Discouraging abusive behavior in privacy-preserving decentralized online social networks

HAL Id: tel-01548658

https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01548658v2

Submitted on 22 Sep 2017

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Discouraging abusive behavior in privacy-preserving

decentralized online social networks

Alvaro Garcia Recuero

To cite this version:

Alvaro Garcia Recuero. Discouraging abusive behavior in privacy-preserving decentralized online social networks. Social and Information Networks [cs.SI]. Université Rennes 1, 2017. English. �NNT : 2017REN1S010�. �tel-01548658v2�

ANNÉE%2017!

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THÈSE%/%UNIVERSITÉ%DE%RENNES%1%

sous$le$sceau$de$l’Université$Bretagne$Loire$

pour!le!grade!de!

DOCTEUR%DE%L’UNIVERSITÉ%DE%RENNES%1%

Mention$:$Informatique$

École%doctorale%Matisse%

présentée!par!

Álvaro%García%Recuero%

Préparée!à!l’unité!de!recherche!INRIA!Rennes!–!Bretagne!Atlantique!

!Institut!National!de!Recherche!en!Informatique!et!en!Automatique!

Université!de!Rennes!1,!ISTIC!

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Discouraging%

Abusive%Behavior%in%

PrivacyOPreserving%

Decentralized%Online%

Social%Networks%

Thèse%soutenue%à%Rennes%

le%19

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%Mai%2017%

devant!le!jury!composé!de!:!

Carmela%TRONCOSO%

Chargé!de!Recherche,!IMDEA!Software/% Rapporteuse!

Bogdan%CARBUNAR!

Professeur!à!l'Université!de!Florida!International!/! Rapporteur$

Pierre%ALAINOFOUQUE%

Professeur!à!l'Université!de!Rennes!1/!Examinateur$

Christian%GROTHOFF%

Advanced!Researcher,!INRIA!Rennes/!directeur$de$ thèse!

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kXRXR :`T? i?2Q`v 7Q` #mb2 /2i2+iBQM

hQ /2H rBi? #mb2 rBi?Qmi +QMbB/2`BM; i?2 +QMi2Mi Q7 i?2 +QKKmMB+iBQM- ;`T?@#b2/ i2+?MB[m2b `2 mb2/ iQ /2i2+i +v#2`@#mHHvBM; (e8)- /Bb?QM2bi #2?pBQ` (Ryd)- b r2HH b 7F2 ++QmMib BM PaL (j3)X Hi?Qm;?- i?Bb TT`Q+? bmz2`b 7`QK i?2 7+i i?i `2H@rQ`H/ bQ+BH ;`T?b /Q MQi Hrvb +QM7Q`K iQ i?2 F2v bbmKTiBQMb K/2 #Qmi i?2 bvbi2KX h?mb- Bi Bb MQi 2bv iQ T`2p2Mi ii+F2`b 7`QK BM}Hi`iBM; M PaL M/ /2+2BpBM; Qi?2`b BMiQ #27`B2M/BM; i?2B` 7F2 ++QmMibX h?2b2 ii+F2`b `2 FMQrM b av#BHb (8d)- r?B+? +`2i2 M BKT`2bbBQM Q7 #2BM; bi`QM;Hv +QMM2+i2/ iQ MQi?2` TQ`iBQM Q7 i?2 M2irQ`F ;`T? K/2 mT Q7 H2;BiBKi2 mb2` ++QmMib kXRX A7 i?2v /Q bm++22/ BM /QBM; bQ- ;`T?@ #b2/ /272Mb2b `2 `2M/2`2/ mb2H2bbX >Qr2p2`- v2i BM i?2 +QMi2ti PaL- ;`T?@#b2/ bv#BH /272Mb2b +M #2M2}i 7`QK K+?BM2 H2`MBM; i2+?MB[m2b #v 2ti`+iBM; PaL mb2` K2i/i BMiQ i?2B` 72im`2 b2i BM Q`/2` iQ T`2/B+i TQi2MiBH pB+iBKb Q7 #mb2 (ke)X

