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AreBor ealEcosy st em s Suscept ible tolnva stnnb~AlienPlan ts'!
.-\CaseSru d~ofGrosvtom e:\arion alPark
b,
\IichaelDn idRose
-\thes issub mitte dto rbe Schoo lof Gr a d ua t eStudies
inpartia lfu lfil me n l
cr
me requirementsfor the degr ee of'lasl er of Sci en ce
Depart me ntofBio log~ Schoo l of Craceate ofSt ud ies!Fa c \l l ~ofScience vtemonarLnh e rs jt~of:\e" found land
Janua ~2002
SI. John's :\e" foundland
Abstra cl
lnvasionbyalien spec iesis oneufthe major contr ibutorsIU thelocaland global
!c\SS,) rinJ iglonu u,;t-i,l lugic ;l! divers ity . ;J.nJ aconcern to managersofprotected areas.The object ivesofthisstuJ~weretodocum entandevaluate: the distri bu tio nandabund anceof ahcn plamSPCCI":S III borealecosystems otGrosvtomeXauona lParkof Can ad a (G\I ~P..Inareas susceptibletoinvasionby alien plantsthe physica lparamet er s conrrrb unn gtorhcrrpresence orabsence were dc rcrrruncd .The im po rta nceofdisturbance IIIalienplant III\JSIOnIII bo realecosystems\\as exarmnedby eva luat in ghow CI1\ironmenralcondinonsand diversuyof alienspecies changeasafunct io n of distu rbancercgjrnc.Functionalcharcctcnsucscontributin gto success fulinvasion in G\ I'';P«erealso ev.muncd
-\11.:nplants were roundinareasof anth ropog enicand natu raldisturban ce rhrcugnout 0\['\,P\\ nh rhegr.:al.:st abun dan ce and diversityofspeci esoccurringIn disturbanc esdose to highanth ropogenic ac tivi ty, Alt ho ugh alienplan ts were absent from undisturbed areas. rhcuunexpec ted occurrence indist urbed areasremot e from human
J..:tl\11~IS of greatconcernbecause theymJ.~ J.1!~recosy stem prope rtiesand displace
nJ.11\': ,pc"';ICSm these areas
VcgctcucnlYP~Svulnerableto alien plan! invasio ninG\I~Pincludeforests.
riparianareas.tens.and alpme meadows.Distu rban ce occurri nginthese vegctano n types ca used increasesrnbar e groundand or light availubihtywhichallowedalien plan tsIU mvadcthese areas. Althoughhigh soli pHwas associated with alien plant s rn these areas.
disturbanc ewas not found to cause changes in soilpH.This implies thatareas susceptible tomv asronb~alien plants mav be pre-determinedb~bed roc kgeologyorotherfactors mtlu cnc m g sudpH
T!l~'abunda nc e
or
JII..:nplan tsch;tng..:J rromhig h tound isturbed disturbance regimes.The greatest percentage cf alien speciesoccu rredathigh dist urbanceregimes, whilctheroutnumberof alien Sp<X1":S\\ ;ISgreatestat mrcrmcdiatc disturbance reg imes vtoosc(.-ll...'.' JI,',',\";tnon-nauveherbivore.acted as thepnmarvccnduufo r ahcnplan !mva sronInG.\ [ \:Pb~dispersal of'propa gulcsand creatingor prolonging JI~ L Ll rb..neeb~tramplingJnJ browsing vegctauon.Hikingtrailswerealso found to be conduits lor alien plant dispersalintonatural areas~n:a sno longerexperiencingdisturbanceby anthropogenicacnvitv requiredlong
pl:n <IJ ~otum...1<>rcco vc rTheseareasacted asloci in ••hieh alien speciesco uld persist .LnJspread to otherareasvfG \ I\: P
Sp..-CI":S01concernm(j.\[,\PmctudcRanunculus rcpcns,TlIssl!ugot;;rj;;r.J.
L~-th rlfl",\,lli ,·.I I"l , I.Datu ,II:;,{'lIr{'lIr.',I.lil,·I·,u'/IInJspp..Turu xacum otficinal e: Cirsuim
./ 1"1<"l iS .'.and'\lIo.\ "fl s.\CU fPIU I<'<"~-
.l,.!lcn;r','CI":Sable I.';ucc<,ssfu ll ~invadeareas remere trcm humana..:ti\'il~
dufercd from alien species unableto invade theseareasb~exhibmng beth vegerauve rcprod uc tro n and dispersalofasex ually produced propagules
Boreal ecosystems can be mv adedb~alien plants.Man agementplansmust :n<'01I,'rth...pres ...nee and pOI...nual spreadof alienplants in G\lS P
Tabl eofCo n te n ts
Lrstor'Tabtcs .
List of Fig ures .
Chapter Ilntroducuon,.
I.l \\'h\B.:Concerned \\ithAhenPl.•ints'...•....••...•.•...•••....•••.•..••••
l.~ Sl:lgesot"A h.:nPbnlIn\;lSIOn'..
l.~ Disturbuncc andAhcn Prams ;;;;,;,,; ,,;; •.••...•....•...•..•.
i... --\Ii.:nPla n' In\aS10 ninBorealEcos vstc ms
15 Gro s\10m ~''vanonalPark .
t.« Ob-ccuv cs
viii
s
1'1
"
"
l'haptc r':Stu,j~Area I...
':, l Topographv.Phvsiographv.Geology. and RecentGlacialHistory I...
__ Ctmutc IlJ
,~ \·l'::: ~'I.lt1011 .:1
.: -1 Huma nHIS!vl"\ ':3
_" DisturbancesOc.:umn l1WirtunG\l:\ P .:...
.:~1 ·D ,sl uma nces ':0
26 B,
DlSnowmobileTrails.
'\--\1:lluralFire
Dil"'~""bb
a,,"',,,'"••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••BIRI\.:rs CIlnscct Ourbreaks DIWind
EIvtoosc Carib..oo .
Chapte r3Ho«PrevalentareAlien Plantsin Grosvtome xauo nal Park" . ""
,~l tmrocucuon "
~~ :\lcthods 30
Results -11)
~.~I Gene ralTrends "'U
~ ~ ~ --\nt ~r" r0g...meDisturbances 50
A) Trails; 5D
BIRoadsides 51
ClPits.. 5~
DjDomesuccut block s 5~
EtSnowmobiletrails 53
FlOther anthropogenicdisrurbances; 53
... . \..Ilur..llDisturbances.. 5.1
At Rivers 5.1
BtInscc t Outb rca ks 55
CfBcav cr s.. 55
Dlvtoos c Cari bo u.. 50
E.wind: 50
3.3..1 Xauve SpeciesotDrsturbed Areas.... 5-
3..1 DiSCUSSIOn 5S
.~.1I Anthro po genic Dist urbanc esas Sources lo rInvas ion
otx.nuratArcas 58
.~ _.1:: Cc nd uns (0Invasionof Xatural AreascDIspersal
\ cctorsr
3,.13 \'eg et..ltion Types Assoc rarcdwithAlienPlant
Esta blishm ent 01
3 ..1..l Rclauon sfupofBorealEcosystemsandAlienPlums
IOG\ I;";P.. 03
Ch..lpter.1Factorslruluc ncm gAlienPIJ.nt [n\aSI\)1110Li\I;";P
..ll lruroducnon co
.1':: \l.lt<:n J.l~..InJ\kt h\>J ~ ho,l
4'::: 51UJ\ SucSclcc uo n Do)
..l,'::,':: S.JmphngDcsign. ()9
..l.2.3 ClassificancnofDisturbanceRegim es..
..l2A Measurement ofPhys ic al Parameters.. "e
AlLightA\'ailabiliiy.. -to
B 1Substrate Sampling and Analysis..
.1,'::'.5 PlantCo llectio nandldc ruuic anon. W
.1.: .6 DataAnalysis .. 50
.\ .Corret auon01 EnvironmentalParamet ers.. S [ B.Sp ccl..-s-Env Ironment Relationships 51 C. Rctauonsmp ofDistur banc eRegimetoPhysica l
..mdBrolc grcalParamete rs.. S3
Dl Func tio nalChar ac terist ic s Relatedtoinvasion
Success. 5.1
.1.3 Res ults 50
-U.I Relationshipof Ph ysicaland Biological Param ete rs
to DisturbanceRcaime.. 86
-l-J2 Imp ortantEnviron-menl;llParmteter5... 10 2
A) CCA Ordination of Species-Environment Rela ucn ships102 I.CCA·All Sites (Gene ralCommunity Patterns ) 10 3 :.CC A·RemoteFo rest DisturbancestCl ear cuts, Insec t Outbreaks.andMooseTrails j. 107
3.CCARiparian Areas; 10<)
-l.CCA SamplesContainingAlienSpccics. I II
BlCorrelationofPurametcrs; ll-l
~.3.3 RelationshipBetweenFuncuc nat Charactcnsucsand
Invasio n Success 11<)
-l-l- Discussion 122
-lAI lm pc rtanc c ofDisturbance10 Alien Plant Invas io n in
Boreal Ecosvstcms 122
-lA,: Ccm m un uv·Stru.::turcInRetaucntoDrsturbancei,.. 122 -lA.3 Relationship..,(VegetationTypeto Alie n Plan t Invasion 125
-l-AA Creeping BunercupIRununcuharl'pl'/Is1 .. 128
-lAS Func tio na l ChaructensucsRelated tolnvustonSuccess 12<)
-lAo Ccnc tus ions... 133
Chapter5 C..mctusions. 135
5 I Sumnurv:R.:Iatil\¥theSla:;t..:s ofAlienIn vas ion 10 G.\ I:-':P" 135
5.U 135
5,1.2 135
5,1,} Persistenceand Expansio n 13:'
~, SpccrcsotConccm 13i
5,} Rccomrncndancns fer FutureResea rc hand vtanagemcnt. 1-l2
Rtcrcn ccs .
, ..
