Training agronomist and veterinarians in Mediterranean countries: General presentation Hervieu B. in

Agronomic training in countries of the Mediterranean region Montpellier : CIHEAM

Options Méditerranéennes : Série Etudes; n. 1988-II 1988

pages 243-250

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--- Hervieu B. Train in g agron omist an d veterin arian s in Mediterran ean cou n tries: Gen eral presen tation . In : Hervieu B. (ed.). Agronomic training in countries of the Mediterranean region.

Montpellier : CIHEAM, 1988. p. 243-250 (Options Méditerranéennes : Série Etudes; n. 1988-II)

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Training Agronomists and Veterinarians in

Mediterranean Countries:

A General Presentation

Bertrand HERVIEU National for Scientific National Foundation for

a t t h e a b a s i c s e t of documents on

is a to have such a collection

of disposal.

it would be on

up in so as to make

same thing. This, not diminish the of these documents.

supposed to be could

of the development of

at a snapshot

t a k e n at a 1986).

-

- t h e

is situations subject to change.

is by

than by So a s to account this

i n a n will be

l

- A possible typology

of

as a s

Two

m a k i n g it p o s s i b l e t o e s t a b l i s h a classification two axes.

On the one stamp of

by t h e

of a identification of

system.

On of system

applied to its faculties,

the tutelage of

education, and a of these.

Yugoslavia, and to a

and Lebanon stands alone as the point of of these two axes, with its

of public and

To this hasty classification, one may add a second; based on the age of

policies. This second point of view

a past and made up of

successive none of which cancel out the

one it

close to that

by J. Casas of

On the one hand, he

spoke of of a highly

weak of

of

own

wish to as is the case in

found to have a

with multiple junctions - the case of

disposes of two with few

existing between them.

The distinctions, although they have the defects of

value. They make i t possible to a of

to of

been said in to of

common questions that, in my opinion, be

- ^What profiles are sought?

This, of is the question to ask. What

-

kinds of would say -

is little mention of

although the issue was dealt with a t a What kind of specialists will be needed in

in

This question of the us that we cannot imagine, much less specify, so much a s half of the that will

is society as a whole is also valid the we

with and that which is of

of being so i n t h e And yet the question is

student who will

2035, a of the way

to civil

the absence of to this question, let us at

92% of

employed by the - 19% them in the

of 8% in the

it i s e s t i m a t e d t h a t 8 3 % of t h e go into the - 11% of them 37% in the public

economic 5% go

sensu stricto, and 11% into

of t h e

. .

of diplomas in

Yugoslavia emphasizes the need to flow of

of a

of food sifkation" has a

schools, schools,

in the job

- which a s

1980 to 1985 - following:

-

- 22%

Total: 34%

-

- Non-food 19%

Total: 26%

- 13%

-

Total: 23,4%

- 10%

-

consulting: 6%

Total: 16%

T h e s e i n d i c a t i o n s h a v e m a n y s i g n i f i c a n t consequences.

To.this one should also add the way in which the of

a by

of in 1984.

a) "The most positive aspect of is t h a t i t s e l e c t s s t u d e n t s ( h e n c e a d e f i n i t e Grandes Ecoles, which have a

than the

to suppose that job

mind and good a s s i m i l a t i v e a n d a d a p t a t i o n abilities"

.

c) "That is to us, much

so t h a n t h e a c t u a l c o n t e n t of

the which

usII.

d) "We of those who

education too long: it may be that such people by action."

dissociated of

of

The data collected do not make it possible to specific

Egypt alone of

of (4,800).

of 2,000

of Two

establish specific goals

and thus of

to achieve these goals. insists on the need to of t e c h n i c i a n s a n d

1989 and 4,100 the 2000.

50%

will be filled by 2000.

l

the same way, 728 in 1982-1983.

it can be noted that these a significant of

t o

outflow is limited by

and with a

be a to

the quality of suddenness), c) employment of openings of this type.

so of

As economic officials

... to

be of all. The of the

is given by of one of the which decided in 1984 to

of of all

that one should

t h a t one

should who would be capable of

fitting into a of

The discussion is open, and it would at this point

be as

-

exchange of did not make it possible to deal with the issue.