AM i?Bb bK2 p2BM Q7 rQ`F- (Ryd) T`2b2Mib irQ ;`T?@#b2/ `MFBM; H;Q`Bi?Kb 7Q` i?2 /2i2+iBQM Q7 ;2M2`B+ /Bb?QM2bi #2?pBQ` BM QMHBM2 M2irQ`FbX 1`HB2`- i?2v b?Qr ?Qr iQ TTHv i`mbi T`QT;iBQM 7Q` /2i2+iBQM Q7 i`QHHb BM M QMHBM2 bQ+BH M2irQ`F rBi? `MF2/ MQ/2b (Ry3)- MK2Hv i?2 aHb?/Qi (3N) bBi2X TT`Q+?BM; i?2 T`Q#H2K Q7 /2i2+iBM; #mb2 b  `MFBM; T`Q#H2K 7Q` K2bb;2b `i?2` i?M mb2`b /Q2b HbQ T`2b2Mi +2MbQ`b?BTX

Sybil region

Attack edges

Honest region

6B;m`2 kXR, aQ+BH M2irQ`F HvQmi- 7`QK(RyR)

aQ+BH ;`T?@#b2/ bv#BH /272Mb2b JQ/2`M PaL `2 pmHM2`#H2 ii+Fb Q7 bm+? av#BHb- r?2`2 KmHiBTH2 ++QmMib `2 mb2/ iQ i`;2i  b2i Q7 pB+iBKb Q` TQi2MiBH pB+iBKbX

kk +?Ti2`k av#BH ++QmMib +`2i2 2/;2b iQ i?2B` ii+F pB+iBKb iQ T2`7Q`K Mv ivT2 Q7 KHB+BQmb +iBpBiv i`;2i2/ iQr`/b #mbBM; T`iB+BTMib M/fQ` i?2 PaL BM7`bi`m+im`2X h?Bb BM+Hm/2b #mi Bi Bb MQi HBKBi2/ iQ iKT2`BM; rBi? [mMiBiiBp2 K2i`B+b BM i?2 PaL U2X;X-MmK#2` Q7 HBF2b BM hrBii2`- 6+2#QQF- 2i+VX

hQ i?2 #2bi Q7 Qm` FMQrH2/;2- 6+2#QQF ?b #22M FMQrM iQ /2THQv #mb2 /2i2+iBQM bvbi2Kb BM i?2B` THi7Q`K i?i ?p2 2pQHp2/ iQ Ki+? i?2 M22/b iQ /2i2+i i?2b2 /TiBp2 ii+F2`bX AM *QTv*i+? M/ avM+?Qh`T (R8- jN)- MHvbBb Q7 +iBpBiv Tii2`Mb Qp2` iBK2 T`QpB/2b i?2B` bvbi2K  ;QQ/ /2i2+iBQM `i2 Q7 KHB+BQmb ++QmMib i?i T2`7Q`K ii+Fb BM  HQQb2Hv bvM+?`QMBx2/ KMM2`X h?2b2 }M/BM;b `2p2H i?2 bvM+?`QMBx2/ Mim`2 Q7 #mbBp2 #2?pBQ` BM PaL- `M;BM; 7`QK bTKKBM; iQ 7F2 7QHHQr2`bX AM i?Bb +QMi2ti-?mKM BMi2`p2MiBQM rQmH/ MQi 2bBHv /2i2+i #mb2 /m2 iQ i?2 KQmMi M/ Mim`2 Q7 i?2 #mbBp2 #2?pBQ` U2X;- /2+2Bp2V Q7 ii+F2`b BM i?2 PaL THi7Q`KX