AppendivI lc;;cndof Svrnb uls us....din Thesi sor Appendices 156 Appendix2 list cfspec ies collected or\\ hich occurredin transects in
Gras vromeXanonalPark '.. 160
Appendix3 Locations 01 AlienPlantsFound in GrasSte rneXanonutPark 172
Appendix~ Study Site Descnpnons andLoc atio ns.. 1<)0
Appendix5 FunctionalGroup Analysis SymbolsandDe fimno ns.. 195
,-\pp<.'ndi\() Plum Spec iesCodes 19"7 Appendix- AdduicnalResu lts rrcm CfAAna lysis usedinTbesis..; 2W
AppendixS AddiuonalRcsutrs. 21U
FigureI:Ch01l1g<.'inDurfDepth \\ithDisturbanceRegimeat Disturbance Typesand VcgetauonTypesSampledinG\I ~ P 211 Figure2:ChangeInL0g C::-':withDisturbance Re gimeat DisturbanceTypesandVege ta nonTypesSampled in G\ [ ,\ P 212 Ficurcj Chanceinv.,\'..-ecianvc CoverwithDisturban ce R":-glmc <itDlst~rbanceTy;esandVegetatio nTyp esSampled
InG\I:\P.. 2[ }
Figure ~:Change inv,Xitrogeowuh Distu rbance Regi me<it Disturbance Typesand VegetaucnType s Sam pledinG\l~P 21~
Figure:":(hmg...in Phospho rous\\uhDisturbanceRegimeat DisturbanceTyp esand Vegetation Types Sampledin G\!:\P 215 treurc0vhanccIIIPotassium\\uhDisturbance Rearrnc al D,~:urbJ.nco: T~~csand Vegetation Tvpcs Sampledi~G\I:\ P ':::10 Fteure ": ChanecInxtacoesrurn\\nhDistu rba nceRcsnm c<it DururbanccTY~csand\'cgclatlonTypesSampledinG\ I:\ P 21- Figure ::.:CC-\OrdmauonDiagram oftheRelations hipof SPC<.'lI:StoDisturban ceRegim eIIIRemo te Forest Distu rban ces
ofG\l ~"P 218
Figure</:Cc.-\Ordination Diagram ofthe Relationshipof
Sp<:<.'I':S 10SodTy p..' IIIG\l:-.:P... 219
FIgure11):CC-\ Ordina no n Diagramof theRela tions hip of
Speciesto Disturbance Re gime inG:\-I:\P. 220
TableI:SpeciesOverla p Bet\\ eenDisturban ceRegime s Over
AllSitcsmG \ I:-':P.. 221
T..II-"'k '::::AlienSrcxiesOverlapBetweenDisturbanceRegimes
Over.-\11SitesinG\ ISP ':::21
TJ.bk Fable I
!.,Ihk'::
T..Ibl.:',
Listof Tab les
VegctauonandDisturbanceTyp esSurveyedandSurv ey ElTonm GW, P
~u["\~'~Etten .
Disturb anceTypesInWluc hAlien PlantSpecies Were Foundwntuo G\I' P
Sp':C1CSRichnessinDisturbanc eTypesofG\tSP..
.Ahcn PlumsWithLimned Disrribuuon mG\l'P..
\·':~~·l;,l tl l' nTvpcstnG\ l ' Pin\\hichRcprcsc r nanvc$lud~
$II .:S\\-.:re Establis hed . .
38
.,
- "
T.iblc- SummaryofDist urbanceRegim eClassific ations
r..10 k:::i ProjectSetupfor CuncrucalCcrrcspo ndcn ccAnalystsModels S~
T.lI>I.:" Compariso nofParametersBCl\\ CCn ArC3SofH ig hand Undisturbed DisturbanceReui mcUSIO>!Rundo rruzanc n
\kthod s31Slud~SitesInG.'!:\ ? - .
Spcurmun"sCorr cla non \L.IIn\ofPhys ica l and Bio log ica l Parame tersSampled O\cr.--\IISlud~Sites WithinG\I'P Spearman'sCorrcrcuonvtnn xofPhYS1C31and Bio log ica l ParametersSam ple d(ro m Fo restStud ySite sWithinG\ l ' P
lib
11-:"
Linof Figu res
Figure Page
Figu re1 hgurc '::
Con cep tual 'clodelcfAhenPlant Invasion..
Factor slntlucnctngStages01Ahcn Plam Invasion..
Flgur.:_~ RegionalSeningofG\I'P .
Figure(> G" o!ogy ofG\I'S"P .
hgur.:- \ cgctauon ufG\I\P
Figure',) Lar geScaleDisturbancesInG\I:\P .
Fig ure]I' AlienSp"'CICSDrccrsn yinRelati o n10DisturbanceType..., FigureJ1 Xurnbcr0,)(Alien SpeciesInSuney Areas._...
FigureI;' Disrnbun ..on 0fSIUJ :. SilCS in G\l\P .
15 10
IS
'::5 30
Figur~
is
FrgurcIu
TheEffectof Distu rbanc eRegim eonUo GravelWeightin variousTyp esofDisturbanceand VegetancnSampled inG.\-I\"P S9 TheEfrcctot'Drs turbaoce Reairne onUoSoilMoistu re m
\"J.ri OLlSType s 01Disturbanc';-and Vegetation SJ.IT1pkd inG:'I.-l:\P 90
The Effect..nursturb anc e Reerrneon00OrsamcComen rin
\·m OLlSTvp esofDislurbanc';-.md VegetationSampledin G:'I.-l\"P 91 F.gurcI- The Euect 01 Distu rbanceRegimeon SoilpHin \.anous
Typesof Disturb anc eami Vegetancn Sampled in G\l\"P... 9'::
Figure FigureI::;
Eigu relv
Figure .::.,
Fi;;urt:'::'::
Figure.::~
Page The EffectofDisturbanceRe ...im eon Calciumin various Type sotDisrurbance and \"eget at ionSampled inG\tSP., The EITenofDisturban ceRegimeon00LightAvailabilitvin
\"Jri;) U STyp es ofDisturb an ce and Vegetation Sampled in G\tSP <}5
TheEITn::t0[Disturban c eRcarmc on~~Bare Groun d in
\-JTI ;) USTypes;)1Distu rban ce ,!OdVegetation Sam pfedinG\I:'\P<J6
fht:Eftc~t(It"Distur banceRcgi rncon'cumberorSpecresin
\Jri;) USTypesot'Disturbance andVegerarionSampledin G\-l:'\P 'Ii TheEffect<J(DisturbanceRe gime on'vurnbcrofAlienSpeciesin Vario us Typesot'DisturbcnccandvcgcrcuonSampledin G\ I:'\P 98 TheI:IY<:~l;)1'DisturbanceRegime (In., ~'vo n- vas cu lar speci esin ven ousTypes ofDisturbanceandVcgctanonSampled in G\I:'\P 1l.\l) TheEffectotDistc rbance Regime on~QAlienSpeciesin
\"JTluUSType s (IIDisturbanceand Ycgetauon SampledIn G\-I:'\P 11)1 Fi ;; u r..:':: ~ CC-\Ordinat ion ofthe Rclauo nship ofS pecies with
:::ilgOlli..:anlEO\ rrcnmc nralVenables10All Quadrat sScmplcd
InG\ P': P 10.1
Flgurc"'::1, (l..".\Ordmanonotthe Ret.ruon s fupotSpccieswnhSigruflcan t Environment al VenablesIIIRemoteFores t Drsturbanccs of
G\ I:'\ P lOS
Figure '::- CC-\Ordmaucnofthe RelationshipofSpecieswith Significant Envrronmerual VariablesinRiparianAre as o[ G \ I S P" 110 Figure'::S Cc.J.,Ordinauc nDiagramoftheRelationshipctSpccieswith
Sigmficam EnvtrcnrnentalVariables in AreascontainingAlien
SpC': h::SinG\I:'\P.. 113
Figu re '::'01 CC -\Ordinat io nof the RelationshipbetweenFunctional Characten suc s of AlienSpecies10 Invasion Successin G\-I:'\"P 1:::0
Acknowledgemenrs
Thankstv Shamellcvtercer for asstsrance and friendship durin g the \999fieldseason.
Thanksto Dr.LucHroutlle t ort mv ersuc deMontr eal to r ad\iceand encour agement.
Thanksto\llchadBurzy nsktoIG\I~Pforadviceand assistanc e in plan! identification.
ThanksIII \lanlyn...monslo radviceandassistan ceinplan tide ntificatio n.andto rbeing c-ctrcmclvrriendl~and helpfulatalltimes
rh anl..sroSeen TJ~lo r01·G\I~Plorconstrucuon otmaps includedin this thesis andtor helpthrougho utrhc research pcnod
Thanks toJoeCOITe~. m~\99 S fieldaSSISIJIlt .lorhis hardworkand frien ds hip.His tmc nscpresence in1995madeitafunand unforgettablesumm er
Thanks.,Dr Stephen Ffemnun g. ParkE.:olv gis t JIG\I~ P.lorad vic c and for allowing 11K·to",Irk,,)11th isproje ct.
Special Thanks\0.)Johnvtaundcr.Cura torofXarural Historyat the 'ccvtocn dlan d vtuscu m.tor thedifficult andlimeccnsunungvcnficaricnof plants collected during nus prot-....:I ,His enthusiasmandancnucn1(1detailis muchadrmredand apprec iated.
Spt:cl.l1thankstoKarynButter.Head01"theGeograp hyDepartme nt .11\tLS .forbeingso mcc.Shealwavstooklimetoarveadviceand directionthrcuubourmvunder eraduateand
;raJu;l!1:sluJi~s.Herbiogeog~;lph~course during my unde rgra du atedegr eeintrod uced
;11\,;III.ItlJsurnularcdm~rrncrestm plan t<:cl,)l"g~
Specialthanks10Dr, Trevo r Bell. AssociatePro fe ssor ofGeographyat\IL·'\".foradvice anJ .mcnnon to dct.nlthrcuchourmv thesis.His fricndh'dow n I" earth'methodvI .lmpl u·ym g eventhe mostco rnptcvtopi cshelped me duringbothmyundergrad ua te and graduatestudies
\·et:spccta l than ks10m~Supervisor. Dr. LurscHerrnanutz.fortheallowing01':todo und<:rgr aJualcand~raJuat<:research \\ IIh her tor thepast fouryears.Her advice. high standards<Jr"J.:hle\crnent. hardwork.and genuine Interes t in conservation have .nfluc nc cd mvlr<:~,<: ndLlIJ ~ I ~
\<:t:specialthanks 10O1~rarmly.OJ<.!. vtom.Marc. andJoann e arethe mostIm portant partofm~lifeWithouttheir10\ e.support and advicethis wouldnot be possible
Chapte rI -Introduction 1./ ..,,"h I'Bt!Conct!rIlt!dWithAlien Plants:'
Arter land usc cha nge andhabi tatloss, biological1n\"a510nby non-nativespecies ISone ofth e major conmoutorstothelocal andgloballoss of indige nousbiologrca!
