L a n d s c a p e o f
E u r o p e a n S e c u r i t y
C H A L L E N G E K i c k - O f f M e e t i n g
Challenge Open Meeting……… 2
Challenge: a presentation……….. 3
Challenge Open Meeting: a presentation……….. 4
Challenge Related Conference: The Transatlantic Meeting………. 7
C H A L L E N G E O p e n M e e t i n g
Friday October 22, 2004 13.30 – 19.00
Location:
Centre d’Etudes et de Recherches Internationales (CERI)
56, rue Jacob 75006 Paris Grande salle de conférence
Scientific coordination:
Didier Bigo didier.bigo@conflits.org
Contact:
Philippe Bonditti philippe.bonditti@conflits.org
12.45 - 13.30 Arrival of the participants - Lunch 13.45 - 14.00 Welcolming Remarks
Gérard Grunberg (Scientific Director, Sciences Po, France)
Christophe Jaffrelot (Director, CERI, France)
Didier Bigo (Challenge Scientific Coordinator, Sciences Po, France)
14.00 - 14.20 Rob Walker (Keele University, UK)
The notions of state of exception, state of emergency, war on terror and sovereign moment in relation to the post 11 September policies against terrorism
14.20 - 15.00 Discussion (foremost involving WP1, WP11, Fornet network)
15.00 - 15.20 Didier Bigo (Sciences Po, France)
The merging between internal and external (in)security. The European public policies regarding transnational political violence and their impact on civil liberties 15.20 - 16.00 Discussion (foremost involving WP3, WP10, WP12, WP14)
16.00 - 16.30 Coffee break
16.30 - 16.50 Elspeth Guild (University of Nijmegen, Netherlands)
The role of the judiciary and the courts in time of emergency measures enacted by the governments, and the role of the constitution
16.50 - 17.30 Discussion (foremost involving WP5, WP13, WP6)
17.30 -17.50 Alessandro dal Lago (University of Genoa, Italy)
The construction of a common enemy: Europe, War, Migration.
17.50 - 18.30 Discussion (foremost involving WP 4, WP7, WP9)
18.30 -19.00 General discussion
Challenge: an Integrated Research Program on European Security
Contemporary discussions on the merging of internal and external security and on the relationship between liberty and security in Europe are seriously constrained by the degree to which the concepts, historical practices and institutions of liberty and security have been analysed independently. This analytical division of labour follows from the practical and institutional division of labour encouraged by the structures of the modern international system and particularly from its distinction between foreign and domestic policies.
Challenge is an interdisciplinary research program funded by the European Commission (FP6). This program was launched in June 2004 and will run for 5 years. It is informed by an appreciation of the historical circumstances under which this distinction became a crucial defining feature of political life in the modern world of sovereign states, and of its consequences on the forms of liberal democratic politics that have emerged in Europe over the past few centuries. More significantly, it is also informed by an analysis of a broad range of structural changes on a global scale that now challenges this defining feature of modern European politics.
Conversely, and more crucially for this research program, the familiar world of secured communities living within well-defined territories and sustaining all the celebrated liberties of civil society is now put under strain by a profound restructuring of political identities and practices of securitization.
These challenges are felt most immediately in matters of urgent public policy, and there is scarcely any public institution in Europe that is not affected by them in some way. More disconcertingly, they also unsettle the most basic grounds on which we make judgements about urgent public policy. They especially lead to concerns that our responses to new forms of insecurity, to claims about global terror, new forms of warfare, and new forms of violence more generally, frequently provoke responses that only serve to undermine the liberal and democratic character of those societies that need to respond to these new terrors, wars and forms of violence.
Europeanization, globalisation and US policy since 11 September create a move towards de-territorialisation and securitisation beyond borders with a specific focus on some minorities. This phenomenon, we believe, demands that future research be grounded in recognition of the extent to which prevailing concepts of liberty and security, and the intellectual and policy communities that have thrived on assumptions about their independence, are part of the problem that needs to be addressed.
