Africa-India facts & figures 2015

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AFRICA-INDIA

Facts & Figures

2015

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2015

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First printing October 2015

ISBN: 978-99944-61-83-7 eISBN: 978-99944-62-83-4

Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted. Acknowledgment is requested, together with a copy of the publication.

The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Confederation of Indian Industry and the United Nations or its Members.

Economic Commission for Africa P.O. Box 3001

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Tel: +251 11 544-9900 Fax: +251 11 551-4416 E-mail: ecainfo@uneca.org Web: www.uneca.org

Confederation of Indian Industry The Mantosh Sondhi Centre

23, Institutional Area, Lodi Road, New Delhi – 110 003 (India) T: 91 11 45771000 / 24629994-7

F: 91 11 24626149 E-mail: info@cii.in Web: www.cii.in

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STATISTICAL HIGHLIGHTS iv

1. INTERACTION INDICATORS 1

1.1 Inward and outward direct investment positions 2

1.2 India’s development partnership with Africa 4

1.3 Trade 8

1.4 Population of overseas Indians in Africa 16

1.5 Student mobility 17

1.6 African tourists arrivals to India 19

2. COMPARISON INDICATORS 22

2.1 Population and labour force 23

2.2 Education 28

2.3 Research outputs 30

2.4 Health 31

2.5 Gross domestic product 38

2.6 Agriculture and food production 42

2.7 Electricity 45

2.8 Oil reserves 48

2.9 Financial sector 49

2.10 Public finance 52

2.11 Tourism 55

2.12 Information society 56

SOURCE LIST 57

FIGURE LIST 58

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AFRICA-INDIA: FACTS & FIGURES 2015

FOREWORD

Africa and India have had a rich distinguished history, first ushered by Indian traders led by the seasonal monsoon winds before they up- scaled their presence in the 17th century due to the abundance of spices on the East African coast. The colonial period brought with it a new demand for Indian Labour. Today, the relationship is vibrant and multilayered. It is one of equal partners focused on prosperity and a quest for mutually beneficial economic development. The result is that annual trade between India and Africa stands at US$ 75 billion making India the third largest trading partner of Africa.

The data in this publication bears testimony to the depth and breadth of the sectors that Africa and India place the greatest levels of engagement. Both entities recognize that the development of micro, small and medium-scale enterprises is a necessary first step towards industrialization. The importance of a robust financial sector for economic development has been acknowledged in the cooperation policy, leading to the development and growth of regulatory frameworks that have spawned new ways of doing business. In addition, regional cooperation and economic integration have generated financial support to mutually agreed integration programmes and projects. Ultimately, the data, which cuts across a remarkable breadth of sectors tells

the story of two parties working towards achieving common prosperity and progress.

In the area of science and technology, Africa and India share the common objective of enhancing collaborative research, strengthening science and technology institutions and cashing in on the growth of a south-south dynamic information economy. In this new era of Sustainable

Development Goals, Africa and India share a common understanding on many fronts, such as the need to reinforce their cooperation in human resource development, upgrade healthcare systems and improve basic sanitation to stem the spread of diseases resulting from poor hygiene and environmental sanitation.

It is in this backdrop that the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) in collaboration with the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) have come together to produce this publication titled

“Africa-India: Facts & Figures 2015”.

It is our hope that the information in this

publication will provide a much-needed snapshot of the potential for even greater collaboration and investment. By the year 2063, new and vibrant trade winds would have taken Africa and India to new heights of exchange and prosperity whose seeds are only now being sown.

Carlos Lopes

United Nations Under-Secretary-General and Executive Secretary of ECA

Chandrajit Banerjee Director General

Confederation of Indian Industry

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STOCKS, which is outstanding compared to the relative importance of Africa in big economies’ total FDI stocks such as Brazil (9%), USA (1.2%) or China (0.8%).

In the same year, 65.4 BILLION USD of the inward FDI stocks in India came from Africa which is 26% OF THE COUNTRY’S TOTAL INWARD FDI STOCKS.

A

s of January 2015, the number of Indians and persons of Indian origin in Africa was estimated to be 2.76 MILLION which accounted about 10% OF THE TOTAL INDIANS LIVING OVERSEAS. In Africa, most of Indian population were residing in South Africa (56%) and Mauritius (32%).

I

n 2014, AFRICA accounted for 11%

of INDIA’S EXPORTS and 9% of its IMPORTS where mineral products were the major trade commodity. Since 2010, INDIA’S EXPORTS to and IMPORTS from Africa INCREASED by 93% and 28%, respectively. In the meantime, AFRICA’S share from INDIA’S total EXPORTS has INCREASED from 8.1% to 10.9%.

O

ver the last three decades, both India and Africa have experienced a rapid increase in their population. AFRICA has DOUBLED ITS POPULATION between 1980 and 2010, and India is expect to do so by 2020. However, the population of Africa is expected to surpass that of India, by 2023. In 2050 the population of Africa will account for A QUARTER OF THE WORLD POPULATION, while the population of Africa and India together will account for 43% of the world population.

FDI

DEVELOPMENT

PARTNERSHIP TRADE

POPULATION

I

ndia’s development partnership with Africa is in the form of capacity building and training, grant assistance and concessional credit or lines of credit. India has offered Lines of Credit worth 7.4 BILLION USD under the first India Africa Forum Summit (IAFS) and a contribution of 10 MILLION USD for the UN Fund for Ebola. Also, since IAFS in 2011, a total of 25,000 scholarships have been utilized to Africans.

MOBILITY

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AFRICA-INDIA: FACTS & FIGURES 2015

W

ith the decline in fertility, the proportion of YOUNG population in Africa is expected to decrease from 41.6% TO 32.2% between 2015 and 2050. Similarly, in India the proportion of children will decrease from 31.8% TO 19.1%. The proportion of OLD AGE population is expected to increase 1.4 AND 2.6 TIMES more in Africa and India respectively.

T

he total unemployment rate in AFRICA varied between 8.1%

and 9.8% during the years 1990 to 2014. On the other hand, in INDIA the unemployment rate was between 3.5% and 4.3% during the same period. In both Africa and India,

YOUTH unemployment was higher than adult unemployment. Moreover, the unemployment rate of FEMALES was more than that of their male counterparts.

T

he gross enrollment ratios in

SECONDARY EDUCATION continue to be lower in both Africa and India, with around 47% AND 69% respectively.

B

etween 1990 and 2013, AFRICA has REDUCED neonatal MORTALITY, infant mortality and under-five mortality rates by 31.1%, 43.4% AND 48.9%, respectively. In INDIA, the percentage DECLINE of the MORTALITY rates for the same period were 43.1%, 53.4%

AND 57.4%. There was a DECREASE of the percentage of UNDERWEIGHT CHILDREN in Africa and India between 1990 and 2012. According to the latest data in India for 2014, the prevalences of underweight and stunting have sharply declined to 29.4% and 38.7% respectively.

O

ver the last ten years AFRICA, as a continent, has had HIGHER GDP per capita than INDIA. Africa’s GDP per capita was 33% higher in 2014. 21 African countries had HIGHER GDP per capita than India, and 33 had LOWER figures. Between 2006 and 2014, INDIA had an average annual GDP growth rate of 7.5% while Africa grew by 4.8% annually on average.

