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A Shorter Form of the National Building Code of Canada (1953): Prepared in By-Law Form for Use by Smaller Municipalities

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(1)

A SHORTER FORM

OF

THE

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE

OF

CANADA

(1953)

OITAWA

April 1956 Price 30 cents

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(2)

This document is a,n abridgement of the National Building Code of Canada (1953). It is advisory only and has no legal standing until and unless adopted for specific use by a provin-cial government or municipal administration. The Code is essentially a set of minimum regulations respecting the ,safety of buildings with reference to public health, fire protection, and structural sufficiency. Its essential purpose is' the promotion of pubnc safety through the use of desirable building standards throughout Canada.

This Shorter Fonn of the National Building Code of Canada has been prepared, to the instructions of the Associate Com:. ullttee on the National Building Code, by R. S. Ferguson, S. G. Frost and H. B. Dickens, based on a prenminary draft of

J.

I. Lawson.

Ce document sera disponible en fran~ais d'ici quelqu-e temps. Toutes demandes doivent etre adressees au Secretaire, ConUte

Associe sur Ie Code National' du BAtiment, Conseil National

de Recherches, Ottawa 2, Canada.

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(3)

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL

CANADA

ASSOCIATE COMMITTEE ON THE NATIONAL BUILDING CODE

A SHORTER FORM

OF THE

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF CANADA

(1953)

Prepared in By-law form for use by smaller municipalities

OTTAWA

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ADOPTION PROCEDURE

When considering this Code for legal use as a municipal

by~law administrative officials will recognize that the technical sections (2 to 13) are generally suitable ,as they stand. Section 1: Administration may have to be redrafted to suit local conditions. With this in view the booklet has been so arranged that Section 1 can be removed and replaced without disturbing the technical sections of the Code.

Section 1 is included as a guide only to administrative re~

quirements. Local authority varies to such an extent that no one set of administrative provisions could satisfy the need for all parts of the country. As a guide it establishes the form and subject matter likely to be required by any municipality. It has been prepared on the advice of experts and is printed here only after careful review by provincial authorities from the ten provinces of Canada.

Of special note are the procedures which, for regulation purposes, separate small buildings from large. Article 1.2 classifies these two groups and article 1.4 establishes which regulations apply to each group. By this means it has been possible to prepare a concise and simple set of regulations applying to small buildings, which make up the greatest per-centage of building construction, and thus to simplify adminis-tration in smaller municipalities.

Recognizing that even in the smallest municipalities, large and complicated buildings are sometimes built, a clause has been included adopting the National Building Code of Canada ( 1953). It is to this document that the reader is referred for the minimum requirements applying to these larger buildings. This practice of treating small and large buildings separately is based on the long expelience of municipalities in Canada.

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SECTION 1 SECTION 2 SECTION 3 SECTION 4 SECTION 5 SECTION 6 SECTION 7 SECTION 8 SECTION 9 SECTION 10 SECTION 11 SECTION 12 SECTION 13

TABLE OF

CO~TENTS ADl\II~ISTRATIO~ _________________________________________ _ DEFINITIONS

BUILDING OCCUPANCY AKD EXITS ____ _

Page 5 11 14

CONSTRUCTION SAFETY MEASURES__________ 26 EXCAVATIONS AND FOUNDATIONL_________ 28 UNIT MASONRY CONSTRUCTION______________ 34 CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION_______________________ 41 'VoOD-FRAME CONSTRUCTION ________ _

CLADDING HEATING

PLUMBING ___________________________ _

LIGHTING AND POWER___________ __._._. _________ . __ MATERIALS 45 63 68 97 99 99 REFERENCES TO NATIONAL BUILDING CODE

OF CANADA (1953) ______________ . 107

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(6)

THE ___________________ _

IN THE PROVINCE OF ________ _

BY-LAW No. ________________________________________________ _

A BY-LA'" TO REGULATE THE ERECTION AND PROVIDE FOR THE SAFETY OF BUILDINGS

AND STRUCTURES

Under the authority and subject to the provisions of the ___________ _ (being chapter ______________________________________________ _

of the as amended) and by virtue of aU other powers enabling it in this behalf, the Council

of the ___________ ____ ________________________________ of _______________________________________________ _ duly assembled, enacts as follows:

SECTION 1. ADMINISTRATION

1.1. Title

This by-law shall be known and may be cited as "The Building By-law of the ____________________________ of ______________________________ _ 1.2. Classification of Buildings

For the purposes of this by-law buildings are hereby classi-fied into two groups in the following manner:

GROUP I COMPRISES:

any building of masonry, or wood-frame construction which does not exceed two storeys in height or 4,000 square feet in area, and which is not used' or intended for assembly or institutional purposes.

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GROUP II CO:M:PRlSES:

any building of multiple use and any other building not included in Group I.

1.3. Adoption of National Building Code

Section 9 of Part 1 and Sections 2 to 8 (inclusive) of the National Building Code of Canada (1953) issued by the Asso-ciate Committee on the National Building Code, National Research Council, Ottawa, are hereby adopted to the intent that they shall be deemed to form a part of this By-law.

1.4. Scope

(a) This By-law shall apply to the construction of every building;

(b) when a building is moved in whole or in part this

By-law shall apply to the whole building or any part or associated building whether moved or not;

( c ) when a building is wrecked in whole or in part this

By-law shall apply to any remaining part or associated building and to the work involved;

( d) when a building is altered this By-law shall apply to

the whole building except that it may apply only to part if

such part is completely self-contained with respect to the facilities and safety measures required by this By-law;

( e) when the occupancy of a bUilding is changed this

By-law shall apply to any part of the building affected by the change;

TO THE INTENT THAT

(i) the administrative provisions of this By-law shall apply to both Group I and Group II Buildings; (ii) the provisions of Sections 2 to 13 (inclusive) of this

By-law shall apply to Group· I Buildings only; and ( iii) the provisions of Parts 2 to 8 inclusive of the National Building Code of Canada (1953) (adopted as afore-said) shall apply to Group II Buildings and to any structural element, such as a beam, girder, truss, or column, in any building when the design of such element must be based on structural analysis.

