IWC lIL

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CHANGES IN PHYS IC AL. I IY DIlJ\ lIL IC AND MICn OSTIWCTU RAL PHOPEH T II';S (W

CLAYS EX POSED TO OHGANICS

11\

@I\AVIT HASl:UIl.-\'1.-1NIA'I.II.TE('II.

:\TIIESIS SEID I!']''!"I':UTO'1'[11'; S( 'I !OOl.OF (;11:\1111,\'1'1';

S'!TlJIES[1\'1',\llT1ALI·TIYIr.~lENTOF

rm:

UEQUlIlE:\lE:"iTSFOil

rm:

IIEC :[(I': I';OF ),],\STEIl OFE,\,(:lNI·:EHII'\(:

:\I E:\]OIlI,\L1ii\ ]V EiI SIT Y OF.\'I·:VI'H)l: ~ II J. A \1l

ST..I0llWS

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1+1

NallOnalllbrary ctcaoaoa AcquiSilioOSand 8Ibhog,aphic

sevcee

Branch

J9!1~~

~o-o

BlbiiOlh€'quenalionaJe. duC8na da o.,ectiondesacquisibonset des servicesbibtiOgraphiques

",~- Oll_(Ouo01 II:,'-'Cf+l

The auth or has grant ed an irrevocable non-exclu sivelicence allowi ng theNationalLibraryof Canad a to reprodu ce, loan, distribute or sell co pi es of his/herthesis byany meansand inany form or format, making thisthesisavailableto Interested

perso ns.

The author retains own ersh ipof the copy rightin his/herthesis.

Neith erthethesisnor substantial extract sfromitmay beprintedor otherwise reproduced without his/herpermission .

L'au teur a eccor de une licen ce

irrevocable et non exclu sive

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preter ,

distribuer ou vendre descopiesde sathese de quelque mantere et sous quelque forme que ce salt pour rnettredesexemplairesdecette these

il

la dispos ition des personn eslnteressees .

l'auteur conse rve la proprit€ltedu droit d'au teu r qui protege sa these.NllathOsenidesextrai!s substanti els de cette-c t ne doivent etre imp rimes au autrement reproduits sans son autorisation.

ISBN 0-612-17651.7

Canada

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Abstract

'1'111'1I~'of1'1IV,i lll ~'ITddaylirwrsrot'millilillill.~landfill\1", ls h'sandpl"OII ' rl i HV, ll,ll11lllf lw il ll'l''lualityisllilsl' i l 011till'adsor ption(',Ipileityandimp"l"tlll'ilbilil,Vof tli.''-)ilyf" IJr i.',I':x<:('ssivroIl'i..-ha! t·llIro u/t11r-laylum-icr sismain! ,\' duetodl<l lI g< ~ illtill'illt,d uskIWrl l)('iL bilit yof1)1(' rh.yIIlil l t'r iillwhen,~x l'usl'dtocontuminauts.

'["I,,'nnlllHllil,ility<II"r-lnyharr-ie-rswith1" ,lellll !"isIIII'llevaluatedlh ro llF;11 1\11

<11'1" "; 1'1111'111,ofdlil l lV,('Sillt.111'illl!"Xprcpert«-«and/orinter-na l st r ucture of tIll' soil.011"ofr.ln-IIHljO!"(a clorstlli l t0111"m'dtIl"r-lnypcrforumnrcistit.:pll'Sl~ru:('

<IfUI'IJ,illlirdll'lIlindsinIII,']f';II:h,(lerhar Iypind l.l','o/lslil.1111'morethan.'1,,%uf Ilwtur;!! 1";I<']wtl' /!,"l ll'rlll.,·dilllilll,l/ills

'I'[n-/!,,,,ds ofIllil'wor k an'10providr-IIlwtl..rundersta nd iu/(of 11l1'"m'(: l~

ofvariousllr~ll ll iffllli,lsonrlayminerals1111(110pro\,ill(,il dilt ilhils\'fo r cluy- url!.<Il1i,'11' li,1in1!'I'a<:tions, sothru.1.h(~TI'Sn!1stuayh,~USI'd forthccvaluntionand pwdir l illllufd'l)'harrjr-r]ll'r rUrllllllWI' inwnxle':'J111.i1illl11 ellt.applicar.ions.

TIm'"do'.\'tuinr-rnlx;kaollulte-,illit.r-undsnll'di l,~,Jr<'im"('sl,igill"d inIhis sll1dy.

TIll'dll'lIlifid,~lls<·dill'lJl' rlllt'ill1l. sroverilwiderangc ofe1idedril:I:Ollsl.i1I1 I.Sand '1l11ll'<.l1ISsnlllhililil'S,Tlll'SI'un-huh- acctit'acid(llrid il:),aniline(bask). methano l

;11111ill" '!IlIU '(1lI'lll.ral]101Ilr).,Ilidf:i1rhOliIdrilfl i lori dl',tric1llorol'thyll'll'~amixy- it'lll'(l lt' 1I1ralHI1111}nlar ),I'I·r nw'l hilil.ymeasurement shavehClm carriedout 011thc 1"1;1.\'1'lIsil1~iIriAi,1wa llpcnueauu-tcr,~lit:roslrll f:t.llH·Shavebeenobser vedusing

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ScanningElectron~li rro~fo"."todeu-nuim- 1111'dr"fl~ofl!tl-~" ur,~all;"dU'llli"als 011I!Lt~internal strurtu«-oflIlt' "'a,n " Th i~~II1tI ,\'nlso 'ltlt'1l11.ts!tlfon.-I",,'in

pl-rnll-i,h ilityand minos!rur-ture ul't\11' l'lays,1,:11'<,1 r;l'"lprtlll1-r l i. ,,~or 111l'l"'l'lll"

aut.appearto control hydraulic couduc-iivhv'\lIdmirrustrvn-tun-, ,'slH'\'i; \ll,\'

r"l

srnee!il.ic da y,

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I dedic at ethis thes isto my wonder fulpar ent s, Mr.R.Sub ramania m Mrs. Raj alaksh miSubra m ania m

iii

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Ac kno wledgements

,\ number ofIM'Opl,'11;\\1'b<'l'lIiUlil nll l1l'n' al ;11"lIalolill~lilt'ttl",11"""""[1111.\'""111 ph'lemyp;ra l!llil ll'5111.1,.. Firsl o[ all,Iwuul,!Ii "'·to ")1:1'11.,.,.my S;U...·I1·011101 heart feltp;ra l itllt! ('10tuylIth·isoT. Hr.l'ic' H":\Iur illforI,i""xn·II"tll,r,ni,la,,,"(·;11I,\

supporti'li"UlIl a gl'llof I IIi!'lIwRralll.11"<1111.1abu likt· !"l1MUk1Ir. II.So'!'II;" h i.

IK~allofEngin...·rlng1111.1Hr.•J.J.Shilrp.,h "' JO";" l,·Il";lll.1.'.", " II,\"..

r

ElI~i11l,,·rillv..

fortheircontinuouselifoll r"gl' lIwll 'andsupportdur iulo!,lIl,\';\1. 10:11).\.progr.un. I 11m VNy gra l.dllltothe[o'm:nl1.yIJfEI1Ai'H..~..illj.\"'I,II\I,\.li,·,1Sl"i"IW('und1",1111' SchoolofGrml l1l1l.,'Sludi'-!l,~l.tr.N.•fortln-p,l'I II'rollSlill;lIu'ia l;1.s"i"la lln ·th;,!

In~("l'in'tlllll r iIlRIlly1\\,,,y. 'a r~Ill'r(',Thanksan- .hlP." lI.ulli11(:i l1"~l'i . " N' -I\' .h-rsr-y;Can adaIIrir k,Onl ario;am l (',IIl,,,li.eli.)'I'rn.luds,S"s \;;ltd"' Wi'lIr.. , tl\l~claymateri als~u l'ptk'dII)'111I',n. Ial~)wehI..('xll'n .1 my!'i lll ...r.'t1.illlks 10myfriends ,~It,Pra!lhan l~h'llrottiia' lll[Ir,Y"'III11'lllaI'rilSi,,1ru ttl'\·i,·\\'il1j!, the theslsmanu scriptand providin g Il!i('fnlsIlAA.~ticIIlS. Fluully,iIvc'ry"lu..-iill thank~10 '11)'ramilyIortlwirtUllsLill11C'u l·"ural!.,'nwIlI,IIIw ..1slIl' l." rliHld\"\'<'.

iv

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r

Iklll"II' .I. ~ I I\ ,..,lillih'('I;l~

1.-1.:1 \IinuslrUc"lllT<'"fll,'m<llllok.llllil'·(·\;I,\·

1.-1.-1 \lirn )Sl n ldn r"lIfHC' 111u lIl,I...1 Sllll..-lil<'('1;1\'

-1.-I.!i Sumnl;lr,1"of:\\il"T.,~lnl<" l llr.':\l Mly sisH"l"uhl".

a Sum maryandConcl usions

r, ,1

SlIlIllll ilry

:).~ ('u llflllsi" ns

6 Refere nces

A GrainSizeAnal ysis

B Atlerber gLimits Tests

CCompactionTests

D X-RayDiffra ctionStudies

!II

Ill:.!

IUf;

I III

"'

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I'~Che mlcul Test s-Ca t-innExcha ng eCa pacity

'" 1);IU,OilI' e rm ca hilityTes tSpecimens

ix

" 9

122

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List of Figure s

1.1 TestSdll'llll'FolIO\\"l'l1illlll"Stud,\"

~.l Ilil~lInl() ll:<\V"s!p('lassili1";'lillll[aftr-rS]';}Ckl·[fonl.11lHl)

:J. I 'Ii 'slSI'I·IJpfot'I'N lIIl'ilb iJilySllIdi..s 1:1

'1.1 S('{lillwlllillio!l'lhl. J'l'Ofill'S .'i]

·1.'1 Cc)Hlpar i~()1lof NorlllilliwrlLiqnidl.imiu , . fil)

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(j~

1.7 1"'1'lIl<'i1I,i lil ,I'

or

Illil"1"T"~ll.iquids

iIi

I.!J l' II"lurtl in"l-\I'iI I'II~lOrl\aol itrir.' (;1)\\"i'1<'1"(I»,\""li,'m:id((.)

'\lIiliIW(d)A"l'lww. .'\2

·l.lnI'llulO11linugral' J,sor1\.,oliuill· (l'):\](-llri1ll01(f)eTC(g)Te E

(h)Xvk-tu- H,I

1.11 I'lloh '11lin"grilI'J,sflflIlill' [n]\Villl'l'(II)Areli ,'i1l'id(0:)Arrilinl'

(,I) A,~'tl lll" ~

.1.l:.!I'hOl0Illit'r"gl"lq,l,s

or

lilitl' (I')\klli iHlol(r)

en :

(,I~JTe l';(II)

X.\'I"III', Sf)

lilll'(,I)All'lllrrl'. ~

·1.1·11'!lol011Iit'I'IIt\rlll' hs

or

SIlWdi ll' (I!):\Il'llrilllol(f)<;'I'C (g)·l'CE

(11).\,\'11'111'. S!J

xi

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..\.1 (:ra in Sil"Di~lri l 11l1 i llll ]\,wlillill'

..\.2(:ra in Sill'Di~lri hll l io ll llliu-

,\ .:1tlraiu Sil"lIistrihution SlIu·cti, (·

B.I Liqlli,1l.lmlt I'ro lil l'~fOfI~aulinit"

1l.'2LiquidLimitI'tulil,'s furIHill'

ll.:l Liquid Lim ilI'ru li l , '~for Sllll"·lit,·

C.I :\')ob llltl·L'onn-nr.1Jr.\·IJ'·Il~i l,\·['Iub[" I'l' ilOli llik

C.'2 Muislll ""('Uldl' lIl.IhyD" l1si1rl'l"ls[0"Ulil.·

<:.:\ :\')oisllll"l'('0 111"111·lJrv [knsil\"1'1" lsfill' StllI'd il,'

n.t

X HayDifrrilc! o!;l'il1llS 1\i1olini l,·

D.2 XHayUifftiH'lognlllls [llil,'

1J.:lXBiI."llilrrill"lugril11lsSU1l'I'l,il,·

E,l ])011 aSI"'d CEC!kl" rllli1l1lli,," .

xii

uu

111.-,

lUi

10,...;

It1~I

"'

II~

11:1

IIIi

IIi

IIx

III

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V.I rllllill ~it-1',-nll" i1hililyV~['01'<'VOIIlIIIl 'S [,,,oliui lC' I:W

F.'l Illl r il lsi,1''' I1IIf'ilhilil yVS]'Ol'l'V"llll lll's lIIitl' It i

F.:l Jllrriusj,1"'nrw"l,i lilyVsPon-Vnlllllll'S Srrr,"-lil.. 12K

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List of Table s

:1.1RelevantPhysiral;1Il 11('lll'l11iO'i1II'I'0lwrli ,·sof'Ih l)' ..run-auts :I:!

