Un cadre sémantique formel pour la description, sélection et composition des services web

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https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01743824

Submitted on 18 Sep 2018

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Un cadre sémantique formel pour la description,

sélection et composition des services web

Manel Amel Djenouhat

To cite this version:

Manel Amel Djenouhat. Un cadre sémantique formel pour la description, sélection et composition des services web. Web. Conservatoire national des arts et metiers - CNAM; Université Abdelhamid Mehri - Constantine 2. Faculté des Nouvelles Technologies de l’Information et de la Communication (Constantine, Algérie), 2017. Français. �NNT : 2017CNAM1137�. �tel-01743824�

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École!Doctorale!d'Informatique,!Télécommunications!et!Electronique!!

Centre!d'étude!et!de!recherche!en!informatique!et!communications!

Laboratoire!Cédric,!Équipe!VESPA!

Département!des!Technologies!des!Logiciels!et!des!Systèmes!d’Information!

Laboratoire!d’Informatique!Répartie,!Équipe!GLSD!

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THÈSE

!présentée!par!:!

Manel!Amel!DJENOUHAT!!

! soutenue!le!:!23!octobre!2017! ! ! ! ! pour!obtenir!le!grade!de!:!

Docteur!du!Conservatoire!National!des!Arts!et!Métiers!

Discipline/!Spécialité

!:!Informatique!

Un Cadre Sémantique Formel pour la

Description, Sélection et Composition des

Services Web

! ! THÈSE!dirigée!par!:! M.BARKAOUI!Kamel! Professeur!des!Universités,!Cnam! Mme.BELALA!Faïza! Professeur,!Université!Constantine!2! ! RAPPORTEURS!:! M.!OUSSALAH!Mourad! Professeur!des!Universités,!Universités!de!Nantes! ! ! JURY!:! Mme.!BOUFAIDA!Zizette! Professeur,!Université!Constantine!2! M.!BELLATRECHE!Ladjel! Professeur!des!Universités,!ENSMAA,!Poitiers! M.!MEZIOUD!Chaker! Maître!de!Conférences!A,!Université!Constantine2!

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ě G MQM +QKTiB#BHBiû p2+ /2b 2MpB`QMM2K2Mib 7Q`K2Hb TQm` MHvb2` 2i 2tû+mi2` H2b KQ/ĕH2bX

hQmi2b H2b T?b2b ,

AMi`Q/m+iBQM :ûMû`H2 j ě GǶûpQHmiBQM +QMbiMi2 2i 7mH;m`Mi2 /m q2# [mB 7`2BM2 H2b i2+?MB[m2b /Ƕ/TiiBQMX .Mb +2 i`pBH- MQmb MQmb 7Q+HBbQMb T`BM+BTH2K2Mi bm` H2b T?b2b /2 /2b+`BTiBQM- bûH2+iBQM 2i +QKTQbBiBQM /2 b2`pB+2bX G T`Q#HûKiB[m2 ûim/Bû2 /Mb +2ii2 i?ĕb2 b2 `ûbmK2 2M i`QBb T`BM+BTH2b [m2biBQMb +?+mM2 /Ƕ2HH2b `2Hĕp2 /ǶmM2 /2b ûiT2b bmb@+Biû2b ,

*QKK2Mi 7B`2 +QQ`/QMM2` /2b b2`pB+2b q2# bMb K#B;mśiûb \

q.aG DQm2 mM `ƬH2 T`ûTQM/û`Mi /Mb H2 T`Q+2bbmb /2 /2b+`BTiBQM /2 b2`pB+2b q2# c 2M THmb /2 /QMM2` mM2 /2b+`BTiBQM /2 HǶBMi2`7+2 /ǶmM b2`pB+2- BH /QBi ;`MiB` [m2 +2ii2 /2b+`BTiBQM bbm`2 bQM BMi2`QTû`#BHBiû p2+ /Ƕmi`2b b2`pB+2b pm H pQ+iBQM /ǶmMBp2`bHBiû [mB H2m` 2bi bbQ+Bû2X G /2b+`BTiBQM #bi`Bi2 /QMMû2 T` +2 HM;;2 MǶ2bi Tb bm{bMi2 TQm` bTû+B}2` /2b +QKTQbMib +QKTH2t2bX 1M 2z2i- 2HH2 2bi BMTT`QT`Bû2 +` +2b b2`pB+2b Mû+2bbBi2Mi /2b KQ/ĕH2b /Ƕû+?M;2 THmb +QKTH2t2bX *2ii2 T`Q#HûKiB[m2 BKTQb2 /QM+ H `2+?2`+?2 /ǶmM KQv2M [mB bQBi 2{++2 2i `B;Qm`2mt TQm` bbQ+B2` mM2 bûKMiB[m2 7Q`K2HH2 ¨Ƙ+2 ivT2 /2 HM;;2bX

*QKK2Mi bûH2+iBQMM2` H2 b2`pB+2 /û[mi Qm THMB}2` mM2 ûp2Mim2HH2 +QKTQbBiBQM /2 b2`pB+2b \

+im2HH2K2Mi- /2 MQK#`2mt b2`pB+2b q2# p2+ /2b 7QM+iBQMMHBiûb bBKBHB`2b bQMi Tm#HBûb T` /2b 7Qm`MBbb2m`b +QM+m``2Mib c +2+B z2+i2 2i +QKTHB[m2 H2 T`Q+2bbmb /2 bûH2+@ iBQMX 1M 2z2i- THmbB2m`b b2`pB+2b q2# /û+Qmp2`ib bm` H2 `2;Bbi`2 l..A T2mp2Mi +QK#H2` H2b #2bQBMb /2 HǶmiBHBbi2m`X JBb TQm` [m2H b2`pB+2 QTi2` \ AH /2pB2Mi /QM+ Mû+2bbB`2 /ǶmiBHBb2` mM Kû+MBbK2 /2 DmK2H;2 T2`K2iiMi /ǶûpHm2` H2b b2`pB+2b pMi /2 H2b bûH2+iBQMM2` 2i /Ƕ2M +?QBbB` H2b THmb T2`iBM2MibX

GǶQTiBKBbiBQM /2 +2ii2 T?b2 T2mi āi`2 miBH2- MQM b2mH2K2Mi- TQm` 7Qm`MB` mM2 `ûTQMb2 QTiBKH2 ¨ƘH /2KM/2 /m +HB2Mi- KBb mbbB- TQm` i`Qmp2` iQmi2b H2b QTû`iBQMb /2 b2`pB+2b bm#biBim#H2b TT`QT`Bû2b [mB T2mp2Mi āi`2 miBHBbû2b HQ`b /2 H `2+QM};m`iBQM /vMKB[m2 /2b b2`pB+2b vMi û+?QmûX 1HH2 2bi û;H2K2Mi /Tiû2 TQm` THMB}2` mM2 ûp2Mim2HH2 +QKTQbBiBQM [mB TmBbb2 7Qm`MB` H2b +QK#BMBbQMb /û[mi2b /2b b2`pB+2b ¨ +QKTQb2`X