 H`;2 MmK#2` Q7 i2+?MB[m2b ?p2 #22M T`QTQb2/ BM Q`/2` iQ /2i2+i B/2MiB7v av#BH `2;BQMb BM  PaL ;`T? #v bb2bbBM; i?2 KBtBM; iBK2 Q7 i?2B` bQ+BH ;`T? (Rkd-Rk3-9N)X JBtBM; iBK2 Q7  bQ+BH ;`T? K2bm`2b ?Qr 7bi  `M/QK rHF `2+?2b i?2 biiBQM`v /Bbi`B#miBQM UT`QTQ`iBQMH iQ MQ/2 /2;`22bV Q` BM Qi?2` rQ`/b- ?Qr r2HH@2MK2b?2/ Bb  ;`T?X q?BH2 BM KMv T`2pBQmb rQ`Fb mi?Q`b +HBK i?i ?QM2bi `2;BQMb Q7 i?2 ;`T? i2M/ iQ ?p2 ?B;?2` KBtBM; i?i MQM@?QM2bi QM2b- ++Q`/BM; iQ (RyR)- i?Bb BMimBiBQM ?b #22M mb2/ rBi?Qmi +`2 r?2M /2bB;MBM; KMv bv#BH /272Mb2 H;Q`Bi?Kb #b2/ BM bm+? KBtBM; T`QT2`ivX AM i?2 mi?Q`b pB2r- `2bmHib bm+? b (Nj) `2 K2`2Hv +B`+mKbiMiBH M/ /Q MQi `2~2+i i?2 T`QT2`iv Q7 i?2 bQ+BH ;`T? +Q``2+iHv- 2Bi?2` #2+mb2 i?2v 2tTHB+BiHv 2HBKBMi2/ HQr@/2;`22 MQ/2b U2tT2+i2/ b?Q`i2M KBtBM; iBK2V 7`QK i?2 +QKTmiiBQM Q` #2+mb2 i?2v mb2 HQr pHm2b Q7 i?2 p`BiBQM /BbiM+2 7Q` i?2 `M/QK rHFX AM i?Bb b+2M`BQ- i?2 T`Q#H2K Bb i?i T`2bmK#Hv r2HH@+QMM2+i2/ MQ/2b rQmH/ #2 i`p2`b2/ }`bi U2bT2+BHHv BM  "6a TT`Q+? b i?2B`bV bQ i?i T`Q##BHBbiB+ p2`;2@KBtBM; ;m`Mi22b `2 biBb}2/ r?BH2 B;MQ`BM; i?2 bHQr@KBtBM; TQ`iBQM Q7 i?2 ;`T?c r?2`2b T2`?Tb i?Bb Kv MQi #2 i?2 +b2 r?2M +QMbB/2`BM;  rQ`bi@+b2 b+2M`BQ Q7 i?2 KBtBM;X

AM i?i p2BM- T`2pBQmb PaL HBi2`im`2 7Q+mb2/ BM bTK /2i2+iBQM +HBK2/ i?i 7Q`K@ BM; ?mM/`2/b Q7 `2HiBQMb?BTb BM  b?Q`i T2`BQ/ Q7 iBK2 Bb +QMbB/2`2/ b  F2v BM/B+iQ` Q7 #mb2 (Rk)X h?Bb rQmH/ #2 BM HBM2 rBi? i?2 B/2 BM r?B+? PaL i?i `2 #b2/ BM +[mBMiM+2b +imHHv 2t?B#Bi 7bi2` KBtBM; i?M i?Qb2 i?i `2 MQiX h?2`27Q`2 #2BM; KQ`2 /B{+mHi iQ KF2  /2bB;M +?QB+2 i?i `2KBMb mb27mH 7Q` HH ivT2b Q7 ;`T?b M/ PaLX

am+? TT`Q+? iQ /2i2+iBM; #mb2 BM  PaL Bb i?mb +HQb2Hv `2Hi2/ iQ ?vTQi?2bBbǶ /`rM 7`QK ;`T? i?2Q`v M/ M2irQ`F MHvbBb i?i bbBbi BM i?2 +?`+i2`BxiBQM Q7  bQ+BH ;`T? mb2/ b BMTmiX AM i?i +QMi2ti- Bi rQmH/ #2 BKTQ`iMi M/ M2+2bb`v iQ Q#iBM i?2 +Q``2+i 7mHH TQ`iBQMb Q7 i?2 PaL ;`T? BM Q`/2` iQ T2`7Q`K mM#Bb2/ ;`T? i`p2`bH i?i F22Tb ;`T? T`QT2`iB2b BMi+iX

kXRXk amT2`pBb2/ H2`MBM;

AM i?2 +QMi2ti Q7 bmT2`pBb2/ K+?BM2 H2`MBM;- KMv rQ`Fb ?p2 7Q+mb2/ i?2B` ii2MiBQM BM i?2 T`Q#H2K Q7 #mb2X _2b2`+?2`b Q7  aTMBb? mMBp2`bBiv BM "BH#Q `2bQHp2/  +b2 Q7 +v#2`@#mHHvBM; BM  T`BK`v b+?QQH 2KTHQvBM; bmT2`pBb2/ H2`MBM; i2+?MB[m2bX AM

