Investigation of Molikpaq 1986 Ice Loading Events & Evaluation of Load Measuring Devices

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Investigation of Molikpaq

1986 Ice Loading Events

& Evaluation of Load

Measuring Devices

FINAL REPORT:

APPENDICES

Submitted to:

Canadian Hydraulics Centre National Research Council of Canada

Ottawa, ON

Canada K1A 0R6

By:

Ian Jordaan and Associates Inc.

7 East Middle Battery Road St. John’s, NL

Canada A1A 1A3

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Contents of Appendix

Item Page

Number

Appendix IJA – A: Practical Formulation of Design

Load Calculation

2 Appendix IJA – B: Analysis of Subevents as Defined

by Brian Wright

5 Appendix IJA – C: Preliminary Geotechnical

Overview of 1986 Molikpaq Response (C-CORE)

156 Appendix IJA – C: C-CORE Technical Memorandum

242 Appendix IJA – D: Response to C-CORE Report

“Preliminary Geotechnical Overview of 1986

Molikpaq Response” by Kevin Hewitt

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Appendix IJA - A

Practical Formulation of Design Load Calculation

Submitted by Ian Jordaan

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Values of Parameters for Probabilistic Model

In previous work, results from the Molikpaq experience were proposed for use in design (IJA C-CORE internal work). This should be considered in conjunction with Figure 1-1. The table below shows a result that has been proposed for preliminary design. The values have been corrected for panels that were found to not register load and for ice thickness that extends below the lower panels. Each ice event (impact) in Figure 1-1 will have a different mean and standard deviation, sampled from distributions derived from the values below.

The work introduced the concept of probabilistic averaging. In essence, random

variations in pressure occur across the face of the structure and the total global load is the sum (integral) of these pressures. Since the Medof and strain gauge sensors provide estimates of loads only on a certain fraction of the total area (about 10%), there will be much more statistical variation over these small areas than over the entire structure face. The technique of probabilistic averaging corrects for this effect by estimating the

standard deviation of global loads rather than using the value obtained from the local (10%) area covered by the panels.

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Table: Inputs for Pressure Distribution Proposed for Preliminary Analysis based on Molikpaq Data

Average Pressure over Panels*1 (MPa) Event Date Event Number Mean Std PA _Std*1 7 Jan 1986 1 0.119 0.050 0.034 6 Feb 1986 2 0.239 0.165 0.095 7 Feb 1986 3 0.260 0.174 0.089 7 Feb 1986 4 0.398 0.137 0.093 8 Feb 1986 5 0.312 0.235 0.121 8 Feb 1986 6 0.224 0.141 0.073 17 Feb 1986 7 0.397 0.109 0.074 28 Feb 1986 8 0.413 0.214 0.146 22 May 1986 9 0.269 0.099 0.067 22 May 1986 10 0.249 0.162 0.110 2 Jun 1986 11 0.458 0.177 0.079 2 Jun 1986 12 0.323 0.124 0.064 10 Nov 1985 13 0.170 0.139 0.062 27 Nov 1985 14 0.251 0.133 0.068 16 Dec 1985 15 0.291 0.163 0.084 12 May 1986 16 0.355 0.158 0.107 7 Mar 1986 17 0.201 0.094 0.048 7 Mar 1986 18 0.126 0.087 0.045 8 Mar 1986 19 0.142 0.149 0.077 8 Mar 1986 20 0.429 0.145 0.075 8 Mar 1986 21 0.044 0.020 0.009 8 Mar 1986 22 0.107 0.010 0.005 25 Mar 1986 23 0.185 0.092 0.063 12 Apr 1986 24 0.207 0.182 0.081 12 Apr 1986 25 0.315 0.184 0.082 12 Apr 1986 26 0.227 0.096 0.043 Mean 0.257 0.132 0.073 Std 0.108 0.054 0.031 1_{Pressure-averaged standard deviation}

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Appendix IJA - B

Analysis of Sub Events as Defined by Brian Wright

Submitted by Ian Jordaan & Associates Inc.