The Challenge research program consists in 17 Work packages and involves 5 phases. It seeks to facilitate more responsive and responsible judgements about new regimes and practices of security in order to minimize the degree to which they undermine civil liberties, human rights and social cohesion in an enlarging Europe. It especially seeks to do so in the context of the new evolving international environment shaped by the events of September 11, 2001 and the recent wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. The aim is to help reframing the security framework emerging in Europe to ensure that it takes liberty (civil liberties, human rights and social cohesion) as its starting point. To this end, an Interdisciplinary Observatory will be created. It will be charged with the analysis and the evaluation of the changing relationship between sustainable security, stability and liberty in an enlarging EU, which upholds the values of democracy. The project aims at:
understanding the merging between internal and external security and evaluating the changing character of the relationship between liberty and security in Europe, especially as it expresses a transformation in the sovereign capacity to declare exceptions to a normal sphere of potential liberties and freedoms in the name of security, foreign affairs, stability and necessity;
9 at facilitating the assessment of the changing relationship between liberty and security over time in some especially sensitive sites;
9 at looking at the different institutions in charge of security (police, intelligence services, military forces and private agencies) and their current transformations;
9 at assessing the specificity of the European context;
9 at facilitating and enhancing a new interdisciplinary network of scholars (a number of whom is already collaborating in the framework of existing research programs such as the FP5 ELISE1 and FORNET2 ,both funded by DG Research) across many regions of Europe, and from various academic disciplines, who have already played a formative role in reconceptualizing and analysing many of the theoretical, political, sociological, legal and policy implications of new forms of violence and political identity;
9 at bringing together the new interdisciplinary network of scholars into an Integrated Project focusing on the State of exception as illiberal practices in liberal regimes and the tensions between security and civil liberties with common tools and methodology. This consortium will be open to the inclusion of participants during the lifetime of the research program.
The Challenge Open Meeting October 22
nd– 13.45 – 19.00
Centre d’études et de recherches internationales 56, rue Jacob 75006 Paris
This first meeting organized in Paris aims at clarifying the common goal(s) of the research program and at enhancing its capacity to be an integrated project founded upon a common approach of the concepts we are using such as security, liberty, sovereignty, state, war, rule of law, transnational political violence… The objective is to overcome some of the disciplinary misunderstandings which arise from the use of a same terminology but with different meanings when moving from a discipline to another. Its objective is also to allow for an in depth discussion on the roots of our traditional visions in order to analyse how the latter shape our interpretations of the recent changes in matters of political violence, fear, (in)security, reactions of the governments, structure and perceptions of the international system…
The Challenge Open Meeting is organized around four short interventions (political theory, political science, law and sociology) so as to leave as much time as possible for the discussion between the different Challenge partners.
1. The Notions of “State of Exception”, “State of Emergency”, “War on Terror” and “Sovereign Moment”
Through their Relation to the Post-11 September Policies Against Terrorism (Rob Walker - WP1) 9 The historical analysis of the institutionalization of exceptionalism as a practice of modern states.
9 The examination of the ways in which the contemporary re-articulation and blurring of borders goes with a re-articulation, a de-territorialization and a dispersal of practices of exceptionalism.
9 The analysis of the changing relation between new forms of war and defence, new policing and governance procedures, and new threats to civil liberties and social cohesion.
9 The analysis of the competing principles which are likely to guide the interpretations of the emergence of illiberal practices within liberal societies.
9 A critical reading of various theorizations of (in)security and securitization taken from political theory, international relations, criminology, philosophy, and social theory approaches.
