this table that the total of modern employment opportunities has only been decreasing since 1984 The report noted that 2,000 additional jobs representing salaried employment,were lost in the salaried employment sector between 1981 and 1987 and more than 4,000 jobs in the modern sector between 1982 and 1984.This pattern is explained by the implementation of the policies for the restructuring of public enterprises.There were retrenchments in the public enterprises,some of which were either closed down or privatised,as shown in the table below.
TABLE 3 :Retrenchments in the public and semi-public
enterprises
Enterprises
OFFEDES UNC OPT
COPRO-NIGER ONAHA
BDRN
SONICERAM NITRA ORTN
AIR NIGER OMAM
HOTEL GAWEYE TOTAL
Number Retrenched
585 282 210 204 174 119 115 67 63 62 58 49
1988
Enterprises
ONPPC ONT ONERSOL SOPAC SONHOTEL
RINI OPVN
GRAND HOTEL HOTEL SAHEL
Number Retrenched
29 23 20 15 11 64 350 7 7
526
Grand total:(1988+526)=2514
27. Regarding the civil service,one initially notices a kind of resistance on the part of the Authorities in implementing to the Letter the labour force reduction policy.As shown by the table below,it is the most vulnerable categories who were most affected.
7 Macro - economic policy and poverty in Niger : Centre d1Etude et de
Recherche sur le Developpement International (CERDI), 1990 page 103.
ECA/MULP0C/NIA/90/XII/21 Page 8
TABLE 4: The Pattern of the Labour Force of the Public Service (by category)
Years
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
% 82/87
%82/89
A
1436 2138 2418 2859 3186 3800 4386 4788
164.6
233,4
B
3179 4168 4720 5187 5499 6015 6387 6820
89.2
114.5
C
4751 6085 7359 7695 7532*
7947 8720 8608*
67.3
81.2
D
4364 4662 4849 4937 5003 5296 5655 5747
21.4
31.7 E
1450 96*
69*
62*
45*
40*
30*
22*
92.2
-98.5
Total Senior Office]
15180 17149 17149 19415 21265 23098 25178 25985
52.2
71.2
Junior
Officer Total
11366 12233 12538 12538*
11288*
11084*
10952 10994
-2.5
-3.3
26545 29382 31953 31953 32553 34182 36130 36979
28.9
39.3
* Represents a decrease as compared to the previous year.
Source:Ministry of Public Work,Labour.Referred to in :Politique macro-economique et pauvrete au Niger OPCIT Page 166.
28. It can be noted that, contrary to the desired set goals,categories A and B have increased,thus,increasing the financial burden.This is contrary to the objectives of the structural Adjustment Programmes which aimed at preparing the wage bill to attain the budgetary equilibrium and not to reduce the number of workers.The SAPs have,therefore,brought about increased unemployment,over-qualification of the labour force because the relationship of officers A and B,as compared with the other categories of workers had been profoundly modified.
29. Similary,in some other countries,draconian measures for reduction of workers in the civil service have been proposed.Senegal will retrench 6,500 workers representing 10% of her labour force.Mali intends dismissing 8,500 workers,representing 26% of her labour force.The Gambia started four(4) years ago and has so far dismissed about 20% of her labour force representing 2,400 WORKERS.
ECA/MULPOC/NIA/90/XI1/21
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30. The socio-economic effects of these measures are incalculable:(loss of income to the "retrenched workers", interruption of services rendered at subsidized prices,selling off of equipment etc ) whereas the actual saving made are very small.The wage-bill increased by 16.21 per cent in real value between 1982 and 1987 in the case of Niger.
31. The harmful effects of these retrenchments have clearly been perceived by the World Bank. It has in conjunction with BIT and other financing sources already initiated a lot of programmes for mitigating the social effects of SAP.The final aim of these programmes is to create of jobs for the youth the workers dismissed from the public service or the state companies,etc .
32. Ghana thus tried PAMSCAD in the sub-region, after Ghana,other
initiatives,which MULPOC evaluated in 1989,were taken , it is the case of Nigeria and Mali.33. This concentration of projects in the employment sector has,
somehow,helped re-absorb the unemployed. Its impact is,however,still too limited to make one talk of success.34. Considering the case of Niger,it is observed that the project implemented with a view to mitigating the social costs of adjustment (PASCA),aims at:
-Creating remunerative jobs in the urban rural areas
-Launching and strengthening of small medium-scale private enterprises;
-Supporting the reconversion/insertion/reinsertion of trained
and/or experienced human resources thrown out of job as a result of the adjustment measures and of the contraction of activities:retirements from the civil service,workers dismissed for
economic reasons,new unemployed school-leavers,the uneducated;-Impproving accessibility of the most vulnerable groups to social services.
35. As indicated by the Authors,the PASCA aims at influencing supply by giving priority to the creation of modern employments.But the adjustment programmes have disrupted the socio- economic
environment to such an extent that cost of collective services have one up.The first victims of such a situation are the "vulnerablegroups",made up of women and children to which we should now add
the poor workers,that is to say,those workers whose salaries no longer cover what Francois Perroux referred to as "human costs"basic needs.The Niger example will help us demonstrate this phenomenon.