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s i

.I

1.5. Building Permit

No work, as described in Article 1.4, shall be commenced until the owner of the property or his agent has obtained a building permit from the Building Inspector.

1.6. Duties of Building Inspector The Building Inspector shall:

(a) keep proper records of all applications received, permits and orders issued, inspections and tests made, and shall retain copies of all papers and documents connected with the adminis-tration of his duties for such periods as he sees fit;

(b) examine all applications for permission to do work in connection with building, plumbing, electrical, etc;

(c) authorize work as set out in (b) and issue a permit in the prescribed form when applicable where the proposed work as described in the application conforms with this By-law;

( d) give notice in writing, to the owner of a building or to his agent, of any dangerous or unsafe condition in the building or premises, and require that such condition be rectined with-out delay;

( e) revoke a permit if in his opinion the continuance of any work would cause a dangerous or unsafe condition; and

(f) enforce this By-law. 1.7. Powers of Building Inspector

The Building Inspector may:

( a) enter any building or premises at all reasonable hours in the performance of his duties;

(b) revoke a permit if

(i) construction is not started within a period of six

months from the date of issuing of

t1w

permit; or (ii) construction is discontinued for a period of one year;

or

(iii) there is a violation of any condition under which the permit is issued;

( c) direct that any dangerous or unsafe condition which in his opinion requires immediate action to avert an accident be corrected at the owner's expense and without delay;

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( d) direct that tests of a material, device, or construction be made or sufficient evidence or proof be submitted, at the expense of the owner or his agent when, in the opinion of the administrative official such tests, evidence, or proof are neces-sary to determine whether the material, device, or construction meets the requirements of this By-law;

( e) revQke or refuse to issue a permit when in his opinion the test results are not satisfactory.

1.8. Delegation of Authority

The Building Inspector may in special cases permit such deviation from this By-law as he may deem proper and safe under the circumstances.

(This clause may be adjusted in accordance with the powers given to the administrative official.)

1.9. Duties of the Owner

The owner of the property or his agent shall:

( a) prior to the commencement of any of the works de-scribed in Article 1.4.

(i) nle with the Building Inspector a signed application in the prescribed form which shall include a statement of the intended use of the building, together with duplicate copies of specifications and of drawings to scale of the building or buildings included in the proposed work and showing whatever information is required by the administrative official including the dimensions of such buildings, the designated uses of all rooms or Hoor areas, the dimensions of the lot to be built on, the grades of the streets and sewers abutting, the position, height, horizontal dimensions of all existing buildings on the lot, and any other information which is required by this By-law; (li) obtain from the appropriate authority permits relating

to building, zoning, grades, sewers, watermains, plumbing, signs, blasting, street occupancy, electri-city, highways and all other permits required in con-nection with the proposed work; and

(iii) give reasonable notice to the Building Inspector of the intention to start work;

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(b) obtain the written approval of the Building Inspector before doing any work at variance with the documents set out in Paragraph 1.9 (a) (i) after the permit has been issued;

( c) notify the Building Inspector in writing within 30 days of completion of the work described in the permit; and

( d) obtain an occupancy permit

(i) prior to the initial occupancy of any building or part thereof or additional construction hereafter; or (ii) prior to a change in the class of occupancy of any

building or part thereof. 1.10. Documents on Site

The applicant for a permit shall:

(a) keep posted in a conspicuous place on the premises a copy of the permit applicable thereto, or a poster or placard in lieu thereof; and

(b) keep a copy of the approved drawings and specifications on the premises at all times during construction for inspection of the proposed work.

1.11. Penalties

Any person who contravenes any of the provisions of this By-law shall be liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding ... , and shall take such steps as may be necessary to meet the requirements of this By-law.

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REGULATIONS APPLYING TO GROUP 1

BUILDINGS

SECTION 2. DEFINITIONS

In this By-law, unless the context otherwise requires:

Basement means that portion of a building between two ::Hoor

levels which is partly underground but which has at least one-h .... lf of its height, from finished ::Hoor to finished ceiling, above adjacent finished grade as approved.

Building means any structure used or intended for

support-ing or sheltersupport-ing any use or occupancy as set forth in this By-law.

CeUar means that portion of a building between two ::Hoor

levels which is partly or wholly underground and which has more than one-half of its height, from finished ::Hoor to finished ceiling, below adjacent finished grade as approved.

Cladding means the application to the structure of those

materials which serve as an external or internal shield to the building or as finished surface for occupancy purposes. Cladding materials include those intended to provide a covering whether or not such materials also serve some structural or other func-tion.

Closure means the complete assembly of a fire door or doors,

or shutters and equipment including hardware, closing devices, frame and anchors. All closures shall meet the requirements of an approved authority acceptable to the administrative official.

DweUing, one-family, means any building used or intended

for one dwelling unit.

Dwelling, two-family, means any building used or intended

for two dwelling units.

Dwelling unit means two or more rooms used or intended

for the domestic use of one or more individuals living as a single housekeeping unit, with cooking, living, sleeping, and sanitary facilities.

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Floor area means an area on any :floor of .a building which is occupied, or intended to be occupied. Floor areas shall not include exits, or attic, crawl, or duct spaces except as provided for in this By-law.

Garage, private, means a building used or intended for the

storage of four or less passenger motor vehicles and in which there are no facilities for repairing or servicing such vehicles.

Hazardous substance means a substance which, because of

its physical or chemical nature or because of the form in which

it exists, may explode or become ignited easily and cause intense fires.

Means of egress means a doorway, hallway, corridor, lobby,

stair, ramp or other facility or combination thereof, provided for the escape of persons from a building, :floor area, or room to a public thoroughfare or other approved open space. Means of egress include exits and access to exits.

Exit means that part of a means of egress which leads

from the :floor area it serves, including any doorway, leading directly from a :floor area to another :floor area, a public thoroughfare or an approved open space.

Exit, access to, means that part of a means of egress

within a floor area which provides access to an exit serving the :floor area.

Permit means permission or authorization in writing by the

administrative official to perform work regulated by this By-law and, in the case of an occupancy permit, to occupy any building or part of a building.

