iQAS: an
i
ntegration platform for
Q
uality of Information
A
ssessment as
a
S
ervice for Smart Cities
Antoine Auger, Ernesto Exposito, Emmanuel Lochin
Introduction
✓ Sensors are everywhere
Introduction
✓ Sensors are everywhere
Introduction
✓ Sensors are everywhere
✓ Use cases: Internet of Things, Smart Cities
Introduction
✓ Sensors are everywhere
✓ Use cases: Internet of Things, Smart Cities
✓ Information-centric systems
➡ How to raise awareness among stakeholders about Quality of Information?
Quality of Information
➡ What is it?
QoI: "the collective effect of information characteristics
(or attributes) that determine the degree by which the information is (or perceived to be) fit-to-use for a purpose" [Bisdikian2009]
Quality of Information
➡ What is it?
QoI: "the collective effect of information characteristics
(or attributes) that determine the degree by which the information is (or perceived to be) fit-to-use for a purpose" [Bisdikian2009]
Quality of Information
➡ What is it?
QoI: "the collective effect of information characteristics
(or attributes) that determine the degree by which the information is (or perceived to be) fit-to-use for a purpose" [Bisdikian2009]
✓ Objective quality dimension (≠ QoE)
Quality of Information
➡ What is it?
QoI: "the collective effect of information characteristics
(or attributes) that determine the degree by which the information is (or perceived to be) fit-to-use for a purpose" [Bisdikian2009]
✓ Objective quality dimension (≠ QoE)
✓ QoI ≈ original QoS definition [ITU-T2008]
Quality of Information
✓ Why is it so important?
Quality of Information
✓ Why is it so important?
Quality of Information
✓ Why is it so important?
➡ Mainly for consumers
age = 0s v = 25°C
Quality of Information
✓ Why is it so important?
➡ Mainly for consumers
age = 10s v = 25°C
Quality of Information
✓ Why is it so important?
➡ Mainly for consumers
age = 10s v = 25°C
Constraint: age < 8s
Quality of Information
✓ Why is it so important?
➡ Mainly for consumers
age = 10s v = 25°C
Information is outdated:
Constraint: age < 8s
Quality of Information
✓ Why is it so important?
➡ Mainly for consumers
age = 10s v = 25°C
Information is outdated:
➡ Transmission time too high? (network QoS)
Constraint: age < 8s
Quality of Information
✓ Why is it so important?
➡ Mainly for consumers
age = 10s v = 25°C
Information is outdated:
➡ Transmission time too high? (network QoS) ➡ Sensor rate too low? (QoI)
Constraint: age < 8s
Quality of Information
Quality of Information
✓ Popular within tactical military networks
Quality of Information
✓ Popular within tactical military networks
➡ Has received less interest within IoT domain
➡ Most of the time, sensors are considered as
Quality of Information
✓ Popular within tactical military networks
➡ Has received less interest within IoT domain
➡ Most of the time, sensors are considered as
trustworthy…
Motivation
Motivation
✓ Many solutions for IoT / Smart Cities
Motivation
✓ Many solutions for IoT / Smart Cities
✓ Some of them do consider QoI / Context
✓ Only few take into account adaptation and reconfiguration based on QoI
Motivation
✓ Many solutions for IoT / Smart Cities
✓ Some of them do consider QoI / Context
✓ Only few take into account adaptation and reconfiguration based on QoI
iQAS requirements
iQAS requirements
1. Information characterization
iQAS requirements
1. Information characterization
2. Real-time consumption / monitoring
iQAS requirements
1. Information characterization
2. Real-time consumption / monitoring
3. Usable by stakeholders with diverse skills
4. Non-functional: Adaptable, reconfigurable,
✓ Open source solutions
✓ Component-based / distributed architecture (actors)
✓ Data-flow oriented platform
✓ Open source solutions
✓ Component-based / distributed architecture (actors)
✓ Data-flow oriented platform
➡ Notable solutions:
The iQAS platform
Adaptation service
Adapt. Adapt. Adapt. Adapt. Adapt.
Smart City stakeholders
Information collection service Filtering mechanism Prediction mechanism MAPE-K autonomic service QoI annotation service Monitoring service Sensing service Notification service Configuration service P A API gateway Information layer Raw Data layer
The iQAS platform
Adaptation service
Adapt. Adapt. Adapt. Adapt. Adapt.
Smart City stakeholders
Information collection service Filtering mechanism Prediction mechanism MAPE-K autonomic service QoI annotation service Monitoring service Sensing service Notification service Configuration service M K E P A API gateway Information layer Raw Data layer
Information collection
The iQAS platform
Adaptation service
Adapt. Adapt. Adapt. Adapt. Adapt.
Smart City stakeholders
Information collection service Filtering mechanism Prediction mechanism MAPE-K autonomic service QoI annotation service Monitoring service Sensing service Notification service Configuration service P A API gateway Information layer Raw Data layer
Information Consumption
The iQAS platform
Adaptation service
Adapt. Adapt. Adapt. Adapt. Adapt.