8 Evaluation of programmes aimed at preparing University Graduates to be came independent workers. ECA/MULP0C/NIA/89/XI/53. It is the orientation of the first generation of the accompaying programmes.
The informal sector
ECA/MULP0C/NIA/90/XI1/2]
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36. As regards employment in the informal or non-structured sector, the present economic difficulties have rendred it
attractive 9
TABLE 5.-Distribution of employment in the non-atructnrpH sector in some African countries!in%)
Countries Benin
Burkina faso Guinea
Mali
Ngeria Niger Togo
Industries 13
21
39
32
45
17
17
Services 9
7
48
17
14
23
11
Trade
70
64
10
43
35
52 64
Transport 8
8
3
8
4
8
8
Source:Data bank on the non-structured sector JASPA-ADDIS-1988 quoted from Employment
in Africa.
37. The non-structured "sector" is also an income earning sector,just like the traditional sectors.And as operators within this sector most often evade taxes, it was observed in Niger,after a short survey that a skilful hair-plaiter had a net monthly income higher than that of a civil servant Grade A officer who has just
joined the civil service.
38. In Niger,the CERDI estimated that in 1990,almost half of the active urban population,representing about 200,000 persons is employed in this sector and the World Bank is already suggesting
imposition of incomes from these informal activities which contribute about 70per cent to the GDP.
9 CF. Annual survey of the economic and social conditions of West Africa in 1989 and prospects for 1990 ECA/MULP0C/NIA/89/XI/55/P 52 to 59 for definition and critical approach.
ECA/MULP0C/NIA/90/XII/21
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TABLE 6: Contribution of the non-structured sector to the GDP of some of the countries of the sub-region (1985)
Countries
Benin
Guinea
Liberia
Mali Nigeria
Total GDP
In Millions of $
1,275
1,962
1,003
1,643 50,681
GDP of the Non-structured
Sector
*
226.0
94.9
347,5
107.3
12,439.7
Contribution of the
Non-structured sector to the overall GDP
17. 7
4.8
34.6
6.5
24.5
Source:Employment in Africa 1988-JASPA 1989-Page 75
*=(in millions of $)
III- STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT:FINANCING AND CONSUMPTION THE BASIC SOCIAL SERVICES:HEALTH AND EDUCATION
Illtl- The fondations of the adjustment policies in the social
sectors
39. A certain number of proposals contained in the adjustment programmes do,to a large extent,question the traditional policies
of heavily subsidizing the supply of public goods andservices,particularly,in the areas of health and education.The low price charged and/or free consumption of the goods and services concerned,tend to be economically unviable socially unjust and financially unbearable in the long run,for the countries
experiencing fundamental imbalances in their balance of payments.40. Indeed,heavy subsidies are generally allocated in the absence of price mechanisms for imposing some kind of discipline on both
users and suppliers.Wastage and poor performance,in the
production of goods and services in the health and education
sectors,which are generally the main results,lead to fall in
standards and rationing of these services.ECA/MULP0C/NIA/9D/XI1/21
Page 12
II. The low and uniform prices imply some bias in the allocation of subsidiesjthe most expensive goods and services being more heavily subsidized than the others.Yet these goods and services are
consumed more by the high income group than the poor people whose access is limited by private costs (example:cost of transport and supply for attending public educational institutions,or the opportunity cost borne to this effect).In case of rationing the criteria for determining access to goods and services provided by the State are often unfavourable to the poor.Itis for reason that admissions into educational institutions with limited places generally based primarily on good academic results,the percentage of which is,for various reasons,higher in the well-to-do homes.
42. The financial difficulties of the Government in most of the countries of our sub-region have been mounting together with the aggravation of the economic crisis.The increase in the provision of public goods and services has,therefore,been slowed down .On the contrary,with the high population growth,the demand for these goods and services has been increasing at an impressive rate.This disparity can be worsen at an alarming rate if the Governments concerned do not find additional sources of financing or do not
modify the production systems.43.It is on the basis of this standard diagnosis which it must be stressed,has not met any major opposition as far as the substance is concerned that is defined the social costs recovery policy recommended by the World Bank in the structural Adjustment
Programmes.
44. Cost recovery aims at making userss bear the real and entire cost of the basic public service.lt is implemented through a
package of measures meant either to modify the traditional structures for pricing of goods and services provided by the State, or making the people pay for the services in case the services were initially provided free of charge.It is agreed that fixing and raising of prices should be done selectively in order to protect in principle, the poor people,the most disadvantaged of whom can be partially or wholly exempted from such
payments.
45. Payment of rate by the user should provide the institutions will income and make consumers utilize the facilities and services
with care.
46. But ignorance of the social group concerned inadequate information on income distribution,lack of staff,low salaries,insufficient training and lack of motivation,do not make it possible to implement the cost recovery programmes as thoroughly as planned.The risk of adverse effects are,therefore great.