Separation means a barrier against the spread of fire between

buildings or parts of buildings in the form of fire-resistive con-struction, or of clear unobstructed space as measured by the distance across such space, or of a combination of both con-struction and space.

Storey means that portion of any building which is situated

between the top of any :floor and the top of the floor next above it, or, if there be no :floor above it, that portion between the top of such floor ,and the ceiling above it.

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is ()t ~ fie

;h

of ~h se y, ) r a )f

Is

19 lC le rv g n 1-e l-d e e

Storey, first, means the storey with its Hoor closest to grade

and having its ceiling more than 6 feet above grade.

Storey, second, means the storey located immediately above

the first storey.

TABLE 3.1

Minimum Allowable Uniformly Distributed Live Loads for Floor Areas or Rooms for Various Types of Use

Type of Use of Floor Area or Room

Entrance halls

Bowling alleys, pool and billiard rooms and similar areas

Reading or writing rooms or lounges· Dining rooms,

public-for use by more than 100 persons for use by fewer than 100 persons Kitchens·

Rooms used for sleeping· Dwelling units, all rooms Retail sales floors

Manufacturing or process rooms Offices

Toilet and locker rooms Cleaning and repair of goods

Shops providing services to the person such as hairdressing parlours Exit and corridors except those

serving 1- and 2-family dwellings

Storage-passenger cars

trucks and buses, unloaded trucks and buses, loaded other storage

Sidewalks and driveways over area-ways and basements

• In other than dwelling units.

Minimum Allowable Uniformly Distributed Live Load (lb./sq. ft.) 100 75 60 100 60 100 40 40 100 125 50 50 100 100 100 75 150 250 125 250

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SECTION 3. BUILDING OCCUPANCY AND EXITS

3.1. Live Loads

Every Group I Building shall be designed for the occupancy live loads to be expected. In no case shall the assumed loads be less than those set forth in Table 3.1.

3.2. Fire Protection (a) GENERAL

Wherever, in this By~law, a wall or floor is required to be fire resistive to prevent fire spread to adjacent rooms or property every opening in such wall or floor shall qe closed or shuttered to effectively maintain the fire separation; every duct which pierces such wall or Hoor shall be fitted with an automatic fire damper; and every pipe or duct when not enclosed in a shaft shall be tightly fitted or fire stopped at the point where it pierces such wall or floor.

(b) FmE RESISTANCE

Wherever in this By-law, a specified number of hours of fire resistance is required, any construction which meets the requirement and which is listed in Appendix 4.1.B of the National Building Code of Canada (1953) shall be acceptable. Where it is considered necessary to test any element of structure for the purpose of establishing its fire endurance such tests shall be made in accordance with the procedure set forth in Article 4.1.4.2 National Building Code of Canada (1953). Wherever in this By-law, fire resistive closures are required such closures shall conform to Article 3.4.5.5 National Building Code of Canada (1953).

( c ) FmE SEPARATIONS BETWEEN BUILDINGS

Except as permitted in (ii) every exterior wall shall be constructed as a fire-resistive wall.

( i ) The degree of fire resistance of exterior walls shall depend upon the severity of fire which may be expected due to the occupancy of the building and in no case shall be less than that required in Table 3.2.

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S

y e e y d h e :t :s f e e

.

f

n

0. :l ~ 1 TABLE 3.2

Minimum Fire Resistance Requirements of Exterior Walls and Protected Openings

Fire Resistance

Class of Occupancy Walls Protected Openings

Residential

-semi-detached and row housing, apartment, lodging houses and hotels

1 hour ~ hour

Business - such as offices, barher shops, beauty

parlours, medical offices 1 hour ~ hour and restaurants

Low Hazard Commercial Buildings - such as

storage garages, and sto'flafe 1 hour ~ hour of generally non-combustib e

material

Retail Stores 2 hours Hi hours

Moderate Hazard Commercial Buildings - such as repair

garages, dry cleaning 2 hours 1~ hours plants and wholesale stores

High Hazard Commercial Buildings - such as lumber,

grain, food, and other bulk 3 hours 2 hours storage

(ii) Exterior walls need not be of fire-resistive construc-tion:

if such walls face on a street; or

if the distance from the building to the lot line is greater than the distance listed in Table 3.3.

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TABLE 3.3

Distance from the Lot Line Within Which Fire-resistive Walls and Protected Openings Are Required

Class of Occupancy

Residential - semi-detached and row housing, apartment, lodging houses and hotels. Business - such as offices, barber

shops, beauty parlours, medical offices and restaurants.

Low Hazard Commercial Buildings

-Retail Stores

such as storage garages, and storage of generally non-combustible material.

Moderate Hazard Commercial Buildings -such as repair garages, dry cleaning plants and wholesale stores.

High Hazard Commercial Buildings such as lumber, grain, food, and other bulk storage.

Limiting Distance

15 feet

20 feet

25 feet

(d) FIRE SEPARATIONS WITHIN BUILDINGS

Dwelling u.nits: Every dwelling unit shall be separated from

every other dwelling unit in the same building by walls and floors having a fire resistance equal to 1 hour. Entrance doors to any such dwelling unit from any corridor shall have a fire resistance rating of at least 20 minutes.

Heating and boiler rooms: Every room containing a heating

plant, steam boiler or incinerator, excepting those in a one- and two-family dwelling, shall be separated from the remainder of the building by walls and floors having a fire resistance of at least two hours. All doors and other openings to any such room shall have a fire resistance of at least 1~ hours.

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ls e ~t ~t ,t 11 :l 's e

Kitchens: Every kitchen except a kitchen in a cafeteria or

dwelling unit shall be separated from the remainder of the building by walls and Hoors having a fire resistance of at least 1 hour. Intercommunicating doors and other openings to any such kitchen shall have a fire resistance of at least" hour.

Rooms containing hazardous substances: Every room

con-taining hazardous substances shall be separated from the remainder of the building by walls and Hoors having a fire resistance of at least 2 hours. All doors and other openings leading to other parts of the building from such room shall have a fIre resistance of l~ hours.

Attic, duct, crawl spaces, basement and cellar: Every attic,

duct, crawl space, basement or cellar adjacent to a dwelling unit or room requiring special fire protection shall be considered as part of that dwelling unit or room unless separated from it by the required fire protection.