T

here is similarity in key crop production composition between India and Africa.

TOP 4 crops produced in INDIA in 2013 are among the TOP 9 crops cultivated in AFRICA in the same year with sugar cane being ranked at the first and the second in India and Africa respectively.

EMPLOYMENT AGE

EDUCATION

GDP CROPS

HEALTH

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1. INTERACTION STATISTICS

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Africa World

Africa -0.002 -0.062 1.700 2.099

World 136.823 154.347 203.922 225.635

11.900 16.400 12.400 13.600

71.315 78.541 79.675 84.342

6.377 5.826 6.175 9.025

849.684 953.685 1,002.383 1,077.363

1.477 1.010 2.168 2.014

365.905 362.932 406.295 385.315

52.426 51.617 52.971 55.543

3,741.910 4,050.026 4,384.671 4,660.906

BrazilIndiaChina

United States Russian Federation

10.0 50.0 100.0

2010 2011 2012 2013

Africa World

Africa World Africa

World

Africa -0.002 -0.062 1.700 2.099

World 136.823 154.347 203.922 225.635

11.900 16.400 12.400 13.600

71.315 78.541 79.675 84.342

6.377 5.826 6.175 9.025

849.684 953.685 1,002.383 1,077.363

1.477 1.010 2.168 2.014

365.905 362.932 406.295 385.315

52.426 51.617 52.971 55.543

3,741.910 4,050.026 4,384.671 4,660.906

BrazilIndiaChina

10.0 50.0 100.0

2010 2011 2012 2013

Africa World

In 2013, 16% of India’s total foreign direct investment stocks were in Africa.

Altogether, India has the second largest FDI stocks in Africa after the United States of America. However, in terms of relative importance of Africa in the countries’ total FDI stocks, India is outstanding. In 2013, 16% of India’s total FDI stocks were in Africa, while Brazil and China had 9% and 0.8% of their FDI stocks in the continent, respectively.

FIGURE 1: OUTWARD FDI STOCKS OF INDIA IN AFRICA (BILLION USD)

1.1 INWARD AND OUTWARD DIRECT INVESTMENT POSITIONS

1.1.1 OUTWARD FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT STOCKS (INDIA)

OUTWARD FDI STOCKS OF SELECTED COUNTRIES IN

AFRICA AND IN THE WORLD (BILLION USD)

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FIGURE 2: AFRICA FDI STOCKS IN INDIA (BILLION USD)

1.1.2 INWARD FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT STOCKS FROM AFRICA (INDIA)

OUTWARD FDI STOCKS OF AFRICA AND THE WORLD IN SELECTED COUNTRIES (BILLION USD)

50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0

2010 2011 2012 2013

Africa World

Africa 1.428 1.970 2.090 1.875

World

2,574.709 2,948.808 3,211.271 3,550.143

1.047 0.904 1.143 0.268

670.042 692.938 737.274 715.182

57.031 56.546 58.021 65.418

489.256 455.904 496.396 472.281

2.183 1.391 3.676 2.371

212.725 210.608 218.666 249.288

26.009 28.619 31.216 47.713

2,280.044 2,433.848 2,605.755 2,763.956

BrazilIndiaChina

Africa World

Africa World 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0

2010 2011 2012 2013

Africa World

Africa 1.428 1.970 2.090 1.875

World

2,574.709 2,948.808 3,211.271 3,550.143

1.047 0.904 1.143 0.268

670.042 692.938 737.274 715.182

57.031 56.546 58.021 65.418

489.256 455.904 496.396 472.281

2.183 1.391 3.676 2.371

212.725 210.608 218.666 249.288

26.009 28.619 31.216 47.713

2,280.044 2,433.848 2,605.755 2,763.956

BrazilIndiaChina

Africa World

Compared to Brazil, China, the Russian Federation and the United States of America, India has the largest inward FDI stocks from Africa, with a total of 65 billion USD in 2013. The importance of African investment is outstanding in India: Africa accounts for 26% of India’s total inward FDI stocks.

In 2013, 26% of the inward FDI stocks in India came from Africa.

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1.2 INDIA’S DEVELOPMENT PARTNERSHIP WITH AFRICA

1.2.1 LINES OF CREDIT OFFERED THROUGH THE EXIM BANK OF INDIA

India’s development partnership with Africa is in the form of capacity building and training, grant assistance and concessional credit or lines of credit.

Grants

• Under the India Africa Forum Summit I (IAFS-I), India announced a grant of 500 million USD (Rs. 2,700 crores) to assist capacity building in Africa through setting up of specialized institutions and extending scholarships and training programmes and implementing the Pan Africa e-Network project.

• At IAFS-II, India announced a grant of 700 million USD (Rs. 3,300 crores).

Under the IAFS, India has offered Lines of Credit worth USD 7.4 billion USD which includes a total of 137 projects in 41 countries.

Power 29%

Engineering 14%

Sugar Plant 12%

Roads and Transport 11%

Agriculture 10%

Rural Electrification 6%

Irrigation 3%

Others 3%

Automobile 3%

Cement 2%

Construction 2% Tech and Comm 2% Railways 2%

Shipping and Ship-building 1%

Aviation 0.2%

Steel 0.2%

Engineering and Construction 0.1%

FIGURE 3: LINES OF CREDIT BY SECTORS (%)

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1.2.2 SCHOLARSHIPS

• Between the first two Summits (2008-2011) a total of 15,000 scholarships have been offered to Africans.

• Since the India Africa Forum Summit in 2011, a total of 25,000 scholarships have been utilised to Africans. Under several programmes operated by the Government of India such as the ITEC, ICCR, CV Raman Scientific Fellowships, Special Agricultural Scholarships, Short- term specialised Training programmes, and distance learning through Pan Africa e-network are provided to Africans. These include more than 300 training programmes conducted at over 60 institutions in addition to the higher education scholarships at various universities.

• India Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC), formalised in 1964, has been sharing India’s development experience and expertise in a range of areas with fellow developing countries for the past five decades.

• The Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR) also has longstanding programme since 1960s to provide scholarships for higher education for Post Graduate and PhD degree programmes.

• Areas of Training: The areas of training and capacity building are of vital interest to African countries. They include IT, renewable energy, agriculture, marine & aeronautical engineering, marine hydrography, SME entrepreneurship, rural development, parliamentary affairs, logistics and management, climate change adaptation, disaster management, cyber security, forensic sciences, and defense and security, among others.

1.2.3 PAN-AFRICA E-NETWORK

The Pan Africa e-Network project has provided another innovative model of cooperation by providing an efficient tool to bridge the digital divide and provide affordable and easy access to quality education and healthcare to our peoples. The project links a large number of premier universities in both India and Africa.

The Project connects the nations of the African Union by a satellite and fiber optic network that would provide effective communication for Tele-education, Tele-medicine, Internet, Videoconferencing.

Twelve Super Speciality hospitals and five top ranking Universities from India are presently providing Tele-medicine and Tele-education services to African member countries on this network. From the African side five designated Regional University Centres (RUCs) namely (1) Cameroon (2) Egypt (3) Ghana (4) Mauritius (5) Malawi and five Regional Super Speciality Hospitals (RSSHs) namely (1) Nigeria (2) Republic of Congo (3) Mauritius (4) Egypt (5) Senegal are showcasing Indian capabilities in Information Technology sector in Africa.