#mb2 /2i2+iBQM BM +2Mi`HBx2/ PaL kj i?2B` rQ`F i?2 bbmK2  mb2` #2?BM/  dzi`QHHǴ ++QmMi Kmbi ?p2  `2H T`Q}H2 BM i?2 bK2 Q` MQi?2` bQ+BH M2irQ`F- MK2Hv #2BM; HBMF2/ iQ i?2 KHB+BQmb QM2 b iQ i`+F BMi2`+iBQMb rBi? i?2 TQi2MiBH pB+iBKb /BbiMiHv (e8)X AM (Rke) mi?Q`b HbQ `2Hv QM bmT2`pBb2/ H2`MBM; i2+?MB[m2b iQ BMp2biB;i2 #mb2 /2i2+iBQM b  K2Mb Q7 biQTTBM; QMHBM2 ?`K7mH +QKKmMB+iBQMb BM PaLX h?mb i?2 B/2 Q7 mbBM; bmT2`pBb2/ K+?BM2 H2`MBM; i2+?MB[m2b iQ i+FH2 i?Bb T`Q#H2K Bb MQi M2r- #mi B/2MiB7vBM;  dzMQM@i`QHHǴ ++QmMi i?i Bb HBMF2/ iQ  KHB+BQmb QM2- T`2bmK#Hv +`2i2/ #v i?2 ii+F2` iQ KbF i?2 BMi2`+iBQMb rBi? TQi2MiBH pB+iBKb M/ bQ pQB/BM; Mv bmbTB+BQM- +M #2 KQ`2 /B{+mHi iQ +?B2p2X

h?2`2 ?b HbQ #22M 2ti2MbBp2 `2b2`+? BM i?2 `2 Q7 bTK /2i2+iBQM BM PaLa rBi? bmT2`pBb2/ K+?BM2 H2`MBM;X h?2 ;QH Bb iQ /2i2` bTKK2`b BM THi7Q`Kb b hrBi@ i2`- r?Q i`v iQ bT`2/ T`QKQi2/ +KTB;Mb- T?Bb?BM; Q` 2p2M KHr`2 i?`Qm;? l_G b?Q`i2MBM;X AM (Nk)- i?2 mi?Q`b BMp2biB;i2 i?2 2z2+iBp2M2bb Q7 ?QM2vTQib r?2M mb2/ iQ;2i?2` rBi? K+?BM2 H2`MBM; iQ /2i2+i bTK /i BM PaL b hrBii2` M/ JvaT+2X :Q 2iX H (ee)- T2`7Q`K2/  +?`+i2`BxiBQM Q7 bTK +KTB;Mb BM 6+2#QQF- r?B+? bim/v `2p2Hb i?i i?2v `2 HmM+?2/ mbBM; +QKT`QKBb2/ ++QmMib iQ Q`+?2bi`i2 bm+? +KTB;Mb rBi? K2bb;2b i?i +QMiBM HBMFb KHB+BQmb l_Gb- T?Bb?BM; bBi2b- 2i+X h?Bb bim/v +QM+Hm/2/ i?i Nd W Q7 KHB+BQmb ++QmMib BMp2biB;i2/ r2`2 +QKT`QKBb2/- MQi 7F2 QM2bX PM iQT Q7 i?i- i?2 KHB+BQmb ++QmMib 2t?B#Bi2/ /Bm`MH Tii2`Mb 7Q` TQbiBM; K2bb;2b BM i?2 M2irQ`F r?2M i?2B` i`;2i mb2`b `2 bH22T bQ T`2bmK#Hv BM+`2bBM; i?2 +?M+2 7Q`  KHB+BQmb K2bb;2 #2BM; QT2M2/ #v  MBp2 mb2` r?2M }`bi HQ;;BM; BMiQ i?2 PaL i?i KQ`MBM;X

kXRXj Lim`H GM;m;2 S`Q+2bbBM;

_2Hi2/ iQ i2ti /i KBMBM; M/ MHvbBb- Lim`H GM;m;2 S`Q+2bbBM; ULGSV Bb  }2H/ Q7 +QKTmi2` b+B2M+2- `iB}+BH BMi2HHB;2M+2- M/ HBM;mBbiB+b +QM+2`M2/ rBi? i?2 BM@ i2`+iBQMb #2ir22M +QKTmi2`b M/ ?mKM UMim`HV HM;m;2bX q?BH2 TQbbB#H2 iQ mb2 T`BQ` /2}M2/ `mH2b- MQr/vb KQbi Q7 i?2b2 H;Q`Bi?Kb H2`M i?2b2 `mH2b 7`QK  H`;2 +Q`TQ` Q7 `2H@rQ`H/ 2tKTH2b U2X;X- HBM;mBbiB+bVX