Exits: Except in a one- or two-family dwelling every exit

stair, and passage leading from an exit stair to the outside of the building, shall be separated from the remainder of the building by walls and Hoors having a fire resistance of at least 1 hour. Doors and other openings between such exit stair or passage shall have a fIre resistance of ~ hour.

Private garages: An attached private garage shall be

separ-ated from the remainder of the building by walls and Hoors having a fIre-resistive rating of 1 hour. Any door between an attached private garage and the remainder of the building shall:

(i) be single, tight-fItting and seH-closing;

(ii) have a fire-resistance rating which is not less than that of a l~-inch solid-core slab door;

(iii) be at least 8 inches above the Hoor of the garage, and shall be placed on a curb or step of masonry or con-crete.

(iv) be not more than 36 inches in width; (v) not open into a sleeping room.

The floor of an attached garage shall be of non-combustible material.

( e ) HAZARDOUS OCCUPANCIES

Every building or part thereof which is used or intended for any hazardous occupancy and every room in any other occupancy

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NOTE:

PLEASE REFER TO THE REGULATIONS ON ATTACHED GARAGES.

ATTACHED GARAGE

RESISTANCE RATING OF NOT LESS THAN ONE HOUR IS REQUIRED fOR WALLS, FLOORS, AND CEILINGS WHICH ARE COMMON TO A

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where hazardous substances are used shall be equipped with sprinklers or other suitable fire extinguishing equipment and shall have special protection in accordance with the nature of risk present and approved standards of safe practice. No hazard-ous occupancy shall be contained in the same building with occupancies which have a high occupant load or in which infirm persons are cared for or treated.

Any hazardous substance may be stored, used, or handled in connection with and incidental to any occupancy if its use complies with all the requirements of this By-law and if it is contained within a fire compartment of not more than 3000 square feet in area.

(f) HAZARD FROM EXPLOSION

No occupancy involving the storage, manufacture, or handling of volatile solids, liquids, or gases which generate explosive air-vapour mixtures and processes which involve explosive dusts shall be conducted in the basement or cellar of any building. Any basement or room containing building services shall be separated from the other parts of the building with a vapour-tight separation and shall have separate exits and entrances. Special ventilation shall be provided in accord-ance with Section 3.6 National Building Code of Canada,

(1953) .

3.3. Height and Area of Rooms and Spaces ( a) HEIGlIT OF ROOMS

The height of every room shall be such that adequate light and air may be provided for the intended occupancy and no obstruction is caused by the ceiling or ceiling fixtures to move-ment or activities below.

Dwelling units: The unobstructed minimum height of rooms

in dwelling units shall be as follows:

Living room 8 feet

Dining room 8 feet

Kitchen 8 feet

Bedroom 7 feet 6 inches

Bathroom 7 feet

except that:

(i) In any room the minimum height may be 7 feet above 25 percent of the. floor area. if there are nofixtur~s

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attached to the ceiling which project below that height; or

(ii) Above 25 per cent of the Hoor area in living rooms and dining rooms and above 50 per cent of the Hoor area in bedrooms and bathrooms, the ceiling may be sloped within the minimum height if the slope is downward to the walls and at no point is less than 4 feet 6 inches above the Hoor.

This regulation shall not be deemed to prevent the use of slopes or variations in the level of ceilings or the attachment of fittings thereto when such ceilings or fittings are entirely above the minimum heights set forth in this Section.

Crawl spaces: No crawl space shall be less than 1 foot 6

inches clear height between the ground and the bottom of joists.

(b) AREA OF ROOMS IN DWELLINGS

The area and width of certain rooms in dwelling units shall be not less than as set forth in Table 3.4.

TABLE 3.4

Minimum Areas and Widths of Rooms in Dwelling Units Type Living room Dining room Kitchen First bedroom Additional bE'droom

Minimum Floor Area Minimum Width (sq. ft.) (ft.) 150 80 50 110 80 10 8 5 9 7 Combination Rooms* Type Living and dining room Living and bedroom Kitchen and dining room Living. dining and bedroom Living, dining and kitchen** Bachelor combination

LR, BR, DR & K

Minimum Floor Area Minimum Width (sq. ft.) (ft.) 190 200 90 230 230 270 10 10 7 10 10 10

• A combination room shall not be divided other than by a beam in the ceiling and/or cabinets not over 4 feet high .

•• A kitchen alcove off a living room shall have a minimum floor area of 40 aQuare feet.

and a depth not exceeding the width of the open aide.

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t s r e s 1 f t

.,

:; f II

-h

-h ( c) SUBDIVISION OF ROOMS

No room shall be subdivided by means of a fixed or tempo-rary partition, curtain, or portieres so as to create any separate space that does not comply with the regulations herein pre-scribed.

3.4. Windows

Every room used for sleeping in any building and every habitable room in dwelling units shall be provided with one or more windows facing directly on a street, yard or court.

Required windows shall be above adjoining grade level. The aggregate unobstructed glass area of any required window or windows shall be not less than 10 per cent of the Hoor area of the room served, except that in any bathroom or water-closet room the glass area shall be not less than 4 square feet.

3.5. Ventilation

When ventilation is provided by windows, shutters or louvres shall be provided as follows:

(a) ROOMS .

The aggregate openable window area shall be not less than 5 per cent of the Hoor area of the room.

Louvres or movable sashes which comply with the openable area requirements may be substituted for such open able window areas.

Toilet rooms: Toilet rooms shall contain a window of which

more than 50 per cent can be opened and having an area of at least 2 square feet for each fixture. Such window shall be in an external wall opening on to a street, lane, courtyard or open vent shaft in a vertical position or not more than 45 degr,ees from the vertical except that in other than a private dwelling, toilet rooms need not be equipped with an outside window or mechanical ventilation when they are provided with a gravity local ventilating system as follows:

(i) Where not more than six water closets and urinals are installed in on€:, room, one opening only need be installed and the area of the outlet and ventilating pipe or duct shall be equal to at least 7 square inches for each water closet or urinal;

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(ii) Where more than six such fixtures are used, additional openings shall be provided on the same basis. (b) Arne .o\.ND CRAWL SPACES

Attic spaces: All unheated attic spaces shall be vented to

the outside air. There shall be 1 square foot of vent area for every 150 square feet of attic space area. Vents shall be at least 60 square inches in free cross-sectional area and shall be spaced to provide the optimum circulation and change of air.

