Atypical hyperpachymorph [i]Trypanosoma (Nannomonas) congolense[/i] forest-type in a dog returning from Senegal

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(1)Atypical hyperpachymorph [i]Trypanosoma (Nannomonas) congolense[/i] forest-type in a dog returning from Senegal M Desquesnes, S. Ravel, Jack-Yves Deschamps, B. Polack, F. Roux. To cite this version: M Desquesnes, S. Ravel, Jack-Yves Deschamps, B. Polack, F. Roux. Atypical hyperpachymorph [i]Trypanosoma (Nannomonas) congolense[/i] forest-type in a dog returning from Senegal. Parasite, EDP Sciences, 2012, 19, pp.239-247. �hal-01190357�. HAL Id: hal-01190357 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01190357 Submitted on 1 Sep 2015. HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés..

(2) !490)#!,. (90%20!#(9-/20( 4290!./3/-! .!../-/.!3 #/.'/,%.3% &/2%34 490% ). ! $/' 2%452.).' &2/- 3%.%'!, $%315%3.%3 -

(3) 2!6%, 3.

(4) $%3#(!-03 * 9.

(5) 0/,!#+ ". 2/58 &. 3UMMARY 4RYPANOSOMA CONGOLENSE FOREST TYPE WAS IDENTIFIED BY 0#2 IN &RANCE

(6) IN A DOG RETURNING FROM 3ENEGAL 4HIS PAPER DESCRIBES THE MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE PARASITE ON 'IEMSA STAINED SMEARS 3LENDER FORMS AND hLATENT BODIESv REPRESENT AND

(7) RESPECTIVELY 3OME ROSETTES HAVE BEEN OBSERVED 4HE PREDOMINANT FORM IS STUMPY

(8) CLOSE TO hMONTGOMERYI FORMv

(9) BUT IT IS UNUSUALLY BROAD

(10) WITH A WIDTHLENGTH RATIO 7,R OF

(11) WHILE THAT OF hMONTGOMERYI FORMSv IS CLOSE TO 4O THE BEST OF OUR KNOWLEDGE

(12) THIS IS THE FIRST DESCRIPTION OF SUCH A FORM OF 4 .ANNOMONAS !LSO UNUSUAL

(13) THE SHAPE OF THE CYTOPLASM APPEARS TO BE TIGHTENED BY AN h3 v OR h# v SHAPED FLAGELLUM 7E PROPOSE NAMING THIS PECULIAR MORPHOTYPE hHYPERPACHYMORPHv

(14) AND ADDING ITS DESCRIPTION TO THAT OF 4 CONGOLENSE FOREST TYPE 4HUS 4 .ANNOMONAS FORMS WOULD INCLUDE SPHAEROMORPH OR hLATENT BODY FORMv GLOBULAR

(15) HYPERLEPTOMORPH RODHAINI FORM

(16) VERY LONG AND SLENDER

(17) WITH A FREE FLAGELLUM LEPTOMORPH SIMIAE FORM

(18) SLENDER

(19) WITH A FREE FLAGELLUM ISOMORPH CONGOLENSE FORM

(20) SHORT

(21) GENERALLY WITHOUT A FREE FLAGELLUM PACHYMORPH MONTGOMERYI FORM

(22) SHORT AND STOUT 7,R

(23) WITHOUT A FREE FLAGELLUM

(24) AND HYPERPACHYMORPH hHYPER MONTGOMERYI FORMv

(25) SHORT AND VERY STOUT 7,R

(26) WITHOUT A FREE FLAGELLUM +%9 7/2$3 4RYPANOSOMA .ANNOMONAS CONGOLENSE FOREST TYPE

(27) DOG

(28) MONTGOMERYI FORM

(29) HYPERPACHYMORPH

(30) 0#2

(31) 'IEMSA SMEAR. 2ÏSUMÏ &/2-%3 !490)15%3 h(90%20!#(9-/20(%3v $% 4290!./3/-! .!../-/.!3 #/.'/,%.3% 490% &/2³4 #(%: 5. #()%. $% 2%4/52 $5 3².²'!, 4RYPANOSOMA CONGOLENSE TYPE FORÐT A ÏTÏ IDENTIFIÏ PAR 0#2 EN &RANCE

(32) CHEZ UN CHIEN DE RETOUR DU 3ÏNÏGAL #ETTE PUBLICATION DÏCRIT LES DIVERS ASPECTS MORPHOLOGIQUES DU PARASITE SUR DES FROTTIS SANGUINS COLORÏS AU 'IEMSA ,ES FORMES FINES SLENDER ET LES CORPS LATENTS REPRÏSENTENT RESPECTIVEMENT

(33) ET

(34) DES PARASITES 1UELQUES ROSETTES ONT ÏTÏ OBSERVÏES

(35) ,E MORPHOTYPE PRÏDOMINANT

(36) EST TRAPU STUMPY

(37) PROCHES DES FORMES hMONTGOMERYIv

(38) MAIS DUNE LARGEUR INHABITUELLE

(39) AVEC UN RAPPORT LARGEURLONGUEUR RL, DE

(40)

(41)

(42) ALORS QUE CELUI DES FORMES MONTGOMERYI PRÏCÏDEMMENT DÏCRITES EST DE LORDRE DE

(43) ® NOTRE CONNAISSANCE

(44) CECI EST LA PREMIÒRE DESCRIPTION DE TELS MORPHOTYPES DE 4 .ANNOMONAS ,A FORME DU CYTOPLASME QUI SEMBLE hTENDUv PAR UN FLAGELLE EN FORME DE h3v OU DE h#v EST ÏGALEMENT SURPRENANTE .OUS PROPOSONS DE NOMMER CE MORPHOTYPE hHYPERPACHYMORPHEv

(45) ET DE LAJOUTER Ë LA DESCRIPTION DE 4 CONGOLENSE TYPE FORÐT !INSI

(46) LE SOUS GENRE 4 .ANNOMONAS PRÏSENTERAIT SIX MORPHOTYPES DU PLUS FIN AU PLUS LARGE HYPERLEPTOMORPHE FORME RODHAINI

(47) TRÒS LONG ET MINCE AVEC FLAGELLE LIBRE LEPTOMORPHE FORME SIMIAE

(48) MINCE AVEC FLAGELLE LIBRE

(49) ISOMORPHE FORME CONGOLENSE

(50) COURT GÏNÏRALEMENT

(51) SANS FLAGELLE LIBRE

(52) PACHYMORPHE FORME MONTGOMERYI

(53) COURT ET LARGE

(54) RL,

(55)

(56) SANS FLAGELLE LIBRE

(57) HYPERPACHYMORPHE FORME hHYPER MONTGOMERYIv

(58) COURT ET TRÒS TRAPU

(59) RL,

(60)

(61) AU CYTOPLASME CLAIR ET SANS FLAGELLE LIBRE ET SPHAEROMORPHE OU hCORPS LATENTv GLOBULAIRE -/43 #,²3 4RYPANOSOMA .ANNOMONAS CONGOLENSE TYPE FORÐT

