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HAL Id: hal-02270215

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Domestication of date palms in Siwa oasis and across the Middle East and North Africa : articulate the scales of

ethnography and domestication over the long term

Vincent Battesti, Muriel Gros-Balthazard

To cite this version:

Vincent Battesti, Muriel Gros-Balthazard. Domestication of date palms in Siwa oasis and across the Middle East and North Africa : articulate the scales of ethnography and domestication over the long term. Harlan III, : the Third Jack R. Harlan International Symposium Dedicated to the Origins of Agriculture and the Domestication, Evolution, and Utilization of Genetic Resources, Jun 2019, Montpellier, France. �hal-02270215�

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Domestication of date palms in Siwa Oasis and across the

Middle East and North Africa:

Vincent Battesti & Muriel Gros-Balthazard

(CNRS/Musée de l’Homme, MNHN & Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, NYU Abu Dhabi)

Articulating the scales of

ethnography and of domestication over the long term

Studying date palm agrobiodiversity in the oasis of Siwa (Egypt), by

combining ethnobotany and genetics, we demonstrated:

• The existence of “ethnovarieties,” i.e., voluntary collections of multiple

clones sharing mostly phenotypic characteristics under the same local

name, as a way to manage agrobiodiversity.

• Siwa’s cultivated date palms form a third genetic cluster, with a large

and unique diversity, compared to the previously described Middle

Eastern and North African date palms.

• Siwa region's feral date palms are also distinct, sharing alleles with

another Phoenix species (P. theophrasti), a gene pool for local farmers.

Siwa oasis (Egypt), at the crossroads of ancient Trans-Saharan routes and of the oriental and

western genetic cluster

Possible main location for Phoenix dactylifera domestication

INTRODUCTION

The history of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) as a cultivated plant is still poorly known, despite some major advances made using genetic tools1. An unexpectedly high differentiation between African and Middle Eastern populations was discovered and its origins was only recently explained by the North African date

palms being introgressed by a wild relative: Phoenix theophrasti Greuter2.

Moreover, ways of assessing the current agrobiodiversity of the cultivated date palm do not yet seem well established4.

OBJECTIVES: To better seize the long- and short-term domestication process of this cultivated and

emblematic crop, the date palm, our approach combines anthropology (ethnoecology) with population genetics (using 17 microsatellite markers).

An original folk

categorization system by

Siwa inhabitants

Some named types are true cultivars as supposed to be in oasis phoeniculture: they share not only a formal

identity, important for Isiwan people, but also a genetic identity.

Some are (what we coined)

“ethnovarieties,” i.e.,

voluntary collections of multiple clones sharing mostly phenotypic

characteristics under the same local name.

The existence of

"ethnovarieties" results from a cultural practice of oasis farmers towards date palm trees and from their way to think of them3, 4.

The same idea applies to the notion we call "categories", a way to name other date

palms that are not or poorly reproduced by off-shoot by the local community.

An original, large and unique

biodiversity in Siwa

Why such a complex local system in Siwa for categorizing living organisms and in particular date palms?

- To stock a huge amount of information and to be able to mobilize it easily.

- To allow a flexible management of agrobiodiversity in this local context.

While we expected Siwa diversity to be found within the known

African cluster, we found that it constitutes a separate population.

Feral date palms, collected in

abandoned oasis around Siwa share alleles with Phoenix theophrasti, the species that is known to have

introgressed African date palms2.

The most direct consequence is the

demonstration that we had until then a clear underestimation of the richness in genetic

resources of date palm: about fifteen named types identified are not about fifteen genetic combinations of alleles.

3412_alkak_wen_djemb

2417_alkak_wen_djemb 3408_alkak_wen_djemb

3409_alkak_wen_djemb

3410_alkak_wen_djemb 3411_alkak_wen_djemb

3399_amenzu 3403_amenzu 3297_amenzu 3398_amenzu

3400_amenzu 3401_amenzu 3402_amenzu 3413_ghrom_aghzal

3294_ghrom_aghzal 3414_ghrom_aghzal 3415_ghrom_aghzal 3416_ghrom_aghzal 3417_ghrom_aghzal

3366_ghrom_saaid 3367_ghrom_saaid

3354_kaaibi

3355_kaaibi 3356_kaaibi 3357_kaaibi 3358_kaaibi 3359_kaaibi

3404_lekrawmet

3405_lekrawmet 3406_lekrawmet 3407_lekrawmet 3373_tadjubart

2405_tattagt 3378_tattagt 3456_tattagt 3374_tattagt 3375_tattagt 3376_tattagt 3377_tattagt 3379_tattagt 3457_tazuwaght

