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A Selection of Standard Fire Endurance Tests by the Fire Research

Station in France

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SEI,ECTION

B Y T H E FIRE

O F S T A N D A R . D

F I R E

R E S E A R C H I]TATION

,::t)J... * * -a i :

E N D U R A N C E T E S T S

I N F R A N C E

bv L{urdoch Galbreath - . ! ! - ' " q . - " ' " : .

D

EI

NRC

Ottawa Price 50 cents September 1967 NRC 970_q

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NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OT' CANADA DIVISION OF BUILDING RESEARCH

SELECTION OF STANDARD FIRE ENDURANCE TESTS BY THE FIRE RESEARCH STATION IN 5'RANCE

by

Murdoch Galbreath

A N A L Y Z E D

Technical Paper No. 250 of the

Division of Building Research

OTTAWA S e p t e m b e r 1 9 6 7

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T.OREWORD

The sources of the information contained herein a r e t h e p u b l i s h e d r e p o r t s o f f i r e t e s t s c o n d u c t e d i n a c c o r d -ance with the Standard Methods of Test adopted by decree of the tr'rench Governrnent.

Tests of assernblies that contain rnaterials identi -fied bytrade narne only have been excluded frorn this paper because these assernblies are not adequately identified by description and it would be difficult to apply the inforrnation to Canadian practice.

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SPECIAL INTRODUCTION

THIS PUBLICATION HAS BEEN PREPARED

TO MAKE AVAILABLE TO CANADIAN READERS

PUBLISHED INT'ORMATION ON FIRE ENDURANCE OF BUILDING ASSEMBLIES OF THE FIRE RESEARCH

ORGANIZATION IN FRANCE. IT IS INTENDED FOR

INFORMATION PURPOSES ONLY AND IS NOT TO BE

REGARDED AS AN OFFICIAL LISTING OR RATING.

SUPPLEMENT NO. Z TO THE NATIONAL BUILDING CODE PROVIDES SUCH RATINGS FOR COMMON MATERIAI^S AND SYSTEMS CAPABLE OF BEING IDENTII'IED ADEQUATELY BY DESCRIPTION, WHICH MAY BE USED IN THE ABSENCE OT' SPECIFIC TEST

INT'ORMATION OR OTHER CERTIFICATION. BUT

THE DESIGNER, MANUFACTURER, OR BUILDING

OT'FICIAL MAY FIND IT NECESSARY TO EXERCISE JUDGEMENT ON MATERIA]*S OR SYSTEMS DIFFERING FROM THOSE FOR WHICH TEST OR RATING INFORMATION

IS AVAILABLE, AND IN SUCH CASES THE INFORMATION

NOW ASSEMBLED MAY BE USEFUL.

ALL THE TEST INFORMATION IN THIS PUBLICATION IS INCLUDED WITH THE PERMISSION OF THE ORIGINAL

AUTHORS. IN MANY CASES THE DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS

PROVIDED IN THE ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS HAVE HAD

TO BE ABBREVIATED OR OMITTED. REFERENCE SHOULD

ALWAYS BE MADE TO THE ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS FOR VERIFICATION OF THE DESCRIPTION AND METHOD OF TEST BEFORE PI.ACING GREAT WEIGHT ON INDIVIDUAL VALUES. THE VARIOUS ITEMS ARE CROSS-RET'ERENCED TO THE BIBLIOGRAPHY WHICH LISTS THE SOURCE PUBLICATIONS. NO REPRODUCTION SHOULD BE MADE OF ANY OF THIS

MATERIAL WITHOUT THE PERMISSION OF' THE ORIGINAL

PUBLISHERS.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT THE PERMISSION GIVEN BY

TO REPRODUCE THE MATERIAL ON

PUBLICATION IS BASED IS GREATLY

AUTHORS WHICH THIS

APPRECIATED.

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A SELECTION OF STANDARD FIRE ENDURANCE TESTS BY THE FIRE RESEARCH STATION IN FRANCE

by

Murdoch Galbreath

The National Building Code of Canada recognizes s e v e r a l s t a n d a r d r n e t h o d s o f t e s t f o r f i r e e n d u r a n c e o f b u i l d i n g c o r n p o n e n t s . T h e s e a r e : I . C S A 8 5 4 . 3 a n d 5 o f t h e C a n a d i a n S t a n d a r d s A s s o c i a t i o n ; Z . A S T M E l 1 9 a n d E l 5 2 o f . th e A r n e r i c a n S o c i e t y f o r T e s t i n g a n d M a t e r i a l s ;

3. BS 476 ot the British Standards Institution.

These tests all follow the sarne general lines but differ in details. There is rnuch test inforrnation available that is based on the French fire test, and though it rnay not be considered to rneet the provisions of the National Building Code, it can provide useful inforrnation relating to the fire perforrnance of building assernblies.