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Table of Contents March 25, 1986 – f603251302... 7 April 12 – f604121101 ... 14 Event ID – 14 - 1... 21 Event ID – 14 - 3... 24 April 12 – f604121201 ... 27 Event ID – 15 - A - 1 ... 34 Event ID – 15 - A - 2 ... 37 Event ID – 15 - A - 3 ... 40 Event ID – 15 - A - 4 ... 43 Event ID – 15 - A - 5 ... 46 Event ID – 15 - A - 6 ... 49 Event ID – 15 - A - 8 ... 52 April 12 – f60412140A ... 55 Event ID – 15 - B - 1... 62 May 12 – f605120301 ... 65 Event ID – 16 - 2... 73 Event ID – 16 - 4... 76 Event ID – 16 - 5... 79 May 22 – f605220801 ... 82 Event ID – 17 - 1... 89 Event ID – 17 - 3... 92 May 22 – f605221301 ... 95 Event ID – 18 – 1... 102 Event ID – 18 – 2... 105 Event ID – 18 – 4... 108 Event ID – 18 – 5... 111 Event ID – 18 – 6... 114 June 2 – f606021301 ... 117 Event ID – 19 – 1... 124 Event ID – 19 – 2... 127 Event ID – 19 – 4... 130 Event ID – 19 – 5... 133 Event ID – 19 – 7... 136 Event ID – 19 – 8... 139 June 2 – f606022201 ... 142 Event ID – 20 – 1... 149 Event ID – 20 – 2... 152

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MARCH 25, 1986 – F603251302 Event ID – 8

Creep Event

Ice Thickness: 3.5m

Dynamac Event Description

After 3 weeks of stationary ice, the multi-year ice in the vicinity of the Molikpaq began to slowly creep towards the south, thereby simultaneously loading the N, NW & NE faces. The ice drift speed was estimated at < 1 m/hr.

Note: The Bottom panel shows no loading during this event.

0 50 100 150 0 1 2 3 4 Time (min) Lo ad ( M N ) North Face 0 50 100 150 0 1 2 3 4 Time (min) Lo ad ( M N )

North East Face

0 50 100 150 0 1 2 3 4 Time (min) Lo ad ( M N ) East Face Nom inal Lo a d No m ina l L o ad No m ina l L o ad 0 50 100 150 0 1 2 3 4 Time (min) Lo ad ( M N ) North Face 0 50 100 150 0 1 2 3 4 Time (min) Lo ad ( M N )

North East Face

0 50 100 150 0 1 2 3 4 Time (min) Lo ad ( M N ) East Face Nom inal Lo a d No m ina l L o ad No m ina l L o ad

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Event ID Date Fast File Segment Time Period Failure Mode Panel Groups Spacing of Groups 25-Mar (C) 2 F603251305 full file 13:50:10-16:00:08 SLW N1, N2 & N3 ≈ 40m

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-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 Slope = -5.52 R2 = 0.97 Extensometer Deflection (mm) L A M e d o f F a c e L o a d ( M N ) f603251302med -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Slope = -5.40 R2 = 0.97 Extensometer Deflection (mm) PA M e d o f F a c e L o a d ( M N ) f603251302med N o min a l M e dof F a ce Lo ad N o min a l M edof F a ce Lo ad -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 Slope = -5.52 R2 = 0.97 Extensometer Deflection (mm) L A M e d o f F a c e L o a d ( M N ) f603251302med -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Slope = -5.40 R2 = 0.97 Extensometer Deflection (mm) PA M e d o f F a c e L o a d ( M N ) f603251302med N o min a l M e dof F a ce Lo ad N o min a l M edof F a ce Lo ad

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-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M e do f F a c e Lo ad (M N ) f603251302med Interval 1 Interval 2 Interval 3 Interval 4 Interval 5 Interval 6 Interval 7 Interval 8 N o min a l M edof F a ce Lo ad -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M e do f F a c e Lo ad (M N ) f603251302med Interval 1 Interval 2 Interval 3 Interval 4 Interval 5 Interval 6 Interval 7 Interval 8 N o min a l M edof F a ce Lo ad 0 50 100 150 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 Time (min) E x tens o m et e r D e fl ec ti on ( m m ) f603251302med 0 50 100 150 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Time (min) P A M edof F ac e Loa d ( M N ) f603251302med Nom ina l M edof F a c e Lo ad 0 50 100 150 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 Time (min) E x tens o m et e r D e fl ec ti on ( m m ) f603251302med 0 50 100 150 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Time (min) P A M edof F ac e Loa d ( M N ) f603251302med Nom ina l M edof F a c e Lo ad

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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Extensometer Face Load (MN)

M e d o f F a c e L o a d P A ( M N ) N o min a l M edof F a ce Lo ad 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