:1.2 PhysicnlI'r0I'Nl il'Sofelil)'SoilsS\lllli,·,1. :lli

DilUid,I !)87)

,1.2 HC'sl1]b of MmlifiedLiquidLimit T,·s!.sIIsillJ.!;Variou-,Orj!,ilui..I.iq Hills ..

-u

lk snlls ofShrinkageLimit Tesrs.

·1.'1 Illt rilisic:P(~rn l('alJili t.yVilllll~with Walrr(n,,~)Ild "I"f'1"'f!"I;" .i,,"

Wilh Orgilllil:s.

xiv

III

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4.:; r,\'il!IU '~,,1')i' rlnirwtj ,mofJ"'rIIU'iIIJiJi',I"'rt'sls, ' j'j'

J:H

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List of Symbols a nd Acrony ms

1.

,.'

II /)

(ilLil\\"'i~h t"fParlkl, ~{St" k.<I..\\\") IIUil\\'I'i ~h t

or

Li'luil](St"!;.,,,'[.;111")

('~lliollVak lu'(' Ikllsil yn fT"sll'l'tn u'illi l

llYllrilulkII<'ilCl])iff"n'lln '(1'"nllP,llll" l " r) Diilllwl,' rof]>" rlid ,·{St uk,·~:l.nw]

1':1r,,·t,rolli('(:ll ilfW' (; ri\\· jtilljollil ] <:Oll Slalll

11Ilrill.sir1'l'I"lI U'ill.ilit.v

!"'llg lhofsp,·,-illl l'lI(1'l'tIlWilIIWll'r)

El"("lrulylc(:oI IC,'nll'illi" u 'l'inn-

VOIIlIll(' of l' "rr l\I';IUI PitsS',,1(1"'I'IIIt'''1 11l'1I't')

Ctoss-S P.t:1.iOlliL!An:a(JfSJIl'.~j,m·lI(1" ·I'II1I·;lI11<·1.,·r) Hult.amaun(:o ll slillli

]Ji!d"d ri.:(:.lIl slillilof:\·I.·di'll11 Thi,:klliosso f J>itfuSl:lJo lll,],·l.il}W

xvi

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lIydrilli lif:COllllll<:livity(l'c'T1llf'ahililywhen!H' rl lll'il1l1is 1101wator]

'1",'t111J1'rnl't rf '

S,~ t. 1.litl.E:Vf~IOf:it)'ofSplll'rical]' i1rlid es(Sloke s'taw)

<TC; <:arbollTlll.rill:lilorid(·

F\\'I' l"I ,' x ilJlf ~\Val lP"mlC'iUllf~1f'r

IIS..."/\ Ila:l;ilrdullSalulSolidWilS!('Amendme-nts 11\\'1 ' IligifIW"III'l'Im"ilIIW1C'1 SI'~ M S':ilTlllilillEle dwn~1i<'",,;cop)'

'1'<:1-; 'I'ridllnnK'l[ryh.tu-

IjSI'~I '!I II.S.EnvirOllmelltil l1'IlI IN~li(J n'\P;('llcy

XIII) X.I~a)'lJilrradion

xvii

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Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Importance of Clay-Chemical Lnternctions in Containment Liner Design

Orw ofI.Iwmost.vitalauf!pn's~illgbSIll'l'lfilC:iul;modernsUf'id,yt", lo.yistlll' contamina tion of thecuviromncntbyindnsf.rial,dUlIlC's1.ic:all, lIl lluli,·i r...1w;ls l,·s, Theadvancesillte-chuclogyhavr-ill<:n~a>l'dIlul onlyl.Ill' prud udioll'"'ll';Ol:ilyor in d ustries . billalsollll~VOh lllll'orlnmufu lWlIslpsp,{ 'I I!~r;dl'd;lllll,l,llf'n-hy,Htr, del eteriousdf/'{:lsorIlwS I"sll hsl a ,wf~s011tlu-humanIWHIt,1i;!IIlII'I IV;rol ll ll "III, Some scie ntistshavo llrtlj(·(:t edallannualt.ot.alwlls h~,!\1:lll' r;l ljunufilKIlIlwh;oS 12billiontons bythoyear2{J{KI(TchuIJalloglous, I!J!/:l). IIIJ!1!JU,AIIIl:ri'";l!I,S

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1.1"11"'~"lwr;IIr~1overl!):j11lilliulll.(>IISofffllllli r ip a ]solidwas t e~ud11)(' armunl

iH IHIIIJ I1.jl;'·X!Wd.·,lluilH:n~iISl~10morethan22(Jnaillioutonshy211001\.1>,Tilt'

.

...a[' ~dis pI)slllolhil;(~rdlJllsWIIsksis,thrrelore, of)Irilnl~importano-whende aling willitil<'iMm',,;"f~1<)h;(1r-nvlromn on t slIstaillilhility1111.1dr-volopmcut.

or

till' Sf'VI'I'ill.lisl,osal1.<'rhuiqu,·s<lr ililuhlefur hlll.llTllulISwastes,Imu]filli llg is tIll'1110 ....1.rurunrou."~flf)di1lllll'Oachlow<1nlsSiI[{, di,p usa lofhazar-deus wa s t e.s illvulwlIillll,ruvin p;t1wt!"siguand celllstrllel.innoft!«- prote-ct.iondayharrier-s or lil"'l'Sthat.nn'11~'WIII\)t'ne all" Inlldfi lls.TIll'primaryI'lIrposC'ofthese-lilll' rsis to illl!,t·,],·IIIip;rllfion"f l'lIlr!fiJl lear/talI~lutogfnllllll\\,atc·!"arrd/o!"topre ..-cutoutwash ofII'a,II'1IIIIh'rill]l.ypns,ipil.1lliouII/IdrunoffI\'illl'l'.01/t' flfthcpriJllar)'ohsl.aclt";

il l(/IOSigllilll:(II~{Jo{1Imldfi lJdllylinrrisitlilllil.f'd knowledge oftherolTlp]('X plr)'sim-d ll'uriralill1.t'flu:l,iullsIh~1.lJIiglr1.t.akephKe11I~1. 11'(,1'1JUll ~constituuut.sof [anrlfillIt 'iWltil!f'awl tlll'linerl1liltc,rinl. T'hr"reselllwSI'Hrch work p{,rtaillli tu

\.l ll'st ll.ly1>[such internet.ions asIIlil.\'occurbetween the k-achate i!TICIdayliner Illll l l·ri<tl.nndrhr-irilllplit:a1.iulI'forhaxardouswastedisllOsali1l111 containment.

1.2 S cope and Objectives of t h e Research

'1'111'lUust connnontyposofmau-riats'~llIp [oYI'dliSlinersilrt~clays,syntheticgeo·

nwmhrenvsandSlJllll'lilm~s.~combinationofboth. Inthisstudy,onlydaysare

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ronaidurcd.III I'hl'luinl l wnsl,'l.mdtllls.om-uf1ln-l11u~1illll' UrI 'l ll l111ll'~ l iul1.~that arb('s is lh('ahilityofdayIMr ri l'l"~111I'lfl,l"t h'I'I~'rontaiu1\',I~It,~witlmut1I11d.'r goingappreciablealn-rurionslnum-rostnu-t n n-111111/01'Ilydra nlit'(,,,tHlllt'li\'il.,"-

tivit.y ,111(1Illk ru~(.f1Il ,tlJft 'ofdn.l'~isIIII'[In'~' 'lIn'of"rp.nll it'dll'lIIiral ~illtln- Il\ndfilllc~a chll le.Orga nic Ch ('lllil',lbtypu-allyflmsl il lll,'tuun-thunhel'/,'of1111' tot.alIt'achaleg('ueritlellil llundfllls.1)(,!II'1I1IingOil111"natun-ilu II I"'ilfl i \'i ly"f theorgani cliquids,diflcn-nt.physu-al atulr11t'llliCil 1n'ilClitlll~(I(T IlLTI".""IIlif.\·

caliset:h al1 gt~sinthopftl rll ~r ti ('sofI,lli'!"Illymiur-rnlssnt'lli1S.111 1 im-n-asr-"I'd,' creaseillt.IreIIYllrillllil:fUlldlllt i"itydill'Indissolution or pll'.-il'ili1liollofril'_I' soilpnrriclcs,OfdllLlI gl~intilt'IHk ro filhric'dill'10 ilAArql,lll.iuliIll",lisl" ' rsiollof particlcs,orall altcraf.ionofmechanirnlpru!,c' rt h '~slid ,ilS~hl 'ilrstn'lI~ t ll,ullof which, ultimately alfcdthep('r f(l r l11 i1 1 I n ~of 1,1ll'liuer111nl t' ri.tl. AI1,IHlIllillt"ris'lilt' who sest ru c t ur eundpm pprt iesil f( '1101.ad vr-rselyidl,t'H'dhy illt, 'r;lrl.iollwif.htil<' leachate ,Itis,1,I I I~rd{)re, ohvioll~I.1I;ll,illunh-rI,usifft'lyn1111"illIlify.<l rdo llsw;,sl., ill alandlill,itsoundkll()wk(ll;l~ortill' plly"kaliflldd"'llIi'-llll'rll"I'~S" '~involve-l musth(~attaiued.

Severa lInvestiga to rs (Me sriand OlsonJ!J71;Hruwudill. I!JX·l;IIl1d"I's" ll ctill. 1985) haver")l()rll~,l i11c:reiISl'~illhyd raulicr:olllllll'tivit.yuf vlays,

"r

t.Wo orthr eeordersofllli,~nit.lldl'WIIl'II[ll'nlll'ifll,.1wit.1Ipun ',l't'i1).!,I'n t.-).!,l"iltl,' ur).!,il llil

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fillids . (Jtln-r...·s('i1r t:1 lf~r.~(lJpJlot illlliSlq,lll'nso ll1<Hl!J)ha\"f'showntlll'ill erf'asi' inf·fJlIdll r:l.ivit y tuIll' justtwoortlll"f~('times. Dallil·landLiljr-st.rand(I!lSI) showf'fJthat IWrtll"i ll,iolillf(:oml'i lf'll:ddilywith<lilut!:OTWlIlif'wast eliquidsFrom

'1'111','xisl.illl-\lill:raLu Te ,I.llf'rduTl" 'lplll'ilrs1.0hI'oritfllllflietin g 1Ii1!.lIr!'.This is l" lssiloly,1tH'I"S"vpr,dfador s,viii,dfl'cI ofdilff'l"l'lltI,y p (~ofpcnnceuu.tcrs,lIy- ,lr11ll1;"IJ,ulfli"lll,s,soi l('flrl 'pn-pnrutinumdliluls audrurw{'nll'illioll of tlll' orgmlk liquills stllll il'd . This,<;llI<lyWill' uw!"rl,akl'llwithII)/'follo will p;ohjt:l :tivos:

r_Todf'1I'rlllinf'llll'dlilllW'Sillhydra ulicfOndllrti vi1.yofSd(·tl.f'ddilyminerals whenpnllwat,,'dwitforgilllif IIllid s_

1,'IiIslilfly1.11" alt"I'lItio!ls ill IIIl'microfuln-icof dilys11111'toexposure10 orp;illikIlui,b.

;1.'IiIliSt' l.1l1'SI'measurement s 1111(1 vahu-soh t ililll'dfrom litt-rature, suehas.

flif'!f'd ri, ' runstuut.nndvis("osit)'-dl'lIsi1.y dlll,aurtheorganif'fluids,t.o ex- pla in1111'uhS('f \"('\Idilf"rt' lln 'sinpprlTlcilhililyandmicrostruct ureordays

,I.'IiI sllllly1111'e'orrclanenln-two-nindexproperty tes ts andI,he changesin tIll'hy,lral11i,·f'ond ul'1i\'ityilll(ll l1inos1ructllrt'ofthe clays.

fl,'Ii>IISf't.ln-l"l'SlI h ll Oh tl1i ll cdinthisstudylopresenta cotnprchcusivepidHrf' ofrl'ly-or !,:'lILic luternrtiousfor hazardous

wasu-

disposalnp plicatiou s.

