The Arab Center for the Studies of Arid Zones and The Arab Center for the Studies of Arid Zones and
Dry Lands Dry Lands
Groundwater Governance and Management In Arid & Semi-Arid Climates
Cairo, 4
Cairo, 4 -- 7 April 20057 April 2005
Using mathematical
Using mathematical modeling modeling in in groundwater management (case groundwater management (case
studies) studies)
Dr. Mahmoud Al
Dr. Mahmoud Al--SibaiSibai
Head of Integrated Water Resources Management Program
Head of Integrated Water Resources Management Program, ACSAD, ACSAD
Water Resources Division Water Resources Division
•• Integrated Water Resources Management ProgramIntegrated Water Resources Management Program
•• Water Resources Development ProgramWater Resources Development Program
•• Environmental Water Protection Program Environmental Water Protection Program
Rain Water Harvesting Rain Water HarvestingRain Water Harvesting Rain Water Harvesting
ACSAD is a specialized Arab intergovernmental organization, working within the framework of the League of Arab States, aims to develop the scientific agricultural research in the arid and semi-arid zone. ACSAD has six main division among the is water resources division
Throughout the Arab world, the majority of countries suffer from imbalance between the constantly increasing demand of water and the natural available water resources. As the second largest sources of fresh water, groundwater is under high
pressure. Many countries are already using more water than their renewable water supply, and are in water deficit situation.
In such situation many consequences of groundwater
overdevelopment are becoming increasingly evident. The most common symptom is secular decline in water tables
Chunit
Renewable Water Resources Nonrenewable Water Resources No Water Resources No Data Testing
N E W
S
Renewable & Nonrenewable Water Resources in the Arab Region Mediterranean Sea
Red S ea
Arab Gulf Atlantic Ocean
Indian Ocean
10.5%
65.6%
23.9%
Water Resources Status In The Arab World Water Resources Status In The Arab World
Importance of Rational Management Importance of Rational Management
Water Resources
Limitation
Increasing Of Water Demand
Depletion
&
Pollution
Rational Management
In the management of a ground-water system in which decisions must be made with respect to both water quality and water quantity, a tool is needed to provide the decision maker with information about the future response of the system to the effects of management
decisions. Depending on the nature of the management problem, decision variables, objective functions, and constraints, the
response may take the form of future spatial distributions of contaminant concentrations, water levels, etc. This tool is the model.
Its predictive capacity makes it the most useful tool for planning, design,
implementation and management of the groundwater resources.
Since late seventies Since late seventies
ACSAD started to apply ACSAD started to apply
computer simulation computer simulation models for analyzing models for analyzing
flow in groundwater flow in groundwater systems. Numerical systems. Numerical
groundwater flow models groundwater flow models
have been constructed have been constructed
to develop an to develop an
understanding of the understanding of the groundwater flowing groundwater flowing
systems, evaluate the systems, evaluate the
effects of development effects of development
on groundwater on groundwater
resources and support resources and support
groundwater groundwater
management.
management.
Numerical groundwater flow models Numerical groundwater flow models
Modern tool for development and management of water resources Modern tool for development and management of water resources
Available Studies Available Studies
State of Knowledge State of Knowledge
Field Survey Field Survey
Periodical Monitoring Periodical Monitoring Model Calibration
Model Calibration Model Input Model Input Conceptual Model Conceptual Model Geological–Hydrological
-Tectonic Geological–Hydrological
-Tectonic Base Map
Base Map Remote Sensing Remote Sensing
Scenarios & Pridiction Thematic Maps
Vegetation cover Land & Water use
Developing a Model for groundwater flow and Developing a Model for groundwater flow and
contaminant transport for
contaminant transport for BekaBeka’’aa valley in Lebanonvalley in Lebanon
The Lebanese Beka’a valley is situated at an average elevation of 900 m between the western Lebanon and eastern Anti-
Lebanon mountain ranges. It comprises around 170 km in length, with a varying width between 20 km in the central part and 5 km near the southern tip. Due to intense agricultural activities in the valley, the
Beka’a is of vital importance to the country’s economy and food supply. With an estimated
540000 inhabitants it is home to about 13.6 percent of the
Lebanese population.
