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On the Behavior of Upwind Schemes in the Low Mach Number Limit

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HAL Id: inria-00073529

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Submitted on 24 May 2006

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On the Behavior of Upwind Schemes in the Low Mach

Number Limit

Hervé Guillard, Cécile Viozat

To cite this version:

Hervé Guillard, Cécile Viozat. On the Behavior of Upwind Schemes in the Low Mach Number Limit.

RR-3160, INRIA. 1997. �inria-00073529�

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a p p o r t

d e r e c h e r c h e

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

On the Behavior of Upwind Schemes

in the Low Mach Number Limit

Herve´ Guillard , Ce´cile Viozat

N˚ 3160

Avril 1997

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(18)

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(19)

PRESSURE: MIN = 71.0919 MAX = 73.5268

PRESSURE: MIN = 7138.77 MAX = 7159.34

PRESSURE: MIN = 714244 MAX = 714446

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PRESSURE: MIN = 71.2413 MAX = 71.907

PRESSURE: MIN = 7142.67 MAX = 7143.33

PRESSURE: MIN = 714285.5 MAX = 714286.2

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Preconditioned dissipation order 1

Preconditioned dissipation order 2

y = x*x

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Unite´ de recherche INRIA Lorraine, Technopoˆle de Nancy-Brabois, Campus scientifique,

615 rue du Jardin Botanique, BP 101, 54600 VILLERS LE

` S NANCY

Unite´ de recherche INRIA Rennes, Irisa, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex

Unite´ de recherche INRIA Rhoˆne-Alpes, 655, avenue de l’Europe, 38330 MONTBONNOT ST MARTIN

Unite´ de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt, Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 LE CHESNAY Cedex

Unite´ de recherche INRIA Sophia Antipolis, 2004 route des Lucioles, BP 93, 06902 SOPHIA ANTIPOLIS Cedex

E

´ diteur

INRIA, Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 LE CHESNAY Cedex (France)

ISSN 0249-6399

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