- What kinds of selection and recruitment processes?

a s t h e o n l y cycles on the basis of a competitive

on the basis of

of the competitive examination applies in the same way

to

of schools.

of t e c h n i c a l

of t h i s of

be

of by

1. is

which selection takes place?

2. of candidates is selected?

3. What is the connection between technical

of attention,

because i t is a n

of

constitutes the moment in time when outflows and positions

Who decides on the of students and on the of outflow?

To what do example,

to

of civil employed in the to the total

by a d j u s t m e n t s , a u t o m a t i c decisions?

we

a) on t h e economy of e a c h

and

b) on whole.

- Organization and programs

would like to make.

of the

of a

+

u p , a n d t h e s e w o u l d d e s i g n a t e as

Egypt

A of

-l- 41, of

+

even 6) 5 6).

a homogeneity. To say the least, we

to each a

above and beyond at the beginning of

d i s t i n c t i o n s ^' i n t o t h e a b o v e o p t i m i s t i c

is of

of two distinct cycles: cycle the acquisition of knowledge in basic disciplines, and the second cycle based on specialization or t e c h n i c a l

of "option blocks"

of Lebanon, schools or faculties have limited specialization which

a

specializations

second cycles, how the

on the position of the

eminent of biology is the

the it was

mentioned

a 30 to 40% basic

includes 60 to 70%. What is the situation in each

This difficulty to

my

to a of its own, is each level of the next level?

is is

or of the

shown except which shows

one an essential point.

setting

up

+

have not settled this issue.

l

l

A is the

to of

by a n excessive emphasis on book lack of contacts with economic misuse of

a systematic policy of

to

seeking to develop a n a s well a s

This question ties us,back in with the initial issue of

how do with

of view? The as

when to

Finally, a a last question:

by

V - Continuing education

the this aspect;

the same is

specialized associations play a in continuing education.

a specialized does not have continuing education at the advanced level.

a

E g y p t is

developed the boldest policy 24

cycles executives and students

of

common be

outset.

On

to deal with the issue of extension a s a of continuing education.

- with research

would l i k e t o

(10,000) with the total

and developement; the quality of to its

All of need liaison with

was both analyzed and believe is no need to

then.

to on

As to

said on the necessity

a d a p t a t i o n a b i l i t y ( t h e y w i l l b e c h a n g i n g two

changing the way in which

at least two as well),

is a means by which to

good a capacity to

adapt:

This is opposite of a it is a

summoning of method, initiative and imagination.

was that schools, including

those which a of the national

could

- One cannot do it was

said.

- should one wait to be a t t h e top level of

implementing a someone added.

is

w i t h d e v e l o p m e n t , o n t h e o n e h a n d , a n d

And this field must, to

useful, be effected on the basis of p o l e s qf excellence.

excellence, of excellence aimed a t by

institutions?

And will it be possible to map out these poles of

l

options

- Expectations, particularly with regard to

as t h e should not be looked upon as

as the of

of

that exists, can exist and should exist without

should also be a of twinning.

expectations:

1. The cycle

setting up of a common

and was the issue dealt with

second T h e i d e a of

do not dispose of the scientific potential that would allow them to

science a t t h e highest level. What is the latitude of potential involvement

2. The

be played by

by cycles (as

is by

else by

of clubs on the basis of topics and disciplines?

l

it conceivable to assist teams

exchanges, and exchange visits students? On

it is conceivable that could in

3. and its

and to student wish

the exchange of

Can of setting up a joint

body of documentation?

of Capitalizing

on to

now

by this institution, of capitalizing on it possible to set up

4. m u s t m a k e i t s e l f known to, and work with, not only States and

only

a n d i t s own i n s t i t u t e s , b u t w i t h a l l of t h e

the concept of developed and

a dual movement of of t h e of

systems and of of

that must be implemented.

This is a challenge that must be taken up if one is to develop and maintain a

intellectual community. .

a all of

bids? fact.

- ^{~ ~ ~}