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1.3 Organization of t he T hesis

TIlt' lfl<'si:! l'<'lIs isl s uf;,.-Il1lp'Pt ".aud;'I'I"·lt,li...'S.111,-n>Hl" llls{If\\"l l i..h;llt'<IS f<>llo\\'s:

•Cha pINI-Introduction: Stall'lIlt'lllofIIwI'ruhl'-I'l. TIlt' s""I"-iltlOl ob j ect ivesof1.111'fI'S('i1lTharl'1ll'l 'Sl'lI lt ', 1.

•Cha ptm~-A Re viewof Lit.erat.ur-eUtih,\'Ilrillilirn'lIIltwli\'il.\'illl'lmi rrost.r uet urcanalysis.dll.l',I'II('llli l'al,'OIll!,,11ihility~l l1 , li , ·s .;111,1sl;,l,-,,[tl«- art\.,'sl illgll]('l,ho !lo] Op;;l'S.

•Chaptera -Iksrripl.;llll oftill'Mnter-ln lsnndMethods('llll'l"y"c1illIII<' :;1.udy.

•Chapl,'!-\-Present a tionandDis cussionof Ill'sul ti'l"l.ll1ill1',1ill 1lib t~X,,('dll\l'lll.i\1slu,ly.

•Chapl er.'j.SummaryandConclusio ns(Iftill'study.

Figure1.1 is a sHl11ll1<ITY of1.111'It'1ll.srlll'lI1l' [ullnwo·dilltliis s!wly.

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I

^{Sa mplr-s}^or^{Cla y}

~1\Il

^..^ri\b⁾ j

{'h..rMt"rizilli<lnTl'sl s ~lodilil',lTr ' I'

I.C" II, iSI" w:yl.im its

_ .

I'mtid ,'Sill' :\ I\i1I.\·S('s I.~lmli !1e rl l.ifl1l i dLimitTosts

~!", fifi ,'dS!Jrilikill!"Limit [, "1<

:1.Sp,~iti<"(:ra\'iIY :1.SeditucruaucnAualysis

I.Slall,I,utlProcterTest

" ~lirwri\loAY :X RayI>ilTra n i" n

u(' h"lIli,'"lT,'sIS:pll.nT

I

l'ermeantLiq uids

I

Permeabi lityTest ingill,r ! Purr-Il('a~{'nt.(;r "tlcOrganics

I

Rigid WallPe rmea rnete r

H~lil"ro~tru(turr.:\na'YSis l

SE~I~lic rogr a p h s

I ct""""",,,,,,,,. r

Samples

, I

I.Evaluation clf'oeffick-ntof Pt'rIlwil bilily :1.CompositionalandPhysic AlI!t'ra l ion ~h i ps

Figorr1.1:Test SchemeFo llowe dinthe Study

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Chapter 2 Literature R eview

TIll'puq '<lS('llfthis1"1'''1'1''1"is torr-vu-wlilt, li l"ri, lllr('I "'l'l i lll' ll lI" Il,i si"I"'-S rigarion. Th"dl<lplt'r is ,lividl'd into1'''11 1" s(-"t i" ns, TIll'lirst",-,'Iinnp,il"'",II, over viewofl,iIZill"c!OIlS\\'/lsll'disl'(Jsioi illlil1ldri1ls.Ad,I"sili,'al jnll"I"11;,1.;11,1"11"

was l(~siln:onli fll!,10IIll'natun-ofIIll' Wil Sl,'!lHi,1"isI'n'wII1'<'1.Th,-s("'I"1I1w.

rionclisl:llss('Sall'·II,:;1.I'lhetyplrulst.rnrtnn-;ln d minl'r..llJ/!,in d1"'HllI·lt i,·,."I"Ihr"f' dasst'"orcluysrhnt.wr'n'nsedinthis study.S" lIw "fti ll'majorfindillp,s

"r

I'i,sl

so iIperuu-a bilityilf(~(lisrll.~s(~dillI,ll!'1.hi!',1s,'(:1

j,,".

1';lf.-,'I"ufVMill!l.,.pill';HlWIt'I'S 011hydrauliceenduet.ivityIlH',ISn rl :l1WlI1 sisIIII'SIII,,il"1 or,lis'-llssi"l1illIIll'r"llrlll section.Therd pV1l1l("('ofslid !st urlh-s to1110'!lfl'SI'utiIIVl~tip'i1I,i" lIisdiM'uss".1ill the(:Ollfseof11\1:sf~di(JIIS,wllf'rl'i1l' plil:abll"

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2.1 H azard ou s Waste Di sposal in La n dfills: A n Over v iew

Ik.~i ~1Iorrontauuueutslnwlurl'sfor lIaz;;rdulis wast e-dis pnsilllias, oflilil'.ht,t~lI llwIlbj"("lof111'1l"11iIU':111i ulIInun{'llv iron l f](' ul illI'ligilll'(·rs.[ll en'asi l lg1(~l'l'lsuf

li,illll ll' 1l1srnu-turc,rn'II IlI't1t1yrvfr-rrcdtoilS11fl'si,hll'landfill. AltPrll al('kch·

nitl'WSill1,<I,w n hllislI'iIS (('1I 1i l llilll; ('m"t1l.l lilVI'prog res s f'dfurther. hUI2li\i(;ortIl(' totill velII III( 'gt 'IW I"i,!I'dis sl,i11rtlilllilgl'dbyliwd(lis pos illinw,l.~k("oJlI<lirmWIlI

p];wls,illt"illl'f<ll"rush,Iouudry\\'i1s1 (:~audtoxkandhazardousmaterials(Fe1.l"f I!J!l:I ).

1't't"l"Stl!l(Il/I·n)rr-purtr-rlth.,l.in1!IS:!,tlwn~were 12.lml1I\1I11lilbillt.he- UnitedSli llPS.inf111diul!;2:l!J,'i opendumps,uudun unknownnum b er oralliin- t!lIl1l'd"lllllfilis. F1liluTl'oflandlillsIllaynr-curdiu-toavilridyor rallSt'Ssuc h OlSillljll'tllll'ropernt ingllIdh otls, defective le-achatecollection system s. improper l"u llsnlit(a1,iUlI,pUlHllingoutorleacha te andcorros ion ordrumscont ainingliquid

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W,lSt{'S.TI1l'U.S.Ellvironlllt'111,dI'm 1t" '!iull:\~"llr.I·'s(l7S EI'A )mluinmmlec'll nolog inl lroquir eun-utsforhazardouswastcLmdlille1,'sigll,,11,1coustrncuon1\"'1'"

inlrm lllc:t'c!by 11\1'COllgfl'ssintho1~).s,II];l%ilrcltllls.111,1Soli,l\Vaslc',.\ lw'wI1lIl'1I1s (IlS WA), [nIIS\v :\ sortiou:llJO,I(o)(I)(,\) .EPAn'clu; n' clallta-w)'Ill ,llilbwd surfarr- inrpouudnn-uts10ha n 'doubleline-rs;111,1 1"''' '11;,1"f(111,','li tlll'11 1,1...·111<'1·,11

a barr ierbctwcc uwast,~mat erialsandth"hy,lroJ.\,'\,luJ.\;'·"IIVil'tllIIlIl'ulh.\·lilllilill~

S('ep ag" [r0111 1Ill' fac'ilitya11l1IIIpn)\'i,!c' support I'mU\'Nl.vill l!,c'u tllpt11l t'lils

"r

tlu- facil ity. EPAhaspropo s",l.1minimumhpl r;l1lli<- fUlI,lu rlil, ity ofIlo:In'7nil/ s for1I1f'hottomlim-rlI1atc~ri al l1~,'<1illhlllllli!1,I"sil!,l1uudr-uustrurt.iuu.

SolectlouofOJlillNlIwll' rinl tllIIlt-nnlit'n'lll[,ar lt ',1It>:.11t'rt'lillin'tipr-ruu- abilityinvolve'!!as,' ric'S

or

la boratory Les txoftill'c·np,illl'tTillJ.\ I,mlll'r li,'s of 1111' Illiltt' rials.IIIuddit.iont,1l1I11'I'1iligp,'n'll';ll,ility n-quirr-un-nf.s,1.Ilt,lirr<'rlilill,'ria l I1Il1stIll' comp atiblewith1.1",wast" l.Il1Ilit wo uldI",('XI" 't'!", 1I,lln'nlilill,lu- ,:aIlSI',c!,!!wflflillg Oilthenatureandrc·m:tiv ity ofLln-!C·;(t')lirt.e-. Ilirf"I'I'1I1plry ~i nd alit!chemicalrl'act.iollsoccur'.Tllf'sen'ac:l.ioliSmiry ,'orrrs,'dlill1g;,'Sill1.11<'prop ertiesofthoHiler mater!..lswhichmayllltimilll'1 ya(r,'\:1till'pel"fUrillil lWC'uflilt, line r.111 order 10 safdycontuiuIrazan lulis\\'ilsl,~illiIIirrr< llill,kllow l,'t[~"tlf1.1", physir-al andrheuiiealpr<Jl" !sS"Silll',,! ....'tiIH IlS1I.,'"U.,ill"'1.

1\re view of literaturelndicat.oslhal. awid,'"arid)'

o r

urgill1il:dlf'llIi':ills IlilV"

(33)

J,'~mlawHilll'<!ill UwfI;I.~LTllf-'m ls,ll()wf~v'~r, JjIlJI~available informm.ion concern- ill~tlJI'imparl orfJf~an;,;Iluids,whichform amajo fcOfl~l.itJll~lltor til/' leachate, UIJtlJ('pmp('f1.if'~ortil" litterlI1atf~fial. Also,thedrcctofmanychemicalsand dll'miclL!mixluresuudaysoilsis Hot wollumlcrstcod.Some lnfonnationruuyhe ub t ;.ill,:, l fromareview

fir

tlwfeM ~archt.hatliasbeenca rr ied out andIlllali t al,ivt, Sl.il1."Hlf'llhGUl],,~111MI,'n'~artlill~1111'b/:h1lvio llrorcert.ainday s illthepresence of dilli' n 'lllI'Yl't~f.)rfluids.

2.1.1 Class ificationof Hazardous Wastes

TIlf'rt ,M/'s" vf'rll1widely11Cr'~fll<'df:lilssificill iollSor hazardollsWilSt.t'Snccordlng 10 dilr,·n'lIt.SOlllTlOj;Ill"charnctcristics ortht'wastes asfollows:

• NillllTt'o fUlt,sonrresurhasspeeificoruon-spccilic

• ClliIf'1Clt-'ris1. inlortIll' waste suchilSrnrroaivlty,igllit ilbilil,r ,toxicity, rear-

• Hierarchysuch as formOfphasedistnbuticu,organicOfinorganic,chemical dass(solvelltsorheavymetals,treatab ility)

• \Vast.!' nmnagemeru mdhodssuchasOIl-sitewasteoroW-sitewaste.

10

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Figure2.1:Haza rdous Waste C!assifiCill.ioll(i\rll~rSharkdfllnl,UI!)4 j

II

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I'I'r lmflS,01)(' flf11mmostconimnn methodsofclassiflcarlon isIIIat gi venby Shiu:kdfur .1(I!J!JI1 ).asshnwnillFigure2.1.ac:c:ordingto tile natureortlu- waste Iluids.

2.2 Propertie s of Cl ays

inall'l lilS11I)'l'l'sofpl il 1f '.~andhavingall dft,t'l h 'f'diameterof<(),002 111m"

'I'hissmalld ft' f:l.i \'Pdi'1l11l'1l'rSf'I'l'r<'iyre st ril·ts~l'oll n dwat eradvection and liurlts illl w- agAw gilll 'ront-uniueuttrausport to111osl,l,\'l1Iolt'I:lllardiffusion . thus mak- ill~days I'lfl'f1ivl 'linermaterials.Clayminerals are hydrousphyliosilicatcs- larAc'lyofaluminium,magueslumand iron.that,011he atin g,lose adsorbed and

"o llsl,il lll iwwateruudyieldrefra cto ry material ai, hightemperatures.Llaymill- ,' rllls umy1)(' rcl1l);hly<'illq;ori~':I'dintofo urgroups according to t.bf:basill dis ta 1lcl' of 1111'unit n,ll,nlll1Jlllsil.iol1ofthr-sllI'dsandtill'kindofbonding l.liatforms Ift'[WI'<'11unit1;lyf'rs.'l'ln-segr oups mekaolinite.illit e,slliedih~ ,andc'iloritc. The propt' rti,'sof Dillyt.hosc·ela....minerals that. wereused ill Urisstudyarereviewed il1th issl'r !inl1.