Discussion - The discussion aims at developing a collective analysis of the commonalities and the differences between these ways of theorizing. But beyond these considerations, our hope is to be able to link some of the more traditional discussions on sovereignty - that structure claims about security in international relations and political science - to recent theoretical literatures driven by various (“ontotheological”) philosophies of identity and of its boundaries on the one hand and various attempts to conceive of new possibilities for the political and for new forms of governmentality on the other hand. This will allow for a comparative endeavour involving emerging literatures on “fear and risk society”, “the new security agenda” and “securitization” (partners of the WP1 and Jef Huysmans), as well as for a critical assessment of the possibilities for “watching the state” and discussing transparency (Vivienne Jabri and partners of the WP1).
The discussion will also include the problématique of the WP11 (Michalis Lianos and partners of the WP11) so as to present well-informed hypotheses on the highly complex and crucial link between experience in the risk society and contemporary shifts in approaching security and liberty.
It will also be the occasion to link our work to the FORNET Research program (i.e. Wolfgang Wessel, Karen Smith – LSE -, Esther Barbé – Autonomous University of Barcelona) in order to analyse the transformation of foreign policies in Europe as well as of the relations between the EU and the USA in a context of exceptionalism and of unilateralism.
2. The Merging between Internal and External (In)Security, the European Public Policies Regarding Transnational Political Violence and their Impact on Civil Liberties (Didier Bigo - WP2)
9 The analysis of the danger for liberty in a context of violence in which the state no longer has the last word, the monopoly on the legitimate use of violence.
9 The analysis of the danger entailed by technical responses that may reproduce and radicalize old habits of seeking greater control in the name of exceptional circumstances.
9 The analysis of the changing relation between violence and risk.
9 The analysis of violence: what are the mechanisms of violence in a world in which classical interstate wars are no longer thought of as the paradigmatic form of violence?
9 The analysis of the organizational boundaries between police-related and military activities and the ways in which they relate to contemporary challenges to the physical frontiers of the state: police activities are now extended at high speed beyond the territorial frontiers, thus accelerating pre-existing tendencies, whereas defence is now less and less exclusively related to interstate wars; simultaneously intelligence communities are re-defining the enemy, perceived and considered as « transversal », as neither outside nor purely inside.
9 The analysis of the discourses on the transformations of war and crime, i.e. the criminalisation of war and the “strategisation” of practices traditionally considered as criminal. These redefinitions are now changing the way of conceptualising security. The idea of a de-differentiation between internal and external security will permeate the research.
Discussion - The discussion will involve:
9 Ole Waever and the partners of the WP3 on the transformation of warfare, on the agents involved in it and on the impact of these transformations on the international order. Three levels will be distinguished: 1/
the impact of information and communication technologies that allow for new capabilities and combat-modes.
This is particularly the case for the US armed forces as demonstrated in Kosovo, Afghanistan and Iraq. This raises important questions regarding the relationship between military and civilian dynamics in society. Indeed, the task of developing new technologies is moving away from the military to the civilian sector. These dramatic changes are actually largely driven by technology and the will for simultaneity. 2/ Other actors facing these new overwhelming powers are developing asymmetric technologies of war, including transnational violence, thus reconfiguring the relations between state and non-state actors. 3/ The nature of military conflicts in which the leading powers are not involved in many cases do not fit into the classical Clausewitzian categories for yet another reason: the parties are often very un-state-like and hence warfare is difficult to distinguish from other forms of violence, especially in many third world cases.
9 Jocelyne Cesari and the partners of the WP10: the aim is here to deconstruct and analyze how the notion of exceptionalism is applied to Islamism and Muslims in European political discourses and policy-making at the national levels as well as at the level of the European Union level. It supposes a systematic comparison of the status of Islam and Muslims through the new security measures adopted in France, Germany and the UK as well as at the European level. A link will also be established with the Italian and Spanish colleagues of the WP 8 and 9.
9 Evelyne Brouwers and the partners of the WP14: the discussions will here be focussed on the European wide information system that goes with a continuing temptation on the part of the participating Member States to extend the use of these databases. At this moment, at the European ministerial level, different proposals are discussed to extend the use and the content of existing databases such as the SIS, but also to set up new databases (the European Visa Identification System) or to interconnect pre- existing databases (Europol, Eurodac).