(62) CHIEN

(63) FORME MONTGOMERYI

(64) HYPERPACHYMORPHE

(65) 0#2

(66) FROTTIS 'IEMSA. ).42/$5#4)/.. ). DENTIFICATION OF TRYPANOSOMES IN MAMMALS HAS LONG BEEN BASED ON THE MORPHOLOGY AND MORPHOMETRY OF THE PARASITE IN 'IEMSA STAINED PREPARATIONS IN. #ENTRE DE #OOPÏRATION )NTERNATIONALE EN 2ECHERCHE !GRONOMIQUE POUR LE $ÏVELOPPEMENT #)2!$

(67) 5-2 )NTERTRYP

(68) -ONTPELLIER

(69) &RANCE &ACULTY OF 6ETERINARY -EDICINE

(70) +ASETSART 5NIVERSITY

(71) #HATU CHAK

(72) "ANGKOK

(73) 4HAILAND. )NSTITUT DE 2ECHERCHE POUR LE $ÏVELOPPEMENT )2$

(74) 5-2 )NTERTRYP

(75) ,2#4 #AMPUS )NTERNATIONAL DE "AILLARGUET

(76) -ONT PELLIER

(77) &RANCE. %MERGENCY AND #RITICAL #ARE 5NIT

(78) ,5.!- 5NIVERSITY

(79) /.)2)3

(80) .ANTES !TLANTIC #OLLEGE OF 6ETERINARY -EDICINE

(81) &OOD 3CIENCE AND %NGINEERING

(82) ,A #HANTRERIE

(83) "0

(84) .ANTES

(85) &RANCE. 5NIVERSITÏ 0ARIS %ST

(86) ³COLE .ATIONALE 6ÏTÏRINAIRE D!LFORT

(87) 5NITÏ DE 0ARASITOLOGIE

(88) -AISONS !LFORT

(89) &RANCE. 5NIVERSITÏ 0ARIS %ST

(90) ³COLE .ATIONALE 6ÏTÏRINAIRE D!LFORT

(91) 5NITÏ D5RGENCES ET 3OINS )NTENSIFS

(92) -AISONS !LFORT

(93) &RANCE #ORRESPONDENCE -ARC $ESQUESNES 4EL n &AX % MAIL MARCDESQUESNES CIRADFR 0ARASITE

(94)

(95)

(96) . THE HOST AND VECTOR

(97) IN CONJUNCTION WITH HOST AND VECTOR RANGES

(98) INCLUDING XENODIAGNOSIS (OARE

(99) -OLECULAR BIOLOGY BROUGHT ABOUT SIGNIFICANT IMPROVE MENTS IN SPECIES IDENTIFICATION

(100) WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF $.! PROBES AND 0#2 ASSAYS $ICKIN 'IBSON

(101) -OSER ET AL

(102) -ASIGA ET AL

(103) #OM BINED WITH PARASITOLOGICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA

(104) MOLECULAR CHARACTERISTICS REVEALED BY 0#2 OR SEQUEN CING

(105) MAY LEAD TO ACCURATE IDENTIFICATION

(106) AND EVEN TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF PHYLOGENETIC TREES 4HESE VARIOUS TOOLS MAY BE USED FOR THE DEFINITION OF SPECIES

(107) PARTI CULARLY PROBLEMATIC IN THE CASE OF PROTOZOAN PARASITES THAT DO NOT INCLUDE DIFFERENTIATED GAMETES IN THEIR CYCLE

(108) SUCH AS TRYPANOSOMES WHICH OFTEN PROLIFERATE MORE BY ASEXUAL THAN SEXUAL REPRODUCTION 'IBSON

(109) 0#2

(110) THE MOST CONVENIENT MOLECULAR TECHNIQUE FOR TRYPANOSOME DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION

(111) CAN POINT TO VARIOUS TAXONOMIC LEVELS $ESQUESNES $ÉVILA

(112) )N THE SUB GENUS 4 .ANNOMONAS

(113) FIVE SIX TAXA HAVE BEEN DESCRIBED 'IBSON

(114) . /RIGINAL CONTRIBUTION. .

(115) $%315%3.%3 -

(116) 2!6%, 3

(117) $%3#(!-03 * 9 %4 !,. )N THE PRESENT PAPER

(118) SUBSEQUENT TO THE MOLECULAR CONFIRMATION OF AN INFECTION WITH A SINGLE TAXON OF 4RYPANOSOMA CONGOLENSE FOREST TYPE -ASIGA ET AL

(119) IN A DOG RETURNING FROM A STAY IN 3ENEGAL MOLE CULAR IDENTIFICATION AND CLINICAL HISTORY ARE PRESENTED ELSEWHERE

(120) WE DESCRIBE THE PARASITE MORPHOLOGY

(121) WITH A SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON A PECULIAR FORM OBSERVED ON 'IEMSA STAINED BLOOD SMEARS

(122) NEVER BEFORE DESCRIBED 7E PROPOSE ADDING THIS NOVEL FORM TO THE DESCRIBED FORMS OF THE TAXON 4 .ANNOMONAS CONGOLENSE FOREST TYPE. -!4%2)!, !.$ -%4(/$3. $. URING A STAY IN 3ENEGAL

(123) #AP 3KIRRING

(124) #ASA MAN A

(125) WHICH BEGAN ON .OVEMBER TH

(126)

(127) A FIVE YEAR OLD MALE 3HIH 4ZU DOG BECAME LETHARGIC

(128) WEAK IN THE HINDQUARTERS AND INAPPETANT

(129) ALTHOUGH AFEBRILE

(130) ON .OVEMBER TH

(131) DAYS AFTER HIS ARRIVAL "Y $ECEMBER TH

(132) HIS CONDITION HAD DETE RIORATED AND HE BEGAN TO VOCALIZE &OR THIS REASON

(133) HIS OWNER DECIDED TO FLY BACK TO &RANCE ON THE EVE NING OF $ECEMBER FOURTH 4HE ANIMAL PRESENTED ON $ECEMBER TH AT THE %MERGENCY AND #RITICAL #ARE 5NIT OF THE !LFORT 3CHOOL OF 6ETERINARY -EDICINE SO FAR THE DOG HAD NOT RECEIVED ANY TREATMENT 4HE MAIN CLINICAL SIGNS WERE LETHARGY

(134) DYSPNOEA AND PALE MUCOUS MEM BRANES "LOOD WAS COLLECTED ON %$4! FOR EXAMINATION "LOOD SMEARS PREPARED STRAIGHT AFTER BLOOD COLLECTION AND OBSERVED MICROSCOPICALLY REVEALED THE PRESENCE OF PARASITES IDENTIFIED AS 4RYPANOSOMA 4HE DOG RECEIVED AN INTRA MUSCULAR )- INJECTION OF PENTAMI DINE 0ENTACARINAT MGKG ON $ECEMBER TH AND TH !FTER HE RECEIVED PENTAMIDINE