M e d o f F a c e L o a d P A ( M N ) N o min a l M edof F a ce Lo ad

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Lower Panel Analysis -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 0 100 200 300 400 500 Slope = -5.40 R2 = 0.97 Extensometer Deflection (mm) M edo f F ac e L oad P A ( M N )

f603251302med Analysis Without Bottom Panel

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 0 100 200 300 400 500 Slope = -5.40 R2 = 0.97 Extensometer Deflection (mm) M ed of F ac e Lo ad P A ( M N )

f603251302med Bottom Panel Analysis - Option 1

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 0 100 200 300 400 500 Slope = -5.40 R2 = 0.97 Extensometer Deflection (mm) M ed of F a c e Loa d - P A ( M N )

N om ina l M edof Fa ce L oad N om ina l M edof Fa ce L oad N om ina l M edof Fa ce L oad -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 0 100 200 300 400 500 Slope = -5.40 R2 = 0.97 Extensometer Deflection (mm) M edo f F ac e L oad P A ( M N )

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 0 100 200 300 400 500 Slope = -5.40 R2 = 0.97 Extensometer Deflection (mm) M ed of F ac e Lo ad P A ( M N )

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 0 100 200 300 400 500 Slope = -5.40 R2 = 0.97 Extensometer Deflection (mm) M ed of F a c e Loa d - P A ( M N )

N om ina l M edof Fa ce L oad N om ina l M edof Fa ce L oad N om ina l M edof Fa ce L oad

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Strain Gauge Results -1000 0 100 200 300 400 500 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Slope = 0.27 R2 = 0.96

Strain Gauge (Micro Strain)

L A M edo f F ac e Lo ad ( M N ) f603251302med -1000 0 100 200 300 400 500 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Slope = 0.27 R2 = 0.96

P A M edo f F a c e Lo ad ( M N ) f603251302med N o min a l M edof F a ce Lo ad N o min a l M edof F a ce Lo ad -1000 0 100 200 300 400 500 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Slope = 0.27 R2 = 0.96

L A M edo f F ac e Lo ad ( M N ) f603251302med -1000 0 100 200 300 400 500 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Slope = 0.27 R2 = 0.96

P A M edo f F a c e Lo ad ( M N ) f603251302med N o min a l M edof F a ce Lo ad N o min a l M edof F a ce Lo ad

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APRIL 12 – F604121101 Event ID – 14

Crushing Event Ice Thickness: 3.3m

The Molikpaq contacted multi-year ice on the S, SE & E faces resulting in extrusion-collapse cycles.

Note: The Bottom panel shows no loading during this event.

0 20 40 60 80 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) Load (M N ) North Face 0 20 40 60 80 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) Load (M N )

North East Face

0 20 40 60 80 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) Load (M N ) East Face N o m ina l L o ad N o m ina l L o ad N o m ina l L o ad 0 20 40 60 80 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) Load (M N ) North Face 0 20 40 60 80 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) Load (M N )

North East Face

0 20 40 60 80 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) Load (M N ) East Face N o m ina l L o ad N o m ina l L o ad N o m ina l L o ad

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-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 Slope = -7.94 R2 = 0.88 Extensometer Deflection (mm) LA M e dof F a c e L oad (M N ) f604121101med -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 Slope = -6.41 R2 = 0.88 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M e dof F ac e Lo ad (M N ) f604121101med N o min al L A M edof Fa ce L o ad N o min al PA M edof F a c e Lo ad -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 Slope = -7.94 R2 = 0.88 Extensometer Deflection (mm) LA M e dof F a c e L oad (M N ) f604121101med -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 Slope = -6.41 R2 = 0.88 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M e dof F ac e Lo ad (M N ) f604121101med N o min al L A M edof Fa ce L o ad N o min al PA M edof F a c e Lo ad

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-18 -16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M e d o f F a c e L o a d ( M N ) f604121101med Interval 1 Interval 2 Interval 3 Interval 4 Interval 5 Interval 6 Interval 7 Interval 8 N o min a l PA M edof F a c e Lo ad -18 -16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M e d o f F a c e L o a d ( M N ) f604121101med Interval 1 Interval 2 Interval 3 Interval 4 Interval 5 Interval 6 Interval 7 Interval 8 N o min a l PA M edof F a c e Lo ad 0 20 40 60 80 -18 -16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 Time (min) E x tens om et er D ef lec ti o n ( m m ) f604121101med 0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Time (min) P A M edo f F a c e Lo ad ( M N ) f604121101med Nom inal P A Fac e Loa d 0 20 40 60 80 -18 -16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 Time (min) E x tens om et er D ef lec ti o n ( m m ) f604121101med 0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Time (min) P A M edo f F a c e Lo ad ( M N ) f604121101med Nom inal P A Fac e Loa d