*QKK2Mi bTû+B}2` H2 +QKTQ`i2K2Mi /ǶmM b2`pB+2 +QKTQbBi2 2i bm`p2BHH2` bQM ûpQHmiBQM 2M i2MMi +QKTi2 /2 H /vMKB+Biû /2 bQM 2MpB`QMM2K2Mi \

G +QKTQbBiBQM /vMKB[m2 /2b b2`pB+2b q2# 2bi mM /QKBM2 /2 `2+?2`+?2 /B{+BH2 TQm` H /BzmbBQM /ǶTTHB+iBQMb Q`B2Miû2b b2`pB+2bX 1HH2 bmb+Bi2- /2 THmb 2M THmb- HǶii2MiBQM /2b +?2`+?2m`bX lM BMiû`āi T`iB+mHB2` 2bi ++Q`/û mt T`BM+BTH2b [m2biBQMb `2HiBp2b ¨ƘH +QM+2TiBQM 2i ¨ƘH `2+QM};m`iBQM /2b TTHB+iBQMb #bû2b bm` H2b b2`pB+2b [mB ûpQHm2Mi /Mb mM 2MpB`QMM2K2Mi /vMKB[m2X lM2 +QKT`û?2MbBQM /m +QKTQ`i2K2Mi /2b b2`pB+2b q2# +QKTH2t2b 2i /vMKB[m2b 2bi BM+QMiQm`M#H2X

1M 2z2i- H2b b2`pB+2b q2# +QKTQbBi2b bǶ2tû+mi2Mi /Mb mM 2MpB`QMM2K2Mi p2`biBH2 Qɍ H2 MQK#`2 /2 b2`pB+2b /BbTQMB#H2b ûpQHm2 i`ĕb `TB/2K2MiX aiBb7B`2 H2b Q#D2+iB7b /2

AMi`Q/m+iBQM :ûMû`H2 9 +2ii2 i+?2 T`iB+mHBĕ`2 BKTHB[m2 H KBi`Bb2 /2 7Q`KHBbK2b pM+ûb TQmpMi 7Qm`MB` mM2 bTû+B}+iBQM +QKTQ`i2K2MiH2 #bi`Bi2 2i +QM+Bb2 p2+ mM2 bm`p2BHHM+2 T2`KM2Mi2 /2b +?M;2K2Mib 2MpB`QMM2K2Mimt 2i /2b ûp2Mim2Hb #2bQBMb TQmpMi bm`;B`X *2b 7Q`KHBbK2b /QBp2Mi āi`2 /Qiûb /2 bi`iû;B2b 2{++2b TQm` H `2+QM};m`iBQM 2i H2 `2KTH+2K2Mi /2 b2`pB+2b 2M +b /2 TMM2bX

yXk JQiBpiBQMb 2i P#D2+iB7b

G2 #mi /2 +2ii2 i?ĕb2 2bi /2 /û;;2` mM +/`2 bûKMiB[m2 7Q`K2H TT`QT`Bû bmTTQ`iMi HǶBMi2`QTû`#BHBiû /2 /Bzû`2Mib 7Q`KHBbK2b /ûD¨ miBHBbûb TQm` /û+`B`2 2i /ûTHQv2` mM b2`pB+2 q2#X

1M /Ƕmi`2b i2`K2b- MQmb +QMi`B#mQMb m /ûp2HQTT2K2Mi /ǶmM 7Q`KHBbK2 Ki?ûKiB[m2 `B;Qm`2mt T2`K2iiMi /2 /û+`B`2 mM b2`pB+2 q2# +QKTH2t2 bmb+2TiB#H2 /2 +?M;2` T2M/Mi HǶ2tû+miBQM 2i /2 +QQ`/QMM2` p2+ H2b mi`2b b2`pB+2b /2 7ÏQM /TiiBp2X

1M 2z2i- H2b i2+?MB[m2b 2tBbiMi2b [mB QMi KQMi`û /2b `ûbmHiib T`Q#Mib- i2HH2b [m2 , H HQ;B[m2 /2 `ûû+`Bim`2- H2b `ûb2mt /2 S2i`B QMi ûiû `û@2tTHQBiû2b 2i ûi2M/m2b /Mb H2 #mi /2 /ûp2HQTT2` +2 +/`2 7Q`K2HX *2HmB@+B i2M/ ¨Ƙ7Qm`MB` ,

ě lM2 MQmp2HH2 /2b+`BTiBQM Hi2`MiBp2 ¨ +2HH2 /2 qa.G /Qiû2 /ǶmM2 bûKMiB[m2 7Q`@ K2HH2 TQm` 7+BHBi2` HǶBMi2`QTû`#BHBiû 2Mi`2 b2`pB+2b q2# HQ`b /m T`Q+2bbmb /ǶBMi2`+@ iBQMX

ě .2 MQmp2mt Kû+MBbK2b i2M/Mi ¨ƘmiQKiBb2` H2 T`Q+2bbmb /2 bûH2+iBQM- bǶT@ TmvMi bm` /2b /2b+`BTiBQMb 7Q`K2HH2b /2 b2`pB+2b 2i /2b bi`iû;B2b /2 bûH2+iBQM TQm` i`Qmp2` H2 b2`pB+2 /û[mi `ûTQM/Mi ¨ƘmM2 `2[māi2 T`û+Bb2 BMbB [m2 TQm` THMB}2` /2b +QK#BMBbQMb /2 b2`pB+2b TQm` /Ƕûp2Mim2HH2b +QKTQbBiBQMbX

ě lM2 bTû+B}+iBQM +QKTQ`i2K2MiH2 7Q`K2HH2 /2 b2`pB+2b q2# +QKTQbBi2b 2M `2bT2+@ iMi H2m` Mim`2 pQHiBH2 2i 2M i2MMi +QKTi2 /2 H /vMKB+Biû /2 H2m` 2MpB`QMM2K2MiX ě GǶMHvb2 2i HǶ2tû+miBQM miQKiB[m2 /2b KQ/ĕH2b +QMÏmb ¨Ƙi`p2`b HǶ/QTiBQM /2b

i2+?MB[m2b /2 Kûi@i`Mb7Q`KiBQMX

yXj *QMi`B#miBQMb

}M /Ƕii2BM/`2 H2b Q#D2+iB7b bmb@+Biûb- MQmb T`QTQbQMb /Mb mM T`2KB2` i2KTb- ¨ i`p2`b HǶmiBHBbiBQM /m +/`2 bûKMiB[m2 7Q`K2H E H2 HM;;2 Eqa.G , lM HM;;2 /2 /2b+`BT@ iBQM /2 b2`pB+2b q2# [mB bǶBMbTB`2 /m biM/`/ qa.GX SHmb `B+?2 ;`KKiB+H2K2Mi 2i bm`iQmi /Qiû /ǶmM2 bûKMiB[m2 7Q`K2HH2X *2ii2 +QMi`B#miBQM 2bi /Qm#H2X .ǶmM2 T`i- 2HH2 7Qm`MBi mM HM;;2 p2+ mM2 bûKMiB[m2 QTû`iBQMM2HH2 2M i2`K2 /2 `ĕ;H2b /2 `ûû+`Bim`2 [mB /2K2m`2 #b2Mi2 m MBp2m /2 qa.G 2i /Ƕmi`2 T`i- ;`+2 m +/`2 E- H /2b+`BTiBQM [mB 2M /û+QmH2 T2mi āi`2 2tû+mi#H2 2i MHvb#H2 bQmb Jm/2 /m 7Bi [m2 H2 Tbb;2 2bi bbm`û miQKiB[m2K2Mi 2i 2M i`MbT`2M+2 2Mi`2 +2b /2mt 2MpB`QMM2K2MibX