Regional University Centres (RUCs) in Africa

• Cameroon

• Egypt

• Ghana

• Mauritius

• Malawi

Regional Super Speciality Hospitals (RSSHs) in Africa

• Nigeria

• Congo

• Mauritius

• Egypt

• Senegal

FIGURE 4: PAN AFRICA E-NETWORK

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1.2.4 CAPACITY BUILDING THROUGH INSTITUTIONS

India is setting up specialised institutions in various African countries as part of its capacity building efforts in the continent. These institutions focus on enhancing vocational skills, education planning and administration, renewable energy, agriculture and food processing, rural development, weather forecasting, life and earth sciences, foreign trade, entrepreneurship development, English language training besides some specialised sectors.

1.2.5 INDIA’S ASSISTANCE FOR COMBATING EBOLA

India offered a contribution of 10 million USD for the UN Fund for Ebola and an additional fund of 2 million USD for the purchase of protective gear to tackle Ebola for the three Ebola affected countries of West Africa. In addition, India extended a bilateral assistance of 50,000 USD to Guinea and Liberia and provided a cash assistance of 500,000 USD to WHO.

FIGURE 5: FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE FOR FIGHT AGAINST EBOLA

500,000 USD cash assistance to WHO

10 MILLION USD for the UN Fund

for Ebola

2 MILLION USD for the purchase of protective gear for the three Ebola affected countries of West Africa

50,000 USD bilateral assistance to Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone

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FIGURE 6: TOTAL TRADE OF INDIA TO AFRICA AND THE WORLD AS REPORTED BY INDIA (BILLION USD)

1.3 TRADE

1.3.1 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS

In 2014 Africa accounted for 11% of India’s exports and 9% of its imports. Since 2010, India’s exports to and imports from Africa increased by 93% and 28%, respectively. In the meantime, Africa’s share from India’s total exports has increased from 8.1% to 10.9%.

220.4 17.9

202.5

301.5 23.3

278.1

289.6 27.3

262.3

336.6 34.1

302.5

317.5 34.6

282.9

50.0 150.0 250.0 350.0

Total To Africa To the rest of the world

2014 2013 2012 2011 2010

350.0 31.4

318.6

462.4 39.8

422.6

489.0 43.0

446.0

466.0 39.4

426.6

459.4 40.4

419.0

0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0

Total To Africa From the rest of the world

450.0

EXPORT

IMPORT

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FIGURE 7: TRADE FLOWS OF INDIA AND OTHER MAJOR PARTNERS WITH AFRICA FROM 2010 TO 2014 (BILLION USD)

Overtaking the United States of American with 40 billion of US Dollars of imports, India came as third African trade partner, in 2014 just after the European Union and China.

50

Exports Imports

163.7 188.1 180.7

239.4

222.4

203.3 EU-28

57.9

105.8

60.4

113.2 115.7

China

India 17.4

34.6 30.8

43.0

40.4

USA

28.2

38.0 84.9

92.9

34.5 Brazil

9.1 12.2 9.7

11.3 14.3 17.1

4.7 9.7 7.2

2.1 2.8

Russian Federation 0

100 150 200 250

Each line represents development between 2010 and 2014

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The top five commodities imported from India by African countries in 2014 were: petroleum oil and related, rice, medicaments, motor cars and frozen meat of bovine animals.

The top five commodities constitute about 52% of India’s export to Africa in 2014.

Top commodities imported by India from Africa in 2014 were petroleum oils, gold, coal, diamonds, coconuts and nuts. These commodities constitute 82% of India’s import from Africa.

FIGURE 8: TOP FIVE IMPORT/EXPORT COMMODITIES BY INDIA TO/FROM AFRICA IN 2014 (MILLION USD)

Africa

India

11,384 Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, other than crude; preparations not elsewhere specified or included, containing by weight 70 % or more of petroleum oils or of oils obtained from bituminous minerals, these oils being the basic constituents of the preparations; waste oils

1

2,476 Medicaments (excluding goods of heading 30.02, 30.05 or 30.06) consisting of mixed or unmixed products for therapeutic or prophylactic uses, put up in measured doses (including those in the form of transdermal administration systems) or in forms or packings for retail sale

2

1,736 Motor cars and other motor vehicles principally designed for the transport of persons (other than those of heading 87.02), including station wagons and racing cars

3

1,575 Rice 4

809 Meat of bovine animals, frozen 5

1,006 Coconuts, Brazil nuts and cashew nuts, fresh or dried, whether or not shelled or peeled

5

1,202 Diamonds, whether or not worked,

but not mounted or set 4

2,525 Coal; briquettes, ovoids and similar solid fuels manufactured from coal 3 3,075 Gold (including gold plated with platinum) unwrought or in semi-manufactured forms, or in powder form

2

25,230 Petroleum oils and oils obtained from

bituminous minerals, crude 1

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FIGURE 9: TOP FIVE INDIA’S EXPORT AND IMPORT PARTNERS (MILLION USD)

South Africa (17% of total), Kenya (13%), Tanzania (11%), Egypt (9%) and Nigeria (8%) were the top African importers from India in 2014. Meanwhile, the largest exporters from the continent to India were Nigeria (39% of total), South Africa (15%), Angola (14%), Egypt (5%) and Botswana (3%).

Africa

1. South Africa 5,722

2. Kenya 4,405

3. United Rep. of Tanzania 3,714

4. Egypt 3,136

5. Nigeria 2,872

1. Nigeria 15,663

2. South Africa 5,994 3. Angola 5,642

4. Egypt 1,873 5. Botswana 1,046

India

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0.184 0.634 0.714 0.701

0.222 0.546 0.236 15.501

1.480

0.573 2.308 5.463

India

176.94915.5 Congo

Algeria

Equatorial Guinea Gabon

Cameroon

Guinea Nigeria

Egypt

Sudan

South Africa Angola

World Mozambique

FIGURE 10: MINERAL FUELS AND RELATED PRODUCTS IMPORTED BY INDIA FROM AFRICA IN 2014 (BILLION USD)

1.3.2 MINERAL FUELS AND RELATED PRODUCT TRADE

In decreasing order, Nigeria, Angola, South Africa, Egypt and Equatorial Guinea were top mineral fuels exporters to India in 2014. In the same year, India imported 16% of its mineral fuels needs from Africa and the top five countries constituted 88% of Africa’s mineral fuel exports to India.

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FIGURE 11: MAIN MINERAL FUELS (NON-CRUDE) IMPORTERS FROM INDIA IN 2013 (MILLION USD)

2,696

2,374 2,003

1,134

593

530

Tanzania

Kenya South Africa

Mozambique

Mauritius

Egypt 183 Togo

143 Namibia 79 Ghana

37 Nigeria

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1.3.3 PHARMACEUTICAL IMPORT/EXPORT OF AFRICA FROM/TO INDIA FIGURE 12: INDIA’S PHARMACEUTICAL EXPORT AND IMPORT

TO AFRICAN COUNTRIES (MILLION USD)

All African countries import pharmaceuticals from India. In 2014 pharmaceutical products accounted for 2.8 billion USD, or 8% of India’s total exports to Africa. The main export destinations were South Africa (17% of Indian pharmaceutical exports to Africa), Nigeria (15%) and Kenya (9%). Overall, Africa is a huge market for India’s pharmaceutical exports:

in 2014, 25% of the total exports of this product group were shipped to Africa.