(135) THE DOG SHOWED SOME IMPROVEMENT

(136) BEFORE BECOMING HYPOGLYCAEMIC BLOOD GLUCOSE G, NORMAL FROM TO G, AND HYPOTENSIVE SYSTOLIC PRESSURE MM (G NORMAL FROM TO MM (G ON $ECEMBER TH

(137) IT DIED

(138) FOUR DAYS AFTER ADMISSION "LOOD COLLECTED ON ADMISSION WAS SENT TO THE 7ORLD !NIMAL (EALTH /RGANISATION 7!(/ REFERENCE LABO RATORY FOR !FRICAN TRYPANOSOMES FOR PARASITE IDENTIFICA TION BY MICROSCOPIC AND MOLECULAR ANALYSIS $.! WAS EXTRACTED USING CHELEX CHELATING RESIN 7ALSH ET AL

(139) AND 0#2 CONDUCTED IN +L 0#2 MIXTURE AS PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED

(140) WITH SEVERAL TAXON SPECIFIC PRIMER SETS FOR 4 4RYPANOZOON

(141) 4 VIVAX

(142) 4 SIMIAE

(143) 4 CONGOLENSE SAVANNAH TYPE

(144) 4 CONGOLENSE FOREST TYPE

(145) 4 CONGOLENSE +ILIFI TYPE

(146) 4 SIMIAE 4SAVO TYPE

(147) 4 GOD FREYI

(148) AND 0AN TRYPANOSOME PRIMERS 4290 -ASIGA ET AL

(149) -AJIWA ET AL

(150) -ASIGA ET AL

(151) $ESQUESNES ET AL

(152) 0#2 RESULTS WERE UNEQUIVOCAL

(153) AND IDENTIFIED THE SPE CIES AND TYPE AS 4 CONGOLENSE FOREST TYPE

(154) AS DESCRIBED . ELSEWHERE !LL THE OTHER TAXA SPECIFIC 0#2S WERE NEGA TIVE

(155) AND THE 0AN TRYPANOSOME PRIMERS $ESQUESNES ET AL

(156) PRODUCED ONLY ONE VISIBLE PRODUCT

(157) OF THE SPECIFIC SIZE FOR 4 CONGOLENSE FOREST TYPE BP )T WAS CONCLUDED THAT THIS WAS A MONO SPECIFIC INFECTION DUE TO 4 CONGOLENSE FOREST TYPE "LOOD SMEARS WERE PREPARED

(158) FIXED WITH METHANOL

(159) STAINED WITH 'IEMSA AND WASHED UNDER TAP WATER /NCE DRY

(160) THE SMEARS WERE OBSERVED UNDER A MICROS COPE

(161) IN OIL IMMERSION

(162) AND PHOTOGRAPHED WITH A #ANON 0OWER 3HOT MEGAPIXELS MM WIDE ANGLE LENS 2ELATIVE PERCENTAGES OF THE VARIOUS FORMS OBSERVED WERE ESTABLISHED BY COUNTING AND GROUPING PARASITES ON FOUR DIFFERENT BLOOD SMEARS

(163) FOR A TOTAL OF PARASITES 0ARASITE MEASUREMENTS MAGNIFICATION

(164) WERE PROCESSED DIRECTLY WITH A MICROMETER INCORPORATED IN THE OCULAR OF THE MICROSCOPE &OR SPECIMENS OF EACH MORPHOTYPE

(165) THE FOLLOWING MEASUREMENTS WERE TAKEN DISTANCE FROM CENTRE OF THE NUCLEUS TO THE POSTERIOR EXTREMITY .0

(166) DISTANCE FROM THE CENTRE OF THE NUCLEUS TO THE ANTERIOR EXTREMITY .!

(167) LENGTH OF THE FREE FLAGELLUM &

(168) DISTANCE FROM THE POSTERIOR EXTREMITY TO THE CENTRE OF THE KINETOPLAST 0+

(169) DISTANCE FROM THE CENTRE OF THE KINETOPLAST TO THE CENTRE OF THE NUCLEUS .+

(170) DIAMETER OF THE KINETOPLAST +

(171) WIDTH OF THE PARASITE AT ITS WIDEST POINT MEASURED ON AN AXIS PERPENDICULAR TO THE BODY 7

(172) LENGTH OF THE NUCLEUS ON THE AXIS KINETOPLAST NUCLEUS ,.

(173) AND WIDTH OF THE NUCLEUS ON THE AXIS PERPENDICULAR TO THE KINETOPLAST NUCLEUS AXIS 7. &OR ALL MEASUREMENTS

(174) MEANS M

(175) STANDARD DEVIATIONS 3

(176) STANDARD ERRORS 3% 33N AND CONFIDENCE INTERVALS #) 3% WERE CALCULATED 4HE LENGTH OF THE BODY WAS DEFINED AS , .0 .! 4HE 4OTAL ,ENGTH OF THE PARASITE WAS CALCULATED AS 4, .0 .! & 4HE WIDTHLENGTH RATIO WAS CALCULATED AS 7,R 7, 3TANDARD INDEXES WERE CALCULATED

(177) SUCH AS THE NUCLEAR INDEX .) .0.!

(178) AND THE KINETOPLASTIC INDEX +) .0.+ ,IGHT DENSITY OF THE CYTOPLASM

(179) AND COLORATION ASPECTS OF THE CHROMATIN IN THE NUCLEUS WERE ALSO RECORDED "ASED ON THEIR MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES

(180) PARASITES WERE ROUGHLY CLASSIFIED INTO THREE MAIN GROUPS

(181) AND WERE COUNTED AND CLASSIFIED INTO ONE OF THE THREE GROUPS ON THREE DIFFERENT SLIDES 4HE AVERAGE WAS CALCULATED TO ESTABLISH THE MEAN FREQUENCY OF EACH FORM 2OSETTES OCCASIONALLY OBSERVED WERE CONSIDERED AS A FOURTH FORM )N THIS PAPER

(182) TO AVOID CONFUSION

(183) WE USE THE WORD hTYPEv ONLY FOR GENETICALLY CHARACTERISED PARASITES OF THE 4 .ANNOMONAS SUBGENUS

(184) AND WE USE THE WORD hFORMv FOR THE VARIOUS MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE PARASITES #OMPARISONS WERE MADE WITH THE DES CRIPTION AND PICTURES AVAILABLE IN THE LITERATURE. /RIGINAL CONTRIBUTION. 0ARASITE

(185)

(186)

(187) .