T h e S t a n d a r d F i r e T e s t u s e d i n F r a n c e i s t h e r e s u l t o f a n o r d e r c o n c e r n i n g f i r e r e s i s t a n c e o f b u i l d i n g c o r n p o n e n t s i s s u e d b y t h e M i n i s t r y o f t h e I n t e r i o r i n J a n u a r y 1 9 5 9 .

An exarnination of the conditions of test shows a broad sirnilarity between the French test and those noted above, e x c e p t i n t h e s i z e o f t h e t e s t s p e c i r n e n s .

T.URNACE TEMPERATURES

I n t h e F r e n c h t e s t , f u r n a c e t e r n p e r a t u r e s f o l l o w a t i r n e - t e r n p e r a t u r e c u r v e b a s e d o n t h e e > q r r e s s i o n

T - T o = 3 4 5 L o g r ' ( 8 t + I )

the ternperature in the vicinity of the specirnen d e g r e e s C e l s i u s

T i s in w h e r e

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z

the ternperature at the start

d e g r e e s C e l s i u s o f t h e t e s t i s o 1 n i s of T

the tirne in rninutes frorn the beginning t h e t e s t .

T e r n p e r a t u r e s a t s e l e c t e d t i r n e i n t e r v a l s for the ASTM/CSA, U . K . a n d F r e n c h t e s t s a r e s h o w n i n Table I.

T h e F r e n c h t e s t p r o v i d e s s l i g h t l y l o w e r t e r n p e r a t u r e s between l0 and 30 rnin but catches up at I hr and after that is

a little higher than the ASTM test. Furnace ternperatures in

t h e A S T M , t h e C S A , a n d t h e F r e n c h test are rneasured by t h e r r n o c o u p l e s e n c l o s e d i n r n e t a l tubes. In the British test b a r e t h e r r n o c o u p l e s a r e u s e d ; t h i s t e n d s to rnake this test a l i t t l e l e s s s e v e r e i n t h e e a r l y s t a g e s .

THERMOCOUPLES ON THE UNEXPOSED FACE

I n t h e F r e n c h f i r e u n e > q ) o s e d f a c e a r e c o v e r e d a n d C S A t e s t r n e t h o d s . HOSE STREAM

test, therrnocouples on the

b y a s b e s t o s p a d s a s i n t h e A S T M

T h e r e i s n o p r o v i s i o n f o r a h o s e - s t r e a r n t e s t i n t h e F r e n c h r e g u l a t i o n s " I t i s a r g u e d t h a t t h e h o s e s t r e a r n

is rarely a significant factor in the test. It was rernoved

f r o r n t h e B r i t i s h t e s t i n 1 9 5 3 . S I Z E O F T E S T S P E C I M E N

The rninirrrulTr size of test specirnen is less in t h e F r e n c h t e s t t h a n i n t h e o t h e r t e s t r n e t h o d s described.

Walls and partitions are Z rn (6 ft Z in. ) by Z rn (6 ft Z in. )

i n s t e a d o f 1 0 b y I 0 f t a s i n t h e B r i t i s h test or 9 ft and I00 sq ft

as in the ASTM test. A cornparison of the rninirnurn sizes

f o r t e s t s p e c i r n e n s i s s h o w n i n T a b l e I I . A note to the French r e g u l a t i o n s s a y s t h a t t h e r n i n i r n u r n sizes will be increased a s s o o n a s c h a n g e s i n t h e f u r n a c e s c a n b e e f f e c t e d . T h e test r e p o r t s p u b l i s h e d i n d i c a t e t h a t t h i s has not yet been done.

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- 3

I n a s s e r n b l i e s t h a t f a i l b y t e r n p e r a t u r e r i s e on t h e u n e x p o s e d s u r f a c e , i t r n a y b e assurned that the size of the specirnen is not likely to influence the result significantly. when collapse of the specirnen is the end point of the test,

h o w e v e r , s i z e w i l l h a v e s o r n e b e a r i n g o n t h e r e s u l t , arthough

i t i s t h e p r a c t i c e o f t h e F r e n c h testing authorities to apply additional load to the test assernbly to cornpensate for the r e d u c t i o n i n s i z e .