AMi`Q/m+iBQM :ûMû`H2 8 LQmb BMi`Q/mBbQMb- /Mb mM b2+QM/ i2KTb- qa@aBK- mM2 MQmp2HH2 TT`Q+?2 #bû2 bm` H i?ûQ`B2 /2b +iû;Q`B2b pBbMi ¨ KûHBQ`2` H2 T`Q+2bbmb /2 /û+Qmp2`i2 2i /2 bûH2+iBQM /2 b2`pB+2bX 1M 2z2i- 2M `û/mBbMi H2b T`Q#HĕK2b /2 `2/QM/M+2b [mB bm`;Bbb2Mi m +Qm`b /2 HǶ2tû+miBQM 2M `BbQM /2b bBKBHBim/2b T2`Ïm2b 2Mi`2 H2b b2`pB+2b- H2b T`Q+2bbmb /ǶBMpQ+iBQM 2i /2 +QKTQbBiBQM b2 pQB2Mi pMi;ûbX

qa@aBK ûpHm2 HǶû[mBpH2M+2 +QKTQ`i2K2MiH2 2Mi`2 b2`pB+2b 2M `2T`ûb2MiMi +?[m2 b2`@ pB+2 T` mM2 +iû;Q`B2 2i 2M ûi#HBbbMi /2b HB2Mb 7Q`K2Hb U7QM+i2m`V 2Mi`2 2HH2bX GǶû[mBpH2M+2 +QKTQ`i2K2MiH2 2Mi`2 /2mt b2`pB+2b 2bi /û/mBi2 /m /2;`û /2 T`ûb2`piBQM /2b Q#D2ib 2i /2b KQ`T?BbK2b [mB +QMbiBim2Mi +2b +iû;Q`B2bX

1M +QMbû[m2M+2- MQi`2 TT`Q+?2 7Qm`MBi mM2 bQHmiBQM 7Q`K2HH2 TQm` H bm#biBimiBQM 2i H2 `2KTH+2K2Mi /2 b2`pB+2b 2M +b /2 TMM2X 1HH2 2bi û;H2K2Mi miBH2 TQm` THMB}2` H2 T`Q@ +2bbmb /2 +QKTQbBiBQM 2M 7Qm`MBbbMi H2b +QK#BMBbQMb /2 b2`pB+2b /û[mi2bX

1M}M- MQmb +QMb+`QMb H KD2m`2 T`iB2 /2 MQi`2 i`pBH ¨ƘHǶûiT2 /2 +QKTQbBiBQMX LQmb T`ûb2MiQMb /Mb +2ii2 T`iB2 H2 KQ/ĕH2 _JQT@1*hL2i U_2}M2/ J2i PT2M 1*h@ L2iV , mM KQ/ĕH2 /û/Bû ¨ H bTû+B}+iBQM 7Q`K2HH2 /2 H +QKTQbBiBQM /2b b2`pB+2b q2#X AH 2bi H2 `ûbmHii /m `{M2K2Mi /m KQ/ĕH2 JQT@1*hL2i T`QTQbû T` (G"R9)X GǶBMiû`āi /ǶmiB@ HBb2` +2 KQ/ĕH2 +QKK2 bmTTQ`i /2 #b2 `2pB2Mi ¨ bQM TQmpQB` /2 +QMi`ƬH2` 2M i2KTb `û2H U/vMKB[m2K2MiV H +QKTQbBiBQM /2b b2`pB+2b q2# BMbB [m2 H2m`b /Bzû`2Mi2b BMi2`+iBQMbX LQmb pQMb /QM+ ûi2M/m 2i 2M`B+?B +2 /2`MB2` mt i`QBb MBp2mt , m MBp2m bi`m+im`2H- T` H KBb2 2M TH+2 /2 MQmp2HH2b bi`m+im`2b +QKT+i2b 2i #bi`Bi2b `û/mBbMi +QMbB/û`#H2K2Mi H2 MBp2m /2 +QKTH2tBiû /m ;`T?2 /2 +QKTQbBiBQMX m MBp2m +QKTQ`i2K2MiH- 2M ûi#HBb@ bMi /2 MQmp2HH2b bi`iû;B2b /2 +QMi`ƬH2 2i 2M K2iiMi 2M ƾmp`2 /2b Ti`QMb `ûmiBHBb#H2b TQm` i`Bi2` /2b +b T`iB+mHB2`bX 1M}M- m MBp2m BKTHûK2MiiBQM- ;`+2 mt MQiBQMb /2 H Kûi@KQ/ûHBbiBQM J. MQmb pQMb +QMÏm mM Kûi@KQ/ĕH2 TQm` +2 7Q`KHBbK2 b2`pMi /2 #b2 ¨ b i`Mb7Q`KiBQM miQKiB[m2 /ǶmM2 bTû+B}+iBQM ;`T?B[m2 ¨ mM2 bTû+B}+iBQM Jm/2 i2tim2HH2 bQmi2Mm2 T` H2b QmiBHb hG 2i ++2H2QX

hQmi2b +2b +QMi`B#miBQMb +QMbiBim2Mi MQi`2 +/`2 bûKMiB[m2 7Q`K2H /û/Bû mt b2`pB+2b q2#X *2 +/`2 `2;`QmT2 /2b KQ/ĕH2b Ki?ûKiB[m2b 2tû+mi#H2b 2i miQKiBb#H2b TQmpMi āi`2 ûpHmûb 2i pû`B}ûb /Mb mM 2MpB`QMM2K2Mi 7Q`K2H `B+?2 2M QmiBHb T2`7Q`KMib i2H [m2 Jm/2X

yX9 ai`m+im`2 /m JMmb+`Bi

LQmb BMi`Q/mBbQMb- 2M T`2KB2` HB2m- H2b /Bzû`2Mi2b T`Q#HûKiB[m2b bQmKBb2b ¨ HǶûim/2 /Mb +2ii2 i?ĕb2 2M H2b bBimMi +?+mM2 /Mb bQM +QMi2ti2X 1MbmBi2- MQmb T`ûb2MiQMb H2b /Bzû`2Mib Q#D2+iB7b [m2 MQmb MQmb bQKK2b }tûb m /û#mi /2 MQi`2 `2+?2`+?2 2i 2M}M- MQmb 2tTQbQMb H2b i`QBb +QMi`B#miBQMb `ûHBbû2bX