South Africa Nigeria Kenya Tanzania Ghana Uganda Ethiopia Zambia Zimbabwe

Export

2013 2014

0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0 600.0

488.7 373.7

212.6 137.8

146.9 144.5 127.2 119.4

432.8 376.4

230.4 204.5 153.4 138.8 111.7 104.1 90.1

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India is importing much less pharmaceuticals from the world than its exports. In 2014 Africa represented 0.4% of these imports, mainly thanks to South Africa and Egypt (3 million USD each).

Egypt South Africa Ethiopia Swaziland Morocco Congo Tanzania

Import

2013 2014

0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 4.62 3.91

0.05 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

2.98 3.02 0.17

0.18 0.13 0.05 0.03

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1.4 POPULATION OF OVERSEAS INDIANS IN AFRICA

Persons of Indian Origin (PIO) proportion

0%

20%

40 60%

80%

100%

Algeria

Angola

Benin

Botswana

DRC Egypt

Ethiopia 10,015 Ghana 10,000

Kenya 70,000

Liberia Libya

Madagascar 20,000 Malawi

10,000

Mauritius 891,894

Mozambique 21,500

Nigeria 25,000

Rwanda Seychelles

South Africa 1,550,000

Sudan

Tanzania 53,100 Uganda

27,000

Zambia 12,000

Zimbabwe

Other 11,736

As of January 2015, the number of Indians and persons of Indian origin living in Africa was estimated to be 2.76 million which accounted about 10% of the total number of overseas Indians and persons of Indian origin. In Africa, most of Indians and persons of Indian origin were residing in South Africa (56%) and Mauritius (32%).

FIGURE 13: POPULATION OF OVERSEAS INDIANS IN AFRICA

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2,558 2,969 2,369 1,893 1,694 1,818 2,065 5,510 6,022

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2011 2012

1.5 STUDENT MOBILITY

The number of African students attending Indian tertiary institutions is on a gradual increase since 2000, exceeding 6,000 in 2012.

FIGURE 14: NUMBER OF AFRICAN STUDENTS ATTENDING INDIAN HIGHER INSTITUTIONS

Out of 6,022 African students who attended Indian tertiary institutions in 2012, Sudan, Tanzania, Rwanda and Kenya accounted for more than 50%.

=1,000 students =100 students =10 students

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FIGURE 15: AFRICAN STUDENTS ATTENDING INDIAN HIGHER INSTITUTIONS IN 2012

2,558

2,969

2,369

1,893

1,694 1,818

2,065 5,510

0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2011 2012

10 10 12 13 14 14 15 22 18 24 25 33 29 38 39 52 53

96 61

125 109

231

275 284 305 326 391 491 719 777

1,369 Sudan

Tanzania

Rwanda Kenya Congo Nigeria Mauritius Côte d'Ivoire Uganda

Ethiopia Burundi South Africa

6,022

Number of African Students

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FIGURE 16: TOURISTS ARRIVALS FROM AFRICA TO INDIA BY PURPOSE OF VISIT IN 2013 (%)

55.2 15.5

12

27.9 26.5 17.3

14

14.2 17.8

51.2 6.2

46.3 8

17.8

4.6 20.4

13.2 3.4

12.9 5.9

12.4

1.1 9.2

5.1 42.4

0.9 9.1

18.5

3.1 2.1

3.8 9.4

1.1 34.9

11

21.8 35

14.7 10.7 12.3 24.8 26.3

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Egypt Kenya Mauritius Nigeria South Africa Sudan Tanzania

23.9

23.2

11.2 14.2

8.7

18.8

Africa Total

Business and Professional Leisure, Holiday & Recreation Visiting Friends & Relatives

Medical Treatment Education Others

1.6 AFRICAN TOURISTS ARRIVALS TO INDIA

19

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FIGURE 17: TOURIST ARRIVALS FROM AFRICA TO INDIA BY PURPOSE OF VISIT AND COUNTRY IN 2013 (%)

16%

18%

9% 20%

2%

35%

Kenya

55%

14%

1% 3% 5%

22%

Egypt

Business & Professional Leisure, Holiday & Recreation Visiting Friends & Relatives Medical Treatment

Education Others

12%

51%

13%

5%

4%

15%

Mauritius

28%

6%

4%

42%

9%

11%

Nigeria

17%

8%

6%

9%

35%

25%

Sudan

14%

18%

12%

19%

11%

26%

Tanzania

29%

14%

14% 10%

16%

17%

Others

27%

46%

13%

1% 1% 12%

South Africa

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FIGURE 18: TOURISTS ARRIVALS FROM AFRICA TO INDIA

8,017 8,791 10,571 15,062

29,223 30,045

34,037

40,484

21,672 22,091 25,013 27,418

23,893

33,537 36,762

34,522 55,688

58,430

50,161

58,023

7,418 8,414 9,626 8,778

17,645 19,470 21,862 23,345

40,969

51,608

73,396

67,639

10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000

2010 2011 2012 2013

Egypt Kenya

Mauritius Nigeria South Africa

Sudan Tanzania Others

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2. COMPARISON INDICATORS

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2.1 POPULATION AND LABOUR FORCE

FIGURE 19: MID-YEAR POPULATION (MILLION)

Over the last three decades, both India and Africa have experienced a rapid increase in their population. Africa has doubled its population between 1980 and 2010, and India is expect to do so by 2020. However, the population of Africa is expected to surpass that of India, by 2023.

Africa 477.97 550.03 631.61 720.42 814.06 920.24 1,044.11 1,186.18 1,340.10 1,504.21 1,679.30 2,477.54 India 697.23 782.09 870.60 960.88 1,053.48 1,144.33 1,230.99 1,311.05 1,388.86 1,461.63 1,527.66 1,705.33

- 500 1.000

1.500 2.000 2.500 3.000

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2050

Africa

India

(31)

FIGURE 20: BASIC DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS

- 500

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

1950 2015 2050

-

1950 2015 2050

INDIA AFRICA

Sex Ratio

(Males: Females) 105.399 107.608 105.384 98.637 100.123 100.508

0.389 0.589

0.022

Young (0-14) (% of total) Adult (% of total) Old (% of total) 0.318

0.645 0.038

0.191 0.671 0.137

0.416 0.563

0.021

0.422 0.553

0.024

0.322 0.619

0.059 AGE STRUCTURE

Total Dependency

Ratio (%) 0.684 0.524 0.490 0.804 0.801 0.615

Young Dependency

Ratio (%) 0.631 0.439 0.285 0.746 0.738 0.520

Old Dependency

Ratio (%) 0.078 0.119 0.257 0.089 0.097 0.135

DEPENDENCY RATIO

TOTAL POPULATION (‘000)

(32)

