"!$#
%
'&)((*
+),.-/103254607468:9.;79.<.0722=/><.-?,A@B038:CD/6-1032FEBG07HD2DIJHD25K2L46HD032MIJH=2N4K2O;7,:P$2D-1-62FEQGRF9.ITS
UWVXZYQ[]\_^)`baAcdBce]af[NgXZh"[AciXkjQ[]e'^ldmeAnlh"[Acmo=\kf$pZqr[Acmjmsut=dBc
v d v
w)xzy.{|x~}Tk FAQ Fxy]{Qk Bxzrz
ct=akXZus\=[Tnlc[T[NgVaAts[Ace][T^l[\s\=hsJn[T\nlt^l[]\o=[AttDXZsuc\" \¡h"aAots[TVl¢XZc[£~¤Ynlt=[]\¦¥
[AopQ§N¨)©[]\dBc^l[]\'ª%\=[At=dBcJo'[]\\=[Anl[]\'dBc^l[]\e]dBc\=s^laAt=a][]\seAsQ«[Au[]\'dBcmo'nlc[jsuo=[]\=\=[W¬®°¯m±[Ac
²dBceAosdBc^l[r¢X³Vlt=d ²dBc^l[Anlt¯¨ cV®dBnlttDX³V[Ac\=[At´e][rhsuus[Anµe]dBhh"[ ²dBth"ar^)`nlc[ suc¤clsuo=a
^l[´e]dBne=q[]\^l[´jmsuo=[]\=\D[¬®°¯m±[Ao¶^)`baAVXZs\D\=[Anlt¦·ot=¸]\V[Aosuo=[T¹º¯»£~¤Y¨pQ§N¨
cXZVlV®[Au[Tº¼´nlc
^laAVl¢XBe][Ah"[AcJoaAaAh"[AcmoDXZsut=[[WdBclYr^n½tDXZs[Ao'º¯[Aoºl¾\=[]\:Vlt=dZ¿[]eAosdBc\\nlt:[]\'XFgl[]\:jQ[AtosekXZ
[Ao5qdBtsuÀkdBcJoDXZÁ¨
c¦cdBo=[OÂÃÅÄ=Æ¢ÇOÈ1ÉF¬['VXZtDXZh"¸Aot=['^)`nlcrtDXZsÁ¨
Ê$Ë Ì
n[h"[]\nlt=[NÍÁo?ÍdBc [Ac \=s\hsJn[Î
Ï)Ë Ð nlt[]\¤Ynlt=[]\OdBc¦Xt=[AVlt=a]\=[Acmo=a:nlctDXZs\s\hsmn[¨ Ì n`b[]\=oe][ÑJn`nlcTtDXZsFÎ:Ò:dBclc[Atnlc[
t=[A¢XZosdBc[AcJot=[_¬W[AoÁ`ÓXZclY[_^)`suceAs^l[Ace][LÈ[5dBclY¶^l[_e][5tDXZsÁ¨
Ì
n[Au[_[]\=o>¢X:jXZ[Anlt^l[5ÈXZn´V®dBsucmo
[:Vlun\5ÔXB\_^n¦tDXZsFÎ
ÕË ÒÑdBclc[At_[]\L[NgVlt=[]\D\sdBc\L^l['º¯´[AoLºl¾i[Ac
²
dBceAosdBc ^l['º¼[AoLÈD¨
ÖË
ÒÑdBclc[At_Á`b[NgVlt=[]\=\=sdBc ^l[ºl¾i[Ac
²
dBceAosdBc ^l['º¯f¬[Ao¨
×)Ë
cØ\=nlVlV®d\=[mn[¢X½jmsuo=[]\D\=[aAjQdBun[usucakXZsut=[Ah"[AcJo[Ac
²
dBceAosdBcØ^l[¢X½Vlt=d
²
dBc^l[Anlt Ù
¬®°¯m±>ÃŬBÚÛrܯ¨Ý6cJo=aAYt=[At¢Xt=[A¢XZosdBc´^l[5¢Xmn[]\osdBcVlt=a]e]a]^l[AcJo=[Ñ[Ao>h"dBcmot=[Atmn[OÁ`b[NgVlt=[]\=\=sdBc
^l[:¾i[]\oL^l[¢X
²
dBth"["Ù
¾ÃÞ¾®Úß à
®Ü5á à
ß®âBz¬ÚÛܯ±1âBã
c¦tDXZVlV®[Au[¢XVltsuhsuosujQ[´Ù
ä å
æ à ß å â ^ å Ãçß
á à ß å$â ã
èË é
XZeAnl[AtL¾$Ú:VdBnltLJn['Á`bdBtsuYsuc['^l[]\5¾i\DdBsuoLVlts\=['¢X\=dBnlt=e][¨
ê Ë
Ò:dBclc[At_Á`b[NgVlt=[]\=\sdBc ^l[¢Xjmsuo=[]\D\=[XZnrVdBsucJoë¾rÃì¾$ÚB¨
Ì
n[V®[Anlo?ÍdBc½[Ac e]dBceAunlt=[W\nlt
e][:V®dBsucmo$Î
íË î mn[Au[^s\oDXZce]['ïT^l[:¢X\=dBnlt=e][[:tDXZst=[
²
[AtDXFÍÁo?ÍÁsu\=nlt
²
XBe][Î
ðË ñ
Ï