Ji\t:rSll~ID'Anrcruo1')9-:K01J.I.mdLodge2tKi iI.Plant comm uni ties wor ldwide arc bcconung progrcssrvel\ homogcmzedb~the spreadof alien plants(W isercr al.I'NS).
Human P<'p Ulat K)11~rv\\th .mJ techno!..)g~han :' favouredthe spreadand dispersa lof alien
;P~""" I<: SthroJughmcrca scdtranspon auo n andexpansionof disturbed habnatsiCccper l'l~I,\11.'I.) n.: ~and DrakeI<lS6 1.In\;ISh", "b~alien species is aconservauo nconcern icr protectedareas. .md IS cued JS.Iscnousthreat10 Xanonal Par ksInmartycounmcssuch
.1_'l·..l ~1-I,i..l.S,'lIth\f~t.: .:. .-\us:ra lia. anJthe Lnucd StaresI\Li.:DOl\JIJctJI.1<lS6: Cowie .mdwerne r1'1'1.':Fcnshumdcl.I'N-!..Westb rook.\'/'IS"C anadian Hcruagc 19'JS: Parks C.iO.IJ a Agt:n..:\21H1li l
\n alienspecie sllla~1'0.: definedJ.SJspeciesthat enter s aneco syste m be yond its tusroncra n ~..:.mcludmgJn~otgamsrntransferredfromon",countryor provinceto
.tn~species\\hrch h,ll;b..-':11unreducedtotheIslandofXe wto undtcn d thro ugh human
..l.:t1 \I1~Inthelast5tH)~..: ars\bnyof the alien plantspecies pres entinXewfc undland
bccar n..- csurbhsh..'JJu...tvJlon grusror-,ot'vrgo roustrade with Europetc ooper1')81.
vlcadc s1.'1al. 12t HIIII\\ JS the authority used tod..l..:S s i(~SP':Cll:'Sas alien 10 tho:Island01'
AII-:nplantsSpeCICScor nnbu te Jirectly to the loss cfnative plant bio-diversity th rou gh ccmpeuuon ..mJtmroducuc n of diseases.parasucs.crs! fungi to an ecosystem 1\ 1\,one:-JnJ Drake 1<lSb .Drake <:l.li1') 5<):Grov esand BurdenI'-lStJ:Hughes and
J\-.:rc;!s.:J rh...abundance01nativetree seedlings and herbaceous plants in hardwood
!~'r...st"orOtuot>ycomp cuuvc lv excludingthemfromlight rl-lutchinsonand Vankat 1<19- ,. BeSlJ6compc uuv c exclusion crn.mvc specieslo r space orresourcesali...n plants
can..:hJn ~ .:the1.'11 \rron r ucnrmvadcAlien species have been found to alter ecosvstem
propcrncs byo.:han g illgreso urceJ\arlabilny,trophic structure.and disturbanceregimes tVuousck 1<)\)11;D'Antonio and\'iIOUS.:kI'N~:Stac kand D'AruomoI'N S), The alien
~lltrl'~o.:l1.ti\1I1!!shrub ,Ill'x,,",n .1altersreso urce supply and successionbyquadrup ling inputs,,(s"11numerusInHJI\Jli \'\,I..:JnOeS"Jtlona]Park I vuousek]'i <)IJ).Increased
~ir..:trcq u..'n..:yduetothe presence ofaliengrass SpCCleS hJS alter..>J disturbanceregimes kJ J ll1:; toJ suppression ctnauvctrees m sonic JreJS ot'wcstcm Xcnh America and
' .:(:,·r:.:1Parl,, J:1J other protected.lfI.'JSarc benchmarks agJinst \\ hich svciety
":J l1C\alu.nc..:han; e caused byhumanaC!l\'ityI Stchlgren etal.I<)98:ParksCanada
\:;:.:nc y':''' "' 1.Alie n pl.uus arc thrca te nm g ecosystem precesses and native biodiversity that contribute tilthese areasasbenchmar kstosustainable humanactivity..Alien plants arelisted JS the fourth most commonstresso r occurring in Canadian Xaticnal Parks ,1 .:Po J J !J !: !1...·;"!!J ,;_' !')'1,IlnL'S"JI!I-'na ]Parkstcvcludi ng Alaskar itisestimatedthat
InI JSI\ ": JII.:n plantsocc urIn3\ -,ofXutional Park Service area fora totalof 28323 km-
\~millio n ucresr of Xanonal Park Service Im J rWestbrock 19981. The alienplant
\kbk\JI;ac\ld,li,'ll c,1 '/lIlII ,/ I,,'/l,'r'/,l lISesnmarcd10infest2u2 3..J.km '(5CJUlJUuacres) ornau vc werl.md sIIISouthFlorida JnJisa problem in Everglades'ccncnatPark where H displaces nativevcgetauo uJnJdegradeswildlifehabitattWestbrook )';)98).Th ealien plantLiJ rh..::\lustJrJ Lllh.I'·/,/f,'lIrJ/, u,lll-"mlsdense mono-culturesJnJis displacing rareCaro fimanfor estplan tspeciesIIIPOintPclcc Xaucnal Park crCancdatHaber \99'7;
PJrh..'."..iIlJJa.\g":IK~':1,11 MJI.In RiJingvtcuru.nn'vunonalParkofC anadahighnumbers
ot"alienplants are mvadingnauvcrough rescuecom m un ities and displacingnanvc
,peCI":SIParksCanadaAgcne~20l)lJl.The South American shrub Lantana(Lantana
,. Jl II , iI./1IS1111Jd mgALl:m a lia'sF<Jn~\Iik Scrub XuticnalParkwhere itdecreases
:ipecl esnchn c ss andinc reasesruc lload stFcnsbamct.II.19 9~ l.Lantana alsooccur sIn
th rcc rcm ng npunan habuars1\lacJ .,m aIJ 1985)
Research presentedinthis thesis focuses,)11alien plantinvasioninprotectedareas .' 1'boreal~'''::0S~stem s.H01\distu rbance anJsue charac tc n sncscornnbutcI<Jalie n plant
Ill\asionInnatural areasotborea lecosv stems must be determined so that methods can be .::sla hh sh~'Jto manage allenplants in these arcus.
I,,- Stage sof,Wl ' IIPlalll l nl'Qsio"
Althoughthere is .m abundan ceof literature <Intheneg ativeim plicatio ns ofalien phmtsp...,\:IC';..II~r:-lowpropc ruonof imrodu cedspecies eventually spread into natural
plantcom mun ities rAnd crscnl'ol<);l.F<:\\crthan 2u.... ofpl um sco lo n iz ing a new areaM<:
though!tohave J.mcasureab te population or system-leve limpacttD":\ nto nio 1997)
invastvc \\hen[h.:~arc able to pe rs ist andexpandin naturalplant communities(Burk.:
.1IlJ Grlllh.:I'I'll',
\h)Jdsoi'plum invasio n generallyretcrtothree primary elements;dispersal.
establis hment.JIlJpersistenceJnJexpansion(FigureI)(Kruger et al.I<}S6; Hobbs
!'J ~'l;KolarJ.nJ Lod ge2Ul III.The sebasteclcrncrnsCJnbe applied toinvasionever irucrconnn cnt alorregion alscalesrKrugc rct al.\936 1.Dispersalreferstoan alienspecie s
IIl \adinglKru g':f ctJ.I.19)1)1_Establis hmentreset stvan alien plantbeing ableto
\\ithst.IIlJthe ngours ofusncv, habitat by ha vin~the JbilitytvsucccsstutlygW\\and reproduceatJ. sitetKrugcrct J.l,19Sul.Charactc n sucsof spec ieswhichbecome csta bhs hcd andtheir uncracnon\\uhtheinvaded community determ inehowwe lla _pe..:I.:S\\111 p..:r;ls tand expand Inan areatKolc r and Lodge2(0 1).
Dispersal- . Establishment - - . Expansion and Persistence
SpeciesFails Species Fails inDispersal toEstablish
1
Non-Invasive Species
1
Invasive
Species FigureI;Conce p tu a l 'lode!orAlien Plant Invasion (K ola rand Lodge 2001)The basicmode lotmvasic n becom esmorecom plex whenfactorsinfluencin g ..:~chclcruem arc ta ke nintoaccount(Figure~l.Chan ce and timing infl uence all stages Jndaspec tsor invas io n and include such thingsas synchrony ofinvasionwith resource supp ly.\\ e.nhcr co nduion s. habit at opening s. com pcuto r phenology. and dispersal vectors
Factorsmtlucnc mg
me
dispersa lsta geinclud e thesupply and availability crpl ar u i'wpa!!t:I..:s.mdtheobstacle so(distance Jndland scap e which propugutesmust passin orderto bedispersed10JnewsueICooper 198 1;Kruger et al.19S(); Tvser and Work y 199':::Bro thers Jnd Spmgum 199'::: Andersen 1(J95l. The dispersal vectors present in an Jrea and thetunc uon a!adap t.mo nsuf alie n plan tspecie sto utilize dispersalvec to rs dctcmuncho«succes sfu l an alienspeci esis at ,..overcomingobstacles 10 dispersal (Deanctai!'i-:,(>.KrugcrcrJI.I'ISo : Andersen19'15: \lcl ntyrectal.19'15 1tFigure1)
Esrabhs hmc ntofIn alien Sp":CICS atasueis most lim ited by thesiteco nd itionsof theareaandhow wc flmdiviJu~1species an: adaptedtogrow th and reproductionIn these condruons (\\Is..:r":lat 1'NS : Larsoncr al.~UlJI)I Figure'::f.Siteco nd itio ns such as light ..1\;ll b r-tlil:..temper atu re.nutri ents. and so ilpH areprima rilyinfluencedby
~Il \Ir0lHll..:11lJI condruo ns such ..IS g..:>Jlo!!y. chrnarc. and\eg<:tJtioll.Openingsinareas sunable tor alien pl.nu gre wtharc usua lly prcvidt.'\!bydisturbance. \\ hichdecreases co rnpennon andinc rease sreso urce availabrhtyfor alienspec iesIFo:\ and Fox19S():
Hobbs 19::i":Stohlg rc n eral.I<)'J<)a l.The responseofalien plants to disturbance and sit..:
condition,\
ar:- \\
uhmandbetweenspecies .and sweeping generalizations about the,.~"
charactcns ucs -.!P~lll1l.\l~
<sclf- tcrtrhz ut ron: -vcectauvc
r..-p;oJ uCUOl1 -s<::,:."J\\<: i..:ht /
<s.>
... Persiuence andExpans ion!