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0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

M e d o f F a c e L o a d P A ( M N ) N o min a l M edof F a ce Lo ad 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

M e d o f F a c e L o a d P A ( M N ) N o min a l M edof F a ce Lo ad

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Bottom Panel Analysis -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 0 100 200 300 400 Slope = -6.41 R2 = 0.88 Extensometer Deflection (mm) M e d o f F a c e L o a d PA ( M N )

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 0 100 200 300 400 Slope = -6.41 R2 = 0.88 Extensometer Deflection (mm) M e d o f F a c e Lo ad - P A (M N )

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 0 100 200 300 400 Slope = -6.41 R2 = 0.88 Extensometer Deflection (mm) M e d o f F a c e L o a d PA ( M N )

N o min a l M edof F a ce Lo ad N o min a l M edof F a ce L o ad N o min a l M edof F a ce Lo ad -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 0 100 200 300 400 Slope = -6.41 R2 = 0.88 Extensometer Deflection (mm) M e d o f F a c e L o a d PA ( M N )

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 0 100 200 300 400 Slope = -6.41 R2 = 0.88 Extensometer Deflection (mm) M e d o f F a c e Lo ad - P A (M N )

N o min a l M edof F a ce Lo ad N o min a l M edof F a ce L o ad N o min a l M edof F a ce Lo ad

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Strain Gauge Results 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Slope = 0.30 R2 = 0.85

LA M edof F ac e Load ( M N ) f604121101med 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Slope = 0.24 R2 = 0.85

P A M edof F ac e Load ( M N ) f604121101med Nom inal LA M edof F ac e Lo ad Nom inal P A M edof Fac e Loa d 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Slope = 0.30 R2 = 0.85

LA M edof F ac e Load ( M N ) f604121101med 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Slope = 0.24 R2 = 0.85

P A M edof F ac e Load ( M N ) f604121101med Nom inal LA M edof F ac e Lo ad Nom inal P A M edof Fac e Loa d

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April 12 – f604121101 1.1 Event ID – 14 - 1 Cyclic Crushing 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) L oad ( M N ) f604121101med E1R E1L E2R E2L E3R E3L Nominal Loa d 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) L oad ( M N ) f604121101med E1R E1L E2R E2L E3R E3L Nominal Loa d

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-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 Slope = -10.49 R2 = 0.64 Extensometer Deflection (mm) LA M edof F ac e Load ( M N ) f604121101med -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 Slope = -8.47 R2 = 0.64 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M edof F ac e Load ( M N ) f604121101med N omin al LA M efod F a c e L oad N o min a l PA M e fo d F ac e Lo ad -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 Slope = -10.49 R2 = 0.64 Extensometer Deflection (mm) LA M edof F ac e Load ( M N ) f604121101med -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 Slope = -8.47 R2 = 0.64 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M edof F ac e Load ( M N ) f604121101med N omin al LA M efod F a c e L oad N o min a l PA M e fo d F ac e Lo ad

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0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

M e d o f F a c e L o a d P A ( M N ) f604121101med N o min a l M edof F a ce Lo ad -P A 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

M e d o f F a c e L o a d P A ( M N ) f604121101med N o min a l M edof F a ce Lo ad -P A

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April 12 – f604121101 1.2 Event ID – 14 - 3 Crushing 36.50 37 37.5 38 38.5 39 39.5 40 40.5 41 41.5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) Lo ad ( M N ) f604121101med E1R E1L E2R E2L E3R E3L Nominal Lo a d 36.50 37 37.5 38 38.5 39 39.5 40 40.5 41 41.5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) Lo ad ( M N ) f604121101med E1R E1L E2R E2L E3R E3L Nominal Lo a d

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-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 Slope = -6.65 R2 = 0.86 Extensometer Deflection (mm) L A M e dof F ac e L oad ( M N ) f604121101med -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Slope = -5.37 R2 = 0.86 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M e dof F ac e L oad ( M N ) f604121101med N omin al PA M edof F ac e Lo ad N omin a l LA M edof Fa ce L oad -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 Slope = -6.65 R2 = 0.86 Extensometer Deflection (mm) L A M e dof F ac e L oad ( M N ) f604121101med -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Slope = -5.37 R2 = 0.86 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M e dof F ac e L oad ( M N ) f604121101med N omin al PA M edof F ac e Lo ad N omin a l LA M edof Fa ce L oad

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0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

M e do f F a c e Lo ad - P A (M N ) f604121101med N o min a l M edof F a ce Lo ad 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

M e do f F a c e Lo ad - P A (M N ) f604121101med N o min a l M edof F a ce Lo ad

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2 APRIL 12 – F604121201 Event ID – 15 – A

Crushing

Note: The Bottom panel is loaded during this event. Some modeling of the effect of the bottom panel is required.