Crawl spaces: All unheated crawl spaces shall be vented to

the outside air. There shall be 1 square foot of vent area for every 1000 square feet of crawl space. Vents shall be at least 20 square inches in free cross-sectional area and shall be spaced to provide the optimum circulation and change of air.

(c) MECIUNICAL VENTILATION

Where mechanical ventilation is provided as the only means of ventilation the minimum amount of outside air introduced into any room or enclosed space shall be as required by Sub-section 3.6.3 of the National Building Code of Canada (1953). 3.6. Exits

(a) ONE- AND Two-FAMILY DWELLING UNITS

Every single dwelling unit shall have at least one exit. In buildings containing two dwelling units, each unit shall have one exit except that two exits will be required where one exit serves two dwelling units.

Where one dwelling unit is. located over another and two exits are. re.quired from the upper unit, the second exit may be an exterior stair.

Where rooms other thaI) storage rooms are located above a private garage the exits from such rooms shall not pass through the garage.

Width of stairs: Stairs shall be not less than 2 feet 8 inches

wide between enclosing partitions except that the clear width of stairs to attic storage spaces or to basements shall be not less than 2 feet 6 inches.

Handrails: The open side of all landings and stairs shall be

provided with well secured balustrades or handrails, not less than 2 feet 8 inches in height.

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lal

to :or 1st ed to :or 1st ed ms :ed lb-3). In lve xit wo be Ive ass les Ith ess be ess

Stairways which are enclosed by partitions shall be provided with handrails on at least one side. Every handrail shall be securely fastened to the wall and shall project not more than 3~ inches.

Treads and risers: The minimum run shall be not less than m~ inches except that exterior stairs with open risers may have a minimum run of

7,.

inches.

The product of the rise and run in inches shall be not less than 70 nor more than 75.

The rise and run respectively in anyone flight shall be uniform.

The projection of the nosing of treads shall be at least 1 inch. Single risers shall not be permitted.

Winders: '\Vinders shall be permitted only in stairs within a

dwelling unit and in interior exit stairs designed solely for the use of a single dwelling unit which is not more than one storey above or below the first storey.

One 90° turn shall consist of two angle risers and three angle treads.

There shan be not more than one set of winders in any staircase from one floor level to another.

Headroom: The clear height in a stairway shall be not less

than 6 feet 8 inches measured vertically from the nosings of the stair treads.

Landings: The length or width of any landing in a staircase

shall be not less than the width of the stairs.

(b) OTHER OCCUPANCIES

Each building shall have at least two exits located as remote from each other as possible.

No point in any building shall be more than 75 feet from anyexit.

All doors in exits shall be hung to swing outward in the direction of exit travel.

\Vidth of exits: The minimum width of all exits shall be 3

feet. The width of exits from residential, mercantile, and

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STAIRS

SECTIQN

NOTE: PLEASE REFER TO THE REGULATIONS ON STAIRS.

CL.EAR DISTANCE BETWEEN ENCL.OSING PARTITIONS

PLAN

WIDTH BE TWEEN HANDRAIL.S

SHOWING WINDERS (WI NDERS ARE PERMITTED ONL.Y IF THREE ARE INSTAL.L.ED TO 90·)

!4

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ness buildings shall be determined according to the number of persons for which the building is designed. One unit of exit width, 22 inches in width, shall be provided for each 60 persons. The number of persons for which a building is designed shall be determined by dividing the total floor area of the building by the area per person listed in Table 3.5.

TABLE 3.5

Area of Floor Per Person to be Assumed in Determining the Occupant Load of any .Mea

Occupancy Residential Business Mercantile Area/Person (sq. ft.) 100 100 60

Non-skid finish: All treads, landings, and ramps shall have

a non-skid finish.

Stairways: No stairs shall have more than 15 risers between

the landings.

Every stairway shall have guards or handrails on at least one side. When more than 44 inches in width it shall have handrails on both sides. When a stairway is more than 88 inches in width there shall be one or more intermediate handrails.

Exit stairs and all passages leading from exit stairs to the outside of the building shall be enclosed in construction having a fire-resistive rating of 1 hour and shall have doors and all other openings facing into the building protected by closures having a fire-resistive rating of at least ~ of an hour.

The construction of exit stairs may be of wood when the building is of wood construction.

3.7. Access to Attic, Duct, and Crawl Spaces (a) ONE- AND TWO-FAMILY DWELLINGS

Access shall be provided to all attic and crawl spaces by a hatch or door at least 2 feet by 1 foot 8 inches, where no other more. convenient form of access is provided.

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(b) BUILDINGS OTIlER THAN ONE- AND TWO-FAMll..Y DWELLINGS

Access to roofs: All main roof areas more than 25 feet from

the ground shall be provided with access from the Hoor areas immediately below them either directly by stairway, or by a hatchway with a suitable fixed or movable ladder.

A separate access shall be provided for every 6000 square feet of roof area.

In bUildings which are not of fire-resistive construction and which are more than three storeys or 45 feet in height at least one required interior exit stair shall be continued to and through the roof by means of a bulkhead when the major part of the roof is Hat or has a slope of less than 15 degrees.

Access to attic spaces: Access shall be provided to all attic

spaces from the Hoor immediately below either by: (i) a stair; or

(ii) a hatchway at least 2 by 3 feet with a fixed or hinged access ladder or a movable ladder permanently stored within 10 feet of the hatchway.

Access to ceiling and duct spaces: All ceiling and duct

spaces which are more than 4 feet in height and 2 feet in width shall have access doors at least 2 feet in both horizontal and vertical dimensions, or shall have inspection doors at least 1 foot in both horizontal and vertical dimensions so placed that the entire interior of the duct or space can be viewed.

Access to crawl spaces: All crawl spaces shall have at least

one access door.