AM (88)- mi?Q`b T2`7Q`K  #BM`v +HbbB}+iBQM Q7 TQbib BM i?2 uQmhm#2 M2irQ`F #v 7QHHQrBM; +QKKQM b2Mb2 FMQrH2/;2X h?2v +QM+Hm/2/ i?i ?pBM;  bQ+BH M2irQ`F ;`T? Bb QMHv Q7 mb2 BM bQ+BH M2irQ`FBM; THi7Q`Kb B7 i?i vB2H/b  #2ii2` KQ/2H Q7 i?2 T`Q#H2KX h?2v T`QTQb2 KmHiB@+Hbb +HbbB}2`b 7Q` i2ti +HbbB}+iBQM QM BM/BpB/mH b2MbBiBp2 iQTB+bX Lim`H GM;m;2 S`Q+2bbBM; i2+?MB[m2b `2 HbQ mb2/ b  K2Mb iQ M2r +QKTmiBM; T`/B;Kb i?i BK iQ /2i2+i ?Qr mb2` 2KQiBQMb r?B+? H2/ iQ +2`iBM #2?pBQ`b- MK2Hv a2MiB+@*QKTmiBM; (je)X

AM (Ry9) i?2 mi?Q`b /pM+2 i?2 bii2@Q7@i?2@`i BM #mb2 /2i2+iBQM H;Q`Bi?Kb +QH@ H2+iBM; +QKK2Mib Q7 i?2 u?QQ 6BMM+2 M/ L2rb TQ`iHb /m`BM; R9 KQMi?bX h?2B` /ib2i- r?B+? Bb T`2b2Mi2/ b  KDQ` +QMi`B#miBQM- +QMiBMb +QKK2Mib 7`QK  7Q`mK Q7 Zm2biBQMb M/ Mbr2`bX 6Q` #mBH/BM;  ;`QmM/ i`mi? Q7 #mb2- mi?Q`b HbQ BM+Hm/2 BM i?2B` /ib2i  b2i Q7 +QKK2Mib ~;;2/ b dz#mbBp2Ǵ #v i?2 BMi2`MH u?QQ `i2`b Q` 2ti2`MH QM2b mbBM; i?2 THi7Q`K U2M/@mb2`bVX AM //BiBQM- i?2v ?p2 +QHH2+i2/  b2+QM/ /ib2i #v +`Qr/@bQm`+BM; #mb2 MMQiiBQMb BM KxQM J2+?MB+H hm`FX _2bmHib

k9 +?Ti2`k b?Qr- i?2 [mHBiv Q7 ?mKM `i2`b rQ`b2Mb bB;MB}+MiHv BM i?2 b2+QM/ /ib2iX h?Bb Bb T`2bmK#Hv /m2 iQ i?2 7+i i?i 2p2M i?2 bK2 ?mKMb Kv MQi +HbbB7v BM i?2 bK2 rv  +QMi2Mi r?2M /BbTHv2/ iQ i?2K b2p2`H iBK2bX .2T2M/BM; Q7 i?2 +QMi2ti- M/ i?2 +QKKmMBiv BM r?B+? i?2 +QMp2`biBQM iF2b TH+2 U2X;X- 7`B2M/b- 7KBHv- +QHH2;m2b- 2i+V-i?Bb Kv #2 HbQ /Bz2`2MiX h?2`27Q`2 mi?Q`b bii2 i?i 7Q` mbBM; bmT2`pBb2/ H2`MBM; H;Q`Bi?Kb- +?QQbBM; ?mKMb +`27mHHv 7Q` MMQiiBM; #mb2 Bb M BKTQ`iMi 7+iQ` i?i BM~m2M+2b i?2 `i2 Q7 7Hb2 M2;iBp2bfTQbBiBp2bX AM 7+i- i?Bb +QK2b b MQ bm`T`Bb2- b i?2 mbmH HBKBiiBQM 7Q` i`BMBM; bmT2`pBb2/ K+?BM2 H2`MBM; KQ/2Hb Bb Hrvb i?2 KBMQ`Biv +Hbb- i?i Bb i?2 QM2 rBHHBM; iQ T`2/B+i ?2`2- #mb2X

