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Improper choosability of graphs and maximum average degree

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(1)Improper choosability of graphs and maximum average degree Frédéric Havet, Jean-Sébastien Sereni. To cite this version: Frédéric Havet, Jean-Sébastien Sereni. Improper choosability of graphs and maximum average degree. RR-5164, INRIA. 2004. �inria-00071425�. HAL Id: inria-00071425 https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00071425 Submitted on 23 May 2006. HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés..

(2) INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE. Improper choosability of graphs and maximum average degree Frédéric Havet — Jean-Sébastien Sereni. N° 5164 Mars 2004. ISSN 0249-6399. ISRN INRIA/RR--5164--FR+ENG. THÈME 1. apport de recherche.

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(14) “U‚rT‘’“V]RdgQT_ŠdR•­k9iq_swBeg°t1bcV≤u 8 › ™ M (k, l). ± ²7³´gµ2¶ ˆŠ·†aŒ n ƒ9’i^d^Q. l M (k, l) −−−− → 2l. º»;¼¾½¹¿ÀÂÁNÃq¿¹Ä½ŊÄÁ=ÆN¼ÇÄÈ¾È É0½ËʦÅ;ÅaÀÂÁ­ÆNÌpÍZÎÉqÆN»¦ÌjÌpÊ;ÁNÀÂÅsÌpÄÏvŦÁ=ÀÐNÌfÑÒÆ8Ó¹ÔÕÖ;ÓÓ¹× ∗ †. k→∞. ’UWrtigkarVi‚oKka‘“ka`Ti^“wtƒT›8oQtkBk9]g_sT’‘“”dfe9›1U_sbB“U2`TU¸_¦ž9Vi_sƒ9VWutVƒaigVV9›1rT‘“_awT_si'ƒai_srtQ¹›. »ŠÄpØKÌÒÆÚÙ½ËÀÂŦ»¦¼ÇÄ;Û ¼¾Ï;ÁN¼ÇÄ;Û Ü’Á ½ËÌfÁNÌfϦ¼”Ù½NÀÂŦ»¦¼ÇÄ;Û ¼¾Ï¦Á=¼ÇÄ;Û Ü’Á. Unité de recherche INRIA Sophia Antipolis 2004, route des Lucioles, BP 93, 06902 Sophia Antipolis Cedex (France) Téléphone : +33 4 92 38 77 77 — Télécopie : +33 4 92 38 77 65.

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(34) lV  bB–]pdg  ]j_ “U‚rTi^k9rŽVijoKka‘“ka`Ti^“wtƒ ka• ]^`ToQ'd^QT_sd ™  w‚dgLQt  “]Ÿo_9]pV9› “] k  c G ∀v ∈ V (G), v ∈ L(v) _ ’UWrtigkarVi oKka‘“ka`Ti^“wtƒvks• ™ “] ’UWrtigkarVi oQtkBk9]g_sT‘’V

(35) ’•1’d¯–] “UWrtigkarVi oKka‘“ka`Tig_act‘’V l  k  L  •­k9ki

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(38) wn•­k9i¬_s‘“UWk9]pdZ_a‘’‘ ™  wTutVVu PRQtkaU_a]g]^Vw˜]^QtkŠ—ŸV;u’w ¢ ¦¥8dgQT_Šd l  VžaVi^e?rt‘“_awT_si2ƒai_srtQ¨–] oQtkBk7]^_at‘’V_awTu©d^QtVi^V_sigV rtk‘–_swT_ai ƒai_srtQŽ]v—

(39) Qt–oQ _sigVwtksd oQTk7k7]^_at‘“V ¢“X;~¦¥]pk ∗ ™

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(41) Qt4“  oQ_sigVZwtksd  p = 5 4  0 “UWrtigkar0Vi oKk9‘’k9`ti_st‘“Va›T]^k ™ D¯`cd¬—¯V2uckwtksd  wtkŠ— d^QtV'VKbt_aoKd¬žŠ_s‘“`tV ka• ∗ —

(42) Qt–oQ 1  3  p 0 = p1 = 4 p1 –]RV’d^QTVi kai ™j¡0kŠ—ŸVžaVi›B’dq“]