12

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2.2 .1 Kaoliniteminerals

Kaolinit eis.. 1:1li'I)"l'rnOIl-"xp,uula hlt'1'1.1."ha"inJ:,i'IlowI"Oll i" nt'x,·hall~",...

pa.eit)',lo wsl'K'f'ilicsurr,,("I',m'.. anda "l'r ;,:IllW1''''''lIli,,1 rurshrink :<\\',,11.TIll' structu roorkaolin ite,hits h''' '11"I Il,lit...1in,I"I;lilII:\"""\"'ral iuv ....liJ!;..I"rs(Brim l k:)'nnd Huhi l1:«:m I!I,W;Bail",\!)(i:nitll,li" ,,1'\>1\'11,..-I...IIl..li.·.. Il)·ill Fip.lIn·:!.:!.

The: structure is{:(JlIlpOSl' C!or a sill,;II' silin .!l·l rillll·,Ir;.llilwt'l,utliiIsill,c,I,· "Ill mine(Gihhs itc)odallc"lralslll"'1('o mh illc'clinII IIl1il :<oIhalIIll'lipsuftill'sili,' H tctruhcdr ulilll done or1,11e'(lfllllll'llm i "llt'd,fcnuJInlllllllOillayer. IIIth ..laY"1 common tothe ortuhedral,lIllltet.ruhr-drnl~rnllps,l.wu·l hirlls"ftill'Ht"'II"011'"

sha redhyllll~i'lilin lllandaluminiuru.TIll! 1II1l1l'ntlii'llridillicTIlt'la,n'rsIII"

dlrcct km({ lri llll!.lf~).'t'hol:harp;I'lIwit hi n t111' str 'II'lural'lIIil;l rt·l lil l"IIU..I.'1'1...

slruclu ra lrorrnulail<(OIlI..Hi,t11,()1U",,,11I1" t111"1Ir1·tin,I,'uIIIIMll'il illll.·Jlq,r,'lt. 1 ill uxhlcsisSiO z -,lfi.;)-l%.Alz(}l-:m..'i'X,.1l1 ()- 1:I.!lli'X,

hyJ ro,e;ell hOlldillgIM~lwf"!1I 1111~ldra lll..lmli",,1'lof:hlll"firal:<llIds uf11IIj;,...·ul unitcells.ThesehUlIdi'lMe~lr(JlI~1!f1oup,htoIlrl'l:11l.11~1111-illl rud lwl iull ..

r

wah"

hctweeutheunit cells,111 11"prl ~l'e ll t.i l l ganillh'r1nyc'rNwdlilll;,TIll'~1, ;If 'k,' dnysl,1I1 struct ureof kaolluiter"sllll,sillHbllll:ky formfill'l.Ili ~dilymill.-ndmillI'1;'I'W'I'Iii;".' andlowersurfaceto volumerill iothan 1I11lt'rdayliIir ",nd~.Tll b lewNllrrllf:I'"lI'it,

(37)

efJIlll.jll" ,1wlthtI",rd'lli\'dy smallIll'ga t i\'c surra,:,:dlilr~{!,n'sll!l s illkaolinite I",illgtill'I"ilsl,,1,,1:1rodl" llIi<:all,\'ileliveallliI(,ilslplust ic daylIlirll:ral (G old mall d ill.I!J~J{J }, U" SSI<II.JKerr (J!J:JI) alla ly1..:dmall)' samplesofkaoliniteminerals IIlIdfl>llr:!IllIl',1 lIral lal.li n :sule.tituf.ionwasmiuunal. "l'hr-varlat.lon11I'1\\'t~t '1i Illt'lIlll1:rsofthekilOlillilt:p;rulll' isdueto1I1l'dilfer l' lw l'ill till'stacking ofSIII'!'1 unit.Iilyt' rsune- ,,1)(l\'('I,lwotherMillilltilt'positioll ofl.llt'aluminiumillolll S ill IltI' lldilllt'tln ,llayer.l\ iloli ni ll · 1liIS il higlll'1'unlou"XcllilUgl' capacitytlummost t:1ily miur-rals. This 11M)'Ill' dtn- 10t.hoIHI~sl'nrl'ofrcplareab!r-hydroxylions011 UlI'uu lsi tll' o rstr lld u r,r1sh t'd s,

<:m rrpM" tlwith0111<'1'clay miuernls ,kaclinltr-husitlowernlliniryfur waterand a10\1'1'1'disp('rsi l'ityauddu('.~1I0 [ ilc1li.'I'('itlo w l'.'rr 11l'ilbility UPOIIcomparfion.

'l'lu-pt'fll ll'ilbi lil,yl1lily Ill'2Iionk-rs of ltlilKllil llllr-hig llf' l'thnntha tof Sllll'dilk t'la.l's,111<1ahuutI:llIrt1ersoflIlilg nit.lllll' higherUla nlhilt or illiticdays . Sinn:i1 ist'lel'trodll'l1Iil' illl yinarf.iv e.ils behaviour maybe less ilrfecl l'dbychemicals th an ul,ll<'rrlaymhu-rals.Thus,IIkaoli nit icrlaylinerlilli,\'ha veahigherpermeability thiHlliu l'l'sl'Ol11llosl' dufut.lu-r days .Im l 1lrepermea b ility of 11kaollnificclayliner Ill.l)'nothe-itS sf'lIs il i\'I'1.0dli1 l1~I'Sill1IIoist ure1:(1I1tl' l11.or chemical attack,

II

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I\ilu lilli, .. IlIi1"

Sj lir~Sh....'

SiJir~Sh....'

SU.,.,-t il·'t),I'Il'l m<>rill,,"il ,·j

Figure2.2;Schematicof Cia)'\firwral Structun-(afl, orMildl<'l1.1~J7fi )

).'i

(39)

2.2.2 Illitemine ra ls

Tlw~,'art-Iidilll~dasmil:H-lik ('daylIIi lll~~;lI~11I~,:;l1l~'~ortheirst r uctIIn II similarity I."11),.l fl Jll~lIIinl~_ A sehematkdiag rum orr.lm structureorillite is shownin FiAllrt'l.l.JIli1<'Silfl'"ullljJu~,'dofl1Iif:iI·likt· llirr't,-1;tYI·rsher-ts with 1111oc:1allf'dral

«:iJ,l,sil,')~lwdlwllV" " 11 two silinl tetruhodrnlslwds(2:1stmdurc). Thcsr- Iilyt'r~mnyIJ<'boundlop;d ht~l'hyfixedor,:xehllllp;!~ahl(:cations (pctnssium fur illitl:).'1'111'Sfll't:ilkmjnern]spt"'il~~inthisgroupare detcnuiued by dillcrenrusill ,wl,HI1l',II',,1~h"l' I,,:olllpn~il.i()11and1,lll' tyP('ofintcrluycrrations.Two ll1illera lsill thi.~groupUlill.m-cur(·ulIllll tllll.\'illsoils an- illill' audvernuculite.Grim(UJ(i8) Slll!;.W'sll'lllh'it,1.11<'illit{'d aymineralsllilrl:r From wcll-ctystnllizcdmicas illseveral WIlY~illdudillp;I{'s.~.'rsllloslit lltiollorA{ 1+fur

sr- ,

ruudomncssin the atncking oflayl 'l',s ill the r:direction,siz.' ofilli t.~partidesde, TII{'structuralform ula is(()If),,K·1(.'''ili, AI~)AI.,o211aml 1Ill'tlll'ord in d<:IllllPUsil io ll isK2()- 11.81;("

Hi()~-,I!i,:t%,AI~():1-:\8..''i1Y.1,!II'!/f20-·lJi %,

111II'n lls orpru PN t i!'1Iimpurt.an!to daylinerpcrfonnancc,illiteliesIwl \\'I'.:n till'kauliuiuandlillwditt:da ymluorals.Its1101l111benoted thataltho ug hexton- sivp isulli UTpllll1lssubstit.ut.ionsrenderal i dnogativcchargeOilth e day1I1lrfil(:,~, tllf'1;":1'11potnssium ionsinlllltehillilllf:l't,IIe'rh'1fg{'sandstrongly handtil{'adja- n'n t l'l w t'lstoW'll lf'r,Al'it1"I'l'1I11,illiu-has intermediatevaluesfor~wd1ingindex, ,\(' l,ivit y,cationl'xr h.l11gi' rnpacifyandalsoreactiontochcmirnlswhencompa red

J6

(40)

tok~ olini t('and~11l1,..tite. TIlt'potassiumiU1\~('If''flil'l' ly1'1"l'1"' I1[ tlu-l1l11'IT a l;1 t.iou ofwater.nrg,lllil'liquids .lUllotlu-r1';11i"l1~(lkl'f1'1ill.OHHi).,\dStlfl'lilllli~

largelyronfhu-d(0tln-I'XIN IWllll1il~nrran'lilYI'f~(AII,I"fSUIi,'I;11.In:'I).

2.2.3 Smectitemine ral s

Smecritoisrnlllpo~l'd

or

unitstnaokup

or

silir'l~11l~·lslI'i\.1I;1n'1I11';dorl;ll", (Ifill((Jibhsil.ll)slwd1I~SIIlII\'I1Sr ll('111l11.il"ll1yillFignn-2.:!,'1'111'sl1l1'd ill·mill orals mayhe dividedintoIWO~fOIl I'S,11i1.~I', 1OilI,hl'rOllllHlsiti"1I..1'1110'lld.dll' rltal shed.TIll'montmorillouitesIlavl"1 dind i1lll'drnl,'1111 lllillilllll·ll;ls,'dud allO' dralslux-t,lindt,llesapouut-s !L;l\·l',1(riodillll'dfil l11l<1~lll"silllll.loi1sl",1<".("h"llt,,1 shed.Oilly1lI1l111 111<lrilionit,(,.whichisrouuuonlyf"(ludin soi ls,isdis" IISS1·,1in thissera.lou.TIll! theoretical Icrmulnwill lol1l,nl11sirll'ri ll~lattin 'SI II'sli1.11 li'lI1 ~ is{OllhSiHIt/,,0 1(J,1I 1110^alllltlll!¹¹¹⁽^,(J^{rd.if al}^rot1l]J(J^{sit.iu lI}^Wi!.llu llI I III'il1t,'ri<l.y,·r l1Iatl~rialis,c,'W1 -(i7%,11110:1-1H%¹¹¹¹¹¹111()-;1%(Crim1!lliX).

layersc<UIHin gIll/'lil l,tin!Inexpand intlu-t;diro'(:!ioll.T!I'~"axis,lirJl"IlSill ll ofemect.ite, is, therefore,11"1.lixed.TheIJllllclil\p;l",t w"'·111.11l'~l lf'dsiswl'lIk,

17

(41)

G1lliWilyfllrvchunr-I:liallgr:s,TIll' ililerlayl!rSIJilc:illgmayvaryfrmn!J.riA(IA= (l.l/IJto ,:ollq lld .r!S!'l'ilril lill!l,,111<[t.lrisre's"l',sill till' hir,hswelling ls-havionr and highuetlvlt y ofl,lll '~"dill'miur-rnls.~rlll'l:lill'sllilVf·I;,rgl'I'illionI'Xdlilllgl'CllPllci1.y dlH' toillid'wW'f iv,!dlllrl;" ilrisillJ;[rom i";orrmrl'lioussubsli1.ut iolls. Dill' totho 1M!!," 1I1'!!,lltivl'dlilfW',sml·,:1.i1.'~srnu n'llflilyadsorb polarmul posi1.ivdycharged orgaTlicsp,·,:il·.~OiliJll.l~r1'L}'/~rsurfaH'S, Exdlilllgt'ilhll'('alioll~occur betweenthe- sili/"ilj,(' luyers ,ITIII 111"r;,xistlhm-nsiou also varies with tIl<'si:w andgeol11\'lryof orp;,ll1il''1IUI(,I'ull'S(I'ill,mayIll'adsorbed.'[,hl'I'Xl'ilIlSilll1propertiesun-reversible.