47. In Niger,cost recovery policy is at the planning stage in the
education sector.It is practized partially in the health sector
where plans for overal application is presently at the experimental
stage.In some countries,this policy is still not generalized but it
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will soon be generalized since the policy of the Bretton Woods Institutions tends to be applied in the same way manner West Africa.
111 ■ 2- Impact of adjustment policies on the health sector
III.2.1- The health system in Niger
48. Public health establishments and institutions are,in the last instance,charged with the responsibility of implementing the reforms envisaged by the adjstment programmes,hence the need for their presentation.The health system in Niger is in the form of a pyramid with five (5) levels of establishments and institutions classified according to the nature and quality of medical care provided.
49. At the first level are found the "equipes de sante villageoises"(E.S.V) (the village health teams) composed of two matrons and two volutary First-Aid workers operating in the rural areas.They have undergone a very short period of medical training(some few weeks).These teams are responsible for the treatment of the commonest ailments,promotion of sanitary measures,health education,assistance to women during labour.Fifty per cent of villages in Niger have village health teams.
50. The second level is constituted by rural dispensaries and health posts.Certified and State Registered Nurses who operate at this level carry out curative,preventive and educational activities.
51.At the third level are found the district health centres which consist of a dispensary an admission ward a maternal and infantile protection unit and a laboratory for medical analysis.More than one-third of the health centres are manned by medical doctors.
52. The fourth level" is constituted by the Regional Health Centres.They have specialized services!surgery,peadiatrics,etc )
53. At the fifth level are found the National Hospitals (Niamey,Lamorde,Zinder) and the reference centres (Niamey Central Maternity,National family health centre, National anti-tuberculosis centre) .At all the levels of this pyramid, health care used to be free of charge.One of the accompanying measures of the cost recovery policy is far-reaching liberalisation and decentralisation of supply of social services.lt can,therefore be pointed out as the first impact of the adjustment programmes on the resources of the health system in Niger,the remarkable development,these last years,of a private paying health care sustem due particularly,to the "programme d'Appui a l'Initiation Prive et a la Creation
'Emplois(P.A.I.P.C.E.).
54. This health care system structure is highly oriented in towards the urban centres and particularly,Niamey in 1987,with a population of about 5 per cent ,had two out of the three nationl
ECA/MULP0C/NIA/90/XH721
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hospitals.Out of the 16 Maternal and Infantile Protection units 11 were m Niamey.It also had 16 district dispensaries and 5 maternity 50 per cent of the medical doctors,50 per cent of of the State Registered Nurses and 20%
Certified Nurses of the country.
centres with
Midwives,19% of the
55. This imbalance, targeting under the aims at "equity" and
consequently,poses the delicate problem of
framework of the cost recovery policy which
"efficiency".
II:E-2'2- The cost recovery practice within the health sector 56. The principle of cost recovery in the public health sector is prior to the adjustment programmes.lt was adopted in 1982 in the hospital sector by Decree N° 62/127 MST of 28th May 1962.The table below shows contributions by health establishments according to goods and services provided.
(1 ) See Liman Kiari,Strutural Adjustment basics needs: A case study from the
Preliminary version, page 61
and satisfaction of Niger experience (1982-1989)-
ECA/MULPOC/NIA/90/XII/21
TABLE 7: Facilities and services provided by public health and the beneficiaries'contribution to
the costs(1)
Consultations Medical cases
Monitoring of births Drugs/Vaccination Medical Evacution Hospitalisations
Special services/Examin- - X-Rays
-Laboratory -Dentals cases
■Opthalmology
Health Establishments (2
ESV DR PM PM/M CM EDHMM CHD HN
X X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X X
X X
X X X X X
X X X
X X
X X
X X X X X
X X X X X X
X X X
X X
X X X X X X
1 ) The cross indicates that the facilities and services
areprovided in the health establishments concerned.The crosses
in the rectangles indicate that the beneficiaries partake in the
costs.
ECA/MULP0C/NIA/90/XII/21
Page 15
2) ESV: Equipe de sante villageoise(village health team) DR: Dispensaire rural(Rural Dispensary)
PM: Poste medical(Health post) CM: Centre medical(Health centre)
EDHMM: Equipe Departementale de 1'Hygiene et de la Medecine Mobile(Regional Team for Hygiene and Mobil Medecine) CHD: Centre Hospitalier Departemental(Regional Health Centre)
HN: National Hospital
Source: Survey on cost Recovery AAB,Colloquium,1987- page 38.
57. This sythesized table does not take into account the facilities and services of preventive medicine for which recoveries are
equally recorded.58. Charging for hospital services is done through rate differenciations according to the socio-professional and socio-
economic categories:
— Civil Servant tariffs (80% paid by the Government)
— Tariff for private individuals (the full costs);
— Tariffs"small peasants"(people whose incomes are lower
than 25% of the minimum wage(smic),~ Infant tariffs(25% of the tariff for children under 5 years
and 50% up to the age of 12).59. Until 1985, this tariff system was applied heterogeneously and with laxity(l).It is therefore,for the purpose of achieving better cost recovery that the Minister of Public Health and Social Affairs directed,by letter Ne 1968/MSP/AS/DAAFISP OF 14th October
1985,addressed to Hospital Directors,at the height of
the adjustment,that Decree 62-127/MTS be strictly applied.