Beka’a valley, Lebanon
- Nitrate pollution from agricultural non-point sources
- Possible pollution from existing point sources (waste dumps)
Project schedule:
- Data enquiry and field work
- Developing and calibrating the groundwater model - Calculation of transport scenarios
Identified problems:
Solute transport
scenarios: point source pollution from waste dumps (1997-2010).
Groundwater flow model
Calculated heads for the upper aquifer 1997-2010
Conclusions :
A groundwater model has been developed that could assist local authorities in decision making. However, the model is currently based on scarce data.
Some areas particularly affected by pollution from the waste dumps, i.e. where a threat to farming activities and other forms of land use are likely to occur.
Data collection and model development are tasks that are strongly interdependent. A good data base is a
prerequisite for a good model that closely represents reality and allows for precise predictions. On the other hand model results could guide in focusing data
collection.
37°00'
36°45'
36°30'
39°45' 40°00' 40°15' 40°30' 40°45 ' 41°00' 41°15 '
37°00'
36°45'
36°30' 590
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570
510 520 530 540 550 560 590
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510 520 530 540 550 560
510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 650 660
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جغجغ
الزركان
الرد جغجغ الزركان
الخابور
الخابور
الخابور وادي جرجب
الزركان
الخابور
الخابور
وادي الخنزير
جغجغ
الخابور رأس العين
تل تمر تل عرادة
شما درباسية
عامودة
القامشلي
الحسكة تل خنزير
تل أبو راسين
تل أيلول
R45
R48 R49
R51
R53
R54
R56 R58
R59 R60
R65
DK1 DK2
DK3
DK4 DK5 DK7
DK8 DK9
DK10
DK12
DK14
DK11
DK13 37°00'
36°45'
36°30'
39°45' 40°00' 40°15' 40°30' 40°45 ' 41°00' 41°15 '
37°00'
36°45'
36°30' 590
580
570
510 520 530 540 550 560 590
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510 520 530 540 550 560
510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 650 660
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جغجغ
الزركان
الرد جغجغ الزركان
الخابور
الخابور
الخابور وادي جرجب
الزركان
الخابور
الخابور
وادي الخنزير
جغجغ
الخابور رأس العين
تل تمر تل عرادة
شما درباسية
عامودة
القامشلي
الحسكة تل خنزير
تل أبو راسين
تل أيلول
R45
R48 R49
R51
R53
R54
R56 R58
R59 R60
R65
DK1 DK2
DK3
DK4 DK5 DK7
DK8 DK9
DK10
DK12
DK14
DK11
DK13
حوض الخابور ودجلة حوض الفرات
حوض البادية
حوض اليرموك حوض العاصي
حوضبردىوالأعوج حوض
الساحل البحر
الأبيض المتوسط
تركيـ ـ ا
العـ ــ ـراق
الأردن لبنان
الحسكة
دير الزور
تدمر
القامشلي
حلب
حماة
حمص
دمشق
السويداء اللاذقية
طرطوس
بحيرة الأسد
رأس العين
حوض الخابور ودجلة حوض الفرات
حوض البادية
حوض اليرموك حوض العاصي
حوض بردىوالأعوج حوض
الساحل البحر الأبيض المتوسط
تركيـ ـ ا
العـ ــ ـراق
الأردن لبنان
الحسكة
دير الزور
تدمر
القامشلي
حلب
حماة
حمص
دمشق
السويداء اللاذقية
طرطوس
بحيرة الأسد
رأس العين
Development of a Mathematical Model For The Northern Part Of Khabour Basin In Syria
Total Area ~ 3000km Total Area ~ 3000km22
The study area located at the The study area located at the northern part of
northern part of KhabourKhabour basin. basin.
In this area a famous spring In this area a famous spring
(Ras(Ras Al-Al-EinEin) was flowing with an ) was flowing with an average discharge of 40m
average discharge of 40m33/sec. /sec.
The spring flow decreased with The spring flow decreased with time until it stop to flow early time until it stop to flow early this century.
this century.