Smart City stakeholders
Information collection service Filtering mechanism Prediction mechanism MAPE-K autonomic service QoI annotation service Monitoring service Sensing service Notification service Configuration service M K E P A API gateway Information layer Raw Data layer
Information collection
Consumption & monitoring
Information collection
✓ Several adapters to collect information from
Information collection
✓ Several adapters to collect information from
different sources (Twitter, message brokers, etc.)
✓ Stakeholders can customize the characterization process (QoI attributes)
Information collection
✓ Several adapters to collect information from
different sources (Twitter, message brokers, etc.)
✓ Stakeholders can customize the characterization process (QoI attributes)
✓ Easy configuration through a web-based GUI and Apache Nifi
Information consumption
and monitoring
✓ Information can be directly consumed from Kafka queues
Information consumption
and monitoring
✓ Information can be directly consumed from Kafka queues
Information consumption
and monitoring
✓ Information can be directly consumed from Kafka queues
✓ Real-time QoI monitoring
➡ iQAS allows stakeholders to concretely see the impact of the adaptation strategies that are enforced
✓ Adaptation control loop
✓ Adaptation control loop
Autonomic manager
Managed element
Managed element touchpoint
Sensors Effectors Monitor Execute Plan Analyze Knowledge IBM MAPE-K
Adaptation
Adaptation
➡ Monitor ( "symptoms" )
• Sensor details (battery level, sensor rate…) • Consumer requests
Adaptation
➡ Monitor ( "symptoms" )
• Sensor details (battery level, sensor rate…) • Consumer requests
• QoI details
➡ Execute ( "orders" )
• Actions on sensors (actuators)
• Dynamic information pipelines (Filtering, Caching, Fusion, etc.)
Adaptation
➡ Monitor ( "symptoms" )
• Sensor details (battery level, sensor rate…) • Consumer requests
• QoI details
➡ Execute ( "orders" )
• Actions on sensors (actuators)
• Dynamic information pipelines (Filtering, Caching, Fusion, etc.)
Who can use iQAS?
1. Citizens
Who can use iQAS?
1. Citizens
consume information
2. Domain experts (e.g., meteorologists) propose adaptation mechanisms
Who can use iQAS?
1. Citizens
consume information
2. Domain experts (e.g., meteorologists) propose adaptation mechanisms
3. Administrative people (mayor)
Who can use iQAS?
1. Citizens
consume information
2. Domain experts (e.g., meteorologists) propose adaptation mechanisms
3. Administrative people (mayor)
define business processes
4. Developers
Who can use iQAS?
1. Citizens
consume information
2. Domain experts (e.g., meteorologists) propose adaptation mechanisms
3. Administrative people (mayor)
define business processes
4. Developers
investigate new technical solutions
iQAS evaluation
iQAS evaluation
➡ Goal: show the importance to consider QoI
➡ We reuse datasets from the CityPulse project
iQAS evaluation
➡ Goal: show the importance to consider QoI
➡ We reuse datasets from the CityPulse project
[CityPulse]
➡ Raw visibility measurements for Aarhus, Denmark (February - June 2014)
iQAS evaluation
➡ Goal: show the importance to consider QoI
➡ We reuse datasets from the CityPulse project
[CityPulse]
➡ Raw visibility measurements for Aarhus, Denmark (February - June 2014)
iQAS evaluation
Conclusions
Conclusions
✓ iQAS platform
Conclusions
✓ iQAS platform
✓ Teaching goal: raise awareness about QoI
✓ Smart City use case => several stakeholders
Conclusions
✓ iQAS platform
✓ Teaching goal: raise awareness about QoI
✓ Smart City use case => several stakeholders
with various skills
Conclusions
✓ iQAS platform
✓ Teaching goal: raise awareness about QoI
✓ Smart City use case => several stakeholders
with various skills
✓ Dynamic adaptation and reconfiguration
Perspectives
• Different observation levels for consumption
• Ontologies for better reasoning and inference
• Extended evaluation
• "Cloudification" of the solution • Recommendation feature?
iQAS: an
i
ntegration platform for
Q
uality
of Information
A
ssessment as a
S
ervice
for Smart Cities
Antoine Auger
References
[ITU-T2008], “E.800: Definitions of terms related to quality of service,” International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication Standardisation Sector (ITU-T), Sep. 2008.
[Bisdikian2009] C. Bisdikian, J. Branch, K. K. Leung, and R. I. Young, “A
letter soup for the quality of information in sensor networks,” in IEEE
International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications, 2009. PerCom 2009, 2009, pp. 1–6.
[Kephart2003] J. O. Kephart and D. M. Chess, “The vision of autonomic
computing,” Computer, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 41–50, 2003.
[CityPulse] Official website for the EU FP7 CityPulse project: http://www.ict-citypulse.eu