111.2.3.- Effects on utilization of health services
and the health situation of the vulnerable social
groups
60. According to recent surveys and studies conducted, rigorous application of the recovery measures has brought about a reduction in utilisation of health services and degradation in the health situation of the vulnerable groups.The Examination of the results of the two national surveys conduted helps to know the extent of the decrease in utilisation of the preventive and curative
services.
The health system in Niger. MSP/AS,April 1985 Page 47.
Table 8
ECA/MULP0C/NIA/90/XII/21 Page 16
Utilisation of the preventive services in % of the persons interrogated.
SERVICE
Anti-natal Consultations
Infant
Consultations
Access
YES NO
YES NO
1985
3 Area Urban
89.7 10.3
49.6 50.4
Rural
20 79
15 84
.8 .2
.3 .7
Total
24 75
17 82
.4 .6
.2 .8
Acces:
YES NO
YES NO
1987
s Area Urban
68.7 31.3
59.5 40.5
Rural
20 79
17 82
.6 .4
.8 .2
Total
29 70
25 74
.3 .7
.3 .7
Sources: National survey on rate of sickness and birth rate MSP/AS, University of Tulane Projet,Sept 1985
-National survey on utilisation of health services,MSP/AS, Tulane Projet,Sept 1987.
61. The figures contained in table N°8 show a very low rate of access of the rural people to the services of the preventive medecine which did not experience any significant change in between two survey years.On the contrary,the frequency of anti-natal consultations in the urban areas reduced during the adjustment period.Consultations involving healthy infants which are mostly the effect of relatively well-to-do homes,are on the increase in both the urban and rural areas.These somewhat contrasted developments certainly explain the fact that the effects of structural adjustment in the areas of health have been the multiplication of sources of income.
62. The most spectacular decrease in that of vaccination coverage as shown in table N"9.
SXA/MULP0C/NIA/90/XII/21
TABLE 9: Vaccination coverage
(Percentage of children vaccinated)
Page 17
Tuberculosis
Measles
Yellow Fever
Whooping Cough
Polyo (1)
1983
70
16
—
50
1987
50
40
40
30
1988
39
24
24
16
1) diphtheria,tetanus,whooping cough.
Source: Liman Kiari,op cit page 70.
63. By comparing the results of the two surveys mentioned earlier, it shows that utilisation of curative services reduced in 1987
as compared to 1985 and a more frequent recourse to traditional medicine was observed in 1987.Persons interrogated cite as the main
factors encouraging greater utilization of the services of modern health establishment;improvement in the facilities of the health system and better drug supply.Yet the adjustment programmes by curtailing expenditure and reinforcing recovery have contributed tothe deterioration of the situation in each of the two cases.
64. In implementing the hospital fee system,which became more rigorous during the adjustment programmes,it has been observed that the measures adopted to protect the vulnerable groups have been rendered inoperative at several levels.Indeed according to the two successive surveys conducted on patients of the Niamey
Hospital,"the exemptions were not uniformly applied in all the
categories.Notably,some patients in the poor and military categories were paying for treatments" and that "patients who wereless likely to pay were also less likely to be spotted out"at the
hospital 10.
10 See Liman Kiari, structural Adjustment and Satisfaction of basic needs A case study from the Niger experience (1982 - 1989). Preliminary version, Page 61.
ECA/MULP0C/NIA/90/XII/21 Page 18
III.2.4. The New orientations:presentations and assessment 65. As we pointed out earlier,there is still no tariff system for medical treatments provided in the rural district dispensaries,health posts, health centres,the Maternal and infantile protection Centres and by the Regional team for hygiene and mobile medicine.A certain number of tariff proposals and modalities for collection have already been put forward since 1985,'L .The issue of adoption was raised in November 1989 during a "Seminar-Workshop on cost recovery in the health
sector.Three cost recovery systems to be tested on pilot sites were recommended.
66. Indirect payment with moderating ticket: A compulsory annual tax of 200F.CFA is demanded from each taxable individual.The beneficiaries*inhabitants of the test zone) should,in addition,buy a moderating ticket when reporting sick-a ticket which costs 50F.CFA per adult and 25F.CFA per child (0-5 years) -child births and vaccinations and other preventive activities are provided free of charge.Holders of poverty certificates issued by the Authorities are exempted.