7
~
'~,
!
lntcracuo nsI •predators \
\ -mutuan sms
I
-parasues -pollinator
Bio-div ersnv
Figure~;Facto rsIn fluencingStage s
or
Aue e PtautInva sfc n..Ib illt:,,1'alien pl..l.fl(sro :;!r..:m .J.I1J reproducein an area art:diffic ul ttStohlgren erat.
!Y')9b;Larsent:tal.21/ull.Althoughitis difficult to predictwheth eror notaspecieswill become invasive.some plant characteristicssuch as vegetativereproduction.self rcruhz auo n. .J.nJ seedIIeight appear torn tl ucnce the abilityvian alie nplant tv establish.
.Alienplarus \\Ith theJbl1ltytogrewand reproducein anarea may notbecome mvasrv cCompcnuonIIuhotherplantsandtheprese nceorabsence ofimeracuonswith othe r....r~.J.IllS n bsuch.J.spredators.parasucs. .J.nJ pullinarorsmayinc reas e or decreasethe Jl'>dltl "( .m mrrodu..-cdspccrcsIobeecmc mvusrvc tCra\\1ey 19S911Figure2). Factors '1ll1 u <: n cl11 ~the disturbancercgtmeof .m area suchas freq ue ncy andscve r nvof disturbance. .J.nJrcco ver:.ntcr disturbancealsoinfl uence persistenceandexpansion by dctcrrrurun g the avarlahrluv . durauon . .md frequencyoihabit.ltopeni ngsforalien plants 18 ..1./1 ..1./1<IS.' !.Thel<Jnge 'nyJIlJabund anc eofallen plant seedsmtheseed bankmay also com et-u tctothe persistenceofalien plants111an area,Prese ntl y.the impcnance oi br..hdilcrsnv onplantcomrnurutvIllI;.\Sibility is a majordebatein plant ecologyWIth research dcmons tra ung both5PC.:lC5nch and species pc or commua uiesbeing more -uscc pnblc!L'1111 JS1Lln lStoh lgr~n199 5; Wiser et JI. j'N S: Levine and D'Antonio1999;
Smuhand Knapp1'1')') :Tilman19'N; Duke, 2uo ll.BIO-d iwf5 l1Y is mrlue nccdby the same condin ..msIIhichmtlucnceInl;.\SibiIity.and itis difficu ltto isolatethe impac tof :->:,,'.J\',"r,:t~,onmv;lSlbllit:-\1henit isco nsideredind ependentlyfro m factorssuchJ..S
ccrnpcuuon.resourcesupply,disturbance.and prcpagule supplvtl.cvmeand D'Amoruc
Tlus study focusesprim:ml~on[actorsinfluenci ngtheestab lishm entstageor' mv astonb~exam.rungthcSItcconduion sanddisturban ce regimes withwhichalienplant specres arc ;lSSll":lalr.:JInG\ I'P.lruporuuu uucrenc esaboutthe dispersa lstage and pcrsrsrcucc J.nJ e xpansron stage.ue rnadc usmg survey results. butInorder 10 more .icc uratcly ..:\atunethe se stages<)1'incusion .longer(eon monitoring is required.
1.3 ·Dislurbanct' and AlienPlants
Alienplants colonize habnatoperungsthatarcusually generatedbybot h
10 unJ m drsturbcdarcJ.S(Fu\and Fox!<olSlJ,Carso n andPicke n1990 : BurkeandGrime Ill·ltl. S,'h" J.rl./1" <)-; Srohlgrcn <.:t al. 1999a),Distu rban cecanbe defi nedasany discrete .;\ cnttuumc nun drsrupr, ecosyst em. ccmmunuv.or popuiauonstruct ure and chan ges resources. substrate a\albbl ll1:.or the physicalcnviro nm ernr whneand PICken 1985, Hobb-,I!'lS'Il~ug;:esled,' n l ~those areas\\ heredistu rban ce has increas edreso urce a\allablll l~are sun ablc torcotor uzanonby ahenplams.Disturb ancehasmanyparamete rs
\\ tuch trucruct to dctcrmmcth...disturbanceregime of aparticular areacBazz az 19S3;
Whuc and Harrod Ilj')-l,and tor this reason the J\aibbilityof resourcesloralien plants mol parncuiar .Ir.:awtll 'J0 with theseparameters.Dist urba nceregi meparame ter s
rl':!:.h..!':spatialI~l:,-·..Iismbuuon. bnJs.:ap...conte ctt. temporalIfrequency. seasonality.
predrct a brluy.rota uo n periodi. specuicuvrspecies. age class orsize class.landform s.
co rnmur nty~tJtCI.magnitudeI intc nsn y.~c\crityr. ecosystemeffects (hete rogeneity.
ecos ys temkg ..lc l c~ l..1J1Jsvner grsms tirueracnonsrtWhiteandH;uTOJ1~~ ":'l IIl ..lmos t..l1~y::>tell1 ~studrcd. dist urbanc ersassccunedwithchangeinimportant
~x-osvstcm paramete rs..InJenhanceIn\Jsibil il~by alien plan tstWh ite and Pickell 19851.
Intorc st;:n \rron mcnr , ch..m,i;cmhghl ..I\:'1I1abd lt ydue todisturbanceISone ofthemust rmpo rt.nu(..r...:t ...,r, ccurnbun ngluuhcn plan t In\asl...'nIBJ.ll U19:sJ: Brothersand
~plllgaml'l"::;Hutchi nsonand Vunkat199-1.Increased lighta\ ailab ility maydirectly rmlucn ccahen plant s .orItmay mdm:ctJymrluencethemby causing changesinother resourcessuchJS5011temperature..moisture.pH.and nutrientavarlabiliry rVn cu sek
;'j' :'.:'liw g..r.nct..lli'1' 1::ITh...·,us":,,,p !l t>Lljt~of an area10alienplant mvaston hasbee n rci..r. t~·Jtuthe ..I\..r.t1abd lt:orbareground created b: disturbancetRea d e r andBuc k19 8b;
BurkeandGnm cI' I'/()),Removalo(Jclosed cover otnative spec iesby disturban ce -:...mtrtb utcsto mvasronb:.::rcatmg spaccInwhich ahen plants can colonize and by J~'l: rea smg-:com peuu...inrcrrcsourc...-sInthe .rr...aIBu rk e and GnmeIlJ% jCha ngesin the :..L1: l"" lIIH,,( I"o,lr ..·;,:r....un dIIIanarca .ilsohJS thep....ll...-nualro utter soilJramJgcpatterns.
tem peratu re. morstur ..Indsoil pH.
Thema.lunt :11" alien plantsare adapted to capitalize en increas edresources and decr eas edco mpeuuo n .n disturbed:.1ICJSb~having life forms.li fehistories. MId rcproducuve strutegres\\ hich CJn withstandtheeff ect s of disturbanceand or co m peuucetvexcludenmvc SP<.'l:l<.'Sfurresources(Bak er1965:Grime19':'1,1:Buzzaz
1YS31.Forcxarnptc.T,Ir<J.."r.JcU IJ/SpCC1':S havehigher reproductiveallocationinhi gh l ~
disturbedenvironme n tsthansta b lecnvrro nm cms:thisallowsthemto spreadrapid ly and colonizedrsturbcd ..LrC;1:)be fore name speciesbecome establishedtBaz zazI~ S31.Othe r cxamplcsarcradcralspeciessuch asPlamago juncosdcs,Senecio\'iscoslis.and If.;.'r·,'./" U"l<!fl'I("I"!,',d,'"thatareadaptedto growin high lydisturbedenvi ron ments by hav109 raptd gro.:mthand repro duc tion.abu ndantsee dprod uctio n.sma ll size.andlife terms rcstst.mtto disturba ncetBak cr]'1- "+:Gnrnc]<)-<).Thes eadaptano ns..1110\\these Sp":':I":S10 avord orrmmnuzcthedcm me malimpacts01distu rbance\\ hiteat thesame
nmcfJpl Jl ~.:olonlLlng andgW \\109in theopenhabitatsprovide db~disturban c e
1.4··U i .'" Plum(m'uI ;ulI;11Burl'alECO.fr.~U"U
In bor ealtorcsrcco syst...msdisturb anceIS,Irundamcrualproce ssthaI ensuresthe structure.In..!runc uonc' lth...co sy sternIElhot-Fjsk';()l )l) :Shugart cr al.199 ';). Xatu ral drsrurban ccssuch astire.msccroutbreaks. windfalls. andherbivoryensu re pat chin es s and JI\..: rsl l ~inborealtorc stsIShugart ct al.1~'-} 2 1.Otherareasotbor eal ecos ys tems suc h..IS ...,,::~."JITc·n~.•If;.i1p m<:..LrCJSJfCdisturb edatintervals less rrequ emlythanforestedMeJ.S JnJ11l ..L~bescns.u-, c'1'-' mcrcas cd rrcqucn cyoJ!"disturbanceduetohumanactivuy.As drsrurbanccIS rmconamm bot h.rhcnplantmvustonandborealecosystems.somealien plant specie smJ~beable10 capitaliz eon natura ldisturb an ceor alter distu rban ce regun es Inbor ealeco syst ems.Slu d~in galie n plan tio\JS10ntoborea l ecos ystem sallows po tentia l
,lnJlormanagm gnaturalJfeJS.