kXRX9 /@?Q+ TT`Q+?2b

q?BH2 i?2 T`Q#H2K ;`Qrb BM BKTQ`iM+2- PaL T`QpB/2`b #mi HbQ mb2`b /2p2HQT2/ M2r bQHmiBQMb i?i BK iQ KBiB;i2 i?2 T`Q#H2KX AM i?2 hrBii2` 2MpB`QMK2Mi-  i?B`/@T`iv #`Qrb2`@THm;BMR<sub>2tBbib iQ HHQr  mb2` iQ }Hi2` #mb2 #v #HQ+FBM; 7QHHQr2`b /B`2+iHv 7`QK</sub>

i?2 PaL r2# BMi2`7+2X "Qi?- #HQ+FBM; M/ bmbT2MbBQM- ?p2 i?2 /Bb/pMi;2 i?i i?2v +M #2 pB2r2/ b +2MbQ`b?BT B7 /QM2 i i?2 THi7Q`K H2p2HX hrBii2` ?b HbQ 2M#H2/ Bib mb2`b iQ `2TQ`i #mb2 M/ mb2  #HQ+F #miiQM i?i 2z2+iBp2Hv 2M#H2  TQi2MiBH pB+iBK iQ B;MQ`2 #mbBp2 +QKK2Mib 7`QK #mbBp2 b2M/2`bX

JMv bBKBH` TTHB+iBQMb `2 2K2`;BM; BM Q`/2` iQ 2KTQr2` BM/BpB/mHb iQ `2TQ`i M/fQ` #HQ+F +v#2`@i`QHHb iQ #mBH/  b?`2/- ;HQ#H #H+FHBbi Q7 #mb2`bX 6Q` BMbiM+2- :: miQ #HQ+F2` k <sub>M/ i?2 bBi2 "HQ+F hQ;2i?2`</sub> j _{#Qi? +`Qr/ bQm`+2 #H+FHBbib Q7 ++QmMibX}

aQK2 +QKKQM K2i`B+b mb2/ iQ B/2MiB7v #mbBp2 ++QmMib `2 i?2 +`2iBQM /i2- MmK#2` Q7 7QHHQr2`b M/ bQ 7Q`i?X h?Bb TT`Q+? +QK2 rBi? i?2 /pMi;2 Q7 ;2iiBM; mb2`b iQ #mBH/  ;`QmM/@i`mi? Q7 r?i  i`QHH 7Q` 7`22- #mi ?b i?2 /Bb/pMi;2 Q7 ;2iiBM; 7Hb2 TQbBiBp2b M/ bmz2`BM; Q7 #mb2 Bib2H7X 1p2M hrBii2` Bib2H7 ?b BMi`Q/m+2/ i?2 +QM+2Ti Q7 #HQ+F HBbib BM i?2 PaL9 _{b  K2Mb iQ i?r`i #mb2 BM i?2B` THi7Q`KX h?Bb BM+Hm/2b}

7mM+iBQMHBiv 7Q` mb2`b Q7 i?2 PaL bQ i?i i?2v +M BKTQ`i M/ 2tTQ`i HBbib Q7 #HQ+F2/ mb2`bX >Qr2p2`- i?2`2 `2 MQi `2TQ`i2/ MmK#2`b QM i?2 ++m`+v Q7 i?2b2 TT`Q+?2b-T2`?Tb /m2 iQ i?2B` bm#D2+iBp2 M/ /@?Q+ Mim`2X

kXRX8 Pi?2` TT`Q+?2b

Pi?2` TT`Q+?2b KF2 mb2 Q7 biiBbiB+H /i KBMBM; i2+?MB[m2b r?B+? BM7Q`K /QKBM b2`pB+2b Q7 bm+? KHB+BQmb +iBpBiB2b (Rky)- Q` 7Q+mb BM bim/vBM; i?2 T2`bQMHBiv Q7 AMi2`M2i i`QHHb (j9)X

AM (93)- mi?Q`b TQBMi Qmi i?i i`QHHBM; +M HbQ #2 /2i2+i2/ i?Qm;? K2Mb Q7 mb2` M/ +QMp2`biBQMH /i KBMBM; +`Qbb MQi Dmbi QM2 #mi b2p2`H PaLX h?Bb TT`Q+? `2HB2b QM i?2 7+i i?i i?2 mb2` rBHH `2+i iQ #mb2 #v TQbiBM; #Qmi Bi BMiQ i?2 bK2 Q` /Bz2`2Mi PaLX h?i BKTHB2b ?pBM; iQ +QHH2+i /i 7`QK KQ`2 bQm`+2b UmbmHHv Tm#HB+Hv

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