FIRE ENDURANCE CRITERIA

T h e r e a r e f o u r c r i t e r i a f o r f a i l u r e in the French f i r e t e s t s a n d t h r e e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s of fire endurance. The e n d p o i n t s a r e :

l. Structural stability. This includes the ability

of an elernent to sustain the applied loads and to perforrn its intended functions.

Z. Adequate therrnal insulation.

3 . R e s i s t a n c e t o t h e p a s s a g e o f f l a r n e s . 4" No ernission of flarnrnable gases on the n o n - e > r y o s e d f a c e .

Failure of therrnal insulation is defined as the tirne w h e n t h e a v e r a g e t e r n p e r a t u r e rise on the non-e>qposed face r e a c h e s 1 4 0 c " ( z s z E " ) above the ternperature at the start of the test or when the rnaxirnurn ternperature rise at any point r e a c h e s 1 8 0 c " ( 3 2 4 F " 1 . T h i s i s t h e s a r n e a s i n t h e o t h e r t e s t r n e t h o d s d e s c r i b e d .

T h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s a d o p t e d i n t h e F r e n c h t e s t f o r b e h a v i o u r i n t h e f i r e t e s t ; are as follows.

( a ) I ' S t a b l e s a u f e u r r describes the perforrnance of elernents for which only criterion No. t - structural

s t a b i l i t y - i s required.

( b ) I t p a r e - f l a r n r n e s t ' describes the perforrnance of elernents for which the criteria of structural stability, r e s i s t a n c e t o t h e p a s s a g e o f f l a r n e s , and no ernission of f l a r n r n a b l e g a s e s ( N o s . l, 3, and 4 above) are required.

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- 4

( c ) r r c o u p e f e u r t d e s c r i b e s t h e p e r f o r r n a n c e o f

elernents for which all of the criteria described above (1 - )

a r e r e q u i r e d . D e g r e e s o f f i r e e n d u r a n c e i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e

above classifications are e>q)ressed in the following incrernents,

6 h r , 4 h t , 3 h r , } h t , t | f r r , I h r , L 1 n " , a n d * t " r " F o r

elernents transparent to heat such as glass products, and

for rnetal panels, therrnocouples are mounted at distances frorn the centre of the test specirnen of 0.5 rn (Z ft 0 in. ) a n d I r n ( 3 f t 3 i n . ) a n d 1 . 5 r n ( 5 f t 0 i n . ) .

T E S T R E P O R T S

Sumrnary extracts frorn published reports of French fire tests covering assernblies that can be identified without reference to trade narne are included in Appendix A. The inforrnation is taken frorn:

Cahiers du Centre Scientifique et Technique

du Bf,.tirnent No" 71, Cahier 602, Decernber 1964, d e s c r i b e d a s

rrTableau R6capitulatif g6n6ra1 des classernents r e l a t i f s ) l a 1 6 s i s t a n c e a u f e u . r l

It should be noted that the brief descriptions in the tables do not fully identify the test specirnens. Methods of fastening, for exarnple, can be of great

irnportance. The right-hand colurnn in each table refers

to the Cahiers of the Centre Scientifique et Technique du B6.tirnent, where rrrore detailed reports of the tests are

given. For exarnple, 27 /Z3Z in the table rneans No. 27

of Cahier ?32 du Centre Scientifique et Technique du B6.tirnent. I n t h e o r i g i n a l r e f e r e n c e d o c u r n e n t ( N o . 7 1 , C a h i e r s 6 0 2 ) t h e r e a r e d e s c r i p t i o n s o f 3 6 4 t e s t s . O n l y 5 6 o f t h e s e h a v e b e e n r e p r o d u c e d i n t h i s p a p e r . S o r n e o f t h e s e w e r e o r n i t t e d b e c a u s e t h e f i r e e n d u r a n c e w a s l e s s t h a n l 5 r n i n u t e s , a n d s o r n e b e c a u s e t h e t e s t s p e c i r n e n s w e r e v e r y

srnall. By far the greater nurnber of ornissions, however,

h a s b e e n b e c a u s e t e s t s p e c i r n e n s i n c l u d e d r n a t e r i a l s d e s c r i b e d by trade narrre that consequently could not be adequately

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5

-F o r e a c h o f t h e t e s t r e f e r e n c e s s h o w n i n A p p e n d i x A , a n E n g l i s h v e r s i o n h a s b e e n p r o v i d e d i n c l u d i n g c o n v e r s i o n of

units of rneasurernent to North Arnerican practice. The

descriptions in English in Appendix B include supplernentary

inforrnation derived frorn the rnore detailed test reports

r e f e r r e d t o i n A p p e n d i x A .

l .

