With OSPC, the overview of dynamics situates the landscape within the wider national context and facilitates a consensus in the formulation of a shared problem at the landscape level:
HOW TO ENSURE THE QUALITY AND AVAILABILITY OF WATER FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES FOR A SHORT AND LONG-TERM,
IN A CONTEXT OF WEAK WATER GOVERNANCE, AGRICULTURAL AND CATTLE RANCHING EXPANSION AND DEMOGRAPHIC GROWTH,
CONSIDERING DRY PERIODS ARE BECOMING MORE PROLONGED & INTENSE?
The situational analysis highlights trade-offs on development opportunities and threats on natural resources at different scales of intervention
With PARDI, we get a refined and systemic representation of actors logics and their consequences on resource dynamics within the landscape. It emphasizes the need for better
coordination between authorities so as to avoid perverse
incentives; and makes explicit the link between deforestation and water quality, and consequently the unsustainability of current practices.
The multiscale historical profile deepens the understanding of the influence of events at regional and national levels on the landscape locally. It namely identifies the role of new laws and national re-distribution processes, on land and water
management in the SES.
Research developed in the ECOADAPT project, funded by the European Commission Aguilar et al. 2014. Análisis participativo de las dinámicas socio-ecológicas de la Cuenca Zapocó en Bolivia.
<hal-01091946>. CMP 2007. Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation, version 2.0. Conservation Measures Partnership. Etienne et al. 2011. ARDI: a co-construction method for participatory modeling in natural resources management. Ecology and Society 16(1):44. Resilience Alliance, 2010. Assessing Resilience in Social-Ecological Systems : Workbook for Practitioners. Salinas, J.C., Vides, R., Justiniano, H., Valdes, A., Sanin, N. ,
Cronenbold, R., Flores, J., Anivarro, R., Pacheco, N., 2013. Aplicación de los Estándares Abiertos para la Práctica de la Conservación en un Bosque Seco Tropical de Bolivia. Poster at IUFROLAT, 2013, San José de Costa Rica.
Participatory conceptual modeling allows to build a shared vision of the Zapocó basin landscape. As a way to strengthen local
stakeholders‘ reflexive and abstraction capacity, it enables innovative solutions and may reduce tensions on resources.
Thus promoting a local stakeholders’ learning process contributes to create Climate Smart landscapes.
Possible next steps : implementation of specific identified measures necessary to improve local SES dynamics; further exploration to
understand these dynamics in the longer run.
7. References
6. Conclusion
4. Results
The
Zapoc
ó watershe
d,
Bolivia
Forestry regularization Integration of forest andland management
Strengthening of urban-rural connections (roads, market,
comms, electricity)
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Territorial restructuring Decentralized planning
Political restructuring and public stimuli 1953 Agrarian reform N aci o n al R eg ion al Lo cal
Establishment of first communities ‘Patron’ and ‘Peon’ are de-coupled
Payment for labour
Political power linked to economic power in hands of old ‘patrones’ of the private sector
Consolidation of communities
Establishment of cooperatives and development of infrastructure in communities with support from the Church
Leadership and financial support from the Catholic Church
Narco influence on the livestock sector
Adoption of neo-liberal policies and economic expansion
1992
Indigenous March
Conversion to indigenous communities: identity change, new expectations and interests, land tenure security
access to funds, local participation in dev planning Support from NGOs, reg Gov
New Laws:
Popular participation,Forest Law, INRA
2003
Free of foot and mouth disease
Foreign investment in the productive sector (Livestock)
Public-private agreements to intensify agro sector Process of colonization, establishment of ADEMAF
ABT control
Community-based forest management Policies in hand of social
movements
Re-distribution of funds and public
subsidies
1986
Noel Kempff death
FELC
International cooperation support
Point of change
Cascading effect, inter-scalar relation
Migration of miners to the lowlands 2000 Land tenure, FES Neo-liberalism & foreign influence 2005 New nat Gov 7 new Constitution
Through a learning-by-sharing process, the analysis of SES dynamics around a specific and collectively recognized problem (here on
water security), helped to define a shared representation of the landscape and integrate different types of knowledge.
A consensus on solutions is not ensured. But gathering persons that usually don't meet and exchange their viewpoints is already an achievement. Existing participatory process and consolidated local organization (here, the FCBC) facilitate the successful
application of the articulated methods..
Though qualitative and relying much on stakeholders' perceptions and their interpretation, they complement an evidence-based
approach, allowing to identify knowledge gaps and discuss priority research needs.