9 Nikos Scandamis and the partners of the WP12: we will here try to analyse the impact of the different patterns of globalisation on foreign affairs, defence and security, particularly in terms of providing a normative criteria for assessing what the state of exception is, as well as for redefining the freedoms of the individual and accounting for their various meanings in relation to globalisation.
3. The Role of the Judiciary and of Courts in a Context in which Emergency Measures are being Enacted by Governments and the Role of the Constitution (Elspeth Guild - WP14)
9 The analysis of antiterrorist legislations and their effects both at the national and EU levels.
9 The analysis of the unexpected targets of the antiterrorist laws, of discriminations between citizens and foreigners, of the importance of the rule of law. The issue of citizenship is increasingly central to determine where and how the legitimacy of the Union will be constructed: consequently, if the principle of citizenship is in some cases likely to override immigration rights, how will this impact on the political framework of the Union? The construction of a European constitution participates in the process of definition of who is included and who is to be excluded. At the moment, the fragmentation of rights results in no clear body of individuals who are unambiguously considered as “citizens” in the sense that they would enjoy equal treatment in the exercise of the basic right of belonging and protection from expulsion.
9 The analysis of the field of sovereign exceptionalism which extends into the very core of citizenship and
9 The transformation of the concept of citizenship at the EU level also impacts on the idea of belonging within the Member States. This aspect is also to be analysed.
Discussion - The discussion will involve:
9 Joanna Apap and partners around the WP5 problématique: to what extent has the Europeanization of perceived threats been a central incentive and a legitimizing argument in the reinforcement and the
institutionalization of the already existing European cooperation in the field of security and law-enforcement? To assess this, we will study the different stages of the relevant policy developments at different levels: first, within the Schengen framework, then within the third pillar of the EU and finally in the inter-pillar context of the ‘area of freedom, security and justice’ outlined in Amsterdam.
9 L.F.M Besselink and partners around the WP13 problématique: the main questions will here be: what is the present situation as far as the legal competence over border control is concerned? At which level of
governance is this competence located? How does the issue of security, and thus the process of securitization, impact on legal competence in matters of border-control at various levels?
9 Juliet Lodge and partners around the WP 6 problématique: the following questions will be asked here:
which issues are considered by governments and decision makers to qualify as exceptions to the assumed rule of openness? Is this selection justified in the public space? Why? How? When? By whom? How legitimate are these justifications considered to be (eg level of civic opposition/MPs/MEPs)? Are the same justifications for exceptionalist policies invoked across the different policy areas within and across specific states and the EU?
Are they ad hoc rationalisations? Are they credible?
4. Towards a Common Enemy: Europe, War, Migration (Alessandro dal Lago - WP8)
9 Policing inside the “external” borders, the regulation of migrants and disaffiliated populations, the role of religion, the relation to the concepts of war and policing.
9 The impact of the representations of the enemy both inside the EU, in relation to the US and in relation to the neighbouring countries –South and East. What are the ensuing dynamics of exclusion and of surveillance?
9 The critical analysis of the “Full spectrum dominance” doctrine that follows from a fractional order – or rather dis-order – resulting from the interaction between different actors with often divergent interests.
9 The possible alternatives to such a disorder entailed in the construction of the European Union.
Discussion - The following people will participate:
9 Peter Lock and partners of the WP4: the aim will be to study the increasing number of social groups developing transnational identities in the context of a shadow globalisation. The analysis of the social and economic spheres that are beyond state control and outside the rule of law will also be approached. Indeed, they appear to be expanding and transforming into dynamic transnational networks. New forms of social control emerge alongside shrinking states whose monopoly of legitimate violence is weakened.