Pmi`2 HǶBMi`Q/m+iBQM- +2 KMmb+`Bi +QKT`2M/ ?mBi +?TBi`2bX 1iMi /QMMû [m2 H2b i`QBb T`Q#HûKiB[m2b TQbû2b bQMi `2HiBp2b ¨ i`QBb T?b2b /Bzû`2Mi2b /m +v+H2 /2 pB2 /ǶmM b2`pB+2 q2#X LQmb +QMb+`QMb i`QBb +?TBi`2b ¨ HǶûii /2 HǶ`i ,

G2 +?TBi`2 R 2bi /û/Bû ¨ H /2b+`BTiBQM /2b b2`pB+2b q2#X LQmb 7BbQMb /Ƕ#Q`/ mM `TT2H bm` HǶTT`Q+?2 Q`B2Miû2 b2`pB+2 2i b2b T`BM+BT2b /2 #b2 TmBb MQmb /QMMQMb mM #`27 ?BbiQ`B[m2 bm` H2b +mb2b 2i pMi;2b /2 HǶTT`BiBQM /2 H i2+?MQHQ;B2 /2b b2`pB+2b q2#X

AMi`Q/m+iBQM :ûMû`H2 e LQmb T`ûb2MiQMb T` H bmBi2- H2m` `+?Bi2+im`2 /2 #b2 aP 2i bQM KQ/ĕH2 BMbB [m2 H2b /Bzû`2Mi2b /û}MBiBQMb [mB H2m` bQMi bbQ+Bû2b /Mb H HBiiû`im`2X LQmb /û+`BpQMb û;H2K2Mi H2b /Bzû`2Mib biM/`/b [mB +QMbiBim2Mi HǶBM7`bi`m+im`2 /2 #b2 /2b b2`pB+2b q2# 2i ûMmKû`QMb H2m`b pMi;2bX S` BHH2m`b- MQmb +QMb+`QMb H /2`MBĕ`2 b2+iBQM 2t+HmbBp2K2Mi ¨ HǶûim/2 /2b HM;;2b /û/Bûb ¨ H /2b+`BTiBQM bvMitB[m2 2i bûKMiB[m2 /2b b2`pB+2b q2#X LQmb BMbBbiQMb bm` H T`iB2 bûKMiB[m2 TQm` K2ii`2 2M ûpB/2M+2 H T`Q#HûKiB[m2 TQbû2 2M KQMi 2i +HƬim`QMb H2 +?TBi`2 2M /`2bbMi mM i#H2m +QKT`iB7 7BbMi `2bbQ`iB` H2b iQmib 2i BM+QMpûMB2Mib /2 +?[m2 TT`Q+?2 ûim/Bû2X

.Mb H2 +?TBi`2 k- MQmb T`ûb2MiQMb H2 T`BM+BT2 /2 HǶTT`Q+?2 /2 /û+Qmp2`i2 2i /2 bûH2+iBQM /2b b2`pB+2b q2# BMbB [m2 H2b /Bzû`2Mi2b TT`Q+?2b 2tBbiMi2b pBbMi ¨ QTiBKBb2` +2 T`Q+2bbmbX LQmb ûim/BQMb- /ǶmM2 T`i- H2b TT`Q+?2b #bû2b bm` H bi`m+im`2 bvMitB[m2 BMbB [m2 H2b TT`Q+?2b #bû2b bm` H2 Ki+?BM; bûKMiB[m2 U[mǶ2HH2b bQB2Mi HQ;B[m2b Qm Tb pQB`2 ?v#`B/2bV 2i i2`KBMQMb T` mM2 bvMi?ĕb2X

.Mb H2 +?TBi`2 j MQmb /Bb+miQMb H2b /Bzû`2Mib HM;;2b /û/Bûb ¨ H +QKTQbBiBQM /2b b2`pB+2b q2# T`ĕb HǶBMi`Q/m+iBQM /m +QM+2Ti /2 +QKTQbBiBQM 2i H bTû+B}+iBQM /2 b2b /Bzû`2Mib ivT2bX 1M}M- H2b TT`Q+?2b ûim/Bû2b bQMi bQmKBb2b ¨ mM2 +QKT`BbQM KmHiB@+`Biĕ`2bX

lM2 7QBb H T`iB2 ûii /2 HǶ`i bvMi?ûiBbû2 MQmb T`ûb2MiQMb H2b /Bzû`2Mi2b +QMi`B#miBQMb TTQ`iû2b BMbB [m2 H2b 7Q`KHBbK2b [mB QMi T2`KBb H2m` ûH#Q`iBQM ¨ i`p2`b H2b +?TBi`2b bmBpMib ,

G2 +?TBi`2 9 2bi +QMb+`û ¨ H T`ûb2MiiBQM /2b 7Q`KHBbK2b miBHBbûb- ¨ bpQB` , H HQ;B[m2 /2 `ûû+`Bim`2 2i bQM 2MpB`QMM2K2Mi /ǶTTHB+iBQM Jm/2X LQmb BMBiBQMb /Ƕ#Q`/ H HQ;B[m2 /2 `ûû+`Bim`2 ¨ i`p2`b b i?ûQ`B2- b2b `ĕ;H2b /2 `ûû+`Bim`2 2i /2 /û/m+iBQMX G2 HM;;2 Jm/2 [mMi ¨ HmB 2bi /û}MB T` b bi`m+im`2 2i bQM Kû+MBbK2 /2 pû`B}+iBQMX 1M}M MQmb 7BbQMb mM `TT2H bm` H i?ûQ`B2 /2b +iû;Q`B2b 2M BMi`Q/mBbMi û;H2K2Mi H2b MQiBQMb 7QM/K2MiH2b `2HiBp2b ¨ +2ii2 /2`MBĕ`2 iQmi 2M bTû+B}Mi bQM HB2M p2+ H i?ûQ`B2 /2 `ûû+`Bim`2X