The area is very fertile.
The area is very fertile.
Thousands of farmer wells are Thousands of farmer wells are pumping the water for
pumping the water for
agriculture. The aquifer is agriculture. The aquifer is shared by Syria and Turkey, shared by Syria and Turkey, where the recharge area
where the recharge area located in Turkey.
located in Turkey.
Facing the problem of declining Facing the problem of declining water table (1
water table (1--10 m/year), the 10 m/year), the Authority asked for a tool to Authority asked for a tool to
best managing water resources.
best managing water resources.
Conceptual Model
Figure 2: Average Hydrographs of DK's, MR's, and R's
330 335 340 345 350 355
95-أيلول 96-أيلول 97-أيلول 98-أيلول 99-أيلول 00-أيلول 01-أيلول 02-أيلول 03-أيلول
month
level
Average DKs Average Rs Average MRs
510000 520000 530000 540000 550000 560000 570000 580000 590000 600000 610000 620000 630000 640000 650000 660000 500000
510000 520000 530000 540000 550000 560000 570000 580000 590000
Average drawdown per year
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10 10.5 11 11.5 1212.5 شكل رقم
( 23 ) : النموذج الﻩيدروجيولوجي الإعتباري ضخ
( مياﻩ ري+مطر ) ( مياﻩ ري+مطر )
تغذية المجموعة المائية الثانية
تغذية جانبية
طبقة حاجزﻩ ( تورتون )
رباعي – بليوسين – ميوسين أعلى
طبقة حاجزﻩ ( باليوسين ) Nt1
كريتاسي Cr مياﻩ حبيسة
( ضاغط بيزومتري ) رأس العين الحدود التركية
حد محكم ( تدفق / ضاغط )
N -31 N2 - Q
حد محكم ( تدفق / ضاغط )
h N1
Pg3
2 Pg2
ﻩ يليفيت أولي غ وسين
إيوسين الجزء العلوي من التورتون جريان نبعي
المجموعة المائـ ـ ية الأولــى
المجموعة المائـ ـ ية الثانيــة
Pg1
شكل رقم ( 23 ) : النموذج الﻩيدروجيولوجي الإعتباري ضخ
( مياﻩ ري+مطر ) ( مياﻩ ري+مطر )
تغذية المجموعة المائية الثانية
تغذية جانبية
طبقة حاجزﻩ ( تورتون )
رباعي – بليوسين – ميوسين أعلى
طبقة حاجزﻩ ( باليوسين ) Nt1
كريتاسي Cr مياﻩ حبيسة
( ضاغط بيزومتري ) رأس العين الحدود التركية
حد محكم ( تدفق / ضاغط )
N -31 N2 - Q N -31 N2 - Q
حد محكم ( تدفق / ضاغط )
h N1h1 N
Pg3
2 Pg22 Pg2
ﻩ يليفيت أولي غ وسين
إيوسين الجزء العلوي من التورتون جريان نبعي
المجموعة المائـ ـ ية الأولــى
المجموعة المائـ ـ ية الثانيــة
Pg1
Ground Water Abstraction Ground Water Abstraction
Expected drawdown in water Expected drawdown in water level after 3 years (scenario I )
level after 3 years (scenario I ) Locations of present and Locations of present and proposed observation wells proposed observation wells Model Grid
Model Grid
Proposing new sets for GW observations
General Remarks General Remarks
Shared aquifer should have shared Shared aquifer should have shared
management management . .
The groundwater front coming from Turkey The groundwater front coming from Turkey
is decreasing.
is decreasing.
Overpumping
Overpumping of groundwater in both sides of groundwater in both sides have a negative impacts on both sides of have a negative impacts on both sides of
the aquifer.
the aquifer.