10
Although boreal roresrs make upone third ofthe world'sfo reste dlandtShugun et JI.1'19':::l.["e" studieshaveexamined alien plarumv usionin borealeco system s.The presenceof alien plantsIndisturb ...d areas ncaranthro po geni cacuvuyin bore al ,:c,'sy st<.:l1l~1:, \\..:ildcc u r nc urc diCcopcrI'1~I:\\·...Inctal.1'1<)":::;Can adi an Heritage 1'ol'lS:
Ro se 1'l'lS:Stap letonet al1'ol4S:Parks Cmada.-\g~ncy':::0 u uI .butlmleis known abou t .ihcn plant In\aston .Ind persistenceInundisturbedareas orareas ornatura ldisturbanc e remote rrornhuman .l.:tllIt~.RusetI'N$ 1rounddisturbancesremotefro maruhropogcmc .I(li\nyInborealfo restscfTe rraXovav.inonatPark(C ana da) did notcontain alie n pl..uus. \\<:111<:1..11.I1'1') '::: Iroundnvcrtlcod pla insdistu rbedbyagric ulturalpracnces.
dam nnn g. umbe rharvcsung.and naturaldisturbancetil\\'00.1Buffalo'c.mcna! Park conr.nncd.ihcn plantsJnJmdicurcd J. po tcnuulioralien plants to spreadJO\\nstr cam rroruthe se areasal,'n~nJturJ.ll~disturbed nvcr ban ks.
B"r<:JIecosystems J.Te chara cterizedhy cool ternpcraru rcs and aSh';111gfO\1ing
moisture.arc.lc ld lC. havelo w nutnem J\allabdily,and are oftencovered byathick layer otruossIBonanand Shugan 19 S9 ;Bcn an19':1"::::Past orandMladencrf1'l9":::I.Borea l forestsha\e denseevergr ee ntreecanopies. whic hlim itsunlig htto under-sto rey Icg etanontElliot-Fisk::I.~ I( II.Xaturaldisturbanc...in bo realecosystems hasbecn shown IL'mcrcuscsodpH,li~hlJ\ J I!Jblhty,and baregro und rPasterand\llaJ~notT199"::: 1.butit .s unccrtam I;"these mcreases m resourceavarlabilnyare suffi cientenou gh to fuel the hfestyles ofruprdgrowthandrepr cd ucuc ncharact eris ticof man y alien plan ts rGrim e
11
I<)-<}:BU l aLI':IS3I.onlytho sesp..xreswhich :lJ"C pre-adaptedto the harshclimatic and edap hicconditio nsofth e region \\ill have thepote nualroinvad ethese MC3S.
/.5.Grus.Horn ..\"aliuna /Park
cjro s vrom ...'Jt10n..rlParkof Canad a.a L'E SCO WorldHeritage Site.isthe mo stdiversercgronontheislan d01 '\ <.'1'to undla nd. containing partsof four provincial ceo- regions\\utnnusboundaries thatresultfro m thephysiographic.geologic.and chr nanc dl\ ..:rSI!\ otth...arc;! rBouchard erJI.1'1'; 11.GrosMorriexanona!Park has the
'-e\lroundlandsrareplan tspc·.:lO:SwuhmItS boundaries(Brouilkt cr al.1990 1. Itis uuport.mtto<:\alu.rtethe distnbuuonanJ abundanceof alien plantsin Grosxtome 'vanc na lPark toensurethatthey arcnutallcnngthe ecolo gicalproce sses thatmainta in theJi~crsl tyIntfusarea
rho:objecttvl':S ofthis study Me to:I.usc survey metho dsto documentand ..:\ aiuJ t..:thedrsmbunonand abundanceof alienplantspeciesInGros vtcmc Xaticnal ParktG \I' PIanddcrcrnun c whichareas appear mostsusceptibleto invasion by alien plums:~ldctcrrnm cho«the abundan ceanddivcrsity 01alienplants changeas a funcuon of disturbanc e regimeand cnvrronmernatconditions : 3) fo rvege tationtyp..-ssusceptible tomv ustonby allen plants.det erminewhich physic alparameters cont ributetothe prcse ne...orabse nceor"alien ornauv e species:
-u
evatu ne alien plant annbutesthat comn bureIo successful invastoninG\I:'\PChapter2"I' nus thesisdescri besthe study areaJ.I1Jourlmes theenvironmental ,II1 Jhuman':I.JnJ ltJ0n ~which maymtlucnce alienplant in vasi o n in G.\.\"\P. Theusc 01 sur- cvs!I..'~'\J JU JI':theimpacts01 alienplantspeciesin G.\.l"\ Pis presen ted in Chapter3 The usc1.'1'~tll JySI!I..'Sto dcrcrrrun chem disturba nce regime sJ.nJcn\ rrc nmen tal oarumcive-arv ·,:I,Hn! :"ahcnplaru1111.;.\SII.'O InG\ I'\ PIS~P\en10 Chapter-l,This ,hJrt.:ralso~\ J m IO CSspec ies runcuo nalcharactc nsucswhichcontributeto successful 10\ JS10n10 G\ I'\ PChapter~discusses the Impl icationsof alien plantsInG\t"\ P and
Ch a p te r2• Study Area
Gros'ctomc'cauonalParkofCan ad aI~located on the \\eSI coastofthe island of :-..;C\\ toundkmdIFigu re.:<I, G\I:-";P\\ asestablishedin!9-;3 and is easternCan ada'slargest nationalpark J.lIS(J5km - (Burzynski1949). G\\"SPwas designateda V...:ESCOWorld
!.f·Topourapllr Pllp iourapll!,Geolo ar andR.."entGladalHistfJo' G\ \ :-"; Pis nude uporthreephys iograp hicrcgrc ns . which Includethe serpent me
describedtheph~sillgrap h~.md gt'lll\Jgyllf G\!:-..;PI Damman19$ ':< ; Williams1985:
B'JU1: hJ.rJcrJ.l.I'I'll;Bcrgcrcr J.Ii'lY~;Burvvnski IY99 1.Top ographyis anrmpon an r dctc rrmnam ot"chm.nc. \cgcra no n. and human acnvny inthepark.Therapid change In ...1..,\auonhere,centhe COJ.St;l1 I\J"lands and afpmcplJ.IC;lUisoneofrh e most conspicuous :""; ":;,, I";~_'I\J\l:'-.PIFtgUf <.':;I
Thecoastallow lan ds(51) •l51.'m etevancn-Figure.51arecomp osedprimarily of scdrmc nrurvhmesion eandsandstone\\hichlie inaltcrna nn g bands parallel10the C03St
rorm high slrJ.lIIicJclirfsInBonneBJ.ytBouchard cl al.1'191).The coastallowlandsnse .Ibrupllytothealpineplateau reachingd\:\ ;lIIOnS\J(SUOmtEigure51.Thealpin e plateau termspan\Jf thelongRange Appala chianMountain s of 'cevfound land's Xc rthem
, .
I62'W
Figure
3: Regional Setting of
GMNP(Taylor 2000)
"
Figure 4: I'hysiography of GI\lNI' (Burzynski 1995)
"
Figure 5: Topography of GMNP (Taylor 2000)
17
- o -
10k mFigure6:
Ceelo gy
ofG~INP(Taylor 2000)
18
PeninsuuJ.nJ consistsprincipallyofmera- mo rphic andigneo usgranite orgran ite-gne iss (\\"lllIJmS1'1~5.l Figur.:s .!JnJ0I.Evposur...s of sedimentarv lirnestone andquartzites tkm kthe abrupt escarpmentbetweenthe ccasrallcwlandsand alpineplatea u (Bouchard.:1 ..d.1"'111
Fhc3.: rp':I1 11I1~'TJbl..::l JnJsarcmamlycompos ed of ultrama ficperidotite. Jlt...red gJ.t'lbrol':rock s.anJ 'luan, droruc thJIon gat aredfromth...suboceaniccrust: the T.rbtcl.mdsarc the pn marvreasonG~I:\PIS d,:slgnJI.:dJL"~ESCOWorldHeritageSite IBrook es l'i<}:::Burzvnskr l' I' N1
Thel::ilJ-nJ01":\r:\\roundland\\ asmostrecentlyde-gtacrat...dapproximately110UO
;.:' "'"BP"lilthlghL.UlJJ.r.:J.sontheLung Rangevlounumsnotbeingdc-gtaciatcd unu lapproxtruatcly'llllll.1B,P,tGram1l}$9 1"Thedominant geo morph o lo gical fcatu r...sof
·h..:;'Jri.rctlcc :Ptc tst.vccnc;1..I'::IJ.llon:theselandte rms mcludetee -sc oured uplan ds.