11011'('\'('1', 11'1]('11 tIll'stn wl.ufl'is l'om pldd}'('0l1il)lSI~1Ill'the removalofall 1111' illl('r1 al'l'rpolar lrml''<:llh-s,r",,'xililllsioll1,,'('oIlWsvl,ry dilfit1l1L

Snll'c:li l l'sswellfl'a dilyillwnterd1lt~IIIhydrationofillll'rlay(~teuuonsand nelsurpt.iou of IImhipll'waterlil.l"f'r~on inll'T'layl'l"surfan's. ,\ lar gedegn'(~of sll ri tlka~,',',111III'I' xp ,'d ('dwlu'l1illt..,.lily,'rwnteris (1i.'1pllu'l,,1byorgnuic fluids IH'fOl Il S" (l fl.lU' fff'I ' ~ \w·l1 ll f s l ll l 'cl i tf'iliwater.It.iSl'SI )('{:i ;I I1Y~( 'IlSi l, i\'el.()al1 f' r;lt i(l11 bydWllli' ·'11 att.ack. Also. lIw typeofrut.ion orl'upying the interlayer spares

~11"01I~1.\'iu[hU'lI<" l'S11ll'behaviourofsmectite. The Hlc).~1.commonlyO\:Cllrillg inll'r!'l,1"l'r(',11iOllsart-smliU1l1andrnk-hun. Limited s\\'dlinghas(wellobserved with cah-iutnasthe- inu-rlayercnfion,1V11l'f(',1~.wlu-nsodiumis lllPinl'lrl al'cr l"il( i..". lIlPfI 'is high sl\"{'lliug.SOIl1l'Iif1\l'S.lhee1,lYoxpanda tola.Sl imesitsfnll

(42)

Grim (1!16S)~\lU""'h..llhillillw rl.l.w r s\,;u'illJ!;ill1I1l11'l'I;l i,'day"ill.-r,·.' ''' ''';11' did edrk ccnsteutamidipck- 111,'111,'111,,£1111';lCb'ur("..lllllidilLt·ft·n",·. Sill...•wnn-r ha...ahighdiT'I('("lril't"OllllI'llIl, Illu"lJlularur~,,"i"l1,lisl'la" i ll~water\\",,111,1I"ml ,,,

"illi st!~hril1k."lp;",lilT'1011...·Tt·;, ,,,·ill inl''f!iI.\1'r "l'ad nK.If,I...1,,1.,1\,,,1,11111"u'IIlolillS

ronsra ur{no,:ullsuli,laliull).lh,·SI,rill"'I!!,"uf1';lrlid,...1";1l1st";111inn'·.I...·in II...

porevolumea\'aila hl,' furlilt'1It11-,'uf tlu-urp;;llIi,'li'l ui,1iIll,l may1111IS1"iI,11"

allincrease illp"TlIl,·"llilil,y.A,,,II'n<tml'I nl.(I!I~I)1"1111,'111,10..11h.,tiHl"r1il~','r shrinkage,"\'(,11just illullP;Inr~,'pm"willis."0111,1(';111""01:o;i~nifinlU lilln " ilsl' ill the p.'rnwahi1i1.yof/Irluyliner.

2.3 Clay - Che mi ca l Intera c t ions a ud Soil Pe r- me ability

Clayill1111'1II(J!;1ill1lM.rlllul C-UI1lIM IlI,' ul of suillill"f'IIn'"u'".·1110"d;lyfro,di" ll..r thesoile-naurr-alowIly.lntl,li,.ollllllll"tivil y.lIolY'·w,,-.ro....·;u. !wrI"' \·.·fUll n , 1 111OI1 claylinerstypic-ally"SI',Iilll;lIIdlill"lI1ilyhI:vulm·rilhl.·Iu II "If,..-,uf...·Il..ill chemicalswhich n'1IIlItJllify1:IIIIIJl11I:1I..1day1I0il"of low Iwnllt' i1('i1iLyn'II< I"ri ll~

them highly]lC'rll1l·IlMI '. (1olcll ll;, 111'1ill. {lmUll"' II!J.\,'St1.11'11dlil"/',"~ill1111 ' p,~r1Jll'ahili lyofday"lli l.~(I II'~1"rlll'mi"HIillt"l'itdi,,"~may1",,,"11, frOIU

'"

(43)

• AI1I'ral,julI~insoil fahrit: rllll:10 dll'miGJI influoncos011 thodiffusedouble

• llissollll ilHlof soj]f :u lIslillwJlt shy strong,Il;ifls(IT bases.

• 1'1'f'(:ipil il1.ioJlofsolidsin suilPlJl'I~,

•SuiIpun: hlrll'kaW:due tutill'growthofIllicroorgilllisrlls .

AnydIiUlW'illllll' water cont entofItdaymim-ralislikelytoGl ll Sl'rhangl'sin lltl'hydraulicrondur-t.ivityofthe materia l.'I'hismil,\'1)(' fhl/'tnIIll'displacl'l11Clll.

I'XLl",ldio li orTl~pl nn'IJJt:ll1.ofwaterfrom 1,111: iutcrlayerSP,ICI'Sbyorgankfluids. A

overnll III'rn ll'a h ili1.yof day.

<:.'illilldal.(1!J7(i )evaluated thepo Le ntia!ofdaymineralsforatl.l~nllat i l1g Ihl' VilriollSdll' llIiralnll1sl.i llWlll,~oflnndfillk-ac hatchyplissinglcachau-throug h l'l!to ral.uryrolumns l'olll..,illinp;mixturesofrnlciumsaturateddaysand washed qllarl,~sa n d. TIlt'.\'eoncludcd thataf.tcuuatiou wasafunction oftill'C<l1.ioll Exd lllll,:!;l'Cnp,lrily (CEC)ofI,ll(' claymineral,tilt'initia lexchangeableca t ions 0111111'day,1-Ill'l:helll inl !rompoaiti on oftill!ll:.u:ha l.eand l!lepllof t.heleneh a t c.

l'll ~l' h(1!)8~) iH\'t'S I,i~illl'(lll\('IISI! of sodiumhr-ntoniteaslhe.tclivecomponent oft'lI!!:illl't'l"t't1harrit'rsfor disposalol rndionct ive wasteslrom nnclearreacto rs.Ill'

20

(44)

sclf-hcaliug abilirythroughl<wdliu!l:_'l'hl'M'lll'lllll'rl il'~nn-;.llri llllll'l !III111i ll" l';11 water iutcractionstlmtyid d a nue-rostnu-furul pilll'-l'1Iwith\"\'[.\'lI;IITU\\'pa~~a~t's and a1011'average mobilitvofinl"Tparl lch- waterI1Itlll"' ul,'~ilthi~IIhulk.1"lI ~ i1i,'S,

t\ number ofst, ll d il'~han ' t's1;lhl;sllt'dtilt'impurtnm-r-

or

soill' o n-1I11i,ldl'r lr;

fillcha rncn-ristksill ddl'r1llill;lIP;tlu-l, rt ~i l ll't' ri ll V;Ilropl'rti.,sofli l1 l ·- I!.l'; l i 1H ~ lStlib.

Dlcloctricronstuutof11)('IluidS.~-lII S10pl'l)',111i1ll1'0r1illitwh'in"<tllsilll!.dlillll!.l'S

tlwthickue ssorthedonbll~lilyt'r; ~givl' lIhyp'IiI.-11t'11nll (i):

I [IUIJIJ'J']11'1

Ii ""

1110f,1/,l

whl're

1/is11wIhifklll-S.~

or

thediffus,- dUllhl,-1<1)"'-1

10ist.lrepcnnitf.ivityof vacumn {KS!i'12xIWI'l(:l.)--1IIt·I) /) isthedidl~d.rkrcnstuutoftln-nu-dium

Tis1.ln-It'lJllwril1.Url,[OK]

v is tilt'nitinn\'i11t~11ro

21

(:!,I)

(45)

""i~ r<"lilljoll~lrjl',I,,,,,...Ilr...t,\\-Iwil"I III-ffar:' u fs "f" 1I"',ll'ollsl"rrl.II,,~.1011"1,' '"p'flili,-klJl~~,·..fi....in\"'r~d)'withtIll' ,...I'·lw"allli~C/Il'u,'ruol ofr-om-cutr.. rlon ifllli ,lin ·...I)·will.1Ill'~lfl"ff'runt uf tllf' ,lil'lc....lr ic· ,-o Hstlllll and I'·IliIK·,."llItI· _

h·rn.' Il,I""allliQ"i"I,')'(J!IS-ij.."nd",I,·_nnII...JJO\~i~"fII ...(:011)'-(, 11"1'1110111 11..~,r~·i, /I, lulin."' lrud nr .·.. llill)·si1<~l1J,l i."S.lliill[uril"i\""11vuidrano.high1"'''- 1ll";lhili lyv..hu"Sitn'.lin-rtI)'n·I;lh'flI"lo\\' di.·I''f' ltkf'UIISliCUl sorIIll'IMIT{'Iluhl.

II'i Wli ll ll,Iu rill glIIi xillg.;l1u lIonmuionofllo l'(:s01"Ill'dswitIihllgl~llHllTll l,o n 'sill

1" '111"~'1111ll' 1J1.r>i"II~'l rireon-runt illlflfUlI<lIIf"lil·il.\·n'sp fllll<l'II'C'f{' fUll11l110I,,·

il illu r'lw"r lillifsig llili'·.llll\\'il.l"by<'I"r trJJ{'and;t ll lUUI II ,wntcr("{JIIII' nl .jlilrl i<'!I' uri"lIl a l iunit1<\\",/1il._,·I,,,·l ru l)·I'· Iy!""ilmuun lillldnmn·nlraliull.

CIa)'Jim'rI't'r llit·..I,ilitic'!fM,'ty pinllly.11·1f·tll1illl'flll~iIlArc'!Ali\'dypurl'wah' r if!'>IIll'1.·....lIi,II·.IIInllllrtl~I,tlll·ilrlllilllc·iH·hilll "!OIl,I·llf·tiIlf,,1illilltl us l ri..llouullill!'>

arr- r"m" li};,·I.'·I..1M'I'itl"' f hiAh ly "Uulillllillillt'flwain ur.1 mixtureorOfll;allir illlilillu rgilllirli'llli<lsn·I.·...J1..1"thr-,li1<I'{JS("(1"'It!'h'('\ll. Il'l"ion I!IH2)_\VI(('n' will" risII...lK'rn"·itlll .M'\"'r;,1r".-lor~ 11 ,, \·c·I " 'l~"i,lc'lIl ifil'llt" tlt~trllllp;l)'afTc....1 tlu-IH'rl!ll'ithilit yofdlly-rkh1<uikE:rilin_siz~.

r..

bricorarrang ement orpanicles, r]..~ft'l,,,r1<<ltUl"illiUII. \'o irlnuio,,·lr'f·lrolyll 'l :on Cl'lllrati "II,eomposit.iouandnature ofi"l~ll1"h''l1"'lti llll1<undoxtr-r ual Im'S1< \ln '(:\Iitd wllHli fi).

12

(46)

ingwaterrcntr-nt,dq ; I"t" ,ofsillur a lion .1LU'l lmdnfI'om pi"' lion."OtllpMlilT.-ir" l'l , hv.lroulicgra dient,SIZI'ofdn,l'duds,IIISInlunionofI'url'SIZ,'S,rhl"tlislf~'of 11"1"

meant[iqujd, ilg,' ofthet{'slsll1'l"illll'll.alltl"" Idritl lu (llu.I'1l1ollaIHII)illli"II\IS;I) , Also .f'OlllpllClp ddily so ilseltonhavopl'fl\wahilil yl'i1IIL" SIOWl'rt.hautn-"I"Ill/ S.

I'm l it11111)'hI"'1H""' ssa r y10 passitpon- I'Ulll l1ll'ofwnn-r11lrull,!!,h u suillll'f" n' a sla bll~lmsdilH'IH'rll l" ilhllityvalu.-is" l)!ai m'II,,\fl,'r,'sl i, l, llsllllll-\111"1" 'l'l111'il lli lil ~' has uline,thepass ilg,'orill.It'ilSt.a 1101""\'" lulllp of tll"/!;i lllit"h's tHuidmil,\'Ill'n,'!"

or111,'rm ll pilrtl',1~o i 1.