67. This option has two main weaknesses:the compulsory tax is not likely to favourably sensitize the people as they are not
linked directly to the individual utilization of the health
facilities and services the exemption system which is so imprecise,can result in inadequate protection for the vulnerable groups while, the Authorities in putting too much emphasis on the financial and budgetary aspects of recovery,parsimoniously issue the poverty certificates.68. Direct payment on reporting sick: The payment fixed at 200F.CFA per adult and 100F.CFA per child (0-5 years) for curative treatments,200F.CFA for child-births in the appropriate centres.For preventive treatments, vaccination and vaccination cards cost
2EJF.CFA. Poverty certificates are issued by the local Authorities.
69. This option has an advantage over the first one by linking recovery directly to ulization of facilities and services provided by the health institutions.But,like the first one,it will certainly not give effective protection to the vulnerable groups.
11 (1) Survey on patients of Niamey hospital conducted between 22 nd November an 22 rd December, 1988 and between 8 th December and 23 nd December 1988. D. E4P (MSP).
(2) CSON, MSP/DEP, "Seminar-Workshop on costs Recovery in the health sector", Nov. 1989.
ECA/MULPOC/NIA/90/XI1/21
Page 19
70' Voluntary Pre-payment combined with occasional direct payment:
The people are to choose between the two systems.The first system involves purchasing a subscription card at a uniform price of 300F.CFA. Subscribers are also to buy a moderating ticket when reporting sick at the rate of 50F.CFA per adult and 25F.CFA per child.The second system involves direct payment when reporting sick just like the second option.These systems have the advantage of being conceived very simply.Their application will be relatively easy and even effective in the test zones where incomes are low and their distribution almost equal.
71 On the contrary, targeting of the beneficiary groups is very inadequate.Consequently,the relatively low and uniform tariffs (for all income levels),implying maintenace of a certain level of subsidy)Can prove socially unjust when wide differences appear
incomes of beneficiaries.
72. In conlusion,it can generally be admitted that efforts made by the Niger Authorities in the pursuit of the objective "health for all by the year 2000"have not produced all the expected results.Reinforced budgetary restrictions under the adjustment programmes not compensated by costs recovery revenues have brought about a deterioration in infrastructure.lt was,therefore,difficult if not illusory in such a situation to rely mainly on cost recovery policy to increase production and improve the quality of health facilities and services and introduce more fair play into their utilization.Considering these objectives,the effects of the adjustment programmes applied in Niger have,hitherto been adverse.Fortunately,this viewpoint is not much debated upon.And the health component of the DSA project (dimension social de 1 ajustement)was to constitute a far-reaching review of the orthodox adjustment policies in the area of health.
III>3* Impact of adjustment policies on the educational sector 73. Niger is classified among the countries with less educational facilities in West Africa.Her literacy rate (15 percent of the adults in 1986) is among the lowest in the World.Education has,therefore, become one of the priorities of the Government.The size of public funds allocated to the education sector makes it particularly prone to budgetary difficulties.
74. Public expenditures are unevenly distributed among the
different levels of education.
ECA/MULP0C/NIA/90/XII/21 Page 20
TABLE 10 : Structure of current public expenditure by level of education (%)
■ Primary
Secondary
Higher
Administration
Others
1982
34
31
21
14
100
1983
36
31
21
12
100
1984
37
28
21
14
100
1985
39
26
21
14
100
1986
40
25
20
15
100
1987
45
21
13
21
100
1988
43
20
12
25
100
1989
44
20
12
24
100
Source: -Republic of Niger/World Bank-Project for development of primary education-Evaluation Report:28th October,1986.
-1987-1989-Rates calculated from the financial Regulations,see Liman Kiari op.cit. page78.
III.3.1. The effects of adjustment measures already applied in the sector
75. In connection with the policy of budgetary stabilization,the
Government decided,in 1985,to transfer one-third of the cost of
school supplies to parents of students.
76. This measure which was taken in the absence of appropriate
bodies for sale of supplies in the rural areas was considered
premature,and socially unfavourable to the poorest strata of the
population.Indeed,it did not take into account the contributory capacity of majority of the parents, neither did it sufficiently consider the levels of education.ECA/MULPQC/NIA/90/XII/21
Page 21 Table 11: Evaluation of the cost of school supplies
(tax-free) by level of education (in FCFA)
Level of education
Primary education
Secondary education 1st cycle
Secondary education 2nd cycle
Class CI CP CE1 CE2 CM1 CM2
1st year 2nd year 3rd year 4th year
1st year 2nd year Final year
cost/student/year
1465 1515 2061 2164 2886 3022
8196 8391 9190 9776
11430 12495 13639
Source: Ministry of National education for Higher Education and Research,1987.
77. Supposing a family educated three (3) children in the three levels of education.Its average total expenditive in respect of school supplies would amount to 7,685F,tax-free(one-third of 23595).
If one includes taxes and profit margins of traders,the family concerned will have to pay,at least,double this amount,representing about 20% of the income of the head of family(for a GNP per capita of 260 US dollards).For families in the lowest income,brackets,this burden is simply unbearable.
78. This measures is certainly one of the reasons for the low rate of primary education in Niger.
ECA/MUL POC/NIA/90/X11/21 Page 22
TABLE 12: Evolution of the rate of schooling{%)
1985
23.6
1986
23.9
1987
21.8
1988
20.8
Source: MEN,Re-opening report.