Africa India

0 25 50 250 500 1,000

<1 24.3 39.2

<5 123.7 185.2

5-14 253.7 300.8

15-24 241.5 229.6

15-49 702.0 570.0

15-64 860.0 658.7

15 or over 933.6 700.2

65 or over 73.6 41.5

0 4000

2000 1000 3000

Children Ages 0-14 Adult Ages 15-64 Old Ages 65+

0 2015 1500

1000

500

2015

5% 0% 5%

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

100 1950

20152100 Africa

Male Female

Age

5% 0% 5%

Age

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Male

India

19502015 2100 Female

0 25 50 250

15-24 241.5 229.6

15-49 702.0 570.0

15-64 860.0 658.7

15 or over 933.6 700.2

65 or over 73.6 41.5

0 4000

2000 1000 3000

2000

1950 2050 2100

0 2015 1500

1000

500

2000

1950 2050 2100

2015

5% 0% 5%

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

100 1950

20152100 Africa

Male Female

Age

5% 0% 5%

Age

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Male

India

19502015 2100 Female

FIGURE 22: POPULATION STRUCTURE

25

(33)

FIGURE 24: AFRICA AND INDIA LABOUR FORCE (MILLION)

Between 1950 and 2015, the total population of Africa increased by 418% while that of India and the World increased by 248% and 191%, respectively. Furthermore, Africa’s population is expected to more than double in 2050 as compared to the current population. During the same period the population of India and the World will increase by only 30% and 32% respectively.

In 2050 the population of Africa will account for a quarter of the world population, while the population of Africa and India together will account for 43% of the world population.

With the decline in fertility, the proportion of children in Africa is expected to decrease from 42.2% to 32.2% between 2015 and 2050. Similarly, in India the proportion of children will decrease from 31.8% to 19.1%. The proportion of old age population is expected to increase by 3.5 and 9.9 percentage points in Africa and India respectively.

FIGURE 23: URBAN POPULATION (%)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2050

Africa India World

- 100 200 300 400 500

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013p 2014p

India Africa

(34)

FIGURE 25: OVERALL UNEMPLOYMENT (%)

The total unemployment rate in Africa varied between 8.1% and 9.8% during the years 1990 to 2014. On the other hand, in India the unemployment rate was between 3.5% and 4.3% during the same period. In both Africa and India, youth unemployment was higher than adult unemployment.

Moreover, the unemployment rate of females was more than that of their male counterparts.

Total unemployment rate (%)

- 4.000 6.000 8.000 10.000

World (%)

India (%) Africa (%) World: Male (%)

India: Male (%) Africa: Male (%) World: Female (%)

India: Female (%) Africa: Female (%)

- 2.000 3.000 4.000 5.000 6.000 7.000 8.000 - 8.000 10.000 12.000 14.000

16.000 Youth unemployment rate (%)

Adult unemployment rate (%)

1991 1995 2000 2005 2010 2014p

(35)

2.2 EDUCATION

FIGURE 26: GROSS ENROLMENT RATIO IN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION

Between 2000 and 2012, both Africa and India have improved their gross enrolment ratios in primary education. As is shown in Table 18, the gross enrolment ratio in primary education has risen consistently from 2000 to 2008 and has exceeded 100% in India between 2003 and 2011, and in Africa between 2009 and 2012. In Africa, the gross enrolment ratio of males in primary education was higher than the females. On the other hand, in India there has not been much difference between the gross enrolment ratios of males and females, especially during the recent years.

The gross enrollment ratios in secondary education continue to be lower in both Africa and India, with around 47% and 69% respectively.

- 80 100 120

- 30 40 50 60 70

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Africa Africa (male) Africa (female)

India India (male) India (female) Gross enrolment ratio

PRIMARY EDUCATION

SECONDARY EDUCATION

(36)

2.2.1 LITERACY RATE

FIGURE 27: LITERACY RATE

Africa India World

YOUTH LITERACY RATE, POPULATION 15-24 YEARS, BOTH SEXES (%)

ADULT LITERACY RATE, POPULATION 15+ YEARS, BOTH SEXES (%)

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

70.6 70.6 70.6 70.6 70.6 70.6 72.8 72.8 72.8 72.8 72.8 72.8 72.8 72.8 .. .. ..

.. .. 76.4 .. .. .. .. 81.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 90.2

87.3 87.3 87.3 87.3 87.3 87.3 89.4 89.4 89.4 89.4 89.4 89.4 89.4 89.4 .. .. ..

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

58.1 58.1 58.1 58.1 58.1 58.1 62.0 62.0 62.0 62.0 62.0 62.0 62.0 62.0 .. .. ..

.. .. 61.0 .. .. .. .. 62.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 71.2

81.9 81.9 81.9 81.9 81.9 81.9 84.3 84.3 84.3 84.3 84.3 84.3 84.3 84.3 .. .. ..

(37)

Primary School Africa

38:1

Primary School India

40:1

Secondary School Africa

22:1

Secondary School India

30:1

2.2.2 PUPIL-TEACHER RATIO

FIGURE 28: TEACHER-PUPIL RATIO 2000-2012

2.3 RESEARCH OUTPUTS

FIGURE 29: RESEARCH OUTPUTS

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

India Africa

0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000

14,753 15,507 16,543 16,297 16,040

30,558 32,552 35,166 36,433 38,794

(38)

2.4 HEALTH

FIGURE 30: MATERNAL MORTALITY RATIO (PER 100,000 LIVE BIRTHS)

2.4.1 MATERNAL MORTALITY RATIO

Maternal mortality ratio decreased in both Africa and India between 1990 and 2013.

However, the pace of decline was moderate in Africa while India has recorded a rapid decline with its maternal mortality ratio falling below the world average.

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2013

Africa India World

(39)

FIGURE 31: UNDER-FIVE, INFANT AND NEONATAL

MORTALITY RATES (PER 1,000 LIVE BIRTHS) 2.4.2 CHILD MORTALITY

Between 1990 and 2013, Africa has reduced neonatal mortality, infant mortality and under-five mortality rates by 31.1%, 43.4% and 48.9%, respectively. In India, the percentage decline of the mortality rates for the same period were 43.1%, 53.4% and 57.4%. In 1990, neonatal mortality rate in India (51 per 1,000 live births) was higher than Africa (45 per 1,000 live births). However, by 2013 India had lower neonatal mortality rate (29 per 1,000 live births) than Africa (31 per 1,000 live births).

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Infant Mortality Rate (per 1000 live births) 1990 2000 2010 2013

Neo natal Mortality Rate

(per 1000 live births) Under-five Mortality Rate (per 1000 live births)

World India Africa

1990 2000 2010 2013 1990 2000 2010 2013

(40)

2.4.3 IMMUNIZATION COVERAGE AMONG 1-YEAR-OLD

FIGURE 32: IMMUNIZATION COVERAGE AMONG 1-YEAR-OLD (%)

There has been an improvement in immunization coverage in both Africa and India in 2013 when compared with 2000. However, the immunization coverage in Africa and India have been lower than the world average. Africa needs to improve immunization coverage, in particular in DTP3 and MCV areas.

BCG DTP3

1990 -2013 1990 -2013 1990 -2013

Global India Africa

MCV

100

80

60

40

20

0

(41)

2.4.4 PREVALENCE OF UNDERNOURISHMENT

FIGURE 33: PREVALENCE OF UNDERNOURISHMENT IN TOTAL POPULATION (%)

There was a decrease of the percentage of underweight children in Africa and India between 1990 and 2012. Africa has relatively small percentage of underweight children when compared with India. However, both Africa and India have high proportion of underweight children when compared with the world average.