9 Judith Toth and partners coming from the Stefan Batory Foundation, the Foundation for IR of Malta and from the European Institute of Sofia as well as partners of the WP7. The analysis should cover: 1/
Changing “Diaspora politics” and their regulation. The focus will be put on policies related to Diasporas living in the Union and minorities across the external borders (in particular the case of Polish, Bulgarian and Hungarian Diasporas/minorities). 2/ Immigration policies and their inherent (hidden) ethnical preferences (e.g. Albanians, Hungarians). 3/ Cross-border connections between municipalities and actors in the economic field (e.g. on the Slovak-Hungarian, Polish-Belarus borders): the relations between Roma communities inside and outside. We will have to discuss how the study will be carried out and what methods will be used.
9 Roberto Bergalli and partners of the WP9: On a comparison between the Spanish legislation and the legislations in other countries like France and Italy. This comparative approach will also address the decisions of the European Court for Human Rights. As far as this second level is concerned, we will for example list the cases registered through NGOs of expulsions related to Human Rights violations.
C H A L L E N G E R e l a t e d M e e t i n g
Liberty and Security from a Transatlantic Perspective
Monday October 25, 2004 09.00 – 18.00
Location:
Sciences Po 9, rue de la chaise
75007 Paris
Conference Room : Bib Sous-sol
Scientific coordination:
Didier Bigo didier.bigo@conflits.org
Contact:
Christian Olsson christian.olsson@conflits.org Limited number of places - Please confirm your presence at philippe.bonditti@conflits.org
FIRST PART
Political Violence, security practices
and challenges to liberty in the contemporary world order
09:00-10:00 The theoretical analysis of the present conditions of violence, war and world order Presentations: Andrew Wachtel (Northwestern University, Chicago)
Vivienne Jabri (King´s College, London) Ole Waever (University of Copenhagen) Discussant: Vivienne Jabri (King´s College, London)
10:00-11:00 Borders, technologies of control, biometrics and the involvement of the military in global surveillance
Presentations: Peter Lock (Hamburg University)
Theodore Laven (National War College, Washington, DC) Discussant: Philippe Bonditti (IEP Paris)
11:00-12:00 Policing abroad, peace keeping and democracy implementation Presentations: Christian Olsson (IEP de Paris)
Henry Perritt (IIT-Kent Law School) Discussant: Jean-Paul Hanon (ESM de Saint-Cyr)
12:00-13:00 Foreign policy, multilateralism and the future of the Middle East through the eyes of the US and of the Europeans
Presentation: Alex Macleod (University of Quebec at Montreal) Will Reno (Northwestern University, Chicago) Michael Loriaux (Northwestern University, Chicago) Discussant: Alex Macleod (University of Quebec at Montreal)
13:00-14:00 LUNCH
SECOND PART
Civil Liberties, social cohesion
and illiberal practices from a transatlantic perspective
14:00-15:00 Conceptions of freedom, human rights and civil liberties in both the US and the enlarged European Union
Presentations: Rob Walker (Keele University) Susan Gzesh (University of Chicago) Andrew Neal (Keele University) Discussant: Rob Walker (Keele University)
15:00-16:00 The effects of the recent antiterrorist laws and rhetoric concerning the attitude towards migrants, foreigners, asylum seekers and citizen
Presentations: Anastassia Tsoukala (Université de Paris XI)
Judith Toth (The Institute for Minority and Migration Research, Hungary) Harvey Rishikoff (National War College, Washington, DC)
Discussant: Anastassia Tsoukala (Université de Paris XI)
16:00-17:00 Social cohesion, communities and the place of Muslims in different societies Presentations: Brian Edwards (Northwestern University, Chicago)
Michalis Lianos (University of Portsmouth) Discussant: Elspeth Guild (University of Nijmegen)
17:00-18:00 The transformation of the structure of the liberal state in the context of the “war against terrorism”
Presentations: Didier Bigo (IEP de Paris)
Wes Skogan (Northwestern University) Discussant: Juliet Lodge (University of Leeds)
With the support of
European Liberty
and Security Program American Center