Grasslands multifonction, biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and ecological services: Evaluation du Département EFPA (2013)

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Grasslands multifonction, biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and ecological services

Pascal Carrère

To cite this version:

Pascal Carrère. Grasslands multifonction, biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and ecological services:

Evaluation du Département EFPA (2013). [Intern report] 2013, 2 p. �hal-02802564�

Grasslands Ecology

From fundamental knowledge to multifunctional farming systems rules

Carrere P. – UR874 Grassland ecosystem (UREP) - EFPA July 1rst 2013

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INTRODUCTION

CARRERE P / GRASSLANDS ECOLOGY ^07/01/2013

INTRODUCTION

Grasslands and rangelands cover 50% of the arable lands in Europe (Eurostat 2009).

 They are major elements of most European landscapes, contributing to the regional identity,

 They host a tremendous diversity of plants, animals and microorganisms of functional and/or patrimonial interest.

 They provide most of the energy and protein required for agricultural outputs,

Grasslands are at the heart of the debates on multi-functionality

(Carrère et al., Fourrages 2012)

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CONTENTS

v Context and Objectives

v Research on key ecosystem functions

v Expertise and R&D program

v Conclusions & perspectives

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Context and objectives

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üThe emergence of new societal expectations, combined with challenges linked to global change, requires a new approach to livestock farming systems :

 production of safe and genuine products,

 biodiversity conservation,

 environmentally friendly (water quality, C storage),

 support to agricultural systems (pollination, fertilisation),

 landscape maintenance, reducing environmental risks.

üAdopting this approach :

 makes it possible to conciliate environmental benefits and production services,

 highlights the importance of complex vegetation covers and the benefits of heterogeneous vegetation.

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Develop a scientific strategy conciliating fundamental and applied goals

 Develop an expertise :

† built on basic research and which promotes multidisciplinary,

† that allows a better evaluation of grasslands potentialities (typology tool),

 That considers multi criteria approach to assess the system coherence (diagnosis tool).

 Increase scientific knowledge on :

† ecosystem functioning (abiotic and biotic interactions),

† grasslands dynamics (temporal dimensions),

† functional role of complexity and heterogeneity (spatial dimension),

† link functions to services.

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Research on key ecosystem functions

Biogeochemical cycles, biotic interactions, spatial heterogeneity

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An integrative approach combining

Analytical experiments

(laboratory & controlled mesocosms)

In situ observations

(micro-plots to long term fields

recordings) Models

(simulation, incertainty assessment)

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1- Ecosystem functioning and biogeochemical cycles (TA1)

ü Analytical approach to understand the drivers of

grassland systems and assess ecosystem responses to anthropic perturbations (ie management)

ü Role of vegetation on biogeochemical cycles considering preferentialy coupled cycles (ie C:N ; ie water:N ; priming effect)

üLink above-ground and below-ground processes (shoot  root functioning, the role of micro-organisms)

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Fontaine et al., 2011, Soil Biology and Biochemistry

Klumpp et al., 2009, Journal of Ecology Klumpp et .al., 2011, Global Change Biology

üAt local scale (cm2 – m2) management intensification induces a « cascade of effects » :

2003

NNI

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

LL LH

Disturbance treatment

LL LH

Fraction of total PLFA

0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60

fungal gram- gram+

2. Champignons Bactéries Gram+

3. Décomposition microbienne

5. N disponible Production aérienne 6. Changement des espèces végétales 1. Photosynthèse

Biomasse racinaire

Month after start of ¹³C labelling

0 5 10 15 20 25

fPOM oldmg C g-1 soil 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

LL LH

b a

b a a

b a a

4. Stocks de MO

2003

NNI

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

LL LH

Disturbance treatment

LL LH

Fraction of total PLFA

0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60

fungal gram- gram+

2. Champignons Bactéries Gram+

3. Décomposition microbienne

5. N disponible Production aérienne 6. Changement des espèces végétales 1. Photosynthèse

Biomasse racinaire

Month after start of 13C labelling

0 5 10 15 20 25

fPOM old mg C g-1 soil 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

LL LH

b a

b a a

b a a

4. Stocks de MO

•a reduction of root biomass,

•an increase in microbial activity

=> induces soil C losses.