d
Source Géophone
rai sismique Surface
z+dz z
x
v(z+dz) v(z) i
¥ "!$#&%')(
z+dz
v(z)
v(z+dz) z
rai sismique dz
dx ds i
p*,+-./#&!10*!2#435&768968-;:<-;0%=.>)(
T Z@?x°{Jk ZxzAB${zxzrzkmDCQzx° Bxz}
ÊË Ð
dBsuoFE
G
¢XYtDXkjmsuo=aXZn ^l[]\=\n\:[Ao'XZn³hsuus[An^)`nlc½Vl¢XZo=[kXZneA¡usuc^tsmn[r£zV®dBsucmoIH \nlt
¢X¶¤Ynlt=[UFÍÁYJXZne=q[.§N¨®ªdBnlt=JndBsE
G
[]\o?ÍÁsu^sutsuYQa'\=nlsujBXZcmoLÁ`ÓXFg[^l[]\ë¯Î
c¦cdBo=[AtDXE
G
Ãß
G E J)K
¨
ÏË L XZVlV[A[AtOmn[Au[:[]\oOÁ`b[NgVlt=[]\D\sdBc¦YQaAcaAtDXZ[^l[:¢X¶YtDX]jsuo=aME
G
^)`nlcre]dBtV\5dme]eAnlVXZcmoLnlc
jQdBunlh"[ON [Ac
²
dBceAosdBci^l['\DX^l[Ac\suo=a¨
P crsucmo=aAYtDXZcJoÑe][Aoo=['[NgVlt=[]\D\sdBc dBc¦V[AnloLh"dBcJot=[AtÑJn[Ù
G
ÃRQ&S1TVUXWZYÛ
á [ â Û]\ â ß á [ â ÛÅ\>Û]Y®± â_^ ã £?¥.§
Õ)Ë ©[OVl¢XZo=[kXZnosuÔ®aAoDXZsuc £z¢XZtYQ[Anltpa`a`a`cbmhrfBqXZnlo=[Anltedcbh§[]\o>XB\=\suhsuaLënlco=[AlVl¢XZo=[kXZn
eA¡musuc^tsmn[¨ P cVlt=[AcXZcmoUÃfQhgji ekXZeAnl[AtWÁ`ÓXZcdBh´XZus[Tmn`sueAt=a][Tr\DX \nlt ² XBe][i£\"ÃlkJ§[Ac
hnmXZ£°mn`ÓXZnltDXZsuo?ÍdBc ot=dBnljQa¶XkjQ[]enlcrVl¢XZo=[kXZnrsuc¤clsFÎZ§N¨
ÖË cÞh"[]\nlt=[po
G Ã ß
à)qà)q
hnmXZÑrda`a`a` h ^)`ÓXZuosuon^l[¨ Ì n[Au[½[]\o"Á`ÓXZcdBh´XZus[
é
4 Õ
e]dBceAun[AÀAÍÁjQdBn\$Î
×)Ë
ce]dBc\s^l¸At=[h´XZsucmo=[AcXZcJo'nlc[tDXBeAsuc[eAtn\=oDXZ[W^l[hAh"[
²
dBth"[eA¡musuc^tsmn[[Ao^l[
o=dBV®dBYtDXZVlqls[ Y£~¤Ynlt=[UFÍ^t=dBsuo=[.§N¨ é XZeAnl[AtÑÁ`ÓXZcdBh´XZus[¶o=dBoDXZ[¶eAt=a]a][VXZt_['Vl¢XZo=[kXZn½osuÔaAoDXZsuc
[AoÑ¢XTtDXBeAsuc[¨ P c Vlt=[AcXZcJo U Ãhg<QVdBnlt:¢X^l[Ac\suo=a^n³h´XZcJo=[kXZn|ekXZeAnl[At'e][Aoo=["XZcdBh´XZus[
[AchnmXZ>VdBnlt'[]\jXZ[Anlt=\\nlsujXZcJo=[]\¶^l[ YLÙ¥)`fpa`fUa`¦[Ao `Mbhr¨ Á`ÓXZs^l["^l[Á`ÓXZcdBh´XZus[
WÁ`ÓXZsutLusuÔlt=['dBÔ\=[AtjQa][¶[Ac ^la]^nlsut=[nlc['[]\osuh´XZosdBc½^l[Á`baAVXZs\=\=[AnltëeAtn\oDXZ[e][Ao_[Ac^t=dBsuok¨
c
Vlt=[Ac^tDXçÃ
q
bmhr¨
èË Ì
n[ÑjBXZnloe][Aoo=[:aAVXZs\=\=[AnltO\s®dBc\nlVlVd\=[LÁ`s\Dd\oDXB\s[·VXZt
²
XZsuo=[:¹Qfe`b[]\o?Í6FÍ^sut=[:Jn[ë[
·¶V®dBs^l\L^l[]\_e]dBdBclc[]\_^l[h´XZos¸At=[¶¹¦[]\oLaAYJXZÁ¨ Ì n`b[Ac e]dBceAun[AÀAÍÁjQdBn\$Î
b
h r
r’
R z M
P
e z
λ
h
E
h’
R M
ρ ρ m
U*
v d v