79. In view of the relatively large number of children of poor families,a greater public financing of primary education allowing,for example,for free supply of school materials may have a very favourable social impact.
III.3.2. - Plans for structural reforms in education
80, It is a completely orthodox sectoral adjustment programmes which mainly involves three measures.
- installing a recovery system in the secondary and higher institutions following the control of scholarship and administrative costs;
- Further liberalization of provision of educational services through encouragement of private initiative;
giving through increased resources and intensive utilization of the available resources(double vacation system) priority to the development of primary education.
81. This plan constitutes a source of great concern for both university and secondary school students who fear that control of expenditure in respect of scharships and,consequently,the rationing of the number of scholarships,may be effected to the detriment of the disadvantaged through negligence of the criteria for award of scholarship.
82. Similarly, the proposal to generalize the double vacation system in the first three years of primary education has not been favourably considered.Indeed,similar experiences tried in certain countries have led to an alarming fall in the quality of education.
ECA/MULP0C/NIA/90/XII/21
Page 23
83 . Developing basic education involves,first and foremost,some high social benefits as poor people generally have more children to
educate.But to go to school entails private
costs:transport,opportunity costs (a child can help his parents on the farmland or keep the flock instead of going to school ) and these generally constitute greater part of this cost (for example cars for picking school children) will certainly contribute to the success of the project.
IV - ADJUSTMENT AND STABILIZATION POLICY AND EVOLUTION OF INCOMES
84.During the period of application of adjustment and stabilization programmes in Niger,the domestic product per capita progressed at an annual average rate of -2.7 per cent.
TABLE13: Evolution of the GDP/capita (in thousands of CFA)
GDP/Capita
Annual Growth rate(%)
1982
112.8
1983
113.8
0.7
1984
100.6
-11.4
1985
100.9
-1.6
1986
97.3
-3.6
1987
95.3
-2
1988
95.5
0.2
Sources: Statistical Year book 1986-1987
Economic Accounts of the Nation,July 1989.
85.This fall in average income has certainly not been uniform for all.One of the objectives of the adjustment programmes is the modification of the personal distribution of incomes.There is still no rigorous evaluation of the impact of the adjustment policies in Niger.The sectoral perspective by which the overall national products and revenue are apportioned helps to have an idea of the outstanding trends during the period.
ECA/MULPOC/NIA/90/X11/^1 Page 24
IV.1. Impact of adjustment and stabilization on salaried incomes
86. The direct effect of the two major measures is the considerable fall in salaried incomes(-3.1 per cent per year on average between 1982 and 1988):Salaries and wages of the civil service were frozen in 1982,and the SMIC(the minimum wage) has been at 109.2F.CFA per hour mark since 1980.During this period,average prices kept on rising.
IV.2. Impact of adjustment on income in the rural areas 12
87. The Structural Adjustment measures are in their conception generally oriented,in favour of the rural sector:liberalization of marketing of products,determination of prices through the free market mechanism,encouragement of export through tariff measures.
88. According to certain sources, the percentage of incomes per capita of the urban area to the rural area ought to have fallen from 3.5 to 1 in 1980,from 2.5 to 1 in 1984,and from 2.1 to 1 in 1985 in a country like the COTE D'lVOIRE.The SAP adopted since 1980, has therefore, toned down this initial disparity; cor relatively, the disparity between the rich people in the towns and the poor must have reduced from 35 to 1 in 1980 and from 18 to 1 in 1984 but rural income did not increase 13.
89. Similarly,in Niger where,like in most of sahelian countries
"farming seasons follow each other but are not grouped together"
the results achieved over the adjustment period show that the effects of all these measures have not successed in compensating fully the effects of natural hazards.The level of agricultural production has changed serratedly under the effect of random
rainfall.
12 (1) Confert AZAM (JP°, chambas (G), Guillaumont (P and S) for the case of Niger : effects of the macro-economic policies on the rural poor : Analytical framework and indicators-CERD1 1990.
13 (2) CF : SAP and income in COTE D'lVOIRE in Business in Ecowas vol, II N° 31 December 1988.
ECA/MULP0C/NIA/90/XII/21
Page 2$
TABLE 14 :Trend of the main agricultural productions (millet,beans,rice and sorghum)
Growth rate
(%>
1985
54
1986
8.4
1987
-22.5
1988
63.7
1989
-19.4
Source:Rates calculated from the Agricutural Statistical yearbook,MEA,March 1990.
90. Liberalization of prices of agricultural products was not characterized by a continued upward adjustment as one would expect.In times of abundant supply,corresponding generally to high self-consumption in the rural areas,prices fall.In deficit period (period of soldering),prices go up.The average trend does not seem to have been favourable to producers except for rice whose production and marketing are shuffled by competing impotations.
