St. Lawrence Burns: temperature measurements

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NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL

CANA.DA

DIVISION OF BUILDING RESEARCH

ST. LAWRENCE BURNS

TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS

by G. Williams-Leir Report No. 152 of the

Division of Building Research

OTTAWA \

December 1959

-PREFACE

The circumstances that led to the carryine; out of fire tests on eight buildin8s in the project known as the st. Lawrence Burns, and the objectives and the ways in which these were achieved are fullS described in a general report. It constitutes the complete record of the planning and

execution of the experiments, together With all general

information. The details on each kind of measurement made,

including the results obtained, are contained in separate

companion reports of which this is one. All the results are

combined and are discussed and final conclusions drawn in a summary report.

Duplication has been avoided as far as possible, and it will be necessary to refer to the general report in reading any of the other reports including this one for any

information which is pertinent to more than one of them. A

listing of all reports on the project follovlS this preface. The participation of the British Joint Fire Research Organization in the experiment, the interest and support of the Federal Civil Defence authorities, the assistance of the Ontario Fire Marshal and his staff, and finally the complete co-operation and very considerable assistance extended by the Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario are all gratefully

aclmowledged. It is a pleasure also to be able to record the

special contribution made by members of the staff of the Fire Section who worked long hours, often under trying field

conditions and at great personal inconvenience, to meet the many deadlines and to complete the project in a most satis-factory manner.

The author of this report is Mr. G. ＱＮｾｬｩｬｬｩ｡ｭｳＭｉｊ･ｩｲＬ

research officer with the Fire Section of this Dt.vi.sLon who

assisted in the initial planning of the project and was responsible for the measurements of temperature, smoke and sound.

Ottawa

REPORTS ON THE ST. LAWRENCE BURNS

Radiant Temperature of Openings D.G. Stephenson

150

151

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

Sub-Title General Report

Smoke and Sound Measurements Temperature Measurements Radiometer Measurements

Ventilation Rate Measurements Resistance Thermometer Measurements Gas Analysis Summary Report Author G.W. Shorter G. Wi11iams-Leir G. Williams-Leir J.H. McGuire J.H. McGuire J.H. McGuire J.R. Jutras G.W. Shorter ｾｮ､ ·J.H. McGuire

ST. LAWRENCE BURNS TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS

by

G. Williams-Leir

House-burning experiments oarried out at Aultsville, Ontario, in January and February 1958 by the Division of

Building Research, National Researoh Counoil, assisted by other

organizations, have been generally desoribed by G.W. Shorter in

DBR Internal Report 150. Temperature measurements were made in

the oourse of these experiments and the present report desoribes the teohnique used and gives the results.

EQUIPMENT

Thermoooupies of ohromel and alumel were used. The

22-gauge twin wires were insulated individually with teflon

(of distinguishable oolours) and braided together with glass

fibre, this combination having been selected as best satisfying the various requirements, i.e., resistanoe to abrasion, to water, and to heat.

1. Installation in Houses

Thermoooupies were installed in the six houses in

positions shown in the individual plans (Figs. 1 to 5, 7). In

general, eaoh one was looated

4

ft from the floor and projeoted

8 in. from the wall to which the leads were stapled, the. exoep-tion being thermocouples at oeiling level above the foot of the stairs and on the beams in the oellar.

The leads from eaoh thermooouple were oarried as direotly as possible to the exterior wall of the house and to

the upstairs windowsill level. From this point several feet of

lead hung free and terminated in a Jones sooket, four

thermo-oouples to one eight-pin sooket. This arrangement was adopted

in order that the sooket oould be kept inside the window in relative safety from the time of installation until the day of the burn.

Compensating leads about 100 ft long oarried the outputs of the thermoooupies to the trailer in whioh the

reoorders were housed. These were of iron and "alloy 125", 19

strands eaoh 30-gauge B

&

S, together equivalent to 17 gauge,

ooated with polyvinyl on eaoh oonduotor and polyVinyl over-all. The leads were oabled together in fours with a Jones plug at

eaoh end. Four sookets on the outside of the trailer were wired

with ohromel and alumel to a terminal board on the inside wall behind the reoorder and the input leads to the reoorder were oonneoted to this.

2

-The recorder was a Leeds

&

Northrup self-balancing

potentiometer with 16 channels, printing at 4-8ec. intervals, with automatic cold junction compensation and scale range

°

to 2400oF. Thus a reading was taken for each thermocouple

at 64-8eo. intervals.

2. Installation in Two Halls

The positions of the thermocouples are shown on the

plans of the community hall Building No.6, and on those of

the school, Building No.8 {Figs. 6 and

8).

Only two

thermo-couples were used in each building; they were attached to the beams which had supported the upper floor (this floor had been

removed before the burn). In each case the point selected was

about half way from front to back of the hall and about half way from the side walls to the centre of the hall.

They were connected to the same recorder in the

manner described for the houses. The only difference was that

since there were only two thermocouples, eight of the 16

channels of the recorder were available for each. Thus the

record contains a reading of each thermocouple at intervals ·of

8 instead of 64 seconds.

RESULTS OF BURNS OF HOUSES

To make the results as readily comparable as possible, the temperature readings have been averaged in groups, and the

following is a key to Figs.

9

to 14 in which the results are

given:

A Over wooden crib by which the house was ignited

B At ceiling level above foot of stairs

C Remainder of ground floor

D At head of stairs

E In those bedrooms where the door was left open

F In those bedrooms where the door was closed

G In the cellar.

As is discussed in DBR Report

No.