0 20 40 60 80 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) Lo ad ( M N ) North Face 0 20 40 60 80 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) Lo ad ( M N )

North East Face

0 20 40 60 80 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) Lo ad ( M N ) East Face No m inal L oa d No m inal L oa d No m inal L oa d 0 20 40 60 80 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) Lo ad ( M N ) North Face 0 20 40 60 80 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) Lo ad ( M N )

North East Face

0 20 40 60 80 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) Lo ad ( M N ) East Face No m inal L oa d No m inal L oa d No m inal L oa d

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-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -50 0 50 100 150 200 Slope = -4.05 R2 = 0.63 Extensometer Deflection (mm) LA M edof F ac e Load ( M N ) f604121201med -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Slope = -3.27 R2 = 0.63 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M e dof F ac e Load ( M N ) f604121201med N o min a l PA M e dof F a c e L oad N omin al LA M edof F a ce Lo a d -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -50 0 50 100 150 200 Slope = -4.05 R2 = 0.63 Extensometer Deflection (mm) LA M edof F ac e Load ( M N ) f604121201med -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Slope = -3.27 R2 = 0.63 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M e dof F ac e Load ( M N ) f604121201med N o min a l PA M e dof F a c e L oad N omin al LA M edof F a ce Lo a d

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-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M e do f F a c e Lo ad (M N ) f604121201med Interval 1 Interval 2 Interval 3 Interval 4 Interval 5 Interval 6 Interval 7 Interval 8 N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M e do f F a c e Lo ad (M N ) f604121201med Interval 1 Interval 2 Interval 3 Interval 4 Interval 5 Interval 6 Interval 7 Interval 8 N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad 0 20 40 60 80 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 Time (min) E x tens om et er D ef lec ti on (m m ) f604121201med 0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Time (min) P A M edof F ac e Load (M N ) f604121201med Nom inal P A M edof Fac e Loa d

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-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

M e d o f F a c e L o a d P A ( M N ) N o min a l PA M e dof F a c e L oad -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

M e d o f F a c e L o a d P A ( M N ) N o min a l PA M e dof F a c e L oad

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Analysis of Bottom Panel -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 0 100 200 300 400 Slope = -3.27 R2 = 0.63 Extensometer Deflection (mm) M e d o f F a c e L o a d PA ( M N )

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 0 100 200 300 400 Slope = -6.76 R2 = 0.63 Extensometer Deflection (mm) M e d o f F a c e L o a d P A ( M N )

N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 0 100 200 300 400 Slope = -3.27 R2 = 0.63 Extensometer Deflection (mm) M e d o f F a c e L o a d PA ( M N )

N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad

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Strain Gauge Results 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Slope = 0.26 R2 = 0.56

LA M edof F ac e Load ( M N ) f604121201med 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Slope = 0.21 R2 = 0.56

P A M edof F ac e Load ( M N ) f604121201med Nom inal P A M edof Fac e Loa d Nom inal LA M edof Fac e Lo ad 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Slope = 0.26 R2 = 0.56

LA M edof F ac e Load ( M N ) f604121201med 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Slope = 0.21 R2 = 0.56

P A M edof F ac e Load ( M N ) f604121201med Nom inal P A M edof Fac e Loa d Nom inal LA M edof Fac e Lo ad

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April 12 – f604121201 2.1 Event ID – 15 - A - 1 Crushing 13 13.5 14 14.5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) Lo ad ( M N ) f604121201med E1R E1L E2R E2L E3R E3L N o min a l Loa d