(188) !490)#!,. 2%35,43. 4. HE TRYPANOSOMES OBSERVED ON 'IEMSA STAINED SMEARS WERE SMALL IN SIZE ALWAYS UNDER +M IN LENGTH

(189) AND MOST OFTEN UNDER +M WITH A SMALL OR MEDIUM SIZED KINETOPLAST +M )N THIS MANUSCRIPT

(190) ALL THE FIGURES REPRESENT 'IEMSA STAINED BLOOD SMEARS FROM A DOG INFECTED WITH 4RYPANOSOMA CONGOLENSE FOREST TYPE THIS INFORMATION IS NOT REPEATED IN THE TITLES AND LEGENDS OF THE FIGURES 4HE PARASITES EXHIBITED ROUGHLY FOUR DIFFERENT FORMS ILLUSTRATED AND CHARACTERISED IN &IGS AND 4ABLE ) AT THE EXCEPTION OF ROSETTES STUMPY FORMS DESIGNED BY A LETTER hAv IN THE FIGURES

(191) SLENDER FORMS B

(192) GLOBULAR FORMS C

(193) AND ROSETTES D

(194) AS DESCRIBED HEREAFTER n 3TUMPY FORMS FREQUENCY &IGS THE MEAN LENGTH OF THE BODY IS ¢ +M

(195) WITH A WIDTH OF ¢ AND UP TO +M

(196) WHICH REFLECTS VERY STUMPY PARASITES

(197) WITHOUT A FREE FLAGELLUM &IG 4HE CYTOPLASM IS VERY LIGHT IN COLOUR

(198) THE NUCLEUS IS GENERALLY CIRCULAR OR OVAL

(199) AND IN THE LATTER CASE SEEMS TO BE PERPENDICULAR TO THE BODY MEAN LENGTH +M MEAN WIDTH +M &IG

(200) WITH PERIPHERAL CLUMPS OF CHROMATIN

(201) OR THE PRESENCE OF MARGINAL CONCENTRATIONS OF CHROMATIN AND LIGHT COLOUR IN THE CENTRE OF THE NUCLEUS 4HE KINETOPLAST IS SMALL ¢ +M

(202) MARGINAL OR SUB LATERAL AND SUB TERMINAL 0+ ¢ +M AS FAR AS MAY BE ESTIMATED

(203) SINCE THE POSTERIOR EXTREMITY IS SOMETIMES SO LARGE. -ORPHOTYPE #ATEGORY. .AME. (90%20!#(9-/20(. 4. #/.'/,%.3% &/2%34 ). $/'. THAT IT APPEARS TO BE ROUND

(204) AND THUS THE POSITION OF THE KINETOPLAST IS DIFFICULT TO LOCATE 4HE MEAN +) IS ¢ /NLY THE NUCLEUS

(205) THE FLAGELLUM AND THE KINETOPLAST ARE STAINED THE CYTOPLASM SEEMS TO BE EMPTY 4HERE ARE NO CONVOLUTIONS TO THE FLAGELLUM ITS SHAPE IS MOST OFTEN LIKE AN h3v WHICH MAY CROSS THE NUCLEUS OR TOUCH ITS BORDER &IGS

(206) THE REST OF THE TIME

(207) IT IS h#v SHAPED

(208) BUT IN BOTH CASES THE BODY OF THE PARASITE SEEMS TO BE TIGHTENED BY THE FLAGELLUM 4HUS

(209) THE hUNDULATINGv MEMBRANE CANNOT REALLY BE DISTINGUISHED FROM THE BODY

(210) WHICH USUALLY LOOKS LIKE A LEAF DELIMITED BY THE FLAGELLUM 4HE POSITION OF THE NUCLEUS IS GENERALLY CENTRAL .) ¢ 4HIS FORM IS SIMILAR TO THE MONTGOMERYI FORM RARELY DESCRIBED IN THE PAST 'ILLAIN

(211)

(212) BUT IT IS NOT IDENTICAL

(213) DUE TO THE ABSENCE OF CONVOLUTIONS IN THE hUNDULATING MEMBRANEv AND A GREATER WIDTH THE MEAN WIDTHLENGTH RATIO 7,R WAS ¢ MINIMUM MAXIMUM

(214) ALWAYS

(215) AND REACHING AS HIGH AS OR MORE IN SOME CASES n 3LENDER FORMS FREQUENCY &IGS

(216)

(217) MEAN BODY LENGTH WITHOUT THE FREE FLAGELLUM

(218) WHEN PRESENT IS ALMOST IDENTICAL TO THAT OF THE STUMPY FORM

(219) AT ¢ +M

(220) ALTHOUGH IT IS VARIABLE

(221) RANGING FROM TO +M 4HE ANTERIOR EXTREMITY TAPERS GRADUALLY

(222) WHICH MAY GIVE THE INCORRECT IMPRESSION OF A SHORT FREE FLAGELLUM &IG

(223) HOWEVER

(224) IN OF THE SPECIMENS

(225) A REAL FREE FLAGELLUM IS PRESENT &IG )NCLUDING THE FREE FLAGELLUM

(226) THE TOTAL LENGTH 4, OF THE PARASITE IS ¢ +M 4HE PARASITE IS USUALLY. (YPERPACHYMORPH. )SOMORPH. 3PHAEROMORPH. HYPER STUMPY FORM HYPER MONTGOMERYI FORM. SLENDER FORM CONGOLENSE FORM. GLOBULAR FORM SPHAEROCYTE. ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ MEDIUM OR DARK ¢ UNDULATING . NA NA NA ¢ ¢ NA ¢ ¢ ¢ NA ¢ ¢ ¢ LIGHT COLOUR DARK COLOUR NA NO. 0ERCENTAGE OBSERVED .0 ¢ .! ¢ .) .0.! ¢ & FREQUENCY SIZE ABSENT , .! .0 ¢ 4OTAL LENGTH 4, .! .0 & ¢ 0+ ¢ + DIAMETER ¢ +. ¢ +) .0+. ¢ 7 ¢ ,. ¢ W. ¢ #YTO LIGHTDARK LIGHT 7,R MIN MAX ¢ 5NDULATING MEMBRANE 3 SHAPED # SHAPED . &OR ACRONYMS

(227) SEE THE TEXT LENGTHS IN +M THE TH MORPHOTYPE hROSETTEv IS NOT PRESENTED HERE DATA NOT APPLICABLE n NA 4ABLE ) n 3IZES

(228) FREQUENCIES

(229) INDEXES AND OTHER CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THREE MAIN MORPHOTYPES OF 4 .ANNOMONAS CONGOLENSE FOREST TYPE OBSERVED ON 'IEMSA STAINED BLOOD SMEARS 0ARASITE

(230)

(231)


(233) $%315%3.%3 -

(234) 2!6%, 3

(235) $%3#(!-03 * 9 %4 !,. &IG n 4HREE MAIN FORMS OF 4RYPANOSOMA CONGOLENSE FOREST TYPE IN A DOG SLENDER FORMS OR 4 .ANNOMONAS ISOMORPH CONGO LENSE FORM WITHOUT FREE FLAGELLUM B

(236) WITH FREE FLAGELLUM B

(237) STUMPY FORM OR 4 .ANNOMONAS HYPERPACHYMORPH # SHAPE A AND SPHAEROBLAST FORM OR 4 .ANNOMONAS SPHAEROMORPH MON TGOMERYI TYPE C 0HOTO BY -ARC $ESQUESNES. &IG n 4YPICAL 4 .ANNOMONAS HYPERPACHYMORPH A FIVE SPECIMENS AND THE TWO TYPES OF SPHAEROBLASTS 4 .ANNOMONAS SPHAEROMORPH C 0HOTO BY "RUNO 0OLACK -ONTGOMERYI TYPE SPHAEROBLAST IS LIGHT IN COLOUR AND LARGE C CONGOLENSE TYPE SPHAEROBLAST IS DENSELY COLOURED AND SMALL