CHILDREN AGED <5 YEARS UNDERWEIGHT (MODERATE AND SEVERE) (%)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2008-2012

AFRICA

34.3 31.9 29.7 27.5 24.6

INDIA

59.5 N.A. 53 40.3 42.5

GLOBAL

24.9 22.6 20.6 18.3 15.1

CHILDREN AGED <5 YEARS STUNT (MODERATE AND SEVERE) (%)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2008-2012

AFRICA

49.7 47.4 45.2 42.9 39.9

INDIA

66.2 N.A. 52 44.3 48.0

GLOBAL

39.8 35.9 32.6 29.3 24.7

(42)

2012 1990

FIGURE 34: CHILDREN AGED <5 YEARS UNDERWEIGHT (MODERATE AND SEVERE) (%)

FIGURE 35: CHILDREN AGED <5 YEARS STUNT (MODERATE AND SEVERE) (%)

In Africa the percentage of stunting has decreased from 50% in 1990 to 40% in 2012, while the decrease in India during the same period was from 66% to 48%.

Africa India

2012 1990

Africa India

3:10 4:10

2:10 6:10

5:10 7:10

4:10 5:10

(43)

1990 2000 2012

AFRICA

^55.4 ^56.9 ^71.8

INDIA

^70.5 ^80.6 ^94.1

WORLD

^76.4 ^82.5 ^90.9

2.4.5 ACCESS TO IMPROVED DRINKING WATER

FIGURE 36: PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION WITH IMPROVED DRINKING WATER SOURCES

Both Africa and India have shown progress in securing access to improved drinking water source. However, having access to improved drinking water source remains a big challenge in Africa, where only 71.8% of the population has access to improved drinking water in 2015. On the other hand, in 2015 the percentage of Indian population that has access to improved water source was 94.1%, which exceeded the world average.

With improved sources Without improved sources

(44)

2.4.6 IMPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES

FIGURE 37: IMPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES IN 2015 (%)

Between 1990 and 2015, the percentage of population using improved sanitation facilities in Africa increased from 33% to 39%, while in India in India it increased from 17% to 40%.

AFRICA 39.0

INDIA 39.6

WORLD 67.6

With improved facilities Without improved facilities

(45)

2.5 GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT

2.5.1 GDP PER CAPITA BY COUNTRY

FIGURE 38: PER-CAPITA GDP OF TOP AND BOTTOM THREE AFRICAN COUNTRIES AND INDIA IN 2014 (USD)

Over the last ten years Africa, as a continent, has had higher GDP per capita than India. Africa’s GDP per capita was 33% higher in 2014. 21 African countries had higher GDP per capita than India, and 33 had lower figures.

Equatorial Guinea 21'629

Seychelles 15'540

Gabon 11'805

Africa (average)

2'163

India 1'631 Central African Republic

363

Malawi 354

Burundi 270

(46)

FIGURE 39: PER-CAPITA GDP (USD)

0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Africa India

GDP per capita of Africa and India

(47)

2.5.2 GDP GROWTH RATE

FIGURE 40: ANNUAL GDP GROWTH RATE (%)

Between 2006 and 2014, India had an average annual GDP growth rate of 7.5% while Africa grew by 4.8% annually on average.

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Africa India 2007

(48)

2.5.3 CONTRIBUTION OF SECTORS TO GDP

FIGURE 41: CONTRIBUTION OF SECTORS TO GDP (%)

FIGURE 42: STRUCTURE OF OUTPUT (%)

Agriculture Services

India Africa

2005

2013

19

28 53

15

39 46

18 57 25

16

34 50

Industry

While the size of agriculture in the economy is fairly similar in Africa (15.6% of GDP in 2013) and India (18.2%), the importance of the secondary and tertiary sectors are slightly different. The services sectors is by far the largest in both countries, but in Africa it accounts for 49.9% of the economy, while in India it gives 57% of the GDP.

AGRICULTURE INDUSTRY SERVICE

2005 2012 2013 2005 2012 2013 2005 2012 2013

Africa 15.2 15.5 15.6 38.8 35.1 34.4 46.1 49.3 49.9

India 19 18 18.2 28 26 24.8 53 56 57

(49)

2.6 AGRICULTURE AND FOOD PRODUCTION

2.6.1 PER CAPITA FOOD PRODUCTION

FIGURE 43: FOOD PER CAPITA NET PRODUCTION INDEX (BASE YEAR 2004-2006)

2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

India 99.2 100.1 103.8 111.5 112.4 108.4 115.4 121.1 122.2 124.9

Africa 92.4 99.8 101.9 98.4 102.3 101.2 104.1 102.3 104.8 105.9

80 100 120 140

-

Source: FAO

Food production in India and Africa is on the increasing trend from 2000, reaching Food per capita Net Production index value 125 and 106 respectively in 2013.

(50)

2.6.2 KEY CROPS PRODUCED IN INDIA AND AFRICA

FIGURE 44: TOP CROPS PRODUCED BY INDIA AND AFRICA

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Wheat Sugar cane Rice, paddy

Potatoes

Cassava (40 countries) Sugar cane (40 countries) Maize (50 countries) Yams (25 countries) Potatoes (40 countries) Rice, paddy (43 countries) Plantains (19 countries) Wheat (33 countries)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Potatoes

Cassava (40 countries) Sugar cane (40 countries) Maize (50 countries) Yams (25 countries) Potatoes (40 countries) Rice, paddy (43 countries) Plantains (19 countries) Wheat (33 countries) Sorghum (43 countries)

Figure 44 show similarity in key crop production composition between India and Africa.

Top 4 crops (2013) of India can be all found in the top 9 crop list (2013) of Africa with sugar cane being ranked at the first and the second in India and Africa respectively.

Source: FAO

TOP 4 CROPS PRODUCED BY INDIA (MILLIONS OF TONS) IN 2013 TOP 9 CROPS PRODUCED BY AFRICA (MILLIONS OF TONS) IN 2013

43

(51)

2.6.3 AREA UNDER CULTIVATION

FIGURE 45: ARABLE LAND (% OF LAND AREA) OF INDIA AND TOP FIVE AFRICAN COUNTRIES

In 2012, more than 50% of land is arable in India while only three countries in Africa were close to that level.