G2 +?TBi`2 8 2bi /û/Bû ¨ MQi`2 T`2KBĕ`2 +QMi`B#miBQM [mB  ûiû KBb2 2M ƾmp`2 TQm` THHB2` m T`Q#HĕK2 /m KM[m2 /2 bûKMiB[m2 /û+2Hû /Mb qa.GX LQmb T`ûb2MiQMb 2M T`2KB2` HB2m- H2 bmTTQ`i /2 #b2 /2 +2ii2 TT`Q+?2 , H2 +/`2 bûKMiB[m2 E ¨ i`p2`b b2b KQ/mH2b bvMitB[m2 2i bûKMiB[m2X LQmb /QMMQMb 2MbmBi2 mM2 pm2 /Ƕ2Mb2K#H2 /2 HǶ`+?Bi2+im`2 /2 bQM QmiBH E@Jm/2 2i /2 bQM miBHBbiBQMX .Mb mM b2+QM/ i2KTb- MQmb T`ûb2MiQMb MQi`2 MQmp2m HM;;2 bQmb E MQKKû Eqa.GX LQmb /QMMQMb b ;`KKB`2 BMbB [m2 b bûKMiB[m2 bQmb 7Q`K2 /2 `ĕ;H2b /2 `ûû+`Bim`2 2i KQiBpQMb HǶTT`Q+?2 T` mM 2t2KTH2X .Mb H2 +?TBi`2 e- MQmb 7BbQMb T`i /2 MQi`2 b2+QM/2 +QMi`B#miBQM #bû2 bm` H i?ûQ`B2 /2b +iû;Q`B2bX LQmb T`ûb2MiQMb /Ƕ#Q`/ H2 KQ/ĕH2 bûKMiB[m2 /ǶmM b2`pB+2 q2# b2HQM +2ii2 i?ûQ`B2 2i ;`+2 ¨ H MQiBQM /2 7QM+i2m` MQmb bTû+B}QMb H 7ÏQM /Ƕûi#HB` mM Ki+?BM; bûKMiB[m2 2Mi`2 /2mt b2`pB+2b `2T`ûb2Miûb T` H2m`b +iû;Q`B2bX *2ii2 û[mBpH2M+2 2bi /û/mBi2 T` H T`ûb2`piBQM /2b Q#D2ib 2i /2b KQ`T?BbK2b +QMbiBimMi +2b +iû;Q`B2bX .Mb H2 +?TBi`2 d- MQmb 2tTQbQMb H i`QBbBĕK2 2i /2`MBĕ`2 +QMi`B#miBQM Bbbm2 /2 +2 i`pBH /Q+iQ`HX LQmb T`ûb2MiQMb H2 KQ/ĕH2 _JQT@1*hL2i , mM KQ/ĕH2 [mB ûi2M/ H2 KQ/ĕH2 JQT@1*hL2i /û/Bû ¨ H bTû+B}+iBQM /2 H +QKTQbBiBQM /2b b2`pB+2b q2# +QKTH2t2bX LQmb 7BbQMb m T`ûH#H2 mM #`27 `TT2H bm` H2b 7Q`KHBbK2b miBHBbûb ¨ bpQB` ,

AMi`Q/m+iBQM :ûMû`H2 d H2b 1*hL2ib 2i H2b 2ti2MbBQMb /2 `ûb2mt /2 S2i`B /û/Bû2b ¨ bTû+B}2` H2b b2`pB+2b q2#X G2 `{M2K2Mi /m KQ/ĕH2 2bi bTû+B}û 2i /ûiBHHû mt MBp2mt , bi`m+im`2H 2i +QKTQ`i2K2MiHX AH 2bi KQiBpû 2i DmbiB}û T` mM 2t2KTH2 BHHmbi`iB7X

G2 +?TBi`2 3 2bi /û/Bû ¨ HǶBKTHûK2MiiBQM /2 _JQT@1*hL2i bQmb Jm/2X LQmb 7BbQMb /Ƕ#Q`/- mM `TT2H bm` HǶ`+?Bi2+im`2 /B`B;û2 T` H2b KQ/ĕH2b 2i T`ûb2MiQMb ¨ i`p2`b +2ii2 /2`MBĕ`2 H2b /Bzû`2Mib ivT2b /2 KQ/ĕH2b 2tBbiMib TQm` `2T`ûb2Mi2` H2b bvbiĕK2b BM7Q`KiB[m2b ¨ bpQB` , H2b MQiBQMb /2 KQ/ĕH2- Kûi@KQ/ĕH2 2i Kûi@Kûi@KQ/ĕH2X LQmb `2i`QmpQMb mbbB H2b /Bzû`2Mi2b i2+?MB[m2b /2 i`Mb7Q`KiBQM /2 KQ/ĕH2b BMbB [m2 H2b QmiBHb [mB H2m` bQMi bbQ+BûbX LQmb BHHmbi`QMb HǶBMiû`āi /2 +2ii2 TT`Q+?2 T` H i`Mb7Q`KiBQM /m b2`pB+2 ;2M+2 /2 pQv;2X

LQmb +HƬim`QMb MQi`2 KMmb+`Bi 2M T`Q+û/Mi ¨ mM2 ûpHmiBQM /2 MQi`2 +/`2 bûKMiB[m2 7Q`K2H /û;;û 2M /ûKQMi`Mi HǶBKT+i /2b +QMi`B#miBQMb TTQ`iû2b ¨ +?[m2 T?b2 /m +v+H2 /2 pB2 /m b2`pB+2 q2# T` `TTQ`i ¨ +2HmB /2 H TBH2 T`QiQ+QHB`2 2i /2b HM;;2b [mB +QMbiBim2Mi bQM BM7`bi`m+im`2 /2 #b2X

1M ;mBb2 /2 T2`bT2+iBp2b- MQmb +BiQMb [m2H[m2b MQiBQMb `2HiBp2b ¨ HǶbT2+i +QKTQ`i2K2MiH /2b b2`pB+2b q2# [mB MǶQMi Tb ûiû T`Bb2b 2M +?`;2 /Mb MQi`2 i`pBH i2HH2b [m2 H2b T`QT`Bûiûb MQM 7QM+iBQMM2HH2b /Mb H2 T`Q+2bbmb /2 bûH2+iBQM /2 b2`pB+2b U[mHBiû /2 b2`pB+2V 2i H2b +QMi`BMi2b i2KTQ`2HH2b /Mb H +QKTQbBiBQM /2 b2`pB+2bX

Chapitre

1

.2b+`BTiBQM /2b a2`pB+2b q2#

RXR AMi`Q/m+iBQM

GǶTT`Q+?2 Q`B2Miû2 b2`pB+2 pBb2 ¨ `û/mB`2 H2 7Q`i +QmTH;2 2Mi`2 H2b +QKTQbMib /ǶmM2 TTHB+iBQM 2M H2b `2M/Mi miQMQK2b- miQ@+QM};m`#H2b 7+BHBiMi BMbB H2m` BMi2`QTû`#B@ HBiû 2i `ûmiBHBbiBQM ¨ i`p2`b /2b `ûb2mt BM7Q`KiB[m2b MQiKK2Mi bm` H2 q2#X