(238) WITH A VISIBLE FREE FLAGELLUM C . &IG n 4YPICAL 4 .ANNOMONAS ISOMORPH CONGOLENSE FORMS WITHOUT A FREE FLAGELLUM 0HOTO BY -ARC $ESQUESNES. . &IG n 4YPICAL 4 .ANNOMONAS HYPERPACHYMORPH WITH # SHAPED A AND 3 SHAPED TIGHT FLAGELLUM A THREE SPECIMENS 0HOTO BY "RUNO 0OLACK. &IG n 4 .ANNOMONAS ISOMORPH B B

(239) SPHAEROMORPH C C AND HYPERPACHYMORPH A A

(240) THE CENTRAL ONE A BEING IN DIVISION TWO KINETOPLASTS AND FLAGELLA VISIBLE 0HOTO BY "RUNO 0OLACK. &IG n 4 .ANNOMONAS ISOMORPH CONGOLENSE FORMS WITHOUT B OR WITH B A FREE FLAGELLUM

(241) AND 4 .ANNOMONAS HYPERPA CHYMORPH A 0HOTO BY -ARC $ESQUESNES 4HE UPPER HYPERPACHYMORPH HAS A # SHAPED FLAGELLUM A

(242) AND APPEARS TO BE ALMOST FLAT

(243) LIKE A LEAF. /RIGINAL CONTRIBUTION. 0ARASITE

(244)

(245)

(246) .

(247) !490)#!,. &IG n 4YPICAL 4 .ANNOMONAS HYPERPACHYMORPH A AND SPHAEROMORPH hAMASTIGOTEv FORM C 0HOTO BY -ARC $ES QUESNES. !. (90%20!#(9-/20(. 4. #/.'/,%.3% &/2%34 ). $/'. &IG n /NE 4 .ANNOMONAS ISOMORPH CONGOLENSE FORM B AND SEVERAL FORMS INTERMEDIARY BETWEEN HYPERPACHYMORPH AND SPHAEROMORPH AC 0HOTO BY -ARC $ESQUESNES )NTERMEDIARY FORMS SUGGEST AN h3v FOLDING OF THE PARASITE ON ITSELF LIKE A COLLAPSIBLE TENT. ". &IG n 4 .ANNOMONAS ISOMORPH B

(248) SEVERAL FORMS INTERMEDIARY BETWEEN ISOMORPH AND SPHAEROMORPH BC

(249) AND SOME 4 .AN NOMONAS SPHAEROMORPH CONGOLENSE TYPE C &IG ! PHOTO BY -ARC $ESQUESNES &IG " BY "RUNO 0OLACK. &IG n &REE FORMS AND 2OSETTE OF 4 .ANNOMONAS ISOMORPH 0HOTO BY 3OPHIE 2AVEL 3EVERAL CONGOLENSE FORMS THIN AND DARK WITH A FREE FLAGELLUM UPPER LEFT

(250) MEDIUM WIDTH AND COLOUR

(251) WITH A LARGE UNDULATING MEMBRANE CENTRE LEFT

(252) BROAD AND LIGHT IN COLOUR UPPER RIGHT 0ARASITE

(253)

(254)

(255) . &IG n 4 .ANNOMONAS ISOMORPH TYPICAL B

(256) IN ABNORMAL DIVISION B

(257) AND INTERMEDIARY FORMS BC TOWARD THE CONGO LENSE SPHAEROMORPH WITH A FREE FLAGELLUM C 0HOTO BY -ARC $ESQUESNES. /RIGINAL CONTRIBUTION. .

(258) $%315%3.%3 -

(259) 2!6%, 3

(260) $%3#(!-03 * 9 %4 !,. &IG n 4WIN 4 .ANNOMONAS HYPERPACHYMORPH AND ONE ISO MORPH 0HOTO BY 3OPHIE 2AVEL. NARROW

(261) WITH A MEAN WIDTH OF ¢ +M

(262) ALTHOUGH IT CAN ATTAIN +M IN SOME SPECIMENS THE 7,R IS ¢ MINIMUM MAXIMUM

(263) ALWAYS 4HE CYTOPLASM AND THE NUCLEUS ARE DEEPLY STAINED AND MOST OFTEN HOMOGENEOUS IN COLOUR THE NUCLEUS IS ALMOST CENTRAL .) ¢

(264) WITH THE LONG AXIS PARALLEL TO THE BODY MEAN LENGTH +M MEAN WIDTH +M

(265) HOWEVER IN SOME INSTANCES ITS BORDERS ARE NOT CLEARLY VISIBLE DUE TO THE DENSE COLORA TION OF THE CYTOPLASM &IG 4HE KINETOPLAST IS SMALL ¢ +M

(266) CLEARLY SUB TERMINAL 0+ ¢ +M

(267) +) ¢ AND MARGINAL OR SUB MARGINAL

(268) AS CLASSICALLY DESCRIBED FOR 4 CONGOLENSE 4HE FLA GELLUM IS CONVOLUTED

(269) AND THE UNDULATING MEMBRANE IS MOST OFTEN CONSPICUOUS BUT WEAKLY DEVELOPED &IG 4HESE FORMS ARE CLOSE TO THE CONGOLENSE FORM ISO MORPH PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED 'ILLAIN

(270) n 'LOBULAR FORMS FREQUENCY &IGS

(271)

(272) ROUGHLY SPHERICAL

(273) WITH A MEAN DIAMETER OF ¢ +M

(274) OR OVAL 4HEY HAVE A SMALL KINETOPLAST ¢ +M SITUATED MORE THAN ¢ +M FROM THE EXTREMITY SUBTERMINAL OF THEM ARE DENSELY STAINED

(275) HAVE AN IRREGULAR SHAPE AND A DISCERNIBLE FLA GELLUM

(276) MOST OF THE TIME PARTLY FREE

(277) GIVING THEM THE ASPECT OF SPHAEROMASTIGOTES &IG IT MAY BE SPECU LATED THAT THESE FORMS DERIVE FROM THE DENSELY STAINED SLENDER CONGOLENSE FORM PARASITES OF THEM ARE LIGHT IN COLOUR AND HAVE NO FREE FLAGELLUM &IG IT MAY BE SPECULATED THAT THESE FORMS DERIVE FROM THE LIGHTLY STAINED STUMPY PARASITES THE NUCLEUS IS CIRCULAR IN OF THE CASES

(278) WHILE IN OF THE CASES IT IS OVAL AND PERPENDICULAR TO THE KINETOPLAST NUCLEUS AXIS MEAN LENGTH ¢ +M MEAN WIDTH ¢ +M &IG 4HESE LIGHTLY STAINED FORMS MAY HAVE A DISCERNIBLE FLAGELLUM