54.1 53.4 52.5

25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0 60.0

‘00 ‘01 ‘02 ‘03 ‘04 ‘05 ‘06 ‘07 ‘08 ‘09 ‘10 ‘11 ‘12

India

46.0 43.2

42.7 38.6 38.6

42.5 43.0

45.2 48.7

Togo

40.5

45.2 44.3 45.4 44.2 46.3 47.9

Rwanda

43.0 43.0

47.3

Comoros

27.7 31.6 27.7

30.6 32.6

29.0 29.9

44.5 43.5

Gambia

37.4 38.6

33.1 37.0

42.8

Burundi

25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0 60.0

‘00 ‘01 ‘02 ‘03 ‘04 ‘05 ‘06 ‘07 ‘08 ‘09 ‘10 ‘11 ‘12

‘00 ‘01 ‘02 ‘03 ‘04 ‘05 ‘06 ‘07 ‘08 ‘09 ‘10 ‘11 ‘12 ‘00 ‘01 ‘02 ‘03 ‘04 ‘05 ‘06 ‘07 ‘08 ‘09 ‘10 ‘11 ‘12

ARABLE LAND (% OF LAND AREA), SORTED BY 2012 VALUES

(52)

2.7 ELECTRICITY

2.7.1 TOTAL ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION

FIGURE 46: TOTAL ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION (BILLION KWHS)

0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Africa India

(53)

2.7.2 TOTAL THERMAL PRODUCTION

FIGURE 47: TOTAL THERMAL PRODUCTION (BILLION KWHS)

2.7.3 TOTAL HYDRO PRODUCTION

FIGURE 48: HYDROELECTRICITY NET GENERATION (BILLION KWHS)

2011 2012

552.9

535.2 760.4

708.8

Africa India

90 95 100 105 110 115

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

India Africa

(54)

2.7.4 ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION

Total electricity consumption of India increased 40% from 2008 (621 billion KWHs) to 2012 (865 billion KWHs). During the same period, Africa’s electricity consumption increased 14% from 523 billion KWHs to 597 billion KWHs.

FIGURE 49: TOTAL ELECTRICITY NET

CONSUMPTION (BILLION KWHS)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Africa India

(55)

10%

Algeria

8%

Angola

38%

Libya

30%

Nigeria

15%

Others

2.8 OIL RESERVES

Proved crude oil reserves of Africa is 20 times larger than that of India. In 2014, Libya (38%), Nigeria (30%), Algeria (10%) and Angola (8%) accounted for about 85% of the total oil reserves in Africa.

FIGURE 50: CRUDE OIL PROVED RESERVES IN AFRICA AND INDIA (MILLION BARRELS)

FIGURE 51: CRUDE OIL PROVED RESERVES OF COUNTRIES OUT OF TOTAL 127 BILLION OF BARRELS IN 2014

- 120,000 125,000 130,000

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Africa India

119,114

123,609

127,739 5,625

5,682

5,476

(56)

2.9 FINANCIAL SECTOR

2.9.1 CURRENT ACCOUNT BALANCE

FIGURE 52: CURRENT ACCOUNT BALANCE (AS % OF GDP)

Over the recent years, both Africa and India had their current account balance in deficit. While Africa’s deficit has been worsening from 0.2% of GDP in 2010 to -3.7% in 2014, India’s had been improving from -3.2% of GDP to -1.5%.

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Africa India

(57)

2.9.2 DEBT

Africa, as a continent, and India had both relatively moderate levels of external debt in the recent years, although debt levels have started to increase since 2013. In 2014, debt to GDP ratio was less than 25%, while deb to export ratio was less than 15% in both cases.

FIGURE 53: EXTERNAL DEBT (AS % OF GDP)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Africa 21.9 20.1 20.3 20.7 21.6 23.1

India 18.7 18.6 19.2 22.0 23.5 24.2

Africa 13.5 9.1 10.3 10.9 12.2 14.5

India 9.7 4.7 5.1 5.6 5.7 5.3

- 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Debt outstanding (as % of GDP)

Debt service (as % of exports) 55

60 65

Africa Outstanding India Outstading Africa Service India Service

(58)

2.9.3 INTERNATIONAL RESERVES INCLUDING GOLD

FIGURE 54: INTERNATIONAL RESERVES IN BILLION USD AT CURRENT PRICE

Africa and India has been both accumulating important international reserves since 2000, reaching 506 billion USD in the whole of Africa and 304 billion USD in India.

- 200 400 600 800 1,000

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Africa India

(59)

2.10 PUBLIC FINANCE

FIGURE 55: CAPITAL EXPENDITURE (BILLION USD)

While India’s capital expenditure per year was almost stationary between 2009 and 2013, Africa’s yearly capital expenditures more than tripled from 580 million USD in 2009 to 1.8 billion USD in 2013.

580.4 653.7

922.6

1,656.8

1,836.2

38.8

49.1

66.8

65

62.2

0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Africa India

(60)

FIGURE 56: FISCAL BALANCE (BILLION USD)

Both Africa and India have been running fiscal deficits in recent years. While India’s fiscal deficit has been moving around 100-150 billion USD between 2009 and 2013, Africa increased its fiscal deficit to over 1 trillion USD in the same period.

-307.8

-387.9

-562.9

-903.7 -913.7

-1,069.5 -54.5

-108.6

-137.3

-151.3 -143.7

-130.8

-1400 -1,200 -1,000 -800 -600 -400 -200 0

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Africa India

(61)

FIGURE 57: INCOME TAX (BILLION USD)

Income tax revenues in India increased by 23% between 2008 and 2013, from 218 billion USD to 269 billion USD. In the meantime, Africa’s income tax revenues increased by 63% from almost 3 trillion to 4.9 trillion USD.

Non-tax revenues in India stayed stable in the recent years around 50 billion USD per year. In the meantime, Africa’s non-tax revenues had a sharp spike in 2010-11 and reached 277 billion USD in 2013.

2,997 2,242.4

3,039.5

4,155.4 4,234.7

4,870.5

218.3 201.6

208.9

268.1 266.9

269.1

0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Africa India

201.4 183.1

286.5 362.9 191.8

277.2

52.8 39

45.8

48.7 46.3

48.6

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Africa India

FIGURE 58: NON-TAX REVENUE (BILLION USD)

(62)

2.11 TOURISM

FIGURE 59: TOP 15 ARRIVALS TO INDIA AND AFRICA

500,000 1000,000 1500,000 2000,000 2500,000 3000,000 3500,000

Top 15 Arrivals to Africa

2010 2011 2012 2013

France 4.987,706 4.027,366 4.208,476 3.682,183 U.K. 3.259,861 2.871,006 2.987,258 2.987,960 Russian Federation3.144,361 2.073,920 2.880,353 2.803,753 Germany 2.697,802 2,.118,604 2.552,197 1.982,892 Italy 2.225,197 1.266,668 1.500,583 1.307,558 USA 1.292,704 1.157,598 1.529,231 1.383,263

Spain 1.122,194 874,271 951,270 845,888

Belgium 738,953 717,590 765,376 714,712

Netherlands 779,778 672,765 772,804 703,106

China 406,772 593,402 708,440 590,654

India 412,610 549,076 559,486 467,745

Switzerland 486,423 389,598 444,241 383,872 Saudi Arabia 457,614 292,331 351,709 321,660

Canada 349,461 299,631 355,337 346,917

Austria 400,048 320,283 314,410 256,634

Grand Total 25.126,314 19.958,155 22.948,954 20.579,320

500,000 1000,000 1500,000

2013 1.085,309 809,444 524,923 262,345 255,222 252,003 248,379 242,649 220,283 218,967 259,120 174,712 143,025 113,790 112,619 6.967,601 Top 15 Arrivals to India

2010 2011 2012

U.S.A. 931,292 980,688 1.039,947

U.K. 759,494 798,249 788,170

Bangladesh 431,962 463,543 487,397 Sri Lanka 266,515 305,853 296,983

Canada 242,372 259,017 256,021

Germany 227,720 240,235 254,783

France 225,232 231,423 240,674

Malaysia 179,077 208,196 195,853

Japan 168,019 193,525 220,015

Australia 169,647 192,592 202,105 Russian Fed. 122,048 144,312 177,526 China (Main) 119,530 142,218 168,952 Singapore 107,487 119,022 131,452

Nepal 104,374 119,131 125,375

Rep. of Korea 95,587 108,680 109,469 Grand Total 5.775,692 6.309,222 6.321,745

(63)

2.12 INFORMATION SOCIETY

2.12.1 MOBILE SUBSCRIPTION & INTERNET PENETRATION FIGURE 60: MOBILE SUBSCRIPTIONS AND

INTERNET USERS (PER 100 INHABITANTS)

The mobile subscription rate has leaped significantly over past 10 years in both Africa and India. In 2005, the mobile subscription per 100 inhabitants was 8% in India and 12.4% in Africa but the rate had jumped to over 70% in 2014.