ضاﻮﺣﻷا
ﺔﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻴﺟورﺪﻴﻬﻟا
ﺮﻔﻟا ﺔﻴﻋ
جﻮﻋﻷاو ىدﺮﺑ ضﻮﺣ ﻲﻓ
Mathematical Model of Zabadani Basin
2 0 2 4 Kilometers
N
Barada River
Zabadani Town
Barada Spring Anti – Lebanon Mountains
Zabadani sub-basin (40 Km2)is one of the most important basins in Syria, since it is considered as a strategic source of drinking water for
Damascus City. There are conflicts between
Different water users. The area is highly cultivated (2300 wells) and a lot of tourist activities are
existed, in addition to that there is a considerable amount of water pumped to Damascus to cover the deficit in drinking water.
The study aims to build a mathematical model to simulate the groundwater flow system. This
model will be used as a tool for the decision
maker to manage and set up proper plan for the basin water resources.
S.W. & Sewerage W. used for irrigation S.W. & Sewerage W. used for irrigation G.W. Use for irrigation
G.W. Use for irrigation B.H. Density distribution
B.H. Density distribution
ÓÜáÜ ÓÜáÉ ÌÜ
ÈÇá ÔÜÜíÑ ãäÜÜÕÜÜæÑ
ÓÜÜÜÜÜÜåá ÇáÒ ÈÏÇäí
ÇáÒÈÏÇäí ÈáæÏÇä
ÈÞíä ãÖÇíÇ
äÈÚ ÈÑÏì ãÌÑì äåÑ ÈÑÏì
3725 3730 3735
350
ó39 ú33 ó40 ú 33 ó40 ú 33 ó42 ú33
ð30 ó07 ú36
Ôßá) (
345
ð30 ó01 ú36 ð00 ó03 ú36 ð30 ó04 ú36 ð00 ó06 ú36
ÇáãÕØáÍÇÊ ÇáÓÜÜÜãÇßÉ ( )
< 5 5 - 10 10 - 20
> 20 Óã
76 80
255 390 735 6000
ÈÞíä æÍÏÉ ÇáÒÈÏÇäí ãÍØÉ ÇáÒÈÏÇäí ãÍØÉ ÝÑäÓíÓ ãÍØÉ ÂÈÇÑ ÈÑÏìÝíÌÉ )(
( ÝíÌÉ ÝíÌÉ( ) ) ãÌãæÚÉ ÂÈÇÑ ÇáÖÎ áãíÇå ÇáÔÑÈÓã( )
1 0 1 2 Km
Groundwater Abstractions Aug. 2001
ÓÜáÜ ÓÜáÉ ÌÜ
ÈÇá ÔÜÜíÑ ãäÜ ÜÕÜÜæÑ
ÓÜÜåá ÇáÒ ÈÏÇäí
ÇáÒÈÏÇäí ÈáæÏÇä
ÈÞíä ãÖÇíÇ
äÈÚ ÈÑÏì ãÌÑì äåÑ ÈÑÏì
ÇáãÕØáÍÇÊ
350
3 33 33 33
ð30 ó07 ú36
Ôßá) (
345
ð30 ó01 ú36 ð00 ó03 ú36 ð30 ó04 ú36 ð00 ó06 ú36
< 5 5 - 10 10 - 20 20 - 40
> 40 ÇáÓãÇßÉ( ) Óã
1 0 1 2 Km
80
Amount of Irrigation Water Aug. 2001
SumSum 675.084
675.084 690.965
690.965 -
-15.88115.881
Abstraction Abstraction 00
68.996 68.996 --68.99668.996
Recharge (Rain, Recharge (Rain, IrrIrr.).) 2.733
2.733 00
2.733 2.733
Spring Discharge Spring Discharge 00
9.901 9.901 --9.9019.901
Horizontal flow Horizontal flow 672.349
672.349 612.066
612.066 60.283
60.283
Items Items Inflow
Inflow Outflow
Outflow In
In--OutOut
SumSum 675.084
675.084 690.965
690.965 -
-15.88115.881
Abstraction Abstraction 00
68.996 68.996 --68.99668.996
Recharge (Rain, Recharge (Rain, IrrIrr.).) 2.733
2.733 00
2.733 2.733
Spring Discharge Spring Discharge 00
9.901 9.901 --9.9019.901
Horizontal flow Horizontal flow 672.349
672.349 612.066
612.066 60.283
60.283
Items Items Inflow
Inflow Outflow
Outflow In
In--OutOut
The water balance components for the aquifer were computed by the model. These
computations show that the total groundwater deficit is about 16
Mm3/year
One of the tested scenarios was when a new exploitation sites were assumed to pump additional
drinking water for Damascus City from six new sites. This pumping water was increased gradually by fifty percent each year. The model showed that a maximum drawdown of two meters was predicted after three years at the exploitation sites
-40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 January-
92
January- 93
January- 94
January- 95
January- 96
January- 97
January- 98
January- 99
January- 00
January- 01
January- 02
January- 03
January- 04
January- 05
January- 06
P9 (m depth) Well 4755
-1.9 -1.7 -1.5 -1.3 -1.1 -0.9 -0.7 -0.5 -0.3 -0.1 0.1
New exploitation sites x
General Recommendations General Recommendations
The The
study showed that the area has limited waterresources, which are highly depended on the amount of rainfall rather than on the amount of exploitation
As is mentioned before, it is of great important for As is mentioned before, it is of great important for better prediction to continue monitoring of water better prediction to continue monitoring of water
levels (monthly at least) and to enhance the existing levels (monthly at least) and to enhance the existing groundwater monitoring network.