150, some of the

houses had incombustible wall and ceiling linings, some had linings of combustible materials, and others had mixtures of

both. Where necessary, additional boards had been used to

finish the walls so that three were uniformly incombustible-lined and the other three were uniformly combustible-incombustible-lined, at least as to the lower floor, the stairway, and the upstairs

hall. Buildings No. 3 and 5 were in fact wholly lined with

3

-Buildings No.1,

4

and

7

were wholly incombustible-lined. For

brevity in this report the two groups of houses,

incombustible-lined and combustible-incombustible-lined, will be referred to as I and C

houses respectively.

From the temperature graphs in Figs.

9

to

14

two

further graphs have been prepared. On Fig. 17 the mean ｴ･ｮｾ･ｲ｡ﾭ

tures at each location are given for the three I houses; Fig. 18

gives the means for the C houses. The notation on these graphs

is a combination of the two systems just desoribed; for instanoe, IA indioates the mean temperatures above the igniting crib in

the three houses with incombustible linings. Where the mean

relies on but a single burn of the three, owing to the incomplete-ness of the individual temperature curves, the mean curve is

given as a broken line.

1. ｄｾｳ｣ｵｳｳｩｯｮ of Burns of Houses

Comparison of curves IA and CA shows very little

difference in the first 2 minutes in the temperatures above the

igniting orib. This is evidence that the strength of the

igniting source - the wooden crib simulating furniture - was

reasonably similar in the two groups of houses. There would

not have been time at this stage for the nature of the wall linings to have had appreoiable influence on the development of the fire, although at later stages the C houses are hotter.

The nature of the wall linings has more influenoe

farther from the souroe of ignition. Almost from the start CB

is hotter than IB, and after 6 minutes CB reaohes l6000F

while

IB only reaches 520°F. The same is true in varying degrees of the

other locations in the houses.

Perhaps the most satisfactory basis of oomparison is in terms of time available for the escape of a hypothetioal

person in the house when the fire starts. In similar work it

has been the practice to regard 300°F or 150°C as a threshold; below this temperature a person stands a ohanoe if he oan find a way out, but above it he rapidly beoomes a viotim.

The period from the start of the fire until a

tempera-ture

or

300°F has been attained in any partioular part of

a house may thus be regarded as the "survival time, as

limited by heat". Table I oontains estimates of this, based

on the records in Figs.

9

to

14.

There are, of course, other

aspeots of a fire which may prevent esoape, perhaps before heat

4

-lead to loss of oonsciousness. Dense smoke may prevent the

victim from finding his way to safety. In other reports in

this series, survival times as limited by these other factors

are derived. Naturally the significant survival period is the

shortest of the survival times as limited by each of these effects of this fire.

RES TILTS OF BURNS OF TWO HALLS

The temperature records for Burn No.6, the Community hall, and Burn No.8, the sohool, are given in Figs. 15 and 16. For each building the two records are quite similar, as might be expected since the thermocouple locations were symmetrical. It will be noticed, however, that Burn No.6 took longer to become established, although the maxima of the curves are quite

similar in respect of temperature, duration, and time of occurrence.

CONCLUSION

Further discussion of these results, considered

together with the results obtained from other ｭ･｡ｳｵｲ･ｭ･ｮｴＸｾ is

5

-TABLE I

SURVIVAL TIMES AS LIMITED BY HEAT

Burn

Number Survival times

Open bedrooms Closed bedrooms

(decimal minutes) Cellar

Incombustible-lined houses: 1 2.8 11.8 20.9 4 11.5* 16.5 16.2 7 2.1 11.3 16.6 Combustible-lined houses: 2 1.5 7.8 3

1.7

...

5 2.2 9.1 4.2

Times taken from mean temperature curves for the two groups of houses:

1,4,7 Incombustible 2.5* 11.7 16.6

2,3,5 Combustible 1.8 8.7 4.2

* It will be noticed that the time when the mean temperature passes 3000F differs from the mean of the three times when the ｩｮ､ｩｶｾ､ｵ｡ｬ temperatures passed 300oF. For example, In

Burn No.

4

the temperature in the open bedroom approached

3000F at 3 minutes but did not pass 3000F until 110 5

I"

orENE{J AT ( II MINUTES ----n:n---i KITCHEN IS'-T"x 10'-3" lAJ GROUND FLOOR

'\

UP -(0

CD

₍₄₎ 10'-0" PORCH -I 20'-0" I I ｾ 30'-0"

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.1

NOTES·

/. ALL WALLS a CEILINGS OF PLASTER

INSTRUMENTATION IN BASEMENT WEST CORNER

LEGEND.

ｾ THERMOCOUPLES

Ji." RESISTANCE THERMOMETER

o

RADIOMETERS (8) THERMOPILE RADIOMETER

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GAS COLLECTORS

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o

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I.

FIGURE 4 - BUILDING No. 4 - TWO - STOREY WOOD FRAME DWELLING WITH

DOO1' iEFT OPEN / ,.".

o

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6

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HALL 8 NOTES;

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-B..o RESISTANCE THERMOMETER

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FIGURE 5 - BUILDING No. 5 - TWO - STOREY WOOD FRAME DWELLING WITH CLAPBOARD EXTERIOR

TARTeD HeRe 42'-1"

----0---ＭＭ｀ｾＭＭ 3"-0" n----tSTeCL POSTS I ｾ / +

¢

NOTE:

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RADIOMeTeRS

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1

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o

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LEGEND:

- - 0 THERMOCOUPLES

..!..o RESISrANCE rHERMOMErERS

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FIGURE 10 TEMPERATURES IN BURN 2

THERMOCOUPLES AT BaD WERE

OMITTED IN THIS HOUSE.

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