SECTION 4. CONSTRUCTION SAFETY

MEASURES

4.1. Temporary Construction

All Hooring, scaffolding, and staging, and every derrick, elevator, guy, cable, hoist, stay, ladder, or temporary support of any kind, or other mechanical and temporary contrivance used or intended to be used for or during the excavation or for the erection, construction, enlargement, alteration, repair, removal or demolition, of any structure, shall be of sufficient

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ILY >m :las 'a tre rId lst ~h le ic ~t h d 1 Lt t

strength and be so constructed, protected, placed, and operated, as to carry safely any load or loads to be supported thereon, and as to afford safety from accident to any person employed or engaged upon the building and to all other persons.

(a) SCAFFOLDING AND STAGING

Proper scaffolding or staging shall be provided for all con-struction work which is to be performed more than 5 feet above the ground, or above a floor or roof level.

(b) LADDERS

Proper ladders shall be provided to all scaffolding 5 feet or more in height, and every such ladder shall extend at least 3 feet above the level of the scaffold floor it serves.

4.2. Temporary Services (a) SANITATION

Adequate toilet facilities, located within easy access to their place of work, shall be provided for the workmen and shall be maintained in a clean and sanitary condition.

(b) WATER SUPPLY

An adequate supply of potable water shall be provided. Unless connected to a municipal water supply, samples of the water shall be tested by a recognized authority at frequent intervals.

4.3. Demolition

During demolition of a building all shoring, bracing, and other measures necessary to prevent accidental collapse of any part shall be provided.

( a) ADJOINING PROPERTY

The owner of adjoining property shall be notified in writing of the intent to demolish and all necessary measures to prevent damage to such adjoining property shall be arranged and put into effect before the work of demolition is begun.

(b) WARNING SIGNS AND LIGHTS

Danger signs shall be conspicuously posted around the property and all doorways or thoroughfares giving access to the property shall be closed.

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( c ) DISCONNECTION OF EXISTING SERVICES

All existing gas, electrical, water, steam and other services to the site shall be shut off and capped at the property line.

In each case the service company involved shall be notined in advance and its approval obtained.

( d) BUR.'II1ING OF DEBRIS

Burning of debris on the property or site of any building being demolished shall only be carried out with approval of the appropriate authority.

(e) HAZARD TO SAFETY OR HEAL TIl

The site shall be left in such condition that no hazard to safety or health has been created.

(f) CELLARS AND EXCAVATIONS

Except when new construction is to proceed without delay, all cellars and excavations which might create a hazard shall be backnlled to grade or shall be adequately barricaded.

SECTION 5. EXCAVATIONS AND FOUNDATIONS

5.1. Excavations

Until provision for permanent support has been made excavations shall be prevented from endangering life and property.

( a) BACKFILLING

Backfilling and related work shall be so done and the quality and compactness of the materials placed shall be such as will prevent harmful movement of all adjoining property. , 5.2. Support of Buildings

No foundation shall be placed on frozen soil or nne-grained soil which has been frozen and thawed prior to placing, nor shall any foundation be· placed during freezing weather on frost-susceptible soil unless adequately protected from frost action.

( a) LIGHT ACCESSORY BUILDINGS

Light accessory buildings not more than one storey in height or 400 square feet in area may be supported directly on the ground. 28

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ed ag of to y, III

·s

d r [} t

(b) ALL OTHER BUILDINGS

All other buildings shall be sUfPorted by foundations upon bedrock or adequately stable soi which neither contain nor overlie unstable material or a harmful amount of organic mate-rial.

(c) ALLOWABLE SOIL AND ROCK BEARING VALUES

Where the administrative official has any reason to suspect that the bearing qualities of the soil on which· a building is to be supported are unsatisfactory he shall require that a soil inves· tigation be made. In the absence of such an investigation or advice from a competent person the allowable bearing values given in Table 5.1 may be used.

( d) FROST ACTION

Except for light accessory buildings, slab foundations on grade, and foundations resting on bedrock, all foundations shall be carried down below the level of possible damage by frost.

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TABLE 5.1

Allowable Bearing Values for Soil and Rock

Material

Rock and cemented material

Massive crystalline bedrock without laminations or defects

Laminated rocks such as sandstone or limestone (not shale) in sound condition Residual deposits of shattered and broken

bedrock, and hard shale; cemented material

Dense non-cohesive soil*

Gravel; sand and gravel (at least 90 per cent retained on No. 10 sieve)

Coarse sand (at least 90 per cent retained on No. 40 sieve)

Fine sand (at least 90 per cent retained on No. 200 sieve)

Very fine sand, silt (dry lumps easily pulverized by the fingers)

Cohesive soil

Soft shale; hard glacial till

Soft shale or clay which can be readily indented with the thumb-nail Clay which can be indented with strong

thumb pressure but remoulded by hand only with great difficulty

Clay which can be indented with moderate thumb pressure

Clay which can be penetrated several inches with the thumb

Allowable Bearing Value (tons/sq. ft.) 50 20 10 5 3 2

NOTE: *For non-cohesive materials in the loose state, the maximum allowable pressure under the foundation shall be determined from the results of loading tests or other approved means. If the loose state is suspected, a dressed wooden picket of dimensions 2 by 2 by 30 inches with a sharp point shall be pushed vertically into the soil by the full weight of a person weighing at least 150 pounds. If the penetration of the picket exceeds 8 inches, the loose state shall be assumed to exist. 30

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,.

5.3. Footings

Footings shall be provided under walls and columns where required to distribute their loads in accordance with the allow-able bearing values of the supporting materials. Footings shall be so proportioned as to ensure a minimum of differential movement.

Footings shall be constructed of solid masonry or concrete with or without reinforcement, or if wood treated with a suit-able preservative if approved by the administrative official.

Regardless of the soil bearing area required, footings shall have a minimum projection of 4 inches from all faces of a wall or column, except on the exterior side of a wall or column built on a property line. The thickness of any footing at the edge shall be not less than 8 inches.

Where footings rest on soil, the bearing material must not be disturbed prior to the construction of the foundation. Where foundation excavations are carried to bedrock, the rock shall be cleaned of all loose and decomposed material.