üAt plot scale (ha) grasslands are sink of C (negative NEE), but C storage is impacted by management and annual climate. -2NEE (g C m)

-500 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100

Extensive Intensive

Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE)

2003 20042005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

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2- Interactions between species within Ecosystem (TA2)

üquantifying and understanding the biodiversity- ecosystem function relationship (BEF).

ülink above- and below-ground functional traits to ecosystem processes.

üstudy how vegetation composition, plant traits and biomass production (quantity and quality) are impacted by perturbations (management or climate).

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Aerian traits

19%

51%

Roots traits

tall small

competitive

conservative

small tall

competitive conservative

Pontes et al., 2010, Annals of Botany Picon-Cochard et al., 2012, Plant & Soil

ü Plant traits allow to describe plant strategy for ressource acquisition.

Explained variance

100

60 80

40

20 ^*

***

* ***

**

***

******

**

C-N+

r2 = 59

C+N+

r2 = 67

C-N- r2 = 59

C+N- r2 = 63

***

* ***

N aquisition/conservation No3-/NH4+ affinity

Phenology Plant size

C = cut frequency N = nitrogen supply

Rank of nutrient severity

ü Species assembly rules for a given

environment can be predicted by a set of plant traits that reflects species’ responses to local habitat.

Pontes et al., 2012, Oecologia Maire et al., 2012, New Phytologist

.013 üLong term measurement (2003 to 2011) of species

diversity and plant traits allows to link functional traits and ecosystem processes to predict ecosystem

services :

Productivity (DMTha-1) 0 2 4 6 8 10

Rain(mm)

600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 extensive

intensive Rain

Year

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Standingbiomass (DMTha -1)

0 1 2 3 4

Tasum(°C)

2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400 sum Ta

SLA (cm2g-1)

100 150 200 250 300

LDMC (g g-1)

0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32

Year

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

%Legume

0 5 10 15 20 25

extensive intensive

Species Nb

18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34

Rain (mm)

700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400

ü Leaf Dry Mass Content (LDMC), species number and % leg are quite sensible to agricultural practice.

Production = -59*LDMC – 0.28*SpNb + 0.14* %Leg + 28 R2= 0.83; P<0.001

Digestibility = -0.85 LDMC – 0.49 ETP +2.06 dist +1.39%ther 5-+570 R2 = 0.63 ; P<0.05

Gardarin et al., in press, Journal of Applied Ecology Louault et al. In prep

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3- Grazing ecology and spatial concerns

üBotanical composition at local scale is a factor of stability in vegetation structure

(attractive or repulsive effect)

Pluridisciplinary program EFPA (UR874) – PHASE (UMR1213)

üAnimal selection combined with differential plants

regrowth create heterogeneity and drive patch dynamics

-1 -0,5

0 0,5

1 P1

P2 P3 P4 P5

Bov+Bov- Ov-

üStructural heterogenity promotes vegetation diversity (coexistence of different strategies ; niche differentiation)

-^Heights + Probabilities

+ -

Simulations Grazed Ungrazed May

(P2)

July (P3)

Sept.

(P4)

Nov.

(P5)

0.80 m 0.80 m 3 m

3 m

1.6 m 3 m

1.6 m

Observed heights

Estimated probabilities

Simulations

-^Heights + Probabilities

+ -

-^Heights + Probabilities

+ -

Simulations Grazed Ungrazed May

(P2)

July (P3)

Sept.

(P4)

Nov.

(P5)

0.80 m 0.80 m 3 m

3 m

1.6 m 3 m

1.6 m

Observed heights

Estimated probabilities

Simulations

Selectivity index

üPatch structure can be linked to plant functional type or vegetation phenology

Dumont, Carrère et al., 2011, Basic and Applied Ecology Rossignol et al., 2011, Applied Vegetation Science

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Expertise and R&D program

« Grasslands & Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) cheeses » program

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Conciliate grasslands services to ensure the sustainability of farming systems –

The case of PDO cheeses areas in Massif central

üThe program “grassland and PDO cheeses ” involves 14 research, extension and education partners.

http://www.prairies-aoc.net

ü In upland areas, climate or topography structure farm systems (produce stocks to feed animal during winter season)

ü Maintaining the economic viability of farms requires seeking more favourable milk price and profit margin

ü PDO = a good response to this issue + it sets grassland as a corner stone of the forage system

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environment management

conditions vegetation

composition +

dynamics of herbage biomass and quality during the season

agricultural potentials

environmental potentials

quality of cheeses 1) How to deal with the great diversity

of grasslands in uplands dairy farms?