5. Discussion
Cross-scale effects (Resilience Assessment)
Actors' interventions in the SES (PARDI)
Largeholder
Cattle
Precipitation
MINI DAM Superficial
water Community organization Land (forest/pasture) Dom. well Water elec. pump Manual water pump Water committee runs off Mine Aquifer Communal smallholder Latrine Residual water Municipality Sawmill gr az es constitutes inf iltr at es maintains gene ra te s raises us es flows in co ns ume s liv es o n
Upstream land use (forest, pastures) Inhabitant Concepción, Altamira, Porvenir Distribution network Precipitation Water treatment plant Zapocó river Well Municipality Aquifer Individual well COSEPCO Zapocó Dam Hospital Upstream productive activities (sawmill, cattle
ranching) flows Residual water generates re turn s w ate r to recreates runs Sewage treatment facility Latrine Cattle rancher Forest authority AAPS MAyA Fedecaas feeds into feeds into regulates regulates feeds into runs R u r a l w a t e r U r b a n w a t e r VISION: ecosystem conservation to ensure water quality and
availability Forest Aquifers & recharge zones Superficial water Water infrastructures Unsustainable forest mgmt. Fire Deforestation Water pollution Deterioration Forest exploitation (paths) Drought Bad practices in water use Water projects for rural development Land planning Legal framework socio-economic development Laws (not enforced) Timber markets Meat market Land price Population growth mainly by migration Environmental education Poor fire management Illegal logging Cattle ranging extension Solid and liquid
waste management Financial and technical resources CONSERVATION TARGETS THREATS
CONTRIBUTING FACTORS: indirect threats and opportunities
Storm
Cultures International
trade (certifications…)
Climate change Extreme
events
Situational analysis (OSPC)
Agricultural frontierAbigail Fallot
¹
4, Jean-François Le Coq
1 5, Julio Cesar Salinas
2, Teresa Aguilar
1, Romy Cronenbold
2, Roberto Vides-Almonacid
2, Tahia Devisscher
3¹Centre International de Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), France 2Fundación para la Conservación del Bosque Chiquitano (FCBC), Bolivia
3Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI)- Oxford, U-K 4Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE), Costa Rica 5Universidad Nacional (UNA), Costa Rica
Building a shared representation of the landscape as a socio-ecological system
and visualizing the challenges of climate-smart agriculture
• Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) refers to a still little delineated set of proposals for improving rural land
use practices and disseminating solutions to food insecurity, low climatic resilience, and high greenhouse
gas emissions. CSA addresses these sustainability issues principally at the landscape scale.
• As previously observed in many development and innovation projects of the last decades, such proposals
are not always accepted, solutions sometimes fail to be sustainable over time or to address local priorities.
These difficulties often highlight the lack of a shared vision by the actors of their landscape, where an
intervention is considered to improve natural resource management practices.
• We assume that the applicability of knowledge on climate vulnerability and CSA options, depends on its
integration within a representation of the socio-ecological system (SES) of the landscape.
1. Introduction
To account for the diversity of
viewpoints in the SES and promote
a shared understanding of how the
landscape functions around a
problem faced by all.
Three tools for participatory conceptual modelling were articulated:
- initial conceptualization with Open
Standards for the Practice of Conservation (OSPC), from the Conservation Measures Partnership (CMP 2007, Salinas et al 2013) - PARDI modelling (Problem, Actors,
Resources, Dynamics, Interactions), an adaptation of ARDI (Etienne et al. 2011) from the Companion Modelling approach - historical profile of the Resilience
assessment workbook (RA 2010)
2. Objective
3. Material and Methods
Carrying water home T.Aguilar Micro dam (atajado) T.Aguilar Teresa Aguilar Discussing urban water quality N.Pacheco
Open Standards PARDI Resilience Assessment
Focus Situational analysis Actor’s intervention
in the SES Cross-scale effects
Outlook systematic systemic chronological
Socio-ecological dynamics
Threats in the landscape and their drivers
at a larger scale
Actors and resources interactions
Past events and their connections Expected
output
Conceptual model and formulation of problem faced by all in landscape
Conceptual models on what determines the problem and its solutions
Historical profile linking current period with events at various scales Purpose of the
approach Next possible steps
Strategy elaboration and implementation +
monitoring
Multi-agent modelling Scenarios and
irreversibility/threshold Rancher or farmer ABT Unproductive land Micro dam Freshwater Timber INRA Pasture Cattle PMD/PGMF Aquifer Precipitation requests drinks from buys deforests Forest Sawmill/carpentry
compacts and erodes soil above
generates FS/FES gets co ord inat ed wit h re cha rges inf iltr ate s