The Internet penetration rate also improved over the last decade increasing from 2.4% in 2005 to 18% in 2014 both in India and Africa.

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Africa 12.4 17.8 23.5 32.2 38.0 45.4 52.3 58.9 65.6 71.2

India 8.0 14.5 20.2 29.5 44.1 62.4 73.2 69.9 70.8 74.5

Africa 2.4 3.3 3.9 5.9 7.3 9.8 12.6 14.4 16.7 18.9

India 2.4 2.8 4.0 4.4 5.1 7.5 10.1 12.6 15.1 18.0

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Africa 12.4 17.8 23.5 32.2 38.0 45.4 52.3 58.9 65.6 71.2

India 8.0 14.5 20.2 29.5 44.1 62.4 73.2 69.9 70.8 74.5

Africa 2.4 3.3 3.9 5.9 7.3 9.8 12.6 14.4 16.7 18.9

India 2.4 2.8 4.0 4.4 5.1 7.5 10.1 12.6 15.1 18.0

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Africa 12.4 17.8 23.5 32.2 38.0 45.4 52.3 58.9 65.6 71.2

India 8.0 14.5 20.2 29.5 44.1 62.4 73.2 69.9 70.8 74.5

Africa 2.4 3.3 3.9 5.9 7.3 9.8 12.6 14.4 16.7 18.9

India 2.4 2.8 4.0 4.4 5.1 7.5 10.1 12.6 15.1 18.0

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0

FIGURE 61: MOBILE SUBSCRIPTIONS (PER 100 INHABITANTS)

FIGURE 62: INTERNET USERS (PER 100 INHABITANTS)

(64)

SOURCE FIGURES

IMF 1, 2, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58

Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India 3, 4, 5 Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs, Government of India 13

UN Comtrade 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12

US Energy information 11, 49, 50, 51

UNESCO 14, 15, 26, 27, 28, 29

Ministry of Tourism, Government of India 16, 17, 18, 59

World Population Prospects 19, 20, 21, 22

World Urbanization Prospects 23

ILO 24, 25

Trends in Maternal Mortality Report (WHO,

UNICEF, UNFPA and World Bank) 30

Levels and Trends in Child Mortality Report

(UNICEF, WHO, World Bank and UN) 31

WHO 32, 33, 34, 35

Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) for Water Supply

and Sanitation (WHO and UNICEF) 36, 37

African Statistical Yearbook 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 52, 53

World Bank 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 45, 54

FAO 43, 44

UNDATA 46, 47, 48

WTO 59

ITU 60, 61, 62

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Figure 1: Outward FDI stocks of India in Africa (billion usd) 2

Figure 2: Africa FDI stocks in India (billion usd) 3

Figure 3: Lines of credit by sectors (%) 4

Figure 4: Pan Africa e-Network 6

Figure 5: Financial assistance for fight against Ebola 7

Figure 6: Total trade of India to Africa and the world as reported by India (billion usd) 8 Figure 7: Trade flows of India and other major partners with Africa

from 2010 to 2014 (billion usd) 9

Figure 8: Top five import/export commodities by India to/from Africa in 2014 (million usd) 10 Figure 9: Top five India’s export and import partners (million usd) 11 Figure 10: Mineral fuels and related products imported by India from Africa in 2014 (billion usd) 12 Figure 11: Main mineral fuels (non-crude) importers from India in 2013 (million usd) 13 Figure 12: India’s pharmaceutical export and import to Africa countries (million usd) 14

Figure 13: Population of Indians in Africa 16

Figure 14: Number of African students attending Indian higher institutions 17 Figure 15: African students attending Indian higher institutions in 2012 18 Figure 16: Tourists arrivals from Africa to India by purpose of visit in 2013 (%) 19 Figure 17: Tourists arrivals from Africa to India by purpose of visit and country in 2013 (%) 20

Figure 18: Tourists arrivals from Africa to India 21

Figure 19: Mid-year population (million) 23

Figure 20: Basic demographic characteristics 24

Figure 21: Age groups (million) 25

Figure 22: Population structure 25

Figure 23: Urban population (%) 26

Figure 24: Africa and India labour force (million) 26

Figure 25: Overall unemployment (%) 27

Figure 26: Gross enrolment ratio in primary and secondary education 28

Figure 27: Literacy rate 29

Figure 28: Teacher-pupil ratio 2000-2012 30

Figure 29: Research outputs 30

Figure 30: Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births) 31 Figure 31: Under-five, infant and neonatal mortality rates (per 1,000 live births) 32

Figure 32: Immunization coverage among 1-year-old (%) 33

FIGURE LIST

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Figure 33: Prevalence of undernourishment in total population (%) 34 Figure 34: Children aged <5 years underweight (moderate and severe) (%) 35 Figure 35: Children aged <5 years stunt (moderate and severe) (%) 35 Figure 36: Percentage of population with improved drinking water sources 36

Figure 37: Improved sanitation facilities in 2015 (%) 37

Figure 38: Per-capita GDP of top and bottom three African countries and India in 2014 (usd) 38

Figure 39: Per-capita GDP (usd) 39

Figure 40: Annual GDP growth rate (%) 40

Figure 41: Contribution of sectors to GDP (%) 41

Figure 42: Structure of output (%) 41

Figure 43: Food per capita net production index (base year 2004-2006) 42

Figure 44: Top crops produced by India and Africa 43

Figure 45: Arable land (% of land area) of India and top five African countries 44

Figure 46: Total electricity production (billion kwhs) 45

Figure 47: Total thermal production (billion kwhs) 46

Figure 48: Hydroelectricity net generation (billion kwhs) 46

Figure 49: Total electricity net consumption (billion kwhs) 47

Figure 50: Crude oil proved reserves in Africa and India (million barrels) 48 Figure 51: Crude oil proved reserves of counties out of total 127 billion of barrels in 2014 48

Figure 52: Current account balance (as % of GDP) 49

Figure 53: External debt (as % of GDP) 50

Figure 54: International reserves in billion usd at current price 51

Figure 55: Capital expenditure (billion usd) 52

Figure 56: Fiscal balance (billion usd) 53

Figure 57: Income tax (billion usd) 54

Figure 58: Non-tax revenue (billion usd) 54

Figure 59: Top 15 arrivals to India and Africa 55

Figure 60: Mobile subscriptions and Internet users (per 100 inhabitants) 56

Figure 61: Mobile subscriptions (per 100 inhabitants) 56

Figure 62: Internet users (per 100 inhabitants) 56

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