Abbm2 /2 H +QMp2`;2M+2 /2 THmbB2m`b TT`Q+?2b 2tBbiMi2b- +2ii2 B/û2 bǶ2bi {`Kû2 +QKK2 bQHmiBQM B/ûH2 TQm` H2 /ûp2HQTT2K2Mi /ǶTTHB+iBQMb +QKTH2t2b 2tB;2Mi2b 2M i2`K2b /2 KBMi2M#BHBiû 2i /2 ~2tB#BHBiû +QKTi2 i2Mm /2 HǶ?ûiû`Q;ûMûBiû /2b 2MpB`QMM2K2Mib /Mb H2b[m2Hb 2HH2b ûpQHm2MiX AH +QMpB2Mi /QM+ /ǶTT`Q7QM/B` MQb +QMMBbbM+2b bm` H2b /Bzû`2Mib +QM+2Tib BMi2`p2MMi /Mb HǶb+2MbBQM /2 +2ii2 TT`Q+?2 bm`iQmi TQm` /ûKQMi`2` 2M [mQB H MQiBQM /2 b2`pB+2 [mB 2bi H2 +QM+2Ti TBpQi /2 +2ii2 TT`Q+?2 b2 `ûpĕH2 MQpi`B+2 2i pM@ i;2mb2X

.Mb +2 +?TBi`2- MQmb `TT2HQMb /Mb mM T`2KB2` i2KTb- H2b T`BM+BT2b 7QM/K2Mimt /2 HǶTT`Q+?2 b2`pB+2 ¨ bpQB` , HǶ`+?Bi2+im`2 /2 #b2 aP 2i H2b b2`pB+2b q2# 2M 7BbMi mM #`27 ?BbiQ`B[m2 /2 H2m` ûpQHmiBQM ¨ i`p2`b H2 i2KTb c MQmb /QMMQMb mbbB H2b /Bzû`2Mi2b /û}MBiBQMb [mB H2m` bQMi bbQ+Bû2b /Mb H HBiiû`im`2X LQmb T`ûb2MiQMb T` H bmBi2- H2b i2+?MQHQ;B2b 2i T`QiQ+QH2b bm` H2b[m2Hb BHb b2 #b2Mi BMbB [m2 H2m` +v+H2 /2 pB2 ¨ i`p2`b b2b T?b2b iQmi 2M K2iiMi 2M `2HB27 H2b /Bzû`2Mib pMi;2b /û;;ûb /2 H2m` KBb2 2M ƾmp`2X .Mb mM b2+QM/ i2KTb- /Mb H b2+iBQM e- MQmb T`ûb2MiQMb mM2 bûH2+iBQM /2 HM;;2b /û/Bûb ¨ H /2b+`BTiBQM /2b b2`pB+2b q2#X G2b HM;;2b ûim/Bûb bQMi i`Bûb 2M 7QM+iBQM /2 H2m` Mim`2 bvMitB[m2 Qm bûKMiB[m2X 1M}M- MQmb +HƬim`QMb MQi`2 +?TBi`2 2M 7BbMi mM2 bvMi?ĕb2 bm` +2b /2`MB2`bX

RXk :2Mĕb2

G MBbbM+2 /2b b2`pB+2b q2# `2KQMi2 ¨ [m2H[m2b MMû2b /ûD¨Ƙ...

GǶ?BbiQB`2 +QKK2M+2 HQ`b[m2 H2b `+?Bi2+i2b 2i +QM+2Ti2m`b b2 bQMi `2M/m +QKTi2 /2 H Mû+2bbBiû /ǶmMB7Q`KBb2` H2b û+?M;2b /2 /QMMû2bX hQmb H2b t2b /2 `2+?2`+?2 b2 bQMi Q`B2Miûb

*>SAh_1 RX .1a*_AShAPL .1a a1_oA*1a q1" Ry p2`b H MQiBQM /ǶBMi2`QTû`#BHBiû- +2 [mB  ;ûMû`û 2M T`2KB2` HǶM+āi`2 /2b b2`pB+2b q2# HǶ1.A U1+?M;2 /2 .QMMû2b AM7Q`KiBbûV (*?Nd)X

.2 MQK#`2mb2b BMi2MiBQMb i2+?MQHQ;B[m2b QMi ûK2`;û /Mb H2 #mi /2 7B`2 BMi2`;B` /2b T`Q+2bbmb KûiB2`b m i`p2`b /ǶmM `ûb2m BM7Q`KiB[m2X

*P_"- .*PJ 2i Cp_JA 7QMi /QM+ H2m` TT`BiBQM KBb 2HH2b b2 bQMi KH?2m`2mb2K2Mi pû`û2b /2 KQBMb 2M KQBMb +QMpBM+Mi2b pm [mǶm+mM2 /2 +2b i2+?MQHQ;B2b MǶ Tm bǶBKTQb2` +QKK2 biM/`/ mMBp2`b2H /m 7Bi /2 H2m` 7Q`i `ii+?2K2Mi ¨ /2b 2MiBiûb HQ+H2b , bvbiĕK2 /Ƕ2tTHQBiiBQM- û/Bi2m` Qm HM;;2 bTû+B}[m2X

G2 q2# ¨ H `2b+Qmbb2 , HǶpĕM2K2Mi /ǶAMi2`M2i  #QmH2p2`bû 2i +?M;û HǶQTiB[m2 /2b BM/mbi`B2Hb 2M `2KTHÏMi H2b T`QiQ+QH2b +im2Hb T` mM2 TT`Q+?2 2MiBĕ`2K2Mi Qmp2`i2 7BbMi BMi2`;B` /2b +QKTQbMib ?ûiû`Q;ĕM2b- /BbiMib 2i BM/ûT2M/Mib p2+ mM T`QiQ+QH2 biM/`/X

G2b T`QiQ+QH2b /Ƕû+?M;2 2i /2 i`Mb72`i [mB QMi ûiû KBb 2M TH+2 p2+ HǶûK2`;2M+2 /m q2# i2Hb [m2 sJG ("SaJ+_{97) U7Q`Ki /Ƕ2M+TbmHiBQM 2i /Ƕû+?M;2 /2 K2bb;2bV 2i >hhS}

(6:J+_{99) UT`QiQ+QH2 /2 i`MbTQ`i 2i /2 i`Mb72`i /2 /QMMû2b ?vT2`i2ti2bV +QM+`ûiBb2Mi H}

MQiBQM /ǶBMi2`QTû`#BHBiûX

GǶmM /2b pMi;2b /2 H i2+?MQHQ;B2 /2b b2`pB+2b q2# 2i /2 bQM `+?Bi2+im`2 2bi [mǶ2HH2b MǶBKTQb2Mi Tb /2 KQ/ĕH2b bTû+B}[m2b TQm` HǶBKTHMiiBQMX *2+B M2 HBKBi2 Tb H2m`b 7Qm`MBbb2m`b ¨ 2KTHQv2` /Bp2`b2b Kûi?Q/2b 2i HM;;2b TQm` bbm`2` H2m` /ûp2HQTT2K2Mi ¨ HǶBMp2`b2 /2b mi`2b i2+?MQHQ;B2b [mB BKTQb2Mi HǶBMbim`iBQM /2 HB2Mb bi`B+ib 2Mi`2 H2m`b 2MiBiûbX