IIIIII I"'{'iISf~ofday-rid lsoilswithI1tplt~HI1<11111'11'< ilSIwrtlll'iwls,IIII'1" 1",1of

dissolvedmaterial is usnully low HII,I,lol'snot IlIilll'l"iitilydlall,!!,"!.Ill'PI'''J U'l1il~

ofthe1I11I,lfrom lh,ll ,of pun'wnter. FUl'pcruu-ntiouWill. "t'j.!,llll it' f1l1i, I1<,1.111' propcrfics oftln:purefluid s,tilt,r-hmuiru]illI,11ll11lI'rillop;I"itirumpo1<il,IOII

"r

1.111' soi l MilllIwIIlllUl'('oftill'adso rpt iollof lilt'1''' 1"1 11' '11 111.byII...so il I'ilrtid.,surr- potentiallyim]lOr1.illil Factors(Blltlllll<'11' 1.I!'~II)

l'I'!itch e llallllMadsell(I!JK7)lisLl, h,~1H"s l iHlllHrlilll1Farturs thaI.l'U1I11"l tlll' illflllmlfl 'S of orgllllk(:hf~llli':il bOildill 'hydrallrirnJlldlldi" il.y , TllI"<" illlilld.' watersolubility,,li{~l('c1. rkconstant, pola t'ilyor"it ,ortl,illli,'li1llli,1<lltd wllt,t !!!'1 tlll~dayisexposedttl1l1'~pun'flr~;uli(:oriI,IifHh~,mlilliu/I, TII"Y~'I.l!,W '~'1.)1;,1

(47)

ill allllnst0111c:a~~ ,p1lTll urAa"ir.li'lu iclsinteractadverselywitlldaysbyca llsing 1<111111'sh rillka~I'0l1l.1<:r",·killf;.withconcur rent largeincroases III hy drali lk COII- ,11I,:t ivit y.Orp,1lJlin ;illh~radwithdilYs hy inll'rrAli1lioll.adsoflltiu llcu Ilicrtic1..

slIrfOln'Sa.,,1iUII"Kd'illig"(I...p;...I)' I!JIYI). lutcrc ala tiouill\,oh ...,; thecntey ofOf- A;lIlk1III>I''':lIlc""''''I\vI'''1Isilkat!'lilyt'(1i.Ily rlrclllllObk orgalliOllllay11.1'+..1adsu rhtn tllf~day lIIirlc'fillJ>lIrran"',1\,I~)f I'LiollofOfgankcompouuds011day sllrfa<:csill ilIl"I"JlISsyslf'lIlJ>,lc'I'. 'rlll.~IHItill'al'ailahl c' I'Urfilf:I' /luc!t.111·abilityof\111'organil' IIlul'" :III,,sInllisplill'l' \.111'wun-rmoler-uh-s(~'1i l dll'"1!I7G) , At t ra ctionoflarp;(~

Ill'l-vulil:1II111r'1:IIII'sIII del)'slll'filCl!ShyViIl1der WallIsron:,'smaycoul.rihute1,0the lo!.ill;1111011111."forp;alli('sIwlll(H/lIlSsd l.CololII an dSNrll lu s/Il!J87 ),

Fc'mall/Ie!;..011111Qllip;lc'y(Will'!)sll(J\\'I'.lt llatwat er soluh leorganiclillUids1Il1ly 11r1l11l;atic'al1y illl'rC'ils('till' hydraulirrtlilclurlivil)'ofwatersaturate dclayeysoils.

tlu",,lc'Sl ruyinJi: 1I1l'irc·rrC'f:ll ve'n~l'iSl><l rri,'"" fornllltl'llllilll'1uls. Di ffu~'duuhl..

layr-r nmlra,'liou111nJl1l< lanlveld ratioWitSi,llllllifin:1itSitprimarynjechanisru rorSlid.hl("fl'as.~illh;)'(lraulic:conductivity.1I0wc' \"('T,theyalsofoundlhatlh~

in<"fl'al<t'tl\'isl'osilyIIfsolutio us of!IOlIIeorgallir:sillwater results in sigllificanl ,h"'TI'as,.,.inh)' llfil11liceouducri vity,I'udlllll'lal.(1991)conducted permeability lIoslslIsil1~al'Ullsulillm l\c:h'r Oil kHOlil1ih '.monlllKlrillolli \.cand a clay- ri chsflil lISill~a \·;lril'I.,\'

(lr

III"l;llnic:[Il1i,ll<amiwau-rIll<Jlf!rml~llllls, Theyproposedan ('XI1UIIl'11\.i;11cquation\.hatcan1)(' usedtopred ict till!permeability

or

soils for

"r~a lJkdll'lUit'iltsnsluglltl'mea sur edpe r meabili tyforthe soilwit.lrwater.

(48)

SeveralinVl':<liga lf)l1'(~h"l'riilu d Olstlll 1!lil:S,"hriUlIlIlI!ISI:(:[<'t... ,'1ill.

1983:Bro wnet ,11.I!ISI:{:i11il:illlaml{'1"IIl''lI''''I!I:'I:AI1.I "n;(,n '" OIl.I!l:' !".:

Uppot and Stcplu-use n!!)S!I}hevcrc1 KK"lt'tl JIll ;:"To·a,..·inth..1,,·rtIl1'ill,ilily or dayridlsoil!.wln-u",llumh' c1wit hpur.'r"I\~" 1l1~Tll,I.·....~i'll'it-lIui.1it"•· ..ml'ilr.'tl tosal ut a t ion withwater,

(J1111ll1and!'itc~pllC'llsnn(I!IS!l)sl lJ(li,'tIII",,·frl't·t

fir

a ...·ti<-"dt!.;onilil1'·.lIh·tl,an"l audxyleuconlllilgn",.inll1Il\Ul llmurill.,nilc';111, 1k;,nli ui l'·.lntlu-,',Ist'"I'111<'11111111·

Tlloril1on;t.e,I,heyIoundl.haLmethanoldUllhll'111I11'I"'nlll'i,hililyiHI.l ill",ti.·,1"; . 1 tripledthepenueebility IltlC:IIIitsreucliouwitIi1111' .'arhnna !..·".lilll' rillill~<',II bondioxide.Th,,)'l"/'I'urtthat auililll',11111 :"yll'lwdllnotIIUI\'111l1,t1$!.h ,,;,llIral.'.1 mont mo nlloniu- bnt nlm'llJrnugh"a l ur"tl..1k".,lillilt·;,1,re-elun ..111,,\\, r ..Ie'S.'1'1",,\' COl1dllll('IIIi,liftl"'''I" 't"inl''1Iis!l,, L sat urat...1,lutil 'V.IH'fnlt'al.iosu,II"·II.illlmis,-i, bh·nui.bC.lll l'"r m "All'lI,ruugllthr-air\1.i.b inthe-SIH,,·illl.·t1.LI"'f<~'Yr,1·t...ratiIlA chemicalrcacuon»wil hin lilt>:-11I..-imen.

belowwh idlllrganic:dlC'mirabIIIl flulillt " rIIII'hytlr;lltl;.-"'>lllltu'livilynfn",,·

pa r-let!da y andt1lllrl~sull,.oftln- illvt"StigOltilJllsl"I\\'.:<1IIlill.Iil" k"rv.iluit'1'111'111 lcels(11'Ssthan80%loyvolumeill,HI,1f11l1"'"S suliltill ll)hnvnliu lr·d rl·,'1.uu l'lay hydra uliccUllllud ivity (Bro wlIl't, al. I~J,lj1; AI:i1 r1'1ill. I!JS:.;!l()w,].~rs,oju].

(49)

Itis,tll!'l'( ~rcm',ill lp Or1.aultoillllir:ipaU!thekiwiandquality of leachate asi t e willg<'III~l"itl,l!and~:lc'dtill !liJWfmatl'rilllilC:I:orcliu~ly.

lhlwclc'fsl'tnl.(I!IRfi)havec~\'Ollllal,(!11tlw"Sf'ofsuilindexteststo pr-edicttho poLI'Jllin!foraII:itc:!l Il1..e1.0reactwithiIdayliner.Tilt!index teslsinvestigated illl:ludl'At.l.f·rlJl'fAli",ils[I'slsaile!sc~ditrlC'lltatiuJiana lysl'S.I·...nr iu:iclic"\l'aclia h!, solu bility t.c·slsliil VC'"IsulIec'llrecommended.Suchl.(!st s prov idea»imple,Fast andl'mnomic"al lrll',llISfurI' rt ' \illlillilf ysrTI~'ll i ll ,l;ofit \l'i\(,hal,,/soilmrnlJilia t iollto dl'l,'rlllilU'ift.!u'rl,issignifi"llIIlllukll1.i lllforth,:ie'llcha t.('tcI11lrr! c tthl:pc fuwahili t y of l.lll'lilll'r.

2.4 I ntrins ic Permea bility Measurements

Thissc'dioll c1isl'IIM;('SI,hl' l'lf('{:I or variousparameterssuchas,type orperm o- IlIlldl'f,bac-kpressuresnturaticniUHIhydraulicgfadientOHhydra uJic r o n d ud ivity nn-asun-nu-nts.SOliI<'ofIhe<:ri!c'ria10hesatis~edhllfort!thefu:rulf'ah i litytest s filiiIll' II'rlllillllll 'c!<11'1'also diseusscd illsomedetail.

2fi

(50)

2.4.1 Effectof PermeamererType

Pcrtl\('alJilitycells111010known aspcrnu-auu-trrsan-IISt ...lto l'mln'lt ,·t l1l' .. flors ofwa s te-soilinteractions011tilt,h,n lrnu lir flllIdurlil'ityufsoils. A I'ari",.\'ol hydra ulicconductivityCI'lIsan~'\\"lilahlc'fur1"slil1~~oil.... S"I'pl'nl~t lllli.·shavr-

~howTlt.lut la r ge'dilrl'l"('l1n'.<;11lIH'a~\ln'd"Yllrmlli l' I'oll. hll'l;I'il.\'v•.Ill1'Sl'll""('1"111 llcp'~lId illg(Illt.lu-typt'of!Wrllle'Hllwh 'rlIs.·dill Ill<'1l'.<1('\ " lIr l'l;11.1!llI;l;F"L" 'lI1il li andDaniel198 (j),TILl'pl'rllll'ilh iiil yn'llsilia)'he'hru,ull,\'d"ssi[;.'dillll>riv;i,lWilli wlhandIIcxihl(~wallcolls .

Theml;irl \VallI'prm";L1 llt~\('r(II\VI')is1.111'sitllpl!'s\.011111most."["(Jlloltlil"itl device,lvaililh ll' fur lab1i~I;llgorI'U111piH:ll'IlrI'I.V~alllplt,s.T!le'M'l'"nllt';1I1IPh'rs rollsistof11-igidt'i1worboxI,!l"teontulus lIwsp,'rillit'liIIII",1"·l"nll',t\l"1.'1'111' permeatingliq uidllowsnlongt.l.oaxisof 11,<,\.t'stslwril1ll'lI. The'.1is,ulwlIll;'I!."s ofthe BWI'arcthatcomplete suturaticn (Ifl,h(~vuid SIIilH'SilltIll' r1"ys,ulIpll' isdifficult,I.h(:n 'isordinarilylIO IIIt'llllSoflIH'iLS tl ri lig IIll'autonntcf~liril1kal!."ur swclllugthatmiglul.akl~pl"':l'withinl,lll' so;1S;lIl1pll',;11111th"H'i~iIpOl,'"lii,l for»idewallIcak age(HllWlil-rs d ill.1!)X(ij.Alsu,IlWPmayuV"t'-I'SI,illli.!.I'I.Iw hulk hy draulic couducl.ivityvaluosWlll~II,:vl'rt1Wtl'j.~sh ri nk;ll;l~am i nackilll!.

fir

the specimendueto clny-dmmicaliutcructions.II.is,huwever,\'l 'tywi'llsllil,~1 foequahu tivo detonninutionofwhethe-rorIIUt.illlVl'rs'~iU1.C'tlidiollS"xi.~l1...t.wo-n till'claysandtheselectedclll:lI1il:"ls.Bl~!;('an:hilltli.:ll1..,sthatn~slJl1.~ft'OI/lril;id

27

(51)

wa ll r:tIlIlpadillllmoldn~l1s c;orllpiln~wd lwitl l resu ltsfromfiel dtestsOilproto- 'YI'" lilll' rssur.jpc:ll ,d tn rdativd rlow overbur denpn~ssn re'andJlc~rmealc~dwith I:Clll n~utril tf',1lJl!\lllIi,'snivelll.s [Hrcwnand Andersen IllS:I).

IIItIl<'f:' 1Sf:lIf11,~xjhlr'wallpl'rlIleallll'l l'ls (FW P), thet, ~st.specimenisconfined with]lnrnllS .lisksandt-nt]r:aps un tlll'll!pandbotto mandhyallexihlement- hrillll' 011tllI'sid.'s. tllldisl.url u:dSillll p\,:SGillhl~I'ilsilyIf'N\I~c lill\.'WI' hecaus e' miuiuraltri mmingis n:<1I1i1'C,diI\\clirreg ulursllrfiln~s1:1\nlu~"i\sily ilITo llIUlla",:d.