BIBLIOGRAPHY

C . S . A . S t a n d a r d 8 5 4 . 3 , 1 9 6 4 . M e t h o d s o f F i r e T e s t s o f W a l l s , P a r t i t i o n s , F l o o r s , R o o f s , C e i l i n g s ,

Colurnns, Bearns and Girders. Canadian

Standards Association, Ottawa.

C . S . A . S t a n d a r d E 5 4 . 5 , 1 9 6 3 . S t a n d a r d M e t h o d s o f F i r e T e s t s o f W i n d o w a n d G I a s s B l o c k A s s e r n b l i e s .

Canadian Standards Association, Ottawa.

A S T M E 1 1 9 . - 6 1 . S t a n d a r d M e t h o d s o f F i r e T e s t o f

Building Constructions and Materials.

Arnerican Society for Testing and Materials,

Philadelphia, U. S. A.

4 . A S T M E l 5 2 - 5 8 . S t a n d a r d M e t h o d s o f F i r e T e s t s o f

D o o r A s s e r n b l i e s . A r n e r i c a n S o c i e t y f o r T e s t i n g

and Materials, Philadelphia, U. S. A.

8 5 4 7 6 P a r t l . 1 9 5 3 . F i r e T e s t o f B u i l d i n g M a t e r i a l s a n d S t r u c t u r e s . B r i t i s h S t a n d a r d s I n s t i t u t i o n , London, England.

Cahiers du Centre Scientifique et Technique du B6,tirnent. N o . 3 7 " C a l n i e r 2 9 9 , a v r i l 1 9 5 9 , A r r € t 6 d u

5 j a n v i e r 1 9 5 9 . C o n c e r n a n t l a 1 6 s i s t a n c e a u f e u d e s 6 1 6 r n e n t s d e c o n s t r u c t i o n . T e x t e e t

cornrnentaires e>cpLicatif par J. P. Fackler,

4 a v e n u e d e R e c t e u r P o i n c a r 6 , P a r i s .

z.

3 .

5 .

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T A B L E I

COMPARISON OT' TIME TEMPERATURE CURVES

IN THE STANDARD TESTS

' F Equivalent degrees Fahrenheit are shown below degrees Celsius f o r A . S . T . M . t e s t . Tirne F u r n a c e T e r a t u r e s o C

c . s . A .

and A . S . T . M .

U . K .

F r a n c e 5 rnin 10 rnin 30 rnin I hr 2}:.r 3 h r 4 b l 5 3 8 * ( 1 0 0 0 ' F ) 7 0 4 ( l 3 0 0 ' r ' ) 843 ( 1 5 5 0 " F ) 9 2 7 ( I 7 0 0 " F ) 1 0 1 0 ( 1 8 5 0 " F ) t o 5 2 ( 1 9 2 5 ' F ) l 0 9 3 ( 2 0 0 0 ' r ' ) 5 3 8 7 0 4 843 9 2 7 l 0 l 0 1 0 7 5

tlzr

556 659 8Zl 9 2 5

r o z 9

I 0 9 0 I 1 3 3

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T A B L E I I

MINIMUM DIMENSIONS FOR TEST SPECIMENS

IN THE STANDARD TESTS

Elernent Minilnurn Dirnens ions of Specirnen

ASTM/csA

I

u. tu.

|

"ranceik

Door s and S c r e e n s t o r e p r e s e n t installation** t o r e p r e s e n t installation** l . l 0 r n ( 3 f t 7 i n . ) x 1 . 7 0 r n ( 5 f t 7 i n . ) p r o p o s e d 2 r n ( 6 f t 7 i n . l x 2 . 5 r n ( 8 f t 2 i n . ) Walls and Partitions 9 ft and I 0 0 s q f t 1 0 f t x 1 0 f t ? r n ( 6 f t 7 i n . ) x Z r n ( 6 f t z i n . ) p r o p o s e d 3 - ( 9 f t t 0 i n . ) x 3 r n ( 9 f t t 0 i n . ) Colurnns 9 f t I 0 f t 2 . 3 0 r n ( 7 f t 6 i n . ) p r o p o s e d 3 tn (9 ft I0 in. ) Bearns I Z ftx**. 1 0 f t 4 m ( 1 3 f t Z i n " ) F l o o r s 1 2 f t a n d 1 8 0 s q f t I 0 f t x I 0 f t 3 r n ( 9 f t t 0 i n . ) x 4 r n ( l 3 f t 2 i n . )

i k P r o p o s e d dirnensions are those which will corne into effect in France w h e n c h a n g e s i n f u r n a c e s a r e r n a d e ( s e e t e x t ) .