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-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 Slope = -7.82 R2 = 0.36 Extensometer Deflection (mm) LA M edof F ac e Load ( M N ) f604121201med -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -50 0 50 100 150 200 Slope = -6.31 R2 = 0.36 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M edof F ac e Load ( M N ) f604121201med N omin al LA M edof Fa ce Loa d N o min a l PA M e dof F a c e L oad -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 Slope = -7.82 R2 = 0.36 Extensometer Deflection (mm) LA M edof F ac e Load ( M N ) f604121201med -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -50 0 50 100 150 200 Slope = -6.31 R2 = 0.36 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M edof F ac e Load ( M N ) f604121201med N omin al LA M edof Fa ce Loa d N o min a l PA M e dof F a c e L oad

(38)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

M e d o f F a c e L o a d P A ( M N ) f604121201med N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

M e d o f F a c e L o a d P A ( M N ) f604121201med N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad

(39)

April 12 – f604121201 2.2 Event ID – 15 - A - 2 Crushing 14.40 14.6 14.8 15 15.2 15.4 15.6 15.8 16 16.2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) Lo ad ( M N ) f604121201med E1R E1L E2R E2L E3R E3L N o min a l Loa d 14.40 14.6 14.8 15 15.2 15.4 15.6 15.8 16 16.2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) Lo ad ( M N ) f604121201med E1R E1L E2R E2L E3R E3L N o min a l Loa d

(40)

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Slope = -4.25 R2 = 0.34 Extensometer Deflection (mm) LA M edof F ac e Load (M N ) f604121201med -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Slope = -3.43 R2 = 0.34 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M edof F ac e Load (M N ) f604121201med N omin al LA M e dof Fa ce Loa d N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Slope = -4.25 R2 = 0.34 Extensometer Deflection (mm) LA M edof F ac e Load (M N ) f604121201med -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Slope = -3.43 R2 = 0.34 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M edof F ac e Load (M N ) f604121201med N omin al LA M e dof Fa ce Loa d N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad

(41)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

M e d o f F a c e Loa d - P A (M N ) f604121201med N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad

(42)

April 12 – f604121201 2.3 Event ID – 15 - A - 3 Crushing 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) Lo ad ( M N ) f604121201med E1R E1L E2R E2L E3R E3L N o min a l Loa d

(43)

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 Slope = -8.26 R2 = 0.40 Extensometer Deflection (mm) L A M edo f F ac e Lo ad (M N ) f604121201med -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -50 0 50 100 150 200 Slope = -6.67 R2 = 0.40 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M ed of F ac e L oad (M N ) f604121201med N omin al PA M edo f F ac e L oad N omin al LA M e dof Fa ce Loa d -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 Slope = -8.26 R2 = 0.40 Extensometer Deflection (mm) L A M edo f F ac e Lo ad (M N ) f604121201med -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -50 0 50 100 150 200 Slope = -6.67 R2 = 0.40 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M ed of F ac e L oad (M N ) f604121201med N omin al PA M edo f F ac e L oad N omin al LA M e dof Fa ce Loa d

(44)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0

50 100 150

M e d o f F a c e L o a d P A ( M N ) f604121201med N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 50 100 150

(45)

April 12 – f604121201 2.4 Event ID – 15 - A - 4 Crushing 21.60 21.8 22 22.2 22.4 22.6 22.8 23 23.2 23.4 23.6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) Lo ad ( M N ) f604121201med E1R E1L E2R E2L E3R E3L N o min a l Loa d 21.60 21.8 22 22.2 22.4 22.6 22.8 23 23.2 23.4 23.6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) Lo ad ( M N ) f604121201med E1R E1L E2R E2L E3R E3L N o min a l Loa d

(46)

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Slope = -4.42 R2 = 0.57 Extensometer Deflection (mm) LA M edof F ac e Loa d ( M N ) f604121201med -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Slope = -3.57 R2 = 0.57 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M e dof F a c e Load ( M N ) f604121201med N omin a l LA M edof Fa ce L oa d N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Slope = -4.42 R2 = 0.57 Extensometer Deflection (mm) LA M edof F ac e Loa d ( M N ) f604121201med -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Slope = -3.57 R2 = 0.57 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M e dof F a c e Load ( M N ) f604121201med N omin a l LA M edof Fa ce L oa d N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad

(47)

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

M e d o f F a c e L o a d P A ( M N ) f604121201med N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

(48)

April 12 – f604121201 2.5 Event ID – 15 - A - 5 Crushing 23.50 24 24.5 25 25.5 26 26.5 27 27.5 28 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) Lo ad ( M N ) f604121201med E1R E1L E2R E2L E3R E3L N o min a l Loa d 23.50 24 24.5 25 25.5 26 26.5 27 27.5 28 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) Lo ad ( M N ) f604121201med E1R E1L E2R E2L E3R E3L N o min a l Loa d

