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Analyse de la radioactivé γ des sédiments des lacs Léman et de Morat

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Analyse de la radioactivé γ des sédiments des lacs Léman et de Morat

VERNET, Jean-Pierre, et al.

Abstract

Four isotopes (Cs¹³⁷, K⁴⁰, Ra²²⁶, Th²³²) in superficial sediments from lakes Geneva and Morat have been analysed by γ spectrometry. The relationships have been computed between these isotopes and other chemical elements. It is shown that K⁴⁰ comes from illite while Th²³² and Ra²²⁶ are associated with clays by substitution or adsorption. Their spatial distribution is similar to that of thin detrital material. Cs¹³⁷, derived from the last nuclear explosions, is linked with the organic matter and its spatial distribution in the lakes leads to an understanding of the hydrodynamic of the basin.

VERNET, Jean-Pierre, et al. Analyse de la radioactivé γ des sédiments des lacs Léman et de Morat. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 1975, vol. 68, no. 1, p. 87-96

DOI : 10.5169/seals-164379

Available at:

http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:145076

Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version.

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