.;la':l.:r-.::an.:J\;lll .: ~ s.moramc-mamlcdlo wlan ds...mJcoas tal rockterraceslBouchardet ..II.lcj'! ll.Hlghl:.mJJf"';I,; \\<:r.:scouredb~Ice. JnJlink soildevelop menthasoccurredin these Jr.:J.';Sin":':the!;IS!gla':la u\ln....'that barren roc k kno bs andrubblericldscrow n the hillsIrl ramI' IS'II.In.::r<';I,;.:J ::i':;11.:\ <:1Inth...nme periodrmr ncdnnelyancr gfaciauon
":l~".ll"":hJ.I:1lli\"~l,0[".hc '\'J.';la l !O\\land s arc covered '\uhmarinedeposits .whic hhav...
dincrcnccsInmmcralo gy andchcrnistrvfro mthe underlying bedroc kdep ictedinFig ure
.:..:.Clim atf
The locauon.mJrh~ slugr..l(lh~Ll[G~I:\Pcontribu testomuchspati a land
tem poral\C1.riat-d :t:-in climate G\I"Pcunbe divided iruo twomainclimanc zones:the ':"aslalk'\\land s and alpineplateau tBan field andJacobs1'l '1o l. Ath ird zone witha longer grcc, iogseasonand higher sum mertempe ratures has been proposedfor the -ourbcm poruc nofth eparkIB0u..:hJTJ <:tal.I'j')II.Theprincipalfa ctorsinfluenc ingthe chm. nearc ":001 tem peratures . J short growing season.moderating oceanicinfl ue nc e. J conunuatmoistureexc ess .and strongprevailingsoutbwesrerlvand wesrcrtvwinds
1BUL".:harJ.:t..d.1<)'11 ,
Thecoast.nlc v bnd hasus lo west mean monthlytem pera turein February at .~.5C.and!lJ;;h':SIme ...nmonthly temperature IIIJulyat 1- (IBan fie ld 19'10).Th e ':uJ stJIlov lJ,nJreceivesI::1)lJ• 1-I5lJmmot'prccrpuanonper yeartBanfield and Jacobs ,""'>1bll ll1..L ll"~of.mnual;llu\\tallm the Jrea rangerrcrn-135to5-1uem depending en
southernareas 101-11)JaysIIIno rth e rn areastBo uchardcr a!' 19911.
Long-term chmarc data forthe alpine plateauislac king. Recentdatavary .but seemtoindicatethai alpineareashJ \Cdailyrnaxunumand minimumtemperatures that
•.Lto.::-ICanJ:.hC10 ',\ ':1'rcspccnv<:1:-than10 \\[a n dr<.'gionscBanfield andJacobs i'Nt'l.The.rlptncplateauha s uscold estmeanmonthlytcrnpc ratureinJanuary at
-j!I.=,C..md warmestmeanmonthlytemperatureinJulyatl}T \ Banfield199 1J)
Current csum.nc s Ot' hlghl an dprcc ip u monarein the range of[oOt)- ISOOmrn vr IBanfeldJnJ Jaco bs1',1')0 ).Lackoflong term data and highwindsmake csnmarcs of ,0,"\lil1.i:t"li ":l.ll! IIIthe alpmeregio n.butSOU\\coverISthought (0 be atleast two months
longerIndurationthanonthe coast alle w brtol IBo uchard <."1.rl.19'011 ),The grow!ng S':..I",'-'I1 :n the ..IIpmcr~'glL>nca nbe: asshon as1311ol;I ~ Sandevenshort er insnowb...d areas IBo uc hard...t..11.1<I' lll
'.3 .Iegt'ra rioll
Grosvtomc'\;lllonalPark hasth...highestdiversuy otv ...g...ration ryp...s in th...
prov1Il~'",These .rrcasconr.nn.'1J""01ailthe rar...plant spcci...sonthe Islandor ,"e\\;" unJI ..InJ1Brouillet<:1al.1<)<)(11, Thevegetation oftheparkcan be separatedinto tour m.nu r.:glulb, me,,:o;l,;t;ll lo\\lands,Long Range Mouruams.scrpcnuncTablelands.
..InJ undulanng1<1\\landtorcsi . \·.:g<:l;,ttll:mtypes with thelarg...stareainIh...parkat ...
balsam lit I....'r..:sltJo- .•1.hc .nh-hchcntundra 121,(0""I.tuc kam ...-rctkrumm h...,IL1112,9" ,,1.
:-"':': ..mol f.:n1'1~".•I.!'ol..l..:k sp ruc e1....-rcst .mdscru bI h""t and scrpemmcbarrens('+S" ,,) IT..I~10 11"":-11Figure -l
Thecoastallowla ndsextendnorth(ru mBon neBa~to thepark' snorthem boundaryThe coastal lo wlands compnse mJnyhabn . nssuchas lIJJItl .ns,sand Junes.
seashor ecnns.~u..lslaltuckam orc. sedgemeado ws.andsa lt marshesbut consist mainly ,'Iombrotropluc hug mrcrmi xcd1\uhblackspruceIPU' I' U m.;n,m. 11andbalsamlitL-l./ll i!s ,
;',11.-,1/11,'.11forest muplan d areas rBouchardetal.1991;Figure-l.The coastallowlands n",,,.!(lr"pli~:., mcLun; RangcYlo ununns .wherealpinctund rabarrensare dornmaredby shrubheaths, shallowpeatland s. alpinetuck ar nore .and someto restin shelteredvalle ys rBou c har dctul.l' I'Ji.Frg urc-I.
The south ernpanIo n LltG\ I'\ Pconsi stsof two vcgcrcuonlanes;the Tablelands
' 1
Figure 7: Vegetation of GMNI' (Taylor 2000)
.mdthelow land forestsIFigure"iTh...Tahlela nds hassubstrates wtuch areunfavo rable
ha\r.:lowle ve ls o(csscruut clementssuch as rutrogcn.potassium. phosphorus .and calcium.and hrgh co nc crurauo ns ofnickel.magnesium.cobalt. Iron,and ch rom ium IBUrlyn,;kl ItJ' NI. This .rrcatac ks rorcst cover.and\\nhth...except ion
or
some fens and spcciahvcdor,;trt..ss- tolcraun g plant s.vcgctauonis spar se.The lowlan dfores t extends fromBonneB.J ~southl,' the p..trk·:;southern11I11ItThisarea dnfcrs rrcmother regions.;'II thelurkIIIthnu hasJ.longer ,:!rvw lng season andgene rally contains nutri...rn-n c h.producn vCsoilsIBouchardctai, I'NI IItcontainsprcdommumlybalsam fir rmcrmixcd
~•.J•HEw EallHistorv
The carhcstknow nhuman.J'-1l\ 1l ~InG\ I'\ Poccurred at least)1100BP whenthe vlunumc Archaiclndransinha bite d the areaIBurzvnski1'N9 1. Althoug hSC\ era! native culture soccupied the.1r..:a since then. thelandscape0t"G\I' Pwas nuth.:anJymod ified unnlthcam val of European sculcrsIIItheI-(IOS rBurz yns kr IlJl)'ll. Human sett lem ent m the.Jrr.:a \\asduc tu a nch ris hr.:r:along th...CO;lStandforeststa ndsInthesouthernendof the par k C0mmr.:rclalluggmg:starte d atthe begm rungctrhc19uUsand endedinthe
;\)t", stBurvvnskr 19* 11. AllforestedareasIntheBon neBJy area and co astallowlan ds :\ ..1\r.:(>,' , '11cur..II:":.l~tonce.-\lth0ugh commercia! lo gg:mghas ceas ed .and comme rc ial lishmg:muchreduced. almost all coastal areasshowImpactsofp ust reso urce use.The
rcrnamsofabandoned comrnurnucs .fields . gardens. SJ W mills.and fish inghutsarc still
T"d;.L~G\ l:\Pco ruam sten.::n,;:I;.I\'::co mmu nmc s withJtotal populationO!.J5I.M) IG\I'PElS Statement~I.H)(H.G\ I' PISthe most visited tourismdesrincricnon '<:11f0unJI ;.LnJ·sI'C~ 1":OJ.SI lBurzvnsk rI'N'JI.rece ivi ngapp ro xi ma tely]~Uoouvisno rs per~cartParksCJ n;.LU;l:;1"11l.Pres en t..b~anthro pog enicaCli\ll~and infrastructuresuch
(..'r<:slI":;<:!;lllun ur' coast a l areas(Figure S) Hum.an actj\ityisrestrictedprimarily10 coastalareas beca useabrupt changes10ropographvmakeacc es s to the alpineplateau duficult.mdb..'ca usereso urceextract ion such asrishm g and forestry occur near the coast
\11-..·' , .·.. tronI..'uu-Jr..· :fJd.lJ,·sl gnat<.:d ur n,m-J <:slgnale d lused byhikers. sk iers. ;rnJ
,11,,\\tuoru.cuso.: r,l\noIr.l'..:iIII.If<:J:"thrcughcutrh cpark ..')'lIhv ughG\I\Poperateshke
othe r nauonal par ks.the park',esrabhshrnentagreement allows certain "traditional"
J.:II\t11':SsuchJSumberhancsnng.sma llgumc hunnng.and snowmobilingInsome
~.5•Dislll rb a ncf'JO£TllrringwitilinG.\ I.Y P HlsI,'n '::JIJndcurrentdisturbanc esroundmG\ I\ P includeanthropogenic drsrurban ccssuchJS roads.hikingtrai ls.sno w mo brte trails,borrow pits. and clear cuts.
JnJ natural distu rbance s '::J us<:Jbynvcrs. II Ind. IOS.:ctS. carib ou.and moose \Ian~areas c vpcrrcncc concurrentmultip ledisturban ces.Fur example.disturbance by mooseIS
;ig~e
8:Anthro pugenicActivity of GMNP(Taylor2000)\\ idcsprcadthroughoutthe park andoccurs along hikingtra ilsandindearCUtareas ]:.5. 1·Anthrop o gen icDisturban ces
(.-4JRoadI
Roads arc themost wniesprcadanthropog crucdisturba nceoccurringinG\ISP. ThemaJoTl\~01'roads 1o11011thecoastline\\nhthe exceptionut'someinlandroadsm the southernportio n ofthe parktbctwccnTrout River andWoody Porru. Glcnbumic to Wilrcudalc.andJust no rth of\\"iltonJ akl lFigureSl_Themajorityofpresentdayread s
\\ ere constructedbcrwccn 19-9and19S~IHend ricks o n~OOOI.Disturbanceassociated
«nhr..'ads mcludcs construcnon .use andmain tenance.Disturbanc e associatedwith road con strucuon includes r':I11..avalcruccsm and aroundthe areawhere theroadis built Consrrucuonalso altersdrainagepallcms in the areaaroundrhcroadbecause01ditchmg anJthe introductionorrock andsoil torthe TOad b...-J.whereroad scrossbogs.It maybe ncccssarv t.., removelargeamounts otpcat ordnnn moisture fromthese areas.The m:.l.I"rH\orborr.."~pus round in the park»<rccreated tosupplygraveltor read
PresentJa~disturb.me...s along roads include\ chickcompactiononroad shouldcrs. unkn..,,\ n levelsofdisturbancecausedh~ca rbonmonoxideproductio nfrom
..Indsn...'"..:k..Lfln:;: opcruuonswhich involve roadplowing undsalung fBJHili.illgTrai ls
r~;:~c'arc'~.)J':,lfnJICd hikingtrails it':G\IS PIFi:;un:Sr.The majorityoftrails
occ ur Inforested ..IfI::;;Sotrhccoas tallowlan ds .buttrails are presentto some degree in all ofthe\ cgct.montypesroundinG:\I \ P.Severalofth esetra ils. includingTrout River Pond.SnugHarbour ,James Callaha n.Lookcur Hills.StucklessPond. GreenGardens.