RXj `+?Bi2+im`2 aP

RXjXR S`BM+BT2 2i .û}MBiBQM

G2 T`BM+BT2 /2 #b2 /2 HǶ`+?Bi2+im`2 aP 2bi /2 Tm#HB2` bm` mM `ûb2m BM7Q`KiB[m2 UAMi`M2i- 1ti`M2i- AMi2`M2iV mM 2Mb2K#H2 /2 b2`pB+2b `ûHBbMi mM2 i+?2 #B2M T`û+Bb2 [mB T2mi āi`2 2HH2@KāK2 /ûTHQvû2 +QKK2 mM MQmp2m b2`pB+2- ++QKTHBbbMi HQ`b mM2 7QM+iBQM THmb BKTQ`iMi2 /Mb HǶ`+?Bi2+im`2 KûiB2`X

AH MǶ2tBbi2 Tb Q{+B2HH2K2Mi /2 /û}MBiBQMb biM/`/b /2 HǶ`+?Bi2+im`2 aP c MûMKQBMb MQmb pQMb `2H2pû /2 H HBiiû`im`2 H2b ûMQM+ûb bmBpMib- +?[m2 ûMQM+û 7BbMi `û7û`2M+2 ¨Ƙ mM Qm THmbB2m`b +`Biĕ`2b /2 HǶ`+?Bi2+im`2 ,

ě lM2 `+?Bi2+im`2 Q`B2Miû2 b2`pB+2 2bi mM2 `+?Bi2+im`2 /ǶTTHB+iBQMb m b2BM /2 H@ [m2HH2 iQmi2b H2b 7QM+iBQMb bQMi /û}MB2b 2M iMi [m2 b2`pB+2b BM/ûT2M/Mib- +QKT`2@ MMi /2b BMi2`7+2b #B2M /û}MB2b [mB T2mp2Mi āi`2 bQHHB+Biû2b TQm` +`û2` /2b T`Q+2bbmb /Ƕ2Mi`2T`Bb2X 1HH2 T2`K2i /2 +QM+2pQB` /2b bvbiĕK2b HQ;B+B2Hb 7Qm`MBbbMi /2b b2`@ pB+2b ¨ /Ƕmi`2b TTHB+iBQMb ¨ HǶB/2 /ǶBMi2`7+2b Tm#HBû2b 2i /û+Qmp`#H2b- 2i Qɍ H2b b2`pB+2b T2mp2Mi āi`2 bQHHB+Biûb pB mM `ûb2m (*>hyj)X

*>SAh_1 RX .1a*_AShAPL .1a a1_oA*1a q1" RR ě GǶ`+?Bi2+im`2 aP 2bi mM T`/B;K2 T2`K2iiMi /ǶQ`;MBb2` 2i /ǶmiBHBb2` /2b `2b@ bQm`+2b /Bbi`B#mû2b TQmpMi āi`2 /2 /QKBM2b /Bzû`2MibX 1HH2 7Qm`MBi mM KQv2M mMB@ 7Q`K2 /ǶQz`B`- /2 /û+Qmp`B`- /ǶBMi2`;B` 2i /ǶmiBHBb2` /2b `2bbQm`+2b TQm` T`Q/mB`2 H2 `ûbmHii /ûbB`û p2+ /2b T`û+QM/BiBQMb 2i /2b #mib K2bm`#H2b (CQbyd)X

ě lM2 `+?Bi2+im`2 Q`B2Miû2 b2`pB+2 2bi mM bivH2 /Ƕ`+?Bi2+im`2 /2 HQ;B+B2Hb KmHiB@iB2`b [mB B/2 H2b Q`;MBbiBQMb ¨ T`i;2` H2m`b HQ;B[m2b KûiB2` 2i H2m`b /QMMû2b 2Mi`2 THmbB2m`b TTHB+iBQMb 2i THmbB2m`b KQ/ĕH2b /Ƕmb;2 (aLNe)X

ě G aP +QMbBbi2 ¨ bûT`2` HǶ+iBpBiû KûiB2` 2M mM2 bû`B2 /2 b2`pB+2b [mB T2mp2Mi +QKKmMB[m2` 2Mi`2 2mt (S>yd)X *2b b2`pB+2b- H2m`b /2b+`BTiBQMb- 2i H2b QTû`iBQMb /2 #b2 UTm#HB+iBQM- /û+Qmp2`i2- 2i HBBbQMV [m2 T`Q/mBb2Mi Qm miBHBb2Mi +2b /2b+`BTiBQMb-+QMbiBim2Mi H aP /2 #b2 (STyj)X

LQmb /û/mBbQMb ¨ i`p2`b +2b ûMQM+ûb [m2 HǶ`+?Bi2+im`2 Q`B2Miû2 b2`pB+2 2bi mM2 DmtiTQbB@ iBQM /2 THmbB2m`b i2+?MB[m2b [mB BMiĕ;`2 /Bzû`2Mi2b T`iB[m2b /Mb mM +/`2 Q`;MBbûX *Ƕ2bi HǶ`+?Bi2+im`2 /2b bvbiĕK2b 7Q`i2K2Mi ;mB/û2 T` H2 KûiB2`X

RXjXk JQ/ĕH2 aP

G2 KQ/ĕH2 /2 HǶ`+?Bi2+im`2 aP U6B;m`2 RXRV- 2bi mM KQ/ĕH2 i`BM;mHB`2 +QKT`2MMi i`QBb 2MiBiûb T`BM+BTH2b , G2 7Qm`MBbb2m`- H2 /2KM/2m` 2i HǶMMmB`2 /2 b2`pB+2bX *2b 2MiBiûb `2bT2+iBp2b b2 +?`;2Mi /2 H /2b+`BTiBQM- H Tm#HB+iBQM- H2 biQ+F;2- H HQ+HBbiBQM 2i HǶBMpQ+iBQM /2 b2`pB+2b BM/ûT2M/Mib /BbTQMB#H2b ¨ i`p2`b H iQBH2X

6B;m`2 RXR Ĝ JQ/ĕH2 +QM+2Tim2H /2 HǶ`+?Bi2+im`2 aP

6Qm`MBbb2m` /m b2`pB+2

*Ƕ2bi H2 /ûi2Mi2m` /m b2`pB+2 c BH H2 +QMÏQBi 2i Tm#HB2 b /2b+`BTiBQM /Mb mM `2;Bbi`2 bTû+B}[m2X *2ii2 /2b+`BTiBQM `2~ĕi2 ¨ H 7QBb H2b 7QM+iBQMMHBiûb Qz2`i2b T` H2 b2`pB+2 2i H2m` KQ/2 /ǶBMpQ+iBQMX AH `2T`ûb2Mi2 û;H2K2Mi bQM 2MpB`QMM2K2Mi /Ƕ?û#2`;2K2Mi 2i