(43) okawŠlfV;oÂd^`Ti^V;u dgQT_Šdq’dq“]  4. 5. E ¶GFIH² ‹s‡ ¹ˆ ²KJMLON 

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(45) . ®¬]¯]^QtkŠ—

(46) w “wTucVrŽVwTucVw9dg‘’eBe

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(48) —

(49) Qt–oQ _sigV wtkad “UWrtigkarVi 2  k  oka‘“ka`ti_sT‘’V93™1  ¡qVwToKV •­k9iq_swBke ™ 2  mk9i^VkŠžaViG“U‚rTi^k9rŽpVki¯o=ka‘“pka∗k`tig=’wT3ƒ9]jka•rt‘–_swTk_aiŸ≥ƒ9ig2_artQT]ŸQT_¦žaVZ_s‘–]pk'ŽVVw]fdg`Tuc“Vu`twTucViR]^kaUWV¬ƒa“ipdgQ igV]pd^ig–oÂd^“kawŽ]™PRQt6 V "$8Zks•šƒai_srTQ‚–]dgQtV¬]^U_s‘“‘’V;]fdŸ‘’VwtƒsdgQks•_ oeBo‘’V9™PRQTVq—ŸV‘’‘  wTkŠ—

(50) w'dgQtVk9i^VU ka• h 1i is1d ;]goQ˜¢ |T›šXaXK¥š]pdg_sd^V;]GdgQT_Šd

(51) VžaVigert‘–_swT_aiŸƒ9ig_artQ ka•1ƒa“i^d^Q_sd

(52) ‘’V;_a]pd “] oKk9‘’k9  `ti_st‘“Vak ™ jka“ƒsdv¢’lX &¦¥ 4 3  _9]^]^Vw?¢’X;¦¥rtigkŠžaV;u dgQT_Šd ]^QtkŠ—¯Vu_Wrt‘“_awT_si

(53) ƒ9ig_artQ$ka•ƒ9’i^d^Q —

(54) Qt–oQ“]

(55) wTksd oQtkBk9]g_st‘“V¬_awTuPRQtkaU VžaVi^ert‘–_swT_ai¬ƒ9ig_artQ˜ka•Gƒa“ipdgQ _Šd,‘“4V_a]pd –] oQTk7k73 ]^_at‘“Va™  w ?¢ m;¥Ú› œB i^V  kŠžc]  ]pQtkŠ—¯Vund^QT_sdZVžaVige 5 3  rT‘“_awT_si¯ƒai_srtQka•ƒa“i^d^Q_sd¯‘“V_9]fd –] ’UW rtigkarVi oQtkBk9]g_st‘“Va™  w ¢ ¤Š¥Ú› œc igV  kŠžc]  T“wBžaV;]fdg’ƒ7_Šd^V;u 4 1  “UWrtigkarVi oQTk7k7]^_at“‘’’dfe2ka•¹rt‘“_awT_siŸƒai_srtQŽ]j“w i^V3‘“_s  d^“kaw—

(56) ’d^Q$d^QtV’i¯ƒa“ipdgQ¹™ 0Vwtksdg’wtƒ‚Be ŽV¬d^QtkV   2  gk ]^U_s‘“‘’V;]fd¯’w7dgVƒaVi¯]^`ToQ$d^QT_sd¯VžaVigeWrt‘–_swT_aiŸƒ9ig_artQ ks•1ƒa“ipdgQ_Šd¯‘’V;_a]pd “] “U‚rTi^k9rŽVi oQtkBk9]g_st‘“Va› gk k   QTV‚rTi^kŠž9VundgQT_Šd › › _awTu ™ ¡qVwT2oK  V‚d^QTVkawt‘“e 6 ≤ g1 ≤ 9 5 ≤ g 2 ≤ 7 5 ≤ g 3 ≤ 6 ∀k ≥ 4, gk = 5  `Tw wtkŠ—

(57) wžŠ_a‘’`tV;]

(58) _sigV › _swŽu ™ g1 g2  w d^Qt–]2rŽ_srVi;›—ŸV ]fdg`Tuce©d^QtV g3 ’UWrtigkarVi oQTk7k7]^_at“‘’’dfe ka•qƒai_srtQT]2’w i^V‘“_sd^“kaw¨—

(59) ’d^Q dgQtV“i k  l  U_sbB“U2`TU _¦žaVig_aƒaV¬utVƒaigVV9™. Ô1Ô. ÏnBolpOq r.