5.4. Foundation Walls

All foundation walls shall be built of masonry or concrete. The top of any foundation wall shall be constructed of solid unit masonry or concrete.

( a) THICKNESS

The minimum thickness of foundation walls shall be as required in Table 5.2.

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TABLE 5.2

Thickness of Foundation Walls

Foundation Wall

Type of Wall Supported Solid masonry or Wood frame or

unreinforced masonry 1 or 2 concrete storeys in height Hollow masonry Wood frame

construction Masonry

construction 1 or 2 storeys in height

(b) HEIGHT ABOVE GRADE

Foundation Wall Thickness (in.)

8

10

12

The top of any foundation wall supporting wood-frame construction shall be at least:

(i) 6 inches above grade when the supported wall is finished on the outside with masonry veneer; or (ii) 12 inches above grade when the supported wall is

finished on the outside with material other than masonry veneer.

5.5. Special Foundations

The administrative official may permit the use of found-ation units or systems not herein described, provided that such units or systems meet all general provisions of this Section and can be shown by professionally supported evidence to have performed satisfactorily under similar conditions.

5.6. Construction Prohibited

Where he has reason to suspect that trouble may be exper-ienced from water pressure or from the lateral pressure of the soil the administrative official may prohibit the use of:

(i) hollow masonry in any foundation wall; or

(ii) solid masonry or unreinforced concrete in any founda-tion wall which extends more than 6 feet below grade.

as

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~.7. Drainage

( a) BASEMENTS AND CELLARS

The basement or cellar walls of dwellings shall be provided with a drain composed of porous or perforated pipe laid continu-ously around the perimeter of the foundation units unless other-wise permitted by the administrative official.

Such pipe shall be:

(i) entirely below the level of the basement or cellar floor;

(ii) laid to carry drainage water to a street sewer connec-tion, drain, or sump equipped with an automatic pump; and

(iii) covered on the top and sides with at least 6 inches of clear gravel with no stones larger than 3 inches, maximum dimension.

(b) FLOORS ON GRADE

Where the floor of a building is to be placed on a fill of clean granular material at or near grade level, drainage shall be provided to ensure that free water does not accumulate in the fill.

(c) DAMP-PROOFING AND WATERPROOFING

The exterior walls of basement and cellars shall be damp-proofed, and where there is danger of excessive dampness from groundwater pressure, adequate provision shall be made for the waterproofing of the walls below grade and the floors on ground or ballast.

(d) DAMP-PROOFING OF WALLS

On masonry unit walls, a ~-inch thick portland cement plaster coat shall be applied followed by one heavy coat of undiluted hot asphalt, hot tar, or other compounds approved by the administrative official.

On monolithic concrete walls, at least one heavy coat of undiluted hot asphalt, hot tar, or other compounds approved by the administrative official shall be applied.

(e ) WATERPROOFING OF WALLS

On unit masonry walls, a ~-inch thick portland cement plaster coat shall be applied followed by at least two layers of

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bitumen-saturated membrane, each layer cemented in place with bitumen and coated over-all with a heavy coating of bitumen.

The requirements for waterproofing of unit masonry walls shall be deemed satisfactory for waterproofing of monoUthic concrete walls except that the appUcation of ~-inch of portland cement plaster shall not be required.

SECTION 6. UNIT MASONRY CONSTRUCTION

6.1. Masonry Units

The quaUty of masonry units shall comply with appropriate specifications listed in Section 13.

6.2. Mortars

Only the following types of mortars shall be used with unit masonry:

(a) LIME MORTARS

Lime mortar shall consist of 1 part Ume and not more than 3 parts of aggregate.

Mortar consisting of 1 part masonry cement or 1 part natural cement and not more than 3 parts of aggregate may be substituted for Ume mortar.

(b) LIME-CEMENT MORTAR

Lime-cement mortar shall consist of not less than ~ part nor more than 2 parts of Ume putty, with 1 part of portland cement and with not more than 3 parts of aggregate for each part of cementing material (Ume and cement).

(c) CEMENT MORTAR

Cement mortar shall consist of 1 part portland cement with a Ume addition of not less than 10 per cent nor more than 25 per cent by volume of the cement content, and not more than 3 parts of sand to each part of cementitious material (Ume and cement).

(d) PREPARATION OF MORTAR

Lime shall be used in the form of putty made either by slaking quicklime in water and storing at least 7 days before

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:!e of ~s ic ld

N

te tit m rt >e th ~5 m ld

use, or by soaking hydrated lime in water for not less than 12 hours before use.

Lime shall be measured by volume in the form of wet putty.

Cement and sand shall be measured by volume when dry. 6.3. Thickness of Walls

The thickness of masonry walls shall be not less than as listed in Table 6.1. Function of Walls Load Bearing Non-load Bearing TABLE 6.1

Thickness of Masonry Walls Walls of Solid Units 8" 8" Walls of Hollow Units 10' 10"

Load-bearing walls not over 9 feet in height in one-storey buildings may be 6 inches in thickness when built of brick units 6 inches in width.

The net thickness of a cavity wall shall conform to Table 6.1 and no wythe shall be less than 3~ inches in thickness.

6.4. Support for Masonry

No masonry shall be supported by combustible material. Every wall directly supporting a masonry wall shall be not less in thickness than the thickness of the supported wall.

( a) LATERAL SUPPORT

Every masonry wall shall be supported at right angles to the wall face by Hoor or roof construction or by means of inter-secting walls or buttresses.

The distance between such supports shall not exceed twenty times the wall thickness for walls of solid units and eighteen times the wall thickness for walls of hollow units.

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(36)

6.S. Bonding

( a) WALLS OF SOLID BRICK

Except as hereinafter provided, in all solid brick walls, at least every sixth course on both sides of the wall shall be a header course, or there shall be at least one full header in every 80 square inches of each wall face; in walls 12 inches or more in thickness headers shall overlap headers to provide a continuous tie through the wall. Every course shall break joint throughout with the course below except when approved by the administrative official.

In one- and two-family dwellings and accessory buildings brick walls not exceeding 25 feet in height, the bond may be reduced to one full header in each 160 square inch of each wall face provided the vertical height between headers does not exceed five courses of brick.