(49)

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Slope = -3.23 R2 = 0.61 Extensometer Deflection (mm) LA M edo f F ac e Loa d (M N ) f604121201med -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Slope = -2.61 R2 = 0.61 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M ed of F ac e Lo ad (M N ) f604121201med N omin al L A M edof Fa ce Lo a d N o min a l PA M e dof F a c e L oad -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Slope = -3.23 R2 = 0.61 Extensometer Deflection (mm) LA M edo f F ac e Loa d (M N ) f604121201med -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Slope = -2.61 R2 = 0.61 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M ed of F ac e Lo ad (M N ) f604121201med N omin al L A M edof Fa ce Lo a d N o min a l PA M e dof F a c e L oad

(50)

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

M e d o f F a c e L o a d P A ( M N ) f604121201med N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

(51)

April 12 – f604121201 2.6 Event ID – 15 - A - 6 Crushing 27.50 28 28.5 29 29.5 30 30.5 31 31.5 32 32.5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) Lo ad ( M N ) f604121201med E1R E1L E2R E2L E3R E3L N o min a l Loa d 27.50 28 28.5 29 29.5 30 30.5 31 31.5 32 32.5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) Lo ad ( M N ) f604121201med E1R E1L E2R E2L E3R E3L N o min a l Loa d

(52)

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Slope = -3.64 R2 = 0.56 Extensometer Deflection (mm) L A M edo f F ac e Lo ad (M N ) f604121201med -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Slope = -2.94 R2 = 0.56 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M ed of F ac e L oad (M N ) f604121201med N omin al L A M edof Fa ce Lo a d N o min a l PA M e dof F a c e L oad -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Slope = -3.64 R2 = 0.56 Extensometer Deflection (mm) L A M edo f F ac e Lo ad (M N ) f604121201med -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Slope = -2.94 R2 = 0.56 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M ed of F ac e L oad (M N ) f604121201med N omin al L A M edof Fa ce Lo a d N o min a l PA M e dof F a c e L oad

(53)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

M e d o f F a c e L o a d P A ( M N ) f604121201med N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

(54)

April 12 – f604121201 2.7 Event ID – 15 - A - 8 Crushing 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) Lo ad ( M N ) f604121201med E1R E1L E2R E2L E3R E3L N o min a l Loa d 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) Lo ad ( M N ) f604121201med E1R E1L E2R E2L E3R E3L N o min a l Loa d

(55)

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -50 0 50 100 150 Slope = -4.68 R2 = 0.39 Extensometer Deflection (mm) L A M e d o f F a c e L o a d ( M N ) f604121201med -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -50 0 50 100 150 Slope = -3.78 R2 = 0.39 Extensometer Deflection (mm) PA M e d o f F a c e L o a d ( M N ) f604121201med N o m ina l L A M e d o f F ac e L o ad N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -50 0 50 100 150 Slope = -4.68 R2 = 0.39 Extensometer Deflection (mm) L A M e d o f F a c e L o a d ( M N ) f604121201med -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -50 0 50 100 150 Slope = -3.78 R2 = 0.39 Extensometer Deflection (mm) PA M e d o f F a c e L o a d ( M N ) f604121201med N o m ina l L A M e d o f F ac e L o ad N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad

(56)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

M e d o f F a c e L o a d P A ( M N ) f604121201med N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

(57)

3 APRIL 12 – F60412140A Event ID – 15 – B

Crushing

0 10 20 0 2 4 6 Time (min) L oad ( M N ) North Face 0 10 20 0 2 4 6 Time (min) L oad ( M N )

North East Face

0 10 20 0 2 4 6 Time (min) L oad ( M N ) East Face N o min a l Loa d N o min a l Loa d N o min a l Loa d 0 10 20 0 2 4 6 Time (min) L oad ( M N ) North Face 0 10 20 0 2 4 6 Time (min) L oad ( M N )

North East Face

0 10 20 0 2 4 6 Time (min) L oad ( M N ) East Face N o min a l Loa d N o min a l Loa d N o min a l Loa d

(58)

(59)