*>SAh_1 RX .1a*_AShAPL .1a a1_oA*1a q1" Rk /Ƕ2tû+miBQMX

.2KM/2m` /m b2`pB+2

*Ƕ2bi H2 +QMbQKKi2m` /m b2`pB+2- BH HQ+HBb2 H2 b2`pB+2- `û+mTĕ`2 b /2b+`BTiBQM 2i 7Q`KmH2 b2b #2bQBMb bQmb 7Q`K2 /2 `2[māi2 2i BMpQ[m2 H2b QTû`iBQMb bQm?Biû2b T` H2 #BBb /Ƕû+?M;2b /2 K2bb;2b p2+ H2 7Qm`MBbb2m`X

MMmB`2 /m b2`pB+2

*Ƕ2bi mM2 #b2 /2 /QMMû2b BM/2tû2 [mB biQ+F2 H2b /2b+`BTiBQMb /2 b2`pB+2b Tm#HBû2b T` H2 7Qm`MBbb2m`X AH DQm2 H2 `ƬH2 /ǶBMi2`Kû/BB`2 2Mi`2 H2b /2mt 2MiBiûb T`û+û/2Mi2b 2M ++2TiMi-/ǶmM2 T`i- /2 bmp2;`/2` H2b /2b+`BTiBQMb Tm#HBû2b 2i /Ƕmi`2 T`i- 2M H2b 2tTQbMi m +HB2Mi U/2KM/2m` /2 b2`pB+2V HQ`b /2 b2b ûp2Mim2HH2b `2+?2`+?2bX

GQ`b[m2 HǶQM T`H2 /Ƕ`+?Bi2+im`2 aP- QM T`H2 7Q`+2K2Mi /2 b2`pB+2b q2#X LQmb T`ûb2M@ iQMb /Mb +2 [mB bmBi +2ii2 i2+?MQHQ;B2 T`iB+mHBĕ`2 m i`p2`b /2 bQM BM7`bi`m+im`2 /2 #b2- bQM +v+H2 /2 pB2 2i ûMmKû`QMb b2b MQK#`2mt pMi;2bX

RX9 q2# b2`pB+2b

RX9XR .û}MBiBQM

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m MBp2m #bi`Bi , ivT2b /2 /QMMû2b- K2bb;2b- QTû`iBQMb- TQ`ihvT2- HBBbQMb U#BM/BM;bVX m MBp2m +QM+`2i , TQ`ib 2i b2`pB+2X

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6B;m`2 RXj Ĝ _ƬH2 /m T`QiQ+QH2 aPS

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6B;m`2 RX9 Ĝ ai`m+im`2 /ǶmM K2bb;2 aPS (JG+₀₃₎

MMmB`2 l..A

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W S

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ě miQMQKB2

G2b b2`pB+2b q2# bǶmiQ;ĕ`2Mi ;`+2 m HM;;2 sJG [mB 7+BHBi2 H2m` miQMQKB2 TmBb[mǶBH bmTTQ`i2 2i pû?B+mH2 iQmi ivT2 /2 /QMMû2bX 1M 2z2i- BH 2bi TQbbB#H2 /Ƕ+@ iBp2` mM2 TTHB+iBQM 2tBbiMi2 TQm` b2`pB+2b q2# bMb û+`B`2 mM2 b2mH2 HB;M2 /2 +Q/2X ě ++2bbB#BHBiû

G2b b2`pB+2b q2# bQMi 7+BH2K2Mi ++2bbB#H2b TmBb[mǶBHb `2TQb2Mi bm` /2b MQ`K2b ûi#HB2b /ǶAMi2`M2i c BHb T2mp2Mi āi`2 Tm#HBûb- HQ+HBbûb 2i BMpQ[mûb 2M i`MbT`2M+2 ¨Ƙi`p2`b H2 q2#X

ě AMi2`QTû`#BHBiû

Zm2H [m2 bQBi H2 +QMi2ti2 Qm HǶ2MpB`QMM2K2Mi /Mb H2[m2H ûpQHm2 H2 b2`pB+2 q2#- BH MǶ2bi Tb Mû+2bbB`2 /2 +?M;2` H2 +Q/2 2tBbiMi /m b2`pB+2 }M /Ƕ2M +iBp2` mM2 QTû`iBQMX G2 7Q`Ki sJG H2 /Qi2 /ǶmM2 ~2tB#BHBiû [mB M2 7`2BM2 Tb b2b BMi2`+iBQMb p2+ H2b mi`2b b2`pB+2bX

ě *QKTQb#BHBiû

G2b b2`pB+2b q2# bBKTH2b T2mp2Mi āi`2 ;`û;ûb /Mb /2b b2`pB+2b THmb +QKTH2t2b 2i T2mp2Mi āi`2 bbQ+Bûb }M /Ƕ2z2+im2` /2b 7QM+iBQMb KûiB2` /2 MBp2m THmb ûH2pûX *2 +?ŗM;2 `û/mBi H2 i2KTb /2 /ûp2HQTT2K2Mi 2i T2`K2i /ǶQTiBKBb2` H2b BKTHûK2MiiBQMbX

ě 6B#H2 +QmTH;2

:ûMû`H2K2Mi- H +QM+2TiBQM /ǶmM2 TTHB+iBQM /ûT2M/ /ǶmM 2Mb2K#H2 /ǶBMi2`+QM@ M2tBQMb ûi`QBi2b 2Mi`2 H2b /2mt 2ti`ûKBiûbX G2b b2`pB+2b q2# `2[mBĕ`2Mi mM MBp2m THmb bBKTH2 /2 +QQ`/BMiBQM [mB T2`K2i mM2 MQmp2HH2 +QM};m`iBQM THmb ~2tB#H2 TQm` mM2 BMiû;`iBQM /2b b2`pB+2bX

ě _ûmiBHBbiBQM

G2b TTHB+iBQMb miQMQK2b 2tBbiMi2b T2mp2Mi 7+BH2K2Mi āi`2 BMiû;`û2b /Mb HǶ`+?Bi2+im`2 Q`B2Miû2 b2`pB+2b c H2b MQiBQMb bmb@+Biû2b ++2Mim2Mi +2 TQmpQB`X 1M 2z2i- HǶmiQMQKB2 2i H2 7B#H2 +QmTH;2 /2b b2`pB+2b 7pQ`Bb2Mi ;`M/2K2Mi H2m` `ûmiBHBbiBQMX

RX8 GM;;2b /2 /2b+`BTiBQM /2b b2`pB+2b q2#

"2m+QmT /Ƕ2zQ`ib QMi ûiû +QMb2MiBb TQm` /û+`B`2 H2b +T+Biûb /ǶmM b2`pB+2 q2#X LQmb /BbiBM;mQMb H2b /2b+`BTiBQMb bvMitB[m2b 2i H2b /2b+`BTiBQMb bûKMiB[m2b c +?+mM2 /Ƕ2HH2 Qz`2 /2b 7+2ii2b /û+`BpMi bQBi H bi`m+im`2 2ifQm H2 +QKTQ`i2K2Mi /m +QKTQbMiX