(279) BUT IT IS NEVER REALLY FREE &IG !LL THESE FORMS MAY BE CALLED hSPHAEROMASTIGOTE LIKEv 3OME PARASITES HAVE NO VISIBLE FLAGELLUM

(280) GIVING . THE LOOK OF AMASTIGOTES &IG

(281) ALTHOUGH IT APPEARS THAT THE FLAGELLUM IS IN FACT PRESENT AT THE PERIPHERY OF THESE CIRCULAR CELLS &IG 4HESE FORMS ARE CLOSE TO THE hLATENT BODY FORMSv OR SPHAEROMORPH PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED 'ILLAIN

(282) n 2OSETTES FREQUENCY &IGS IN SOME CASES PARASITES DO NOT SEPARATE PROPERLY DURING CELL DIVISION ROSETTES HAVE BEEN OBSERVED &IG

(283) AS WELL AS ABNORMAL FORMS &IG AND TWIN PARASITES &IG /NLY TWIN TRYPANOSOMES WERE OBSERVED IN STUMPY FORM PARASITES

(284) WHILE TWINS AND ROSETTES WERE OBSERVED IN THE DENSELY STAINED SLENDER CONGOLENSE FORMS )NTERMEDIARY FORMS

(285) SITUATED BETWEEN THE TYPICAL STUMPY FORM AND THE TYPICAL SPHAEROMASTIGOTE HAVE BEEN OBSERVED

(286) AND SERIALLY CLASSIFIED IN AN ATTEMPT TO DESCRIBE THE TRANSFORMATION FROM HYPERPACHYMORPH TO SPHAEROMORPH &IGS

(287) 4WO DIFFERENT DEVE LOPMENTAL PATHS MAY BE HYPOTHESISED

(288) DEPENDING ON THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE FLAGELLUM SHAPE IN ONE CASE &IG

(289) THE INITIAL h3v SHAPE SEEMS TO UNTWIST &IG

(290) SNAPSHOTS AND PROCEED TOWARD A h#v SHAPE &IG

(291) SNAPSHOT

(292) TO END IN A CIRCLE OR A hKEY HOLDERv

(293) SINCE THE FLAGELLUM IS LONGER THAN THE PERI METER OF THE SPHAEROBLAST &IG

(294) SNAPSHOTS IN THE OTHER CASE &IG

(295) THE h3v SHAPE SEEMS TO TWIST MORE &IG

(296) SNAPSHOTS AND TO FOLD ON ITSELF LIKE A COLLAPSIBLE TENT

(297) MAKING A SHORT SPIRAL FLATTENING ON ITSELF &IG

(298) SNAPSHOTS

(299) ENDING IN A SPHERE OR A DISK &IG

(300) SNAPSHOTS . $)3#533)/. #/-0!2)3/. 4/ 4(% -/20(/490%3 ). 4 .!../-/.!3. 2%0/24%$. ". EFORE MOLECULAR TOOLS APPEAR

(301) 4 .ANNOMONAS WAS THOUGHT TO CONTAIN TWO SPECIES 4 SIMIAE AND 4 CONGOLENSE

(302) PRESENTING FIVE MORPHO LOGICAL FORMS IN VARIOUS PROPORTIONS 'ILLAIN CONGOLENSE FORM

(303) SIMIAE FORM

(304) RODHAINI FORM

(305) MONT GOMERYI FORM

(306) AND SPHAEROCYTE FORM LATENT BODIES

(307) SO CALLED hAMASTIGOTEv OR hSPHAEROMASTIGOTEv FORMS )N THIS STUDY

(308) THE MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE PARA SITE ARE UNDOUBTEDLY THOSE OF THE SUB GENUS 4 .AN NOMONAS

(309) MORE SPECIFICALLY THE CONGOLENSE FORMS WHICH HAVE BEEN OBSERVED IN A PREVIOUS SIMILAR CASE OF A DOG RETURNING FROM 3ENEGAL $ORSO ET AL

(310) (OWEVER

(311) THE VERY STUMPY FORM OF HALF OF THE PARASITES IS NOT EXPECTED FROM 4 .ANNOMONAS IN A MAMMA LIAN HOST %VEN IN THEIR STUMPY FORMS

(312) THE 7,R OF THE 4 CONGOLENSE

(313) 4 SIMIAE OR 4 SUIS DESCRIBED SO FAR WERE ALWAYS -OREOVER

(314) THEIR FLAGELLUM AND UNDULA TING MEMBRANE PRESENTED SEVERAL hCONVOLUTIONSv SEE. /RIGINAL CONTRIBUTION. 0ARASITE

(315)

(316)

(317) .

(318) !490)#!,. (90%20!#(9-/20(. 4. #/.'/,%.3% &/2%34 ). $/'. &IG n 4ENTATIVE SERIAL h# SHAPEv TRANSFORMATION OF THE 4 .ANNOMONAS HYPERPACHY MORPH INTO SPHAEROMORPH UNFOL DING AND h# FOLDINGv MODEL 0HOTO BY -ARC $ESQUESNES )N THIS SERIES

(319) THE h3 SHAPEv OF THE FLAGELLUM SEEMS TO UNFOLD FROM THE POSTERIOR END OF THE KINETOPLAST TOWARD THE ANTERIOR END SLIDES

(320) TO ATTAIN A h#v SHAPE SNAPSHOTS IN WHICH THE CYTOPLASM IS LEAF SHAPED SNAPSHOT

(321) BEFORE REFOL DING AGAIN LIKE A SPRING WHILE THE ANTERIOR END SEEMS TO ENFOLD THE POSTERIOR SNAPSHOTS TO LOOK LIKE A BABY FISH SNAP SHOTS BEFORE FINISHING LIKE AN EGG SNAPSHOTS . &IG n 4ENTATIVE SERIAL h3 SHAPEv TRANSFORMATION OF THE 4 .ANNOMONAS HYPERPACHY MORPH TO THE SPHAEROMORPH hTENT FOLDINGv MODEL 0HOTO BY -ARC $ESQUESNES )N THIS SERIES

(322) THE h3v SHAPE OF THE FLAGELLUM SEEMS TO FOLD ON ITSELF LIKE A SPRING SNAPSHOTS

(323) SO THE ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR ENDS MOVE CLOSER TO EACH OTHER LIKE A COLLAPSIBLE TENT SNAPSHOTS 4HE CYTOPLASM ENDS UP IN A SPHERE SNAPSHOTS . -ULLIGAN

(324) P

(325) AND 0EEL #HARDOME

(326) &IGS ) AND 6 6)))