(60) G

(61)  .%. |.  c . ². ‡ [ ¶ F F [l. J#PRQTVZU_sbB“U_s‘¹_¦ž9Vi_sƒaVZucVƒ9i^VV¬ka•8_‚ƒ9ig_artQ. M ad(G) := max{. P. v∈V (H). dH (v). |V (H)|. G. “] . ]p`tTƒai_srtQks•. ,H. G}.. PRQtV¬ƒa“ipdgQ _swTu‚dgQtV0U_sbB“U2`TU _¦ž9Vi_sƒaVRucVƒaigVVqka•š_ rt‘“_awT_siGƒai_srtQ_sigVqigV‘–_ŠdgVu'd^k'V_aoQWkad^QtVi  J k   ²B¶ ˆ ² 

(62). G. 1  %+-.-"-Bf!"$. g. M ad(G) <. g. 2g . g−2. ˆ ¶¹¶g™£«?VZi^V;o_a‘’‘Td^QtV

(63) `t‘“Vi ]Ÿ•­k9i^U'`t‘“_v•­kaiR_ rt‘–_swT_aiGƒ9ig_artQ H  |V (H)| − |E(H)| + |F (H)| = 2 —

(64) ’d^Q d^QtV,wB`tU'ŽViqks•1•=_aoKV;]Rks• ™qkad^V,d^QŽ_Šd

(65) Vž9Vige ]p`tTƒai_srtQ ka• QT_a]Rƒ9’i^d^Q_Šd

(66) ‘“V_9]fd H G ›j]^k |F (H)| ™£PRQB`T] H ™¨¡qVwToKV g g|F (H)| ≤ 2|E(H)| 2g − g|V (H)| + g|E(H)| = g|F (H)| ≤ 2|E(H)| ka• ™ 2|E(H)| 2g 4g 2g •­k9i

(67) VžaVi^e ]^`ttƒ9ig_artQ |V (H)|. ≤. g−2. VKd. −. <. (g−2)|V (H)|. H. g−2. G. . ŽV2d^QtV2ƒaigV_ŠdgV]pdqi^V;_s‘]p`ToQdgQT_ŠdZVž9Vige$ƒai_srTQka•UW_sbc’U'`tU. _¦žaVi_sƒ9VZutVƒaigVVv‘“V]g]. M (k, l) –] “ UWrtigkarVi oQtkBk9]g_st‘“Va™ : BžB’k9`T]p‘“ea› ’• ™ M l  M“UW (krt1i^,k9l) ≤ Mo(k k’1•f›Ž≤_awTku 2 , l) 2 «©V QT(k, _¦ž9l) V¬dgQT_Škd   ^ ] “  T w K o. V W _ 9 ƒ g i a _ t r  Q “  ] Ž r  V i t Q B k 9 k g ] s _ t  “ ‘ ¬ V kawt‘“e$’•f›”d 1) = 2k+2 k  1  QŽ_a]RU_Šbc“U2`tU utVƒaM igV(k, Vv_sdR UWk7]fd k+2™ k . dgQT_sw. wnk9igucVi

(68) d^k“w7d^igkcuc`ToKV2ka`tiqUWVd^Qtkcu—

(69) Qt–oQn`T]^V]q]^kaUWV uc–]^oQŽ_sigƒa“wtƒWrti^kcoV]g]›t—¯V,°Ti]fd¬rti^V;]pVw7d ’dq“wcVoÂdg’k9w~2•­k9i

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(202) _ ’UWrtigkarVi coka‘“ka`tig’wT1ƒ2  ks• ™ G − vu c(v) 6= c(u) c 1  L  G • _swŽu ]g_Šdg“]p°TV]‚ksdgQ ›GdgQtVw rk9]g]p“t‘“e —

(203) ”dgQ#i^V;oKka‘“ka`Ti^“wtƒ ka•¬ž9Vi^d^–oKV]‚ka• 0 kawtVo_aw VbBd^QVwŽ1 u “w7d^Qk2_ ’UWrtigkarVi (i) ]p`ŽoQdgQT_Šd ™jS¡0VwToV –] oKk9‘’k9`tig’wtƒ'ks• c 1  L  G − vu im(v) = im(u) = 0 c _ “UWrti^k9rŽVi oka‘“ka`tig“wtƒ2ka• ™ 1  Bk L G   –] “UWrtigkarVi oQtkBk9]g_st‘“V0—