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 Slope = -7.69 R2 = 0.80 Extensometer Deflection (mm) L A M e d o f F a c e L o a d ( M N ) f60412140Amed -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 Slope = -6.22 R2 = 0.80 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M e d o f F a c e L o a d ( M N ) f60412140Amed N omin al LA M edof Fa ce Loa d N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 Slope = -7.69 R2 = 0.80 Extensometer Deflection (mm) L A M e d o f F a c e L o a d ( M N ) f60412140Amed -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 Slope = -6.22 R2 = 0.80 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M e d o f F a c e L o a d ( M N ) f60412140Amed N omin al LA M edof Fa ce Loa d N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad

(60)

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M e do f F a c e Lo ad (M N ) f60412140Amed Interval 1 Interval 2 Interval 3 Interval 4 Interval 5 Interval 6 Interval 7 Interval 8 N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad 0 5 10 15 20 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 Time (min) E x ten s om et er D e fl ec ti o n (m m ) f60412140Amed 0 5 10 15 20 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Time (min) P A M e do f F ac e Lo ad ( M N ) f60412140Amed Nom inal P A M edo f F ac e Loa d

(61)

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

M e d o f F a c e Loa d - P A (M N ) N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad

(62)

Analysis of Bottom Panel -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 0 100 200 300 400 Slope = -6.22 R2 = 0.80 Extensometer Deflection (mm) M edo f F ac e Lo ad P A ( M N )

f60412140Amed Analysis Without Bottom Panel

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 0 100 200 300 400 Slope = -3.81 R2 = 0.50 Extensometer Deflection (mm) M e do f F a c e Loa d P A ( M N )

f60412140Amed Bottom Panel Analysis - Option 1

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 0 100 200 300 400 Slope = -8.88 R2 = 0.80 Extensometer Deflection (mm) M e do f F ac e Lo ad P A ( M N )

f60412140Amed Bottom Panel Analysis - Option 2

N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad N o min a l PA M edo f F ac e L oad

(63)

Strain Gauge Results 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 0 20 40 60 80 100 Slope = 0.03 R2 = 0.06

L A M e d o f F a c e L o a d ( M N ) f60412140Amed 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 0 20 40 60 80 100 Slope = 0.02 R2 = 0.06

P A M e d o f F a c e L o a d ( M N ) f60412140Amed N omin al LA M edof Fa ce Loa d N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad

(64)

April 12 – f60412140A 3.1 Event ID – 15 - B - 1 Crushing 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) Lo ad ( M N ) f60412140Amed E1R E1L E2R E2L E3R E3L N o min a l Loa d

(65)

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Slope = 4.19 R2 = 0.14 Extensometer Deflection (mm) L A M e dof F ac e L oad ( M N ) f60412140Amed -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Slope = 3.39 R2 = 0.14 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M e dof F ac e Loa d ( M N ) f60412140Amed N o min al LA M edof Fa ce Loa d N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad

(66)

0 5 10 15 20 25 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

M e d o f F a c e L o a d P A ( M N ) f60412140Amed N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad

(67)

4 MAY 12 – F605120301 Event ID – 16

Crushing

A large floe (4nm x 8nm) of thick 1st year ice (with large multi-year inclusions) impacted the Molikpaq. Initial contact was made on the E corner of the N face and the NE face. From the moment of impact, the floe seemed to start decelerating. As it's speed reduced, vibrations increased; caused largely by "hammering" movement of the floe. The

frequency decreased and the amplitude increased as the drift dropped.

0 50 100 0 2 4 6 Time (min) L oad ( M N ) North Face 0 50 100 0 2 4 6 Time (min) L oad ( M N )

North East Face

0 50 100 0 2 4 6 Time (min) L oad ( M N ) East Face No m ina l L o a d No m ina l L o a d Nomi n a l L o a d

(68)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 P a n e l Lo ad (M N ) Position (m)

May 12 - North Face - 03:10:16 to 03:58:24

N1R N1R Mean N1L N1L Mean N2R N2R Mean N2L N2L Mean N3R N3R Mean N3L N3L Mean N o min a l P a ne l Lo ad

(69)

Nom

inal

Loa

(70)

-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 Slope = -3.21 R2 = 0.58 Extensometer Deflection (mm) LA M edo f F ac e Loa d ( M N ) f605120301med -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 -50 0 50 100 150 Slope = -2.60 R2 = 0.58 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M e d o f F a c e Loa d (M N ) f605120301med N omin al LA M edof Fa ce Loa d N o min a l PA M e d o f F ac e L oad

(71)

-50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 0 50 100 150 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M edof F ac e Load ( M N ) f605120301med