JnJBak cr's Brook Pend .extenda\\ a~fromroad sid esinto areas of'relunvelvlowhuman acnvIt ~Durmg tr.n! construction thetree':J.no p~ISremovedfrom areas near thetra il.
\\iu!cr..:mu \ .ll or stumps.ll1J construcuonotd r.nnsalongthe trailaltersdrainage pau crns.Thermroducuo n ofnon-indigen o usgravel anJboard walks inareasalon g trails atso modulesthearea. HikersuStng atrail disturbrhc areab~tra mpl ing SOiland
In remote arcusorthe park.the longRangeTraverse andXorthRim Traverse are ha.:kpa..::ktngtrips\\luch do not 1'0110\\ ades ignated trail.Altho ughtrampling of
\,,·g..:tJ lIL'nb~hikersoccurs.rs aresult of thisactivu y. the majoru y of disturbance rcsulnngfromhikersalong theserout es occursatcurnpsncs . There aredesignated ,,:a1l1!"lll gareasak'ng the traversesS\' thai theimpact othrkcrsislimned 10 spcculc arcus.
but.::\ IJ.::n.:cortrcqucr ucarnpmgInno n-designatedareas\\ JSround (£)Clear cuts
.-\tpresent.hancsnng01\\00<1lo r domestic use occursm ..Iesign uredCUIblocks
\\ nlunG\l ' PDemesne cutblocks arcloca tedthro ughoutthe parkin almo stallsccuons orbalsamtir torestwestoft helun gRange'ctc uru.nns.Disturbancebycuttingopens various size pornons oftheneecanopy. The increasedlightintheseareas can leadto .:hang..::sIn\..::;:.::taIIL,n.md5<):1moistur e.Trees on the edgeotcle urCUIS aremore
susccpublc tv"111..1 disturbancebeca use other trees \\ hichshelteredthem(ro m the
Impa":: l~ofwmdarcremo ved.
Forestdisturbancedue 10 pastco mm erc ial forestoperationswithin G\I:'\Pisnot obv IvUS111 most areas .butthisactl\lt~mostlike lycaused increased ab undan ce vi balsam firI!I·I,·,;',J!.~,IIII,"JI anddecreased abundance orblack spruceIP i<"t'<l"1<11"1<111<11andwhite pmciP~I/I'~~/I"U"'I<.I II xtcao csandvtoo rcs 19 S'ol1. Pastforestope rationsmay havealso in fluencedforest110<)[ dcvcloprncrusuch as uccumulanonof organicmatt e r and
,,:vm~k)S lt l\.l notundcr-stcrcv\cgctauon
\tpresentla rge-scale commcrcraltorcsthan esnngOUIS1J.:G\I:'\Pis allowing .rcccss I,'thep;lr"·,;remote easte rnbo unda ry \ la roadcon struc tio n ,The impacts ofthis
;l..::tl\It~onG\t :\ P .ll"<.'currcrulvbeing invcsnguted.
(D!Snowmobile Traits
Sn,>\\motulc uscOC':U HIIIalmostall oftheck\mensand veg etauon types found In(i'\I:\P.In rorcstcd are ascunmg trees[0 make [railslo r snowmobilesis one rcrrnof jl~ [ l~~h .lll"::".!';"'':I.l[,'d1\ uh tills;lct ll11~,The use of snow mo bile trailsto access cut block sand haultrees(romthese areasusing snowm obilescauses furt herda ma ge tothese u.nis ICalssl":1'J<Nl.Snow mo b ilesma~also alter the moistureregimeand vegcraucnin ar.:as\\here trailsocc ur
Ie
ais sie 19991'.5.2--'a!UralDisturbances (.-\1fire
EireISoneof the mo st imp o rtan t natural disturbance s occurringin boreal forests
IShu gunet JI. 19921.butInG\ I'-:Pthisdisturbanceis notas significantas in othe rareas Thepark hasJ\er:-long.li recyc le.grcutcrthan :500 years (DJyetJI. 1990).The presence ofIJrgeJr,'J~vr'bog JnJheath .md .1 manumc climate. whichfa vor s bals amfir as the donnnumtr....:in rcrcstcd areas . conm burct"thislong lirecycle.
(BjR in'n
Drsrurb anc cb~nvcrs occursIn.111.m:asofG\I'-: P,Disturbed areas alongnvcr channels mctuocacn-emerbarsJnJ banks which are being disturbeden aregu larbas is bywater ::roJ1I1gorpJssmg..ncrth...sc gcomorphologicaltca rures.Riparianareasfurthe r .1\\Jyfromthe nvcrcha nnelcan also e"pcncnc...disturbancedurin gflooding which may erod esort.Jallu g:: \.::::.:laIl011..md orJ':POSl1 scdimcnt. Eloodmgmay resulttrom the ro rm ano nor"iccJJfl1Salong theriverchannel. spring runoff.or excess amountsof ramtall. Largepiecesofic cflowin g rn sircamsduringsprmg runoff may physrcallv drstur bJr":J S 1IlJnJ aroundthenccr channel
(Cj1"....<"tOlltbrO'a lo.s
lns...ctoutbreak s(;lUS,'Jhyhe mlo ck looperIL.UII" " Ulu./;scdl,lrt,iJ and spruce bud worm(('huI"ISf<)I/"jjr,l-,imt l r~'I',III<l Joccur primarilyin balsamtlrforests thro ugho ut G ....I:\PIhceffectscfrhchem loc k100p..:r outbreakswhichoc curred from 198:5 . 19S":' nca r BJk.:r·sBrookPondand Stuck lessPond
Ie
W.:nsal pers.comm.. 1995) arc sul1\e"0['1\10US atthepresenttunctPigurc <)1.Th e most recent insectoutbr eak in G\t:\P __as J hemlocklooperoutbr eakncar Western Brook PondrSnugHarbo ur}in1996 l C.
wcnsa !pers. comm.14 98 .Figure 91.An outbreak ofhemlocklooperorsprucebudwc rm
Figure9: LargeScale Distur bancesinGl\INP(Taylor 2000)
3D
can miureorkilllarg...numb ...rscft re...s.0\ cr ;l periodofatcwyearsthesedeador da maged treestullopcmngtheforestcanopy.Tho: sizeofthecan opy openingd...pcndson
removed.the.m,';l hJ..S increasedlightJI:lil;lb llll~.whrchm;l~resultIIIchangesIII
\eg.:I;lli' lll.soil moisture andtempe rature onthetcrest11001'IBazzaz1983: Yircuse k
!,' ~ S"lnscc toutb reaks JilY<:r from clear curs inthat thecano py inJdisturbedareais g..:n.:r;lll~rc mo vcd aramuchsto« crrateand trees whichdieremainintact untildecayor
a»
IIi",1Disturbanc eb~wmd occursthrougho utG\ I:-'Pin";u y ing degrees.\lostI~ind .Iisun bancc':;l U S~'S,ll1J.JIbl\l\\-.1,,,,lhwhrchm;l~openup smallareasotthctreec;mop~
occ ur ncarthe park';;northern boundaryIFigure'oil.As mentioned earlier.wind acc cntuarcs
nrc
imp actsofotherforest disturbancessuchas mscctoutbreak s anddearWindISatsormpo rt.mrIncoastalareas II hererreque nr disturbanceby \\ mdis responsible tor sandduneandruckamor e\egetauon types
tE )stoose-Cartoou
Disturbanc ebvmoo seI,ll.vs.Ji<~'~'I and woodlandcanbcuIR<.lnglj"r tarand«s
••II'~';"'"1ISthemost\~rdcs p readdisturbanc e occurringIIIG\ I' P.Bo thspeciesare
31
distributed throu ghout the park.\\ ith moose primarily in forested areas and caribou pnm an ly111 heath-tundraenvirc nmcrus.Both speciesoccur in high numbers l Burzynski
1'1'1'1I A: pres....l1lII IScsum.nedm,napproxuuatcly--1M mooscinha bitt he park (G.\l:-';P
:::OH'I I. Thehl~ hJ.:ns1t~JreJ.S o(G.\I:-';P Iwhich makeup 5\d"ofthe park I hayc an
J\ lTa,; .:"fhSrueo sc km- (G.\ I:-';P 2IMi[).vtooscJ.nJ caribou disturb theenvironment b~tra mpfin g. brc v smg, anddctcc aungTram plin g the groun db~moosc and emboli crcarcs trails Jnd cvposcsbare groundInn1J.ny areas. xtooscbrowsingot'baiscmfir and
"lll hr"'Jk~,Jll<)\\m,;ll,;ht J\~l1abl!lt~torcm.nn highIntncscareas and contribunng to -:j1Jl1,;....~m'lll!motsrurc J.nJ temperature.xtocsc JnJ caribou tcccs mayJ.IS\)add numerusIIIth ...so t!Insome Jr':JS1.\\ol'Jf....1 JI. \'-N~I
\1,,,-,,;..:arcIn mtrod uccd~P "'CI CS"1'\..:\\roundl and:there fore.disturbance caused
~2
Chapter 3-Ho w Prevalentare AlienPlantsin Gros.' Jor ne:""a ti onalPar k"
3.1·/lItrQJll cti o n
lnordertoruorutor.indmanage .rhc nplanrmvasronbaselineuuormauon on the
Ji\~'fSlt~JnJ dismbuuonof alienplantspec ies in anareamust first be dcrcrrnmed.A
~carcl t ~ofstudies onahcnplantstonatural areasofborealec osys temsindi cates rharlan d managers.10nOIhavett ns basictn to rrr uno n.Verylitt lework hasbeendone onalien pia:"!!;in Gros 'ctomcv.moru !Park tG\I'Pl.Deraile dbotanicalin ventories (Bouchard ct JJ.I""[~Bro urile rcrJI.1'l'Iulreco rdrhc presence ofalie n plants in G\I'P.but
lD\ cmon csoccu rredpnrnanfydur mgthepar k'sinccpuon . and changes10 G\I'Psince th:..lt11m..::na~hav e tacrtua tcd ahcnplantinvcsio n. Brouilletct:..II.11996)no tedthe
'.I1Jtu f11a\be <'I'coneem.Hendri c kso n 1:IIIM'1studiedthedrsmbuuonofthealienplant
TII-, ..;{.I";''',;m ;lr,1rn G\[,P. roc usmg pnm aril yon factors co nrn bc ring to itsmvusio nin
areas of highhumanJ.CIl\'\I~such as roadsides.The pnoriry orCanad a's XauonatParksIS to protect theecolog icalmh:gnt~ctm eareas mwhich th.::y were estcbhshcdI:" P A :'"""An Jl1S":JKl'orsrudrcs onahcnplants 10naturalareas ,,(G\I'P and otherboreal ..:..:o s~sterns prevent ,parkman agers from e\:l.ll.lalinghow alien plantsareim pactingrhe ecologicaltntegnt~"fG \I"' P
The primary objecnveofsU l"\ e ~S\\.15todeterminethe dismbuucnandabund ance oralrenplan t specrcs 10G\ I\. P.Althoughthedism bunon ofalienplarns in allareasof
G\ I:\PIS cxarruncd m this study.natura lareas remote from anthro pog enicactivity areof
;;r..:al':~lconcern Thisis becausethe presence ofalienspecies in thes e areas maybea l..tr;! ~"rtlm:.!ll~'nanv c bto-dic..:r:,;a~or ccosvsicm[unctio nthanin areas already heavily 111l P "C l ~'J t>~hi;!h busuunJemI[~_The drsmbunon o( ahen plan tspeciesm G\I:\PIS predictedILlcomcrdc pnnumlywith disturbedareasnearhigh anthropogenicJctint~
becauseJISlUm..:Jareasprovidehabitatopenm gs m theform ofspace or increased
Pickeni"'/" .Burke.ru.JGnm..::'I'll' :Stohlgrcnct al.19 'N a l. Themtroducucnotahcn pi.mtrc prorucuv c propcgulcsIS pnmanlydue IU mrcnnonal or umme nuonalnurna...'!