TI Il~dlillll"C'Sufsidc-wullh'llk'l gean-1I111('h,",'dun'd.Some-clisitclvalll ;t~esa.n: asig- Ililif'l IUl.I)'Ili ~lll'r('()sl.thanot.hurtype-sOfjll'l"llIl'lllllf'l.l' f.S,possihi li t yo f1,IIC'n,:>:;lIlp un-mtuanoImitl~,ks t l"f)Yf'ddUI:IIIdWllIinrireaction.andalsodiffusionof organ ic liquidsIhroll~hlilt: mcmbruue-.Alsn,inrlml,rilsttother-igidWilli type,F\ -\llll}'p -

indl)'t..l'II" 1,0IlJl(Il'rc'slimalc~tIll'hulkhydraulicr.onduC:1.ivil)'val l 11~s.Thi ~may

lwdill'1.0till'lalr rill("(lIIfinillgIlf''lIS III"C'whichpre'vl'nlscracks Fromope ning.

FUI'l'1l1iI1lmidl) al l;,'l (l!JtH,!!)86) , using methanolasa pcrmcantfluidiu l'ullsuli<l,llicH!("f'1\,f1c~,, ;I )ll~IVaIIanrlc:orn padio ti-lIIol,1pcrmeamctcrs,~llow(:dlhat Ill<']Il'rllll' ilhilitil':l illt.heCI)JllPilf.lioll-lllllldt!c' v ic:c's wort-Ill1lrll higlwr tha nin lhc' Il<'xi bll'wid lc!P\'k c'.TIlt'llifr('n~ll\'1~wa satwibutedtosi d(~wil ll l (,fl. kagc'nne!alower l'lr"c li,'c'stn 'ssillt.lu-«nupactiou-rucldIIC~rIlWilllll'l en. Brlll\f~IIl'dn}. (1!1l\7) sllldil'r!tln-,'If,'ctofpn llU'illlWll'r typo 011 hydraulicf.o lldudivityofit.lIi1tl\t<l1 rlar lim-rmaterial Ils illg leac hatefro man act ive:landfill. Comparat.ive rests

(52)

were conductedlI11in~nl·xih lt·I\'allpt1"II11·illlu..t'r.noml...li,I,,1toun'lIl"'rm";llll <"1'"

anrldou blering n"IlIIi,,"lioll'll1nl,!Iwnl1'·,ll1k·lI,..,.ill"Il.I',lm llli,·~r".l ic·1I1"f lllll.

AJ;ain.pC"rml'ahilil il':lilltil<'li:'u..1wallIN'rlllt'ilIlM'I"r ll 1\l'Wrl·I'" ,II ..1,,,I"· lli,:.III'f t.hauillt!Jcllt'xihlc ' .·al1'!l·,,·i,-e.llu w,·wf.B\l~' nlo ",an,1nalli.·1(I !~"',)wi,,,farrh..1 ourthehyclrilulic("CllJllllrli",it}'I\ 'S'S'H'L,Ulillill' ilmllin-"llIyl1"ill,. IIo.·",ull"1hrn' I.YIM~of1" 't1ll1·all w h"fl;.r,·porlc..lthi,'whilt"11)',lf;11IIic'n,rlOludh'il~',li,1\"a'.\'ln llil 'III'·llI-·rllll·'lIlll'1 ,·rtuillltlt llC'f.lh,·tYI'I·llf'''·TlII'·ill'' '·11,t,litll11IIIl;t\·t·,.I'Ir,.p.. lr,,,·1 011 liremeasuredhy,lra\lli t~c'llrllllld i\·ily.

2.4.2 Effect ofBa ekprea sur eandHydrauli cGI'adicllt

su redpCTIlk'ahilil} '\'aluc'S(~li lrllf'lI,1-al. I!J(....,) . lI,lfkllrt'SSIII"";111I..·11", ..1,,, helpsaturatetllC'seJiIfullyillUlll)dil1lillil\(' ;1lI)'K;al'l Il.a11l1ip,hl lo·11f 1tilTf':lllh,ill vrrylowpmllC'abililyvilh u'!l(Ila n idd.ill. 1!1iYI ).

Tho

er rr.ct

ofill']lli,..1 hytifilllli(',e;T,ulic'lIt,111,11.1".;lloo-" ,, ·ii ol ,..l~1r<'Sloo ~·~..·b "II the IIWa S'In·IIM·nl. of till'hy,lrilulic'f'(l11l11l'"ivity"f "..iINIlilV.,11f~'nwi.ld)'illv,-s tigill.l..1(Ol~nll^{ill ifl}DanielI!J81;1'10)'111011uur]1)1.lli.-1I!IK."i ;Etlil;lI,,1Erkk l"' 11 ]H8.i;(:arpf~lIll'randStI'p IWIl:;1I11l!lKli).'1'111'dr.-d,l'IIf 1r)'llri ' 111it:~t", l il'lI l1111HI!' pcme ab ility ufthn..~daylIuilNII}xyl"lll~.11111ilt'l'lfill,' IV,,:;iIlVf-Nli~i1"'dI.yllrulVlI otal.(I mH).They(lJIIl'lu deIhal.l.ytlfall li ,~~ril'[il:r 'INIIf.tl,!Jl,illl.1llil,li,1111,1

(53)

Olsull ;,.11<1D~ lI id(llJIB)foulld th atl~xwssivdylarg~hyd r a ulir.gra d ientsrna)' rosnltillI'ipill~unrlmigrat.Ionel soilparticleswhich1Jl1lycaUSI~11decreaseinhy- oIn llllk,:o lldudivit.y,IIlI'1,1)dOMin gorsui!pores.Silln'relnf.ivclylowhydraulic J!,riUli'~llts"rI'e'xp':':lJ~1illtill: lidd,1.1n'dr" f:!1)(elevated hydraulic gr;..lieut.sill ti ll'luhorntoryis1InfUm«~rvaliv(~[S hnckelfordI!J!H),

2.4,3 Criteriafor Concluding aTes t

IIll'ahilil,yro'silltin grl1lllltheinteract.louoft.hedwmie1l1with1.ln~da y have'\-"'(:11 uhse'f\'(' d. 'I'll sa1.is fythiscondition ,cOll1pilt.ihility testsshuutdhe~conc ludedonly if Ilw slo p !''IftheIwrnwah i lit,ywrsustim eCI1t\'!~does notva rysiguiflcuntlyFrom

fl ll;,1hil~ passl~lt-Imlll glithr-dny.IIIorder to satis fy botht.heahovo,~onditi ol1s, it.is1l1:,"O'ssa ryIt>dl'll:rmi n,: till'che mistryofbotht.heillfluellt.aud.:H1 m~ntalltl toreport1.111'1I\11111wrllfpo revolumeslhro u gllsamplesaswellasrca!tiJlwt.aken

:\0

(54)

Chapter 3 Materials and Methods

Adotailud'KCOl1111,

or

1.IwllIal l'r ii l b <lilt !I'XIlO'l'iulI'll tatpron·,llIn'sliS.,ojillthis

;n v ('sligiltio !l is prov idedill thisdlilpl.(·r,("(JlIsi st i ll~orlil-"SI',"l i" I1S. TIll'lirsl twosections inLfmlllre11[('daSIIlat(~rialssd "dl' dill this stlldy.1.11<'WOlSlln srur t.h e irselect.ionMidalisLingorrl']"Vill ll.l,hysin l·dll'll li n ll pro]ll 'lt iIOS.Sl'c"l,il 'lllbw<' des cribestill'preliminary\.t'sl s11oll(~inorder IIIdetcrmim-tlll'ind,'sI'rOpl'l"n,·,;

,'111<1phyxico-chcmicelpropurf.icsor testclays.1';lluiprrwlIl,,ll'sij!,11 il1ll1Iwrr lll';,loilil,y I.e-sti ngproceduresandra1c:ulaliulisal'l',lis'" lIssl"[;,11""1\111illti ll 'Iourth

". ,<,n.m.

micrcfahr-icordayswhen(~X rlll-;,!, 1toks1.liq lli.1,;isJ!;i VI'JIilll'wdiulllive-.

(55)

Ta b lr'a.l:I(dllva lllPhysic a l ami ChemicalI'rop(:rtil:!lofTe st Pcrmua nt s

'[b tLiqllill ,\IW WS VI' V SG DC I)jI,f S'/'

Acdic'i\c:id fm.OT> oc [1.8 1.1fi 1.0.;

n .w

1. 7,1 28.80

,\n,tnm' mW!J cc ItH.S O.:H .7!l 20.7 2.83 2:1.70

Alli li lw !l:1.I:1 :l6.0 0.1

'-'

^1.02 ^n.S!)

i.sa

'12.90

(:' lrllllll'J(~1.radIllricll: /1'i:l.SI :1.-1. 0 !1O.O 0.!17 1..';9 2.24 0.0 26.95

!vIf,t llilliu l :12.0.1 co !m.o 0.55 0.7!Jf; :t U;;1 1.7 22.61

'J'r id lloro c'I,]lyll'I/(' ]:JJ.:JtI 0.001 GO.DOJ;] 1.,J7 3.'12 0.81

Xylene ]OH.ltl 0.2 10.0 0.8] 0.87 2.27 0.0 28.:17

Wat.I·!" 18.0 1.0 a.S!) 0.!198 80.'1 1.89 72.75

S" urr ,,:Wr.n....t.eli{:llmulh cl<lkofClwmi/il,rynmlI'hysiu,J9ir,

M\V=~I"h'rlllar...eight (R).WS=Wnlr.r Soluhilily (~/l, l, VI'=Vn!10r I'r""-~lIr('{Ioar), V= Villn ",ity (rp).SG=Sp"dlir(;ravity(M em:!).l)C =I )~'lerl ri rCOllSI.;\nl,DM=Dil'oleMo- IIn'lIt {,Io,J,y.·...). ST=SlIrfnre'l\'llsion(llyn/em)

3.1 Permeants U sed

SC'H 'llorgalliepcnueants wen'UII('(Ifor rond lldillgclay-Icache t oeompa tibillt y It'stillg withrl's lwdIndlll11gl'S in hyd raulicprope r t ies andmicrost ruct ure of i'll'1I'I' I I~1t:1ilymint'ri lls.Thes efluidsma yhebr oadlycategorizedinto acidic,basic.

ncutrillpolaramineutralnonpolartYJlI'Sof f1nids.Table3.1givesalist ingof

(56)

The Td CTctWI'pcr rneantwasdisl illl'll water.l' n-viousslullil'li(Alllk rsllli I'lOIL I[lSI) havefounddistllledwater 10Ill'rtlllllinli hll'wilh testlillilsillielnISi',itII" ,,;;

I10t cause anyliign ifka1l1,chaug('illj.lu-clu-mlcal mak"- llj! or da"\",

Aceticar iel isil l";lTh o x y li racid,;l!Ic!illlil ;III'is,Ill ilTll lll alil'll111ilW111<11 rl'l'rt' lil'nlsorganich;ISI~S.Two tlilfl'rt'1l1IWlItr;lI1'1)Ii1r liqlli(\s1\ 'I ' rt'SI'kl'!.pe\·llwl11illl01 ls a ncutral polarI\kn!lo!whi\I';U:I'tOlll'ill II Ill'lltrnlpol;lrkr-toru-.N" l1l mlnOlll'0 larfluidsselectedincludeXyll~lW,allalkyllwlI"I,C'lI(';\1,,\rhlul'ill;\l.c',l hy d rtln ld mlls, carbon tet rachlo ride(eTC)nndtrlchloroothylcnr-('I'(~I':).;\11l11e'1"' r11Il';llll-sSC'-

infinitelysolub leillwater.C:ar!>u1J!.c't nJChlorillc' illl(1anililH' HI'{'s]lilril1l-\lyse,ll ll,ll' ill waterwhile lrkhlorodh ylPlIl:il11l1xylene areall1111s1illlll1isdb lc-withwutr-r.

TI1CSf:pc r Hlt:lln t s were ChOSf:lI he'('IUlSI' thr-yiHI'Tt'prf';;"IlI",I,ivl'ofIluhlsItllvi rll-\

awiderungeofdidl:clr icCOUSlill1lsamillflllf'fIllSsOlllltili1.il':'i, Hlld nn-'"lHlIllI tllI ro nstitueut.s

o r

1{~ndll\lefronthil~ar,lllllswm.l,'landfills.