(b ) WALLS OF SOLID BLOCK

In all solid block walls the units forming the inner and outer £aces of the wall shall be bonded together by bonding units which extend through the wall or which provide a bond by overlapping at least 3~ inches unit by unit. The face area of such bonding units shall be not less than one-sixth of the face area of the wall, and the interval, horizontally and vertically, between such bonding units shall not exceed 34 inches.

(c) WALLS OF HOLLOW BLOCK

When two or more hollow units are required in the thickness of any masonry wall, bonding units which overlap not less than

3~ inches shall be provided at vertical intervals not exceeding 34 inches. Bonding units which overlap not less than 2 inches shall be provided at vertical intervals not exceeding 17 inches, provided that the bonding units shall be not less than 50 per cent greater in thickness than the unit below.

One-sixth of the face area of the wall shall be bonding units. When the shells and webs of the units will not be in alignment, the bonding units shall be solid.

(d) CAVITY WALLS

The inner and outer wythes of cavity walls shall be bonded together by overlapping bonding -units at intervals vertically and

36

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at a in es Ie nt le gs Je ill ot Id 19 Id of :::!e y, 'ss m 19 es ~s, er ts. in ~d ld

horizontally not exceeding 24 inches, or by approved corrosiOll-resistant ties at intervals, vertically and horizontally, not exceed-ing 18 inches. Additional bondexceed-ing ties shall be provided at all openings spaced not more than 3 feet apart around the perimeter and within 12 inches of the opening.

The cavity between wythes shall be not less than 2 inches

·c or more than 3 inches in width. Approved flashing shall be

installed in cavity walls and adequate drainage shall be provided to keep dampness away from the backing.

( e ) INTERSECTING WALLS

Whenever masonry walls intersect or meet, they shall be bonded or anchored together at vertical intervals not exceeding 18 inches in an approved manner.

6.6. Corbelling

All corbelling shall consist of solid units.

(a) HORIZONTAL PROJECTION

The maximum horizontal projection of any unit shall be 1 inch for every 2 inches of vertical projection.

The total projection of any corbel shall be not more than one-third the thickness of the supporting wall.

(b) THICKNESS OF BEARING WALLS

Corbelling shall be permitted only in construction which is at ,least 12 inches in thickness, except that corbelling for fire-places which are back-to-back is permitted in construction which is 8 inches in thickness.

( c) CORBELS IN HOLLOW UNIT WALLS

Corbels in hollow unit walls shall be supported on solid masonry equal in height to one full course of the hollow units. 6.7. Support for Structural Members

(a) JOISTS AND BEAMS

Joists shall bear on solid units not less than 2~ inches in thickness.

Beams shall bear on solid units not less'S inches in thickn~ss,

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(38)

(b) COLUMNS

Columns requiring anchor bolts shall bear on a concrete cap 12 inches in thickness.

(c) CAVITY WALLS

Where floor or roof constructions are carried by cavity walls, provision shall be made for the distribution of these loads to the full cross-section of the wall.

6.S. Veneered Walls

Veneer shall not be considered to be part of the wall when computing the strength or required thickness of the wall.

(a) UNIT MASONRY VENEER

Veneer shall not be applied to the exterior face of a wall at a height of more than 35 feet above finished grade.

(b) LOADING

Veneer shall not be subjected to any load other than the dead load of the veneer above.

All veneer shall be supported upon non-combustible material. (c) ATTACHMENT TO MASONRY WALLS

When masonry walls are veneered with brick, stone, or other masonry units, such veneer shall be securely tied into the back-ing by a bondback-ing unit or header in each 300 square inches of wall face, or by approved corrosion-resistant metal ties spaced at intervals not exceeding 1 foot vertically and 2 feet horizon-tally.

(d) ATTACHMENT TO WOOD-FRAME CONSTRUCTION

Sheathing shall be covered with water-resistant building paper or asphalt-saturated felt, lapped 4 inches at joints and around all openings.

Veneer shall be secured to the studs with corrosion-resistant metal ties, or 6-inch spikes, or other approved methods. The ties shall be placed at intervals not exceeding 16 inches hori-zontally and vertically.

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:ap lIs, to len at he . al. ler ~k­ of 'ed )n-ng nd mt he

lri-6.9. Parapet Walls and Balustrades

Every parapet wall and masonry balustrade shall be con-structed of solid masonry units laid in cement or lime-cement mortar.

( a) THICL'lESS OF PARAPET WALLS

Parapet walls of unit masonry shall be not less than 12 inches in thickness, except that a parapet wall entirely supported by the wall below need not be thicker than such supporting wall.

(b) HEIGHT OF P AR.A.PET WALLS

The height of a parapet wall or balustrade shall be not more than four times its thickness unless it is adequately braced at intervals not exceeding 10 feet.

(c) CAPPING

Every parapet wall or masonry balustrade shall be capped with an impervious coping of metal, vitrified tile, stone or other approved material. A drip having a projection of not less than 1 inch shall be formed at the base of the capping .

Copings of concrete or permeable masonry shall be flashed on the top and back with corrosion-resistant metal or through flashing under such coping shall be provided.

(d) PROTECTION OF BACK FACE OF WALL

The back face of every parapet wall shall be completely covered by corrosion-resistant sheet metal extending from the roof to the underside of the coping or to a line at least 3 feet above the adjacent roof level.

( e ) BONDING OF BALUSTRADES

All parts of a masonry balustrade shall be securely dowelled or clamped together.

6.10. Construction and Workmanship (a) WORKMANSHIP

Alignment: All masonry shall be built true and plumb. Joints: All available bearing areas of masonry units shall

be fully covered with mortar spread in an even layer and aU vertical joints shall be filled solidly with mortar.

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They further point out that “His [Saul’s] literal blindness is, in some ways, a symbol of a more figurative blindness to what was beyond him and outside him.” 289 Johnson points

The original English edition Guidance on organizing an advocacy or awareness-raising campaign on lead paint. This translated work is available under the CC

Recalling that the Twenty-second World Health Assembly, in resolution WHA22.6, decided that from 1968 new Members shall be assessed in accordance with the practice followed by