acuv rncs IC oorerI')SI;Thompson "'1at.19$- :Haber199 -;Hutch insonandVankat 1*)-1.mdicanngrh,ndisturbedJreJSothrgh human act i\'ityhavethe greatest chance of
ofJII..::nplams becausetngh amounts cr' disturban ce and humanJcti \ i t ~occur in these
L'ndistu rbcdareas JnJ disturbedareasremotefromhumanac tl \ i t ~arcnOI
resource JlaiJahilllycreated by disturbanc emay be lessin naturalareas compar ed10 modif ...Jlandscapes of highhuman activity because borealsoilshave 10\\soilpHand nutrient;.1\;.Iilability rShugurt..:t;.Il19Q ~ 1.Fortt usreasonnat uraldist urbanc esmaycreut...
}-l
habitat opcmngs \\ lnch.10 nul pro videJstgnulcanramountof availa blereso urcestor the cstabhshmcm ct'm..LlI~JII.:nplants.Drspersailinutanon\\ ill ..lIS\) preven talienplants from co lcruzmgdisturbedareasremo te(rom human acnvity.xtucbofthevegeta tio nin G\I\: P!.:>madeupvfdensestands otcvcrgrccofo rests"hid..ICtJSabarrier rowind JISp<:rS..LllBrothers.mdSpmg.imI')<):::1.Ros e I['!'l SIro undthatnaturallydisturbe d ..IfC;lS Inre moterorcsi ..If":;!SorTerra \:0 \ ;1x.nio nutPark (Cllla d:lIdidnut cont ain alienplant
G\I ~ P\\::ISSUI"\evcd~\:tensl\d~atthe beg inni ngofthe1998fieldseas onin orJcrto \bual l~..ISS..:S';the geo gra phicexternof alienplantdismbu ticn andtolin d suuahlc areas\11 \,hrchrocst.ihhshpermanen tsluJ~SII<:SRcprcsc ruauveareasfrom JlI disturb ance ..InJ \ cgctauont:-p<:sInthepark,mJparkencla ve comm un it ieswere dcrcrmmcdb~cbscrv.monsITahic11.andb~examining maps whichclassi fiedthese .lr..: ..1~Ilkr,:..:rctal.1' 192.
r
a\lor1' 14:'IIFigures - and9) Mapswere ...:ml~usefulfor lJl"geDcunlcd "a ll.lll;:andIn\Ing SUI"\<:~ so(disturbanceandvcgcta uon types1\ereearn ed
~UI"\<:~SIn\ ...,I\...·J \\all.ln;;skml~alo ng atrailor other areaotimcrestsuchasJ
ah ...11SpC<:h:Swere observe d.Allalien plantSPC<:I <:Sobse rvedin asurvey areawere recorded In mostsituation sItI'asnorrcasrblcII.lrecordtheabundan ce ofeac halienplant
~r":":I":Sdunng sur- cc , becauselhc~wereusuallyfoun d Inhigh numbers and orhad
areasvf Ll.\ I ~ Palien plant sncctcsnchncssttotal numb er01specie sIRn andabund ance notalnum ber ...,tpl ant s l111areas surv eyedweremapped.
The ongm...,( allplantspecieslJIi.:nor nauvelobserveddurin gsurveys was
30
..
~~j
ii II~ ~
f j ':
=.:
• I lj
-; I I
,
~'I
~I
1 ~
t· li
~ ~}= I F
) )
~
TableZ:Sune,'ElTon
~ul'c~ D1S!.m..::c Feral DistanceSurveved Surveyed tacccurusformultiple
surveysofthe same area!
\\";llk ing- Designatedhiking tra ils 130 krn 352km*
\\;llkmg- l'n-J":';lgna ledtraits 1--km 201km"
Walkmg. Roads ides 1':.5km L'nknow n*;
,,,r\c,J"I"n.:;;l>"nJ;; r~ ,IHn.u.:d b;;, a l1.~,ml,1l111lrJll~l1r\ ':Y~are included.On numerousoccasions.
'':' I1"n.OflrJlbrO I.l I':~were;llr\~~ ~Jbut tbeJI, un""ITJ, d ledISuw,,,,'n
•._ Ro"J,hould"r>",,'t:,u r'\ "~ ,, don'''''''JI<I..:.:a""O•. b,u the'Ur\':~Jl>un .""JSnorknownII"
"aikmg.ba.k rovehrc!e.':1':",1,· '•R.>;IJshoulders"':1'':surveved(' omJvehicle on m.my occas,ons
later vcrn'icdUSlllgxtcadcsct J1.t21~)Ol.Theon g m ofbrycphytcsinG\ IS P1\as nOI
.--\tleastonespecimenof e\eryspeciesotalien plant observ edwascollected.
pressed.and \ertfied.Lnknown plantspecieswereab o collected.idcnufi cd . andpressed. Specimens\\,.1''':depositedJtrh...'\e\\tcundtandvluseumand verified by the Curator of 'varuralHistoryReIrsron of~~ t.'~'csno menctn ure was according toMendes et al.(2\)00 ).
.Aurhon uc sro rlatinbinomials aregiveninAppe ndix2.
\\;.m~areaswere re-surve yed throu gho ut thesummer in ordertolocate late grollmg1)1'floweringspeci es.AdditionalsUl'eymgwus donein thesumrnerofIvs 'ato re- assess areassure~~cdinthe previous summer and to lind newlocauc n s ofalien speciesInareasnot pre viouslysurveyed
35
In orderto locateand rec ordJ.Smarryalienplan! species as possible.areas ofhigh ..mll1 r~lp~'~ "' :l h: JI~ lurb..mc.: I\.:r..:~Uf\.:~.:d':\l.:n~i\.: l~..-\11campgrounds..garbage dumps..
pas ..mdJJ.~use areasm G\I'P were suneyed, Due10 limeconstraints and thel:lrge J.reJ.coveredbyroads itwasnotfeasibletosurveyall roads ides by foot,lnorde r toloc ale rhe rnajornyof alien spec iesJIDngroadsides.50() m sectionson bothsidesofthe road
«crcsurveyedin:'kmmtcrcatsalongJIlhjgh\\::l~sinG\f;-";P.Othe rareas ofroadsides
fie ld researcher s\\alk lO ~alongthe roadshoulder.Althoughlar geareas of roadswere survcvcd on1001.one ofthemost effec tive \\aysto lind new speciesinG\I",P was10
"h ~o.:f\~·them1\hrlcIn\]n ~'r'Tublc~I.Researchersfrequentlypulledeverto theroa d side
!Dcx.mun c plants \\ hich appearedunusualDr newto them .andth is resultedin locating
Dueto their porcnual as toci..all enclavecomrnunuieswere throughlvsuneyed.
Areas otparucularmtcrestm enclavecommunities wer ewharv es.grave yards.abandon ed
;J rJ <:r1 ~.J.gnc ulturJ Ifields.androadsides
Hikmgtrailswere consideredpot entia lcorrido rs in whichalien plan tscould mvadcJfC:!Sremotefromhigh aruhropogcmcJ.Ctl\ltyInG\t,pt'Tyser andWorky I 'l'CI..-\11desrgnatedhikingtrailswen: surveve darleast once .Clearcuts..riverchannels.
IOS':Cloutbreaks..and caribou moose trailswere also conside reddistu rbancesin which .ilicnspeci escouldIn\ade remote areas awayfr omhigh human ucuviry.andthe refore eachotthese drsrurbancetypes were surveyed in severalareas thro ugho utG~~P
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