2) How to characterize grasslands, especially concerning the agronomic, environmental potentials and quality of cheeses?

A typology to

characterize grasslands in uplands dairy farms

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

Area and Process of the study

ü Massif Central – (upland area)

ü A network of 75 plots from 15 farms covering the range of environmental and management conditions of PDO areas in the Massif central

ü Survey identifying farmers’ practices (cutting, grazing, fertilization)

ü Botanic composition to assess the vegetation diversity of the plots (phytosociology).

ü Agronomic measurements (production and nutritive values) at four times during grazing season

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 23 vegetation types (VT) were organized by hierarchical approach considering altitude, practice, soil moisture and fertility.

Botanical composition

Dominant species

Indicator species practice or environment.

Index cards of a VT decribes

Agronomic Potential(quantity and quality)

0.25

0.05 0.15 0.25 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 Rarity index

37

5 15 25 35 45 55

Richness

Biodiversity Potentials

vForage nutritive value at 500°C

Ecological & Environmental services

v Carbon storage

vFauna interest

vPatrimonial interest (botany)

v Color diversity

vPollinisation impact Agricultural services

vYield

vProduction seasonnality

At 400 °C 60% of grassare vegetative At 800 °C 80% of grassculms above 10 cm soil level

vManagement flexibilty

Cheese quality services

v Organolepticpotential v Nutritional potential Antioxydes Insaturated fatty acides Flavor

Color

4/4 1/4 3/4 3/4

Carrère et al., 2012, Fourrages

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

The multifunctional diagnosis - DIAM

A tool

-

- To decline compromise between production, environment and quality of cheese in the forage systems.

Farm Plots

Diversity of vegetation types ; practice ; stock.

Animal needs ; milk production;

calving ; concentrate.

System description

Forage system

Environmental services

Quality of dairy product (cheese)

Ressource (forage) valorization (PDO rules)

Analysis / Diagnosis

(4 modules)

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Farm Plots description

Analysis of system consistency

Consistency index ^{Farm Réf.}

Forage production (t MS/UGB) 2.9 3.0

Area grazed in spring/UGB 45 36

% first cut / grassland area 54 55

N mineral 28 54

… … …

kg concentrate/dairy cow 2642 High

Regional references

Forage

needed Production planned

Forage feed balance (t)

Forage system * stocking rate * Vegetation type

Farm stocking rate (ie 0.92 UGB/ha)

Farruggia et al., 2012, Rencontres Recherches & Ruminants.

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Farm scale diversity : distribution of vegetation types.

Species richness (botany)

Rare species (botany) Patrimonial (interst) Color diversity Pollination Fauna

Carbon storage

Evaluation of ecosystem services

Evaluation of products quality

0 2 4 6 8 10

Couleur de la pate Potentiel anti oxydant Potentiel aromatique Equilibre en acides gras

Fatty acids balanceFlavor potential

Anti-oxydant

potential

Color

Analysis of ressource valorization

according to PDO rules.

Carrère et al., 2013, FAO-CIHEAM Meeting

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Conclusions & Perspectives

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.024 Challenge 2 outputs deal with ecosystems services,

TA1 & TA2 deal with ecosystems biodiversity & functions.

Biological characteristics

Biodiversity ^Taxonomic

diversity Ecological

processes

Functions Functional diversity

Services

Biodiversity conservation Cultural/patrimonial

services

Regulating &

supporting services Producing services

üIncreasing knowledge on the function

 services relationship remains a major scientific concern.

üPromote systems based on Agro- ecology concepts

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üStudy and quantify the functional role of biodiversity.

Produce scientific knowledge (factual basis)

Develop multi criteria method / tools

Develop territorial approach of grassland multifunctionality - search for management level to reach system autonomy (sustainability ?)

Develop index to assess services

üEvaluate the performance of the system.

To bring the farmer thoughts on the balance between the production, environment and the product quality

Question the tradeoffs within a farm and between farms at landscape (territory) level. (ie PDO cheese areas).

üIncrease our partnership with stakeholders

INRA’s Meta-program ECOSERV

CARRERE P / GRASSLANDS ECOLOGY