(57)

3.2 C lay Mater ial

3.2 .1 Orig in audTypeofClays Stud ied

Thr'~,"Yl"·~ufdays,vlx.k<lo !i nit( " illill'and1'<III1'I'IikWl'rl'11,, ("[illthisinvcs l.j~i11iuli . 'I'lu-yan'rl,rl'tI"r'lllu,ISkaolinit",ill il"nudslIwcli,,'~f:mrll ill!!;10'heir rIlOlju l'nlllslillll'IIL

Trl' inllkaolilli1l' hill'1"'('11d"sni hl'flillS('d lUIi:1.1.1.Itisslnhl,'WIWIlI'xposed 1o iwidsorhi!!;!1'.. mperat.urecnv jrontuenls (MWO(:) ilS,"nin pa n ·,llosll11·("till' wl lid l

niu-(M"-serfion::!.1.1), TIll'illlticdn.v IIsed ill1111' sillily \\'lISoh la ilwd from ("l lHlllilllrir k,()111ilriu.

SlIu·c\.ikr1ily:<hill'('!l('(,l1itll,r(lclll(l'I]insect jo n2.1.:1.TIll'sme-r.titr- illl'es!.i-

~;Ikdilltliil'"l lld,\'ispn-ckuninnut.lysodiumb-nto uitc.I,Will'olJl" ilw.1rOIl1I1l('r- I'i 'lll)'lrom('nllilf la('lilyl'rolhll:I.S,Sasknte-hewnn.SmHI1111Ill!nlOllih'has heen ["U1ultu fI'tllln 't.herilh'

or

l~ulli.a 1l1in a !l lmigrat.i ouII)'lo wI'rillgI Ill'h)'lll'aulic ('()lIlllll'ti dl)' alldiJlcn';l~ill~tl)('rota nlatlonFactor,Theclay swerochOst~1I10rep- rt'sl'nlext n'III1'!iinrillYst ructuo-andptoportk-s.Thoughkaoliniteand illite- an '

:\,1

(58)

11]('I'.hill"jourofllll'~{,r1ay~illl;lhol'illory~1l\d i,'Salld11H'~' -11I;,kriaI~ I\""W~"

)('('11'.1toprovidealussis forcompnrisou or n'sl.llswith I11,,,,,-"111,,i ll ,~ 1ill l,n 'I'j'II'''' iuv..sli~allous .

3.2 .2 Basic Characterizationof Clays

This sel'liofl~i\"'sIIhridc1 ,'sn il,t io flofIIII'!,n'lilllillilr.\'Il'sl illl-\1\I"lll1"lsl'11l1'1"n-,1 to('hllr;H' I f'ri~I'II\I'elilYShasedoniurk-x;\111 1 1'Iiysi('o ·dll'llli,·,,1!,1'"p" ll i,'~. nit, Iollowing tf'stS1\'1' 1'('lH'rrurl\l,', I:

•Sp,'(:i fif,;ravitydl'll'fIlliUilli" ll

•AH,' l'1 l1'r~limitsIt's!.'

•CultlpadiollI.l'sls

•~'lhll'rill(Jgy XvliayDi lrrlld iullsilltli,'s

•Cllt'min dh~st s jilltu ..l('atit,n1';lId"'"A'-(' i1l' iwi t,1'

(59)

~

^...

^_-

('Ia,\"S••ilIl "~<"ri,, 'i<>ll !\ ;J" lillitt·

m il,-

Sllll~·, i ll·

--

('ulm (llryl'O\\',Ir·t ) Whitf' Grit )' Urilyish Bro wn

- - -

:\Iirlf'l'ill"K\'(FrolllX'](l IY) !Jfl'X,kaoliuito·10%illite RS% slIwrlil.l!

Sl"~ 'ili('(;"i1vit y(/\ ST:\1.I)Kri,H.,;1) :!.'I!) 2.!).1 :l.<iCi

Li1luid l.il1lil«'AX/BXQ~;IlIl ·U!tl l

r.o

;11 1·11

1'I'ISl i."I.imit(AST:'.!.J)·1:1·I.,,!I) :I:l I!I -10

I'lilsli"il~'lnrk-x 27 12 101

Slirill k;I~('I.illlit(AST~I.

n

·I:fj- ~l) :11 19 :12

Slilllllan l l'n M'!uT'li 'S.(AST:\!.(i!JS·i OI

0l' limum\V," l'r('''nh '1I1(';i'clry\\~·iAI I I) 'la..') IV i 5!). 0

:\lilxi'1II1 Ir,Ih,\'I)"u"ily(F-/n n") l.fiG 1.88 O.!}!)

:Ili

(60)

'Iublo:l.;l; CIH'1I1il'lllPropertil '~tl!"(~!il.\'SoibStlll!h'el

:W.7

~:~!~;,~ I

liS.:l

:.!·I.O ClaySoil lksn ipliull !\ ilOlilli1c·Illlilt ·r

CationExchange' (;i1lli1dly(nwI!/lnOV;) :I.S ! :.!:.!. l ExchangeableCnticux(11l1'1I/IOIl!?;)

Sodium 1.fi 1.7

Potassium O.!', I.Ii

Calcium 1.1 Hi.

a

;'o,lilp;l1e~illlll lUi :L'i

- -

pll(J:I0soil-\\' a l. l~ rl '1.7 ~I.U

CilrlJuna1.1'(;on1.enl(%) II :!.O

- -

:17

(61)

Part.icleSize Analysis

'1'111:I,y. lrullll't l'f tl",t,J.'!>(:rilw,JillAST~LJ)<12"1•6:1wasusedIorthe dcl crll1i·

lIalillllufthr-.listrillllt ilJllofpatlir~:!!iy.l'l'iilllhf' If.,.tcIllY~.'I'11f'.li1\l riIJlltiu!Iof ,,;,rlid .' 1\;;0:1".!Imalll'rthan2,l1ni~dclcrillillfflhyiI!;('(lillwllla li oll I'I'OCC!lSlI!1ill';a I,y.lrcmll".'r'1.I"l lllI'r•.,...I\.j; arc-pIOll . ~1illAI'J>.!mlixA.

Spec ificGr a vityDe t ermination

Sp"I:ilirgrnvity of11:~ I,daysWIISrk-u-nuined usingtill' pycnometer t.l'stmethod list...lillASTM.I)H!'J1.

sa.

Ti,l:values arep;ivc'lIillT,thll: :1.2.

Atl er bergLimit s

'1'1",prlxT,llIm..!r:<criIM..1 ill CANjUNQ:!',)()!·09'lw('refollowedforlifluidlimit illrd plilst ir: lim it.If't( 'r mjllalioll .Pla1\lidt yIndex,illpe rcentage,is calculatedas till'.li!Ten'n...'IM1 W.'('1Itileliquidandplasticlim itsofcJiI)'S.Tahl.:3.2gh·.:lIthe

\'ahu-s<IfUn'AlI. 'rlwrp; limitsforeach oftill-II'!!I.clayeaudrelevantpilltli arc im-lmk'dinAppcudixH.

Fur shril1kilJ;I-lilllillll-lt-rmiulItioll,1111' mercuryrliapla cemcntmethod outlined illAST~L\),I:n~aWIIIlfollowed. '1'111'slirillkagl:limit.valuesobtainedforthe

(62)

threeday sarclistedillTa b le:l.:!.

CompactionTests

Theoptiunuu watercontent1I~('(1forl'lllll plllin~ruusluunn Ilry,I,·,."il .\·

"r

..1" .\'"

Whf~1Isll bjl:c:l,~lto<Igin 'll('mllpill"1iw<'ffor l I\";ISd<'l,'rllliHl~1fur III<'Illrt~·..lays nCfo rd illg toAST~I,I)(i!)l'!·ill.Figllrt~ sl (m\'iH~tln-n·sllll i,I.l!.m"isllll'o·...urtr-ut -dryIlm lsi1.yrl'l i11inl1shipsof 1111'lhn~'da ysan' ind lllll'lIillAPPI'Il<lixC,

X~RayDiffractionSt u d ies

All X.HiIYDiffrnctometnrllsill~till'1li~il kllSoft wan'\\'ilSIlst'<1 to p,'dormtill'X·

Hay Diffrecticu experimcur.sreclllin~lill thisstudy . 'I'll<'full,,\\'ill~,.,.illl ",,"di1.iul s wereemployed:

ScanspC(~d Radiai.iou Sellll i1ugle(20)

CUll

;J°-:lfiOforIII1t.H'ak,I,';llIl!,!"S

;J°-IXOfor l,n'M!',] Silillpll'S

A dotnilcd descript.iollflf"amplc: pr,:pilra1.iollmdllf" lsallel rd,' villl1.r1irfnll"

togramsarc given illAppe ndix D.

(63)

Chr-mleul Tests

•pllofr:ll1ysuilSIlSlwllsiun :I;]()suiIwatorriLtil)method wa s(~ II1III (JY('c1for ,lplPrl ninillKtheJIll of IllI'daysoils, ,\SlJsp"lls io li of~gofdily ill201Il1 of,Iis l il l,~dwaterW;lS Sh ;l kl'l l[ul"liflrnillilk sill;lff,t:ipr oca t.illgshakerand IIII' pllnf1.11{'sll"l.H~IISi/jllWilSIlwitsllf('d.TIll'\'II!Il"SIlrl'liste-dillTabll':1.:1.

•<:'IlionI';xdlilllg"(;aplwit yof Clays :(:al.iunExdlilllge<:;ljliLC il yof1Ill'days wasIldel'lIlil\f',1 lLsi ngtheammonium acctatr-method.Samp leswen'pre JlIL n 'rI inIlllplkal('tor-nsun-reprodlwihilityofres ults .Adetailed descrip- 1ion of1111'ITsl,l,rl>l'"dIlH' isdocnmenn-dinApP"llflixE.

3.3 Proced ures for Clay -Fluid Interaction Tests

3.3.1 Sedim ent ationTests

TIll' 11lf'1,llodo logyfollowedhyllowdersandDilnid(1!l87)forscdimcntutioui1I1HI- .

v., isWIISadopu-dilltllisinvestiget.ion. Sodimcntat lentest.srnusistr-d ofallowing

!illg of"itchclay10sdtlf~illfiOOmlofliq uidunder gravityonly.The dis tance

;11I'q !;u la rtinn- iutorvals,andW,IS11111tk d ilSilIunctionoftime . TIll'kstsW"T!' 1,'r1l1iu1Lll',1ilfln1111minute,forallpernn-ant.liquidsincludingwaterasthistime

·10

(64)

was sufflclcnt 10 enuse fom pll'lc'sc'lIlitl~illllLUS! ori!:ill1il'Hnids.

3.3.2 ModifiedLiquidLimit.and ShrinkageLimit. 'Iusts

:\'lodifil'c1 liIILlidlillliltests 11',' n'pc'rfoL"llll'dOillit,' c'laysl1sillP: 1IIl'SHill<'11l'tll,,'dllt"l,s

<Ill for liquidlimit,11'l"fmillil lio 1t,hill withorp:ilttir IwrtlwillLlsiltsl,'adof11"111,'1'.

TIt<,liquidlimitis.tllC'I'..rOrl~, ")(Pl'c'~sl',1<ISalillie!(1"'1'111\',1111)ronu-nr(1I1,ISS(I(

Jifl1lid / 111ilssof.Jr.vd,ly ), :'\0attr-mpt wasl1lilll,'Indeu-nuir«IIH'l,laslirlilll;1 withpurereagcru~r;lIl.'li' lllidsdUl'to hl',illhsafd.\' l'oll.,i,I.'ralions .

Modifiedshrinkage limit.h'l'lswen-pnforl1w.lotl (I)11';11 ,,1'sill lLt"akdsp"d rucnalld(2)lllWdll W1Lll'l l llr,l!l't1with waterfor1,1hoursilndtlLl'IImis". 1 with pun-<Jrga1til~liquids.I'ron'dufI's\\','n~;ISill,\ S'I'I\ 1.I),117-S:1hut. lIs in/!,IIlind t.lplellIoldin g romalunrtluuacTUlllodill.l'c!fourspl'.·im"lIsat1110' snun-t.iun- for COIJlPilTisOIlpllrIHlsC'~,

3.4 Pe r meability Testing Pro cedu res and Cal- cu lat io ns

Arigillwallpermeatneterwithilxia llOiulillJ.;Cilpil l.ilil,i. 's(o.',lollld"r)\V'l l!IIs,..1 ill litis il1l11:stigali oll,Figuw a .1isIIskl'l.dlof1,111'I"S!.~.'t·lIPIIspdfur 1I1l:,lslIrir,/!,lJll'