>k'k No rninirnurn dirnension specified but the test specirnen is required t o r e p r e s e n t t h a t w h i c h w o u l d b e i n s t a l l e d i n a b u i l d i n g .

r'<)l<>k lZ ft is a rninirnurn dirnension for steel bearns in CSA test, ASTM EIIg has no provisions for testing bearns other than in a floor assernbly.

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APPENDIX A

Tableau R6capitulatif G6n6ral des Classernents Relatifs ). Ia R6sistance au Feu. Cahiers du Centre Scientifique

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A _ Z

LEGENDES DES SYMBOLES El6rnents de construction: M C . Hb. P t . Pu. P r . P r t . P e . M u r s e t c l o i s o n s . Hublots. P o r t e s . Poteaux. P l a n c h e r s . Plancher s translucides. P o u t r e s . E s s a i s p 6 c i a l .

Classernent r6sultant de Fapplication dtune peinture ou dlune enduction protectrice sur les faces ext6rieures de lr6l6rnent (MC ou Pt) ou lrhuisserie. C Las s ernents : S. F. Stabilit6 au feu. P. Fl" Pare -flarnrnes. C . F . C o u p e - f e u . N C . N o n c l a s s a b l e ( d u r 6 e d e r 6 s i s t a n c e a u f e u < 1 5 r n n ) .

Rens eignernents suppl6rnentair es : DS.

c .

C r i t b r e s d e f i n d t e s s a i :

Echauff ernent rnaxirnal tr op 61ev6. Echauffernent rnoyen trop 6Lev6. Flbche d6passant la valeur critique. Inflarnrnation de la face non eq)os6e ou

passage de gaz susceptibles dr€tre enflarnrn6s. P e r f o r a t i o n .

Affais sernent ou 6croulernent

Arr0t de ltessai au bout drune dur6e fix6e contractuellernent, 116l6rnent continuant ) satisfaire aux conditions requises.

Risques particuliers irnposant ltarr€t irnrn6diat : danger s6rieux d!6croulernent par exernple.

A T ; : M A I F r n I P A o u E S R

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APPENDTX B

GENERAL SUMMARY OT' FIRE RESISTANCE CLASSIFICATIONS (Englieh translatlon of Appendlx A to thie paper.including

Borne eupplernentary information taken from detailed test repotts referred to in Appendtx A. )

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B - Z MEANING OF SYMBOI,S Elernente of Construction MC Hb Pt Pu P r P r t P e W a l l s a n d P a r t i t i o n e P o r t s ( r o u n d w i n d o w s ) D o o r s Colurnns F l o o r s T r a n s l u c e n t F l o o r s B e a r n e S p e c i a l t e s t C l a s s i f i c a t i o n d u e t o a p p l i c a t i o n o f p a i n t o r p r o t e c t i v e c o v e r i n g o n e x t e r i o r s u r f a c e s o f w a l l of door or frarne C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f F i r e R e s i s t a n c e S F P F I C F N C S t r u c t u r a l l y s t a b l e i n f i r e B a r r i e r t o f l a r n e s F i r e s t o p N o t c l a s s i f i a b l e ( f i r e r e s i s t a n c e l e s s t h a n t 5 r n i n ) Suppl ernentar y Inf orrnation

DS C r i t e r i a f o r t e r r n i n a t i n g t e e t A T t O M a x i r r u r n t e r n p e r a t u r e r i s e t o o h i g h A T A v e r a g e t e r n p e r a t u r e r i s e t o o h i g h lTl F D e f l e c t i o n s u c c e e d i n g t h e c r i t i c a l v a l u e I F l a r n i n g o n t h e n o n - e > r p o s e d f a c e o r p a s s a g e o f f l a r n r n a b l e g a s e s P P e r f o r a t i o n o f t h e e l e r n e n t A o r E D e s t r u c t i o n o r c o l l a p s e S E n d o f t e s t a t a n a g r e e d t i r n e . T h e e l e r n e n t c o n t i n u i n g t o s a t i s f y a l l t h e r e q u i r e d c o n d i t i o n s R P a r t i c u l a r h a z a r d s r e q u i r i n g i r n r n e d i a t e t e r r n i n a t i o n o f t e s t : f o r e x a r n p l e , s e r i o u s d a n g e r o f c o l l a p s e .

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