TABLE 15: Average prices in the main urban markets(F CFA/kg)
PRICE
VARIATIONS)
Maize
1988
103.5
1989
92,5
-10.9
Millet
1988
85.6
1989
61.8
-28.1
Rice
1988
173
1989
201.6
+ 16.5
Source: OPVN,by "Etudes et conjoncture" MP DAEP,March 1990.
91. It is estimated that under the effect of these two factors and of the increasing cost of agricultural inputs,for which subsidies have been removed in compliance with the recommendations of the World Bank(WB)and the IMF,rural incomes decreased during the
adjustment period.
92. This situation is bound to step up population
movements,particularly,migration from the rural areas towards the
urban centres with its attendant human congestion whose most
visible sign is the extreme over-crowding of the informal sector.
ECA/MULP0C/NIA/90/XII/21 Page 26 '
93. In the face of failures of such kind, should it be concluded that the adjustment policy is incompatible with social policy at the present stage of development of the countries of West Africa.
V. STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT:GROWTH AND SOCIAL POLICY
94. Structural adjustment policy as conceived by the Bretton-Woods institutions is based mainly on re-establishment of the major economic balances which in turn should bring about economic
recovery even if such a recovery is realized at the expense of the working population of the Nation;the accompanying policies
should only step in to reduce the transition costs.Adjustment,as instituted by the World Bank and the IMF is indeed a process whose negative effects are felt almost immediately whereas the effects of the economic recovery are only felt after a long latency period.During this period,all the sections of the population should agree to sacrifice,even the trade unions should be less protest- happy but rather collaborate in the national construction efforts by channelling the claims of workers.
95. This policy which obliges countries to choose between satisfying the basic needs of the people and economic growth is today being called into question.Indeed,in countries with very low standard of living,any reduction in income amounts to a reduction in basic needs which make it possible for everybody to partake in product ion.There is,therefore,the need for a discrimination in
favour of the toiling classes and the less affluent sections of the population.lt is not a question of limiting the supply of public goods through reduction of subsidies but to make a choice
between those who should carry the weight of adjustment.96. Indeed,it can be said that aid to "the structural and chronic poor",that is to say aid to aged or handicapped people or further still people so poor that they can no longer fully participate in economic life,is a mere consumption and may not have any impact on
economic growth.
97. But expenditure incurred in respect of health and education of the active population are productive investments.The SAPs cannot
reduce them without hampering economic growth.On the contrary,well- targeted adjustments touching especially on the superfluous expenditure have already been implemented or are being implemented in our sub-region.These aspects of the SAPs further aim at making the more favoured strata of the population bear the weight of the adjustment while improving public finances by reducing the governments life style and by better management of public
enterprises and services.
98. In Benin, the new Government has sold out the Presidential plane and taken measures aimed at reducing the governments life style,
Ghana.has since May,been contemplating closing down some of the diplomatic missions like those of Benin,Liberia,Sierra-Leone etc—
by the close of the year.In April 1990, Niger reduced the
, ECA/MULP0C/NIA/90/XII/21
Page 27
allowances of members of the Government and Officials of the high Government institutions by 25%. She also reduced the number of diplomatic missions.In Senegal,the Government sold out its majoritv shares (64.4%) in the vacation village "VACAP" to the Mediterranean
Club for 800 million F.CFA.
99. The most revealing case of this new orientation towards the
?A£io?£vRe.ferenCe Framework f<^ Structural Adjustment Programmes (ARFSAP) is the Ouattara Plans.Ouattara is the Governor of 5™'1!18 Plan for structural adjustment and economic recovery of COTE D IVOIRE sidesteps the measures recommended by the typical SAPs like reducing salaries by between 8 to 40%. This plan recommends improvement of fiscal returns and the Government's life style.It envisages reduction of between 25 to 50% of public expenditure for implementation of measures which do not,particularly affect the most disadvantaged classes-measures like the auctioning of 3,000 out of the 5,000 vehicles constituting the Ivorien Government's fleet of vehicles,reducing cost of electricity, telecommunication,mission,etc-—,increasing price of 5al stamps for identity cards,additional taxation of imported goods.These measures have been approved by the IMF and the World Bank.These institutions are ready to make 40 million American
dollars available to this country.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
100. After some years of application of the structural reform measures, West Africa economies under the IMF-World Bank programme,have still not scaled through the crisis.The social measures proposed to sustain the expected recovery and to reduce social costs which have become exorbitant,are insignificant as compared to their effects.The result is that modern medicine is more and more abandoned for lack of access. The considerable backwardness of countries of the sub-region in terms of education is getting worse and illiteracy is on the increase as a result of
count°rv h Ttu°lry Pol.icie»-This situation is reflected in each
country by the low social progress index as defined by UNDP' 14 It is equally characterized by a continuous degradation of the social situation of the afflicted classes whose number is continuously
increasing year after year.
lv!' oThKSG P.rogrammeS Wil1' ho«ever,continue to be implemented in
--JL- ub-region where a lot of abuses have been observed in management of public finances.Improvements are,however,to be expected. "Education and health were priorities of the post independence strategies and they are to remain in future",this is
(Annex1TT/tLfHTr^Vel°Tnt ReE°rt UNDP 1"°" Zt must be Pointed «*
(Annex II) that all the countries of our sub-region have a social proqress index
Jowls ™p"dr?^34' ^ 'V0 S9y' am°ng the W °f countrfeHith "
low social progress (the maximum index, that of Japon being 0.996).