groundwater monitoring network.
Since the
Since the Barada Barada spring is now considered as a spring is now considered as a major drinking water supply,
major drinking water supply, the spring the spring catchment's area should also be strongly catchment's area should also be strongly protected.
protected.
Irrigation methods should be improved to Irrigation methods should be improved to
enhance the water use efficiency and reduce the enhance the water use efficiency and reduce the amount of exploited water.
amount of exploited water.
Desicion
Desicion Support System: Support System:
A Robust Tool for Integrated Water Management A Robust Tool for Integrated Water Management
What is Decision Support Systems What is Decision Support Systems
is an interactive, flexible, and adaptable computer based Infor
is an interactive, flexible, and adaptable computer based Information mation System specially developed for supporting the solution of non System specially developed for supporting the solution of non-- structured management problem for improved decision making. It structured management problem for improved decision making. It uses data, provides easy user interface, and can incorporate the uses data, provides easy user interface, and can incorporate the decision maker
decision maker’’s own insightss own insights””
Technical Cooperation Project between ACSAD and BGR Technical Cooperation Project between ACSAD and BGR
Management, Protection and Sustainable Use of Groundwater and So Management, Protection and Sustainable Use of Groundwater and Soil il
Resources in the Arab Region Resources in the Arab Region
The basic functions The basic functions
of the DSS are:
of the DSS are:
Asses the state of the system Asses the state of the system in terms of sources, usage, in terms of sources, usage, water cycles and
water cycles and
environmental quality in order environmental quality in order to be able to answer what
to be able to answer what……if if questions.
questions.
Consider development plans, Consider development plans, structure and non
structure and non--structure structure development measures and development measures and controlled and non
controlled and non--controlled controlled policy variables.
policy variables.
Trade
Trade--off analysis of the off analysis of the development measures and development measures and policies by investigating the policies by investigating the degree of conflict existing degree of conflict existing
among different objectives for among different objectives for different stakeholders
different stakeholders
Components Components
of DSS of DSS
Information systems
DM Support Manager's Decision Models and Tools
DSS Capabilities DSS Capabilities
DSS support all phases of the decision making process.
DSS support all phases of the decision making process.
DSS support various managerial levels Top to bottom.
DSS support various managerial levels Top to bottom.
Provide support for
Provide support for DMsDMs in semiin semi-- and unstructured and unstructured problems.
problems.
DSS provide support to several interdependent or DSS provide support to several interdependent or sequential decisions.
sequential decisions.
DSS are adaptive over time. DM should be reactive.
DSS are adaptive over time. DM should be reactive.
DSS aims to support not to replace DM.
DSS aims to support not to replace DM.
Concluding remarks
The goal is not the model, the goal are the model results as basis for
management decisions. But, these results could only be as good as the used data base.
Model results could assist in focusing data collection and guide for further
actions.
Discussion:
Discussion:
Obstacles in WRM Obstacles in WRM