2410_ushik_am_aghzuz 3353_ushik_am_aghzuz

3349_ushik_azzugagh 3350_ushik_azzugagh 3351_ushik_azzugagh 3352_ushik_azzugagh

2419_ushik_ezzuwagh 3362_ushik_ezzuwagh 3364_ushik_ezzuwagh

2412_ushik_ezzuwagh 3360_ushik_ezzuwagh 3361_ushik_ezzuwagh

3363_ushik_ezzuwagh 3365_ushik_ezzuwagh

3442_ushik_nekwayes 2406_ushik_nekwayes

3443_ushik_nekwayes 3444_ushik_nekwayes 3445_ushik_nekwayes

3446_ushik_nekwayes 3447_ushik_nekwayes 3448_ushik_nekwayes

3449_ushik_nekwayes 3450_ushik_nekwayes

3451_ushik_nekwayes 2422_ushik_niqbel

3296_ushik_niqbel 3389_ushik_niqbel 3392_ushik_niqbel 3458_ushik_niqbel 3459_ushik_niqbel 2423_ushik_niqbel

3390_ushik_niqbel 3391_ushik_niqbel 3393_ushik_niqbel 3394_ushik_niqbel

ṣaɛidi [tasutet] (siwi)

alkak (freḥi)

3388_ushik_niqbel

aghzāl

ḥalu en ghanem úšik #2

úšik #1

Uncultivated date palm from the desert

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−5 0 5 10

05101520

PC1 (4.44%)

PC2 (2.93%)

West East

Nilotic Egypt Siwa cult

Siwa feral desert P. theophrasti

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−6 −4 −2 0 2 4

10051015

PC3 (2.48%)

PC4 (2.11%)

Siwa date palms show a very large diversity and a diversity that is unique to this oasis.

The origins of Siwa date palms is a mystery. Genomic data and

our island theory of oases will further help us understanding this unique diversity.

Using an existing SSR dataset from 5, 6, 7.

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−4 0 2 4 6

42024

PC1 (4.36%)

PC2 (2.68%)

West East Nilotic Egypt Siwa cult Siwa feral desert

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−10 0 5 10 15

10051020

PC3 (2.16%)

PC4 (1.91%)

PCA 17 SSRs

Siwa oasis Siwa feral North AFrica Middle East P. theophrasti

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

c c a b d

Siwa oasis Siwa feral North AFrica Middle East P. theophrasti

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

e d c a b

Allelic richness Private allelic richness

Rarefaction method, haploid sample size = 18

Letters indicate Tukey’s groups derived from Tukey’s test

1 - Gros-Balthazard, Muriel, Khaled M. Hazzouri & Jonathan M. Flowers (2018), Genomic Insights into Date Palm Origins. Genes, 9 (10), 502. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes9100502 2 - Flowers, Jonathan M., et al. (2019), Cross-species hybridization and the origin of North African date palms. PNAS, 116 (5), p. 1651-1658. https://www.pnas.org/content/116/5/1651 3 - Battesti, Vincent & Gros-Balthazard, Muriel et al. (2018), Date palm agrobiodiversity (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in Siwa oasis, Egypt : combining ethnography, morphometry, and

genetics. Human Ecology, 46 (4), p. 529–546. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01716788

4 - Battesti, Vincent (2013), L’agrobiodiversité du dattier (Phoenix dactylifera L.) dans l’oasis de Siwa (Égypte) : entre ce qui se dit, s’écrit et s’oublie ». Revue d'ethnoécologie, 4.

http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/ethnoecologie.1538

5 - Zango, O. et al. (2017), Genetic diversity of Southeastern Nigerien date palms reveals a secondary structure within Western populations. Tree Genet. Genomes 13, 75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-017-1150-z

6 - Zehdi-Azouzi, S. et al. (2015), Genetic structure of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) in the Old World reveals a strong differentiation between eastern and western populations. Ann. Bot. 116, 101–112. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcv068

7 - Moussouni, Souhila et al. (2017), Diversity of Algerian oases date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L., Arecaceae): Heterozygote excess and cryptic structure suggest farmer management had a major impact on diversity. PLOS ONE, 12 (4), e0175232. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0175232

Vincent Battesti

Musée de l’Homme — UMR 7206 Éco-anthropologie (CNRS MNHN P7) 17, place du Trocadéro - 75016 Paris — France

http://vbat.org — x@vbat.org Muriel Gros-Balthazard

NYU Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Campus — Experimental Research (C1), RL1-D P.O. Box 129188 Abu Dhabi — United Arab Emirates

mgb7@nyu.edu

Co n ta cts

Data : under publication (Gros-Balthazard & Battesti et al.)

With the decisive collaboration of the farmers of the Siwa Oasis (Egypt) who shared their practices and

knowledge.

HarlanIIIMontpellier,June2019

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