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(345) _sd¯UWk7]fd ™jmk9i^VZrtigVo“]^V‘“e x Q VžaVi^e “w7d^Vi^wT_a‘¹žaVipDdgVKb ]^_sd^–]f°ŽV] + —

(346) dQtG“‘“(x) V +− l + 1 _swTu dD0 (w) = dG (w) − l. •­k9iq_s‘“‘šVž9Vige žaVipdgVKb x−6= w ™[

(347) V;od_sD‘“‘š0 (x) dgQT_Š= d dG (x) − l ++ 1 ™  V d   , V ^ d t Q. V ^ ] K V dqka• − ‘“V_¦ž9V]’w › d^QTV¯]^VKvd8ksd•TD‘“V0 (x) _¦ž9V]¹=d^QT1_sdQT_¦ž9VG“wTucVƒaigdVQ VŸ(w) _sd1‘“V= _9]fd d (w) “+ w d _a(w) wTu ¯ F ™«©V¯ucV°TwtV Q S k+1 Q S = F \S 1’• ˚ = Q − S¯ ™ D¯e'U‚“wt“U_s‘“”dfe9›a‘“VKd c V0_ k   “UWrtigkarVi L  oKk9‘’k9`tig’wtƒZks• G0 = G − Q ˚™ Vd Q QŽ_a]“UWrti^k9rŽVipdfe‚_ŠdG‘“V_9]fd ›sdgQtVw$`T]p“wtƒ VUWU_ ,—ŸV0i^V;oKka‘“ka`Ti”dG—

(348) ’d^Q“UWfrtig∈karSVi^dfe f k − dQ (f ) + 1 0™ ]^“wToKV dG0 (f ) − |L(f )| + 2 = dG (f ) − dQ (f ) − l + 2 ≤ l + k − 1 − dQ (f ) − l + 2 = k − dQ (f ) + 1 0kŠ—v›c‘’Vd V,d^QtV,•­k9‘’‘“kŠ—

(349) ’wTƒ‚‘“–]fd _9]^]^’ƒ9wtUWVw7dRks•    L1 Q1”• ›_awTu kad^QtVi^—

(350) –]pV9™ L1 (x) = L(x) \ {α 3 ∃z ∈ NG−Q1 (x), c(z) = α} x ∈ / S¯ L1 (x) = {c(x)} 0ksdgV¬dgQT_Šdq’• –]

(351) _sw’w7dgVigwT_s‘žaVipdgVKb dgQtVw  . x 6= w. _awTu]p“wToKV. |L1 (x)| ≥ l − (dG (x) − dQ1 (x)) = l − dG (x) + dG (x) − l + 1 + 1 = 2 d+ (w) = dG (w) − l. T`cd. u. “]Re9VKdq`twŽoKka‘“ka`Ti^V;u . |L1 (w)| ≥ l − (dG (w) − dQ1 (w)) + 1 = l − dG (w) + dG (w) − l + 1 + 1 = 2.. <>=Ô%<@?.

(352) X¦z.  

(353)  !#"$ %$. TkaiRdgQtVvi^kBkad. ›. v d− (v) = 0. t`cd. u. “]R`twŽoKka‘“ka`Ti^V;u$e9VKdq]pk . |L1 (v)| ≥ l − (dG (v) − dQ1 (v)) + 1 = l − dG (v) + dG (v) − l + 1 + 1 = 2,. _awTu$•­kaiq_‚‘’V;_Š•. f∈S. . |L1 (f )| ≥ l − dG (f ) + dQ (f ) ≥ l − (l + k − 1) + dQ (f ) = dQ (f ) − k + 1.. PRQB`T]

(354) —¯V,U_¦e$_srtrT‘’e VUWU_a],X9X,_awTu?X;~c™P1kuck]pkŽ›c—ŸV oka‘“ka`ti

(355) _a‘’‘dgQtVv‘’V;_¦žaV;]Ÿ“w ™ B`TrtrŽk7]pV˜°Tig]pd k ≥ 2 ™ D¯e VUWU_#XaX9›

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