(327) WHETHER THE ONE DESCRIBED HERE IS OF A REGULAR h3v SHAPE &IG

(328) UPPER PARASITE ON THE RIGHT OR

(329) OCCASIONALLY

(330) h#v SHAPED WITHOUT UNDULATIONS &IG

(331) UPPER PARASITE ON THE LEFT ! PECULIAR VERY LARGE FORM OF 4 .ANNOMONAS HAS BEEN DESCRIBED BY SEVERAL WORKERS IN THE PAST AS 4RYPANOSOMA MONTGOMERYI 3UCH FORMS WERE MEN TIONED AND DISCUSSED BY SEVERAL GROUPS OF WORKERS ,AVERAN -ESNIL

(332) -ULLIGAN

(333) (OARE

(334) 4OURE ET AL

(335) THEY ALL AGREE TO CONSIDER MONT GOMERYI FORMS AS AN ATYPICAL FORM WHICH MAY BE OBSERVED IN PIGS

(336) CATTLE AND DOGS IN 4 CONGOLENSE

(337) 4 SIMIAE OR 4 SUIS INFECTIONS HOWEVER

(338) IN MOST CASES THIS PECULIAR FORM OCCURS IN LOW PERCENTAGES

(339) OFTEN BELOW 4HIS WAS OBVIOUSLY NOT THE CASE HERE

(340) SINCE THE RATE OF THIS FORM WAS VERY HIGH . %8#%04)/.!,. -/20(/490%. )N THE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF '3"3 EXHIBITING PREDOMINANT MONTGOMERYI FORM PARASITES THERE ARE NO PARASITES OF EXTREME WIDTH

(341) AS WE OBSERVED IN THIS DOG 4HE MONTGOMERYI FORMS DESCRIBED BY -ONTGOMERY AND 0ARASITE

(342)

(343)

(344) . +INGHORN IN A 2HODESIAN CATTLE ARE +M LONG AND +M WIDE

(345) WITH A 7,R THOSE DESCRIBED BY 4OURE HAD A 7,R THOSE REPORTED BY (OARE AND -ULLIGAN WERE RESPECTIVELY AND

(346) WHILE THOSE REPORTED BY 0EEL AND #HARDOME WERE BETWEEN AND ,AVERAN -ESNIL

(347) 0EEL #HARDOME

(348) -ULLIGAN

(349) (OARE

(350) 4OURE ET AL

(351) 4HE WIDEST 4 .ANNOMONAS THAT WAS REPORTED IN THE LITERATURE IS A DRAWING OF MONTGOMERYI FORM DESCRIBED AS A 4 SUIS 7ENYON

(352) QUOTED BY 0EEL #HARDOME WITH A 7,R OF $ESPITE THE CONTROVERSY OF ITS ATTRIBUTION TO 4 .ANNOMONAS VERSUS 0ICNOMONAS

(353) THIS IS THE ONLY SPECIMEN THAT COULD hCOMPETEv WITH THE HIGH 7,R RECORDED IN OUR OBSERVATIONS (OWEVER

(354) MEMBRANE CONVOLUTIONS ARE VISIBLE IN THESE PARASITES SEE 0EEL #HARDOME

(355) &IG 6)

(356) WHILE THIS IS NOT THE CASE IN OUR OBSERVATIONS

(357) SINCE THE FLAGELLUM ALWAYS SEEMS TO BE TIGHT AND TIGH TENING THE CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE &IG )N THE PRESENT CASE

(358) WE OBSERVE AROUND OF THE HYPERPACHYMORPH WITH A HIGH RATE PRESENTING A 7,R

(359) AND AS HIGH AS OR MORE

(360) TO THE POINT WHERE THE SHAPE DOES NOT ALLOW ESTABLISHING THIS RATIO. /RIGINAL CONTRIBUTION. .

(361) $%315%3.%3 -

(362) 2!6%, 3

(363) $%3#(!-03 * 9 %4 !,. DUE TO THE SPHERICAL ASPECT OF THE BODY -OREOVER

(364) THE FLAGELLUM AND UNDULATING MEMBRANE HAVE NO CONVO LUTIONS

(365) BUT HAVE AN h3v OR h#h SHAPE WHICH SEEMS TO BE RIGID

(366) TIGHTENING THE CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE &IG 4HIS IS THE FIRST REPORT IN WHICH THE PREDOMINANT FORM OF THE PARASITE HAS A MEAN 7,R OF WE SUGGEST NAMING IT 4 .ANNOMONAS HYPERPACHYMORPH

(367) AS FURTHER JUSTIFIED. -%!.).'. /& 4()3 &/2-. )N THE PAST

(368) WHEN MONTGOMERYI FORMS WERE OBSERVED

(369) IT HAS ALWAYS BEEN AT LOW RATES

(370) AT THE EXCEPTION OF CASE OBSERVED BY -ONTGOMERY

(371) +INGHORN AND 'ILLAIN QUOTED BY 'ILLAIN

(372)

(373) IN A DEAD PIG INFECTED WITH 4 SIMIAE IN THIS CASE ONLY MONTGOMERYI FORM AND LATENT BODIES WERE OBSERVED 3UCH FORMS SEEM TO APPEAR ON TWO OCCASIONS

(374) EITHER IN PRE AGONIC PERIOD OR RECENT POST MORTEM THUS WHEN THE INFECTION IS FATAL TO THE HOST

(375) OR

(376) WHEN THE HOST CONTROLS THE INFECTION AND KILLS THE PARASITES 'ILLAIN

(377) BOTH CASES BEING INITIAL PHASES OF PARASITE DESTRUCTION 4HIS WAS NOT THE CASE HERE THE ANIMAL WAS OBVIOUSLY NOT IN PRE AGONIC PERIOD SINCE IT SURVIVED FOUR DAYS MORE

(378) AND THE PARASITES AS WELL WERE NOT DYING

(379) SINCE THEY ENDED BY KILLING THE HOST )N CONTRAST

(380) IN OUR OBSERVATION

(381) EVEN THE VERY STUMPY FORMS ARE NOT IN THE PROCESS OF BEING DESTROYED

(382) SINCE WE CAN OBSERVE SEVERAL SPECI MENS MULTIPLYING &IG .EVERTHELESS

(383) THESE AUTHORS SUGGEST THAT MONTGOMERYI FORMS ARE AN INTERMEDIATE FORM IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LATENT BODY /UR SERIAL OBSERVATIONS ALSO SUGGEST SUCH TRANSFORMATION )N THE PRESENT STUDY

(384) THE DEATH OF THE DOG WAS NOT IMMINENT IT DIED FOUR DAYS LATER

(385) AND A VERY HIGH PROPORTION OF 4 .ANNOMONAS HYPERPACHYMORPH WERE OBSERVED NEARLY

(386) TOGETHER WITH SLENDER FORMS AND LATENT BODIES ,ATENT BODIES SEEM TO BE OF TWO TYPES SOME DERIVED FROM CONGOLENSE FORM IRREGULAR SPHAEROCYTE SHAPE