ECA/MULPOC/NIA/90/XI1/21 Page 28
why some better conceived programmes that is,those conceived in line with ARFSAP are,however,indispensable in order not to continuously impede the success of this policy.
102. As regards the SAPs themselves,it is necessary to modify the target population in order to make the most well-to-do bear the weight of the reforms more and to undertake any actions likely to reduce the sovereingty costs of the Governments.This should constitute the basis of any negotiations between the Government and the Bretton-Woods Institutions.
103. In place of devaluations so unworkable in West Afican countries with non-convertible currency and impossible for the moment in the UMOA countries(1),we recommend more flexible and more discriminatory monetary policies like the multiple rate of exchange policies(2) and/or those of the differential interest rates(3).
104. Finally,there should be periodic consultations among countries under the programmes with a view to harmonizing the policies of the
programmes.
( 1 ) (Benin, Burkina Faso , Cote d * I voire , Mali .Niger, Senegal, Togo ) (2) Conf: E/ECA/CM/16.8
(3) Conf: E/ECA/CM/16.9 .
ANNEXES
ECA/MULP0C/NIA/90/XII/21
ANNEX 1- COUNTRIES UNDER STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT
PROGRAMMES IN THE SUB-REGIONCountry
COTE-D IVOXRE
GUINEA
LIBERIA
Agreem ent
FEF SAP SAP SBA SBA SBA SAP SBA SBA
SBA SBA SAP SBA SAF
SBA SBA SBA SBA SBA SBA SBA SBA SBA SBA SBA SBA SBA SBA
Commen-
cemerr year
1981 1981 1983 1984 1985 1986 1986 1987 1988
1982 1986 1986 1987 1987
1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1972 1973 1974 1976 1979 1980 1981
Amount Country approved
in M DT
484.50 150.00 250.00 82.75 66.20 100.00 250.00
94.00
25.00 33.00 84.20 11.60 36.77
5.70 4.40 4.00 6.00 4.40 3.20 2.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 5.00 9.25 65.00 55.00
S
GAMBIA
GUINEA- BISSAU
MALI
Agreem ent
SBA SBA SBA SBA SBA SAP SAF SBA RSAF
SAP SAP SAF
SBA SBA SBA SBA SBA SBA SBA SBA SBA SBA SBA SAP SBA SAF
Commen-
cemeni year
1977 1979 1982 1984 1986 1986 1986 1987 1988
1985 1987 1987
1964 1967 1968 1969 1971 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1987 1988 1988
Amount approved in M DTS
2.53 1 . 60 16.90 12.83 5.13 21 .00 10.86
20.5
10.00 4. 76
9.90 6.50 5.00 5.00 4 . 50 30,38 40.50
22.86
15.00 12.70 32.26
ECA/MULP0C/NIA/90/XII/21
-
Country
LIBERIA
MAURI TANIA
SIERRA LEONE
f- ■
TOGOAgreem ent
SBA SBA SBA SBA
SBA SBA SBA SBA SAP SBA SAF SBA
SBA SBA SBA SAP SBA FEF SBA SBA SAF SBA
SBA SBA SBA SBA SBA SBA SAP SBA SAP SBA SBA SAF
vear of incept ion in M DTS
1982 1983 1984 1985
1977 1980 1981 1985 1985 1986 1986 1987
1966 1968 1969 1977 1979 1981 1984 1986 1986 1987
1979 1981 1983 1983 1984 1985 1985 1986 1986 1987 1988 1988
Amount
appro
ved in M DTS
55.00 55.00
-
-
4.71 29.70 26.00 12.00
-
12.00 21.53 10.00
7.50 3.60 3.50 9.02 19.00 163.70 50.20 23.16 36.77
-
15.00 47.50 21.38 40 . OO
-
15.36 67.80 23.04
-
-
13.00 24.38
Country
NIGERIA
NIGER
SENEGAL
Agreem ent
SBA SBA
SBA SBA SBA SBA SAP SAF RSAF
SBA FEF SAP SBA SBA SBA SBA SBA SAP SAF SBA SAP RSAF
year of incept
ion of DTS
1986
1987
1983 1984 1985 1986 1986 1986 1988
1979 1980 1980 1981 1982 1983 1985 1986 1986 1986 1987 1987 1988
Amount appro
ved in M DTS
-
650.00
18.00 16.00 13.48 10.11 60.00 21.40 50.55
10.50 184.80 60.00 63.00 47.25 63.00 76.60 34.00 71.00 54.04 21.28 45.00 144.67
Source:Statistics and Policy ECA/1989,Pagel5 onwards