(387) DENSELY STAINED WITH A FREE FLA GELLUM &IGS

(388) WHILE MOST SEEM TO DERIVE FROM THE 4 .ANNOMONAS HYPERPACHYMORPH CIRCULAR

(389) LIGHT IN COLOUR

(390) WITHOUT A FREE FLAGELLUM &IGS

(391) 7HEN EXAMINING FORMS INTERMEDIARY BETWEEN HYPER PACHYMORPH AND LIGHT DENSITY SPHAEROCYTES

(392) IT SEEMS THAT THE CYTOPLASM IS TIGHTENED BY THE FLAGELLUM AND IS DEVELOPING FROM THE HELICOIDAL SHAPE OF THE FORMER TOWARDS A CIRCULAR SHAPE IN THE LATTER THROUGH ONE OF TWO DIFFERENT PATHS UNFOLDING INTO A h#v SHAPE AND REFOLDING INTO A hKEY HOLDERv SHAPE

(393) OR FOLDING LIKE A COLLAPSIBLE TENT !T THE END OF THIS PROCESS THE SPHAE ROCYTES OBTAINED ARE CIRCULAR IN SHAPE

(394) DELIMITED BY THE FLAGELLUM &IG )N THE SERIES OF PICTURES TENTATIVELY ASSEMBLED IN &IGURES AND

(395) TRANSFORMATION FROM HYPERPACHYMORPH TO SPHAEROMORPH

(396) EVEN THOUGH THE FLAGELLUM IS NO LONGER VISIBLE IN THE LATTER STAGE BECAUSE IT IS AT THE PERIPHERY OF THE SPHAEROMORPH

(397) . IT HAS NOT BEEN ELIMINATED )F THIS HYPOTHESIS IS COR RECT

(398) THE TERM hAMASTIGOTEv WOULD NOT BE APPROPRIATE FOR THESE FORMS

(399) SINCE THEY STILL HAVE A FLAGELLUM 4HE ABSENCE OF PARASITE ISOLATION PUT AN END TO THE POSSI BILITY OF CONFIRMING THE HYPOTHESES SUGGESTED BY THESE OBSERVATIONS 3UCH APPARENTLY hAMASTIGOTE FORMSv AND hSPHAERO MASTIGOTE FORMSv OBSERVED HERE HAVE BEEN PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED BOTH IN 4 .ANNOMONAS AND 4 4RYPA NOZOON PARASITES %RDMANN

(400) 'ILLAIN

(401) AS PREVIOUSLY STATED

(402) THEY ARE SOMETIME CONSIDERED DELETERIOUS SHAPES APPARENTLY NOT THE CASE HERE

(403) OR LATENT FORMS

(404) SO CALLED hLATENT BODIESv $IRECT TRANSFOR MATION INTO ROUND BODIES HAS EVEN BEEN OBSERVED BY SOME AUTHORS UNDER THE MICROSCOPE

(405) WITHIN A PERIOD OF MINUTES &ANTHAM

(406) 4HE FACT REMAINS THAT WHETHER OR NOT THE hLATENT BODYv IS A DEAD END HAS ALWAYS BEEN CONTROVERSIAL 'ILLAIN

(407) 'ALLAIS ET AL

(408) )N OUR OBSERVATIONS

(409) THE EVOLUTION FROM HYPER PACHYMORPH TO SPHAEROMORPH DOES NOT APPEAR TO BE DELETERIOUS

(410) SINCE IT IS REGULARLY SPHERICAL AND SIMILAR IN SEVERAL PICTURES OBSERVED &IGS

(411)

(412) WHILE THAT OF CONGOLENSE FORMS TO SPHAEROCYTES APPEARS TO BE DELE TERIOUS

(413) SINCE IT IS IRREGULARLY SPHERICAL AND APPEARS TO BE ACCIDENTAL

(414) WITH HAZARDOUS MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES &IGS

(415)

(416) (OWEVER

(417) INTERPRETATION OF PICTURES IN THAT WAY WOULD ALSO

(418) BY DEFINITION

(419) REMAIN QUESTIO NABLE

(420) SO THE AUTHORS ARE UNABLE TO REACH A CONCLUSION ON THIS POINT. #/.#,53)/.. 4. O THE BEST OF OUR KNOWLEDGE

(421) IN THE PRESENT REPORT OF A MONOSPECIFIC 4 CONGOLENSE FOREST TYPE INFECTION IN A DOG

(422) A HIGH RATE OF STUMPY FORM PARASITE IS BROADER THAN ANY OTHER 4 .ANNOMONAS YET DESCRIBED INCLUDING MONTGO MERYI 7E PROPOSE ADDING THIS ATYPICAL FORM TO THE MORPHOTYPES ADMITTED FOR 4 CONGOLENSE SENSUS LATO !S SUGGESTED BY 4OURE

(423) TO COMPLETE HIS PRO POSAL AND AVOID REFERENCE TO SPECIES NAMES

(424) PARASITIC STAGES OR AUTHORS NAMES

(425) THE FOLLOWING VOCABULARY COULD BE ADOPTED TO DESCRIBE THE TRYPANOSOMES OF THE SUBGENUS 4 .ANNOMONAS 4 .ANNOMONAS HYPERLEPTOMORPH VERY LONG AND SLENDER

(426) WITH A FREE FLAGELLUM EX RODHAINI FORM NOT OBSERVED IN THIS STUDY 4 .ANNOMONAS LEPTOMORPH LONG AND SLENDER

(427) WITH A FREE FLAGELLUM EX SIMIAE FORM NOT OBSERVED IN THIS STUDY 4 .ANNOMONAS ISOMORPH SLENDER

(428) GENERALLY WITHOUT A FREE FLAGELLUM EX CONGOLENSE FORM OBSERVED AS hSLENDER FORMSv WITH OR WITHOUT FREE FLAGELLUM IN THIS STUDY . /RIGINAL CONTRIBUTION. 0ARASITE

(429)

(430)

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(432) !490)#!,. 4 .ANNOMONAS PACHYMORPH STUMPY

(433) SHORT AND STOUT

(434) 7,R WITHOUT A FREE FLAGELLUM OCCASIONALLY DESCRIBED WITH A FREE FLAGELLUM IN 4 SUIS EX MONTGOMERYI FORM INCIDENTALLY OBSERVED IN THIS STUDY BUT NOT MENTIONED 4 .ANNOMONAS HYPERPACHYMORPH VERY SHORT AND VERY STOUT

(435) 7,R

(436) WITHOUT A FREE FLAGELLUM

(437) CYTOPLASM LIGHT IN COLOUR HYPER MONTGOMERYI FORM

(438) TIGHTENED BY A PROMINENT h3v v#v SHAPED FLAGELLUM

(439) WITHOUT CONVOLUTION OF THE UNDULATING MEMBRANE DES CRIBED AS hSTUMPY FORMSv IN THIS STUDY 4 .ANNOMONAS SPHAEROMORPH SPHAEROMASTIGOTES

(440) 7,R

(441) PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED AS hLATENT BODIESv OR hAMASTIGOTESv OBSERVED AS GLOBULAR FORMS IN THIS STUDY /N TOP OF THIS LIST

(442) ROSETTES OF VARIOUS MORPHOTYPES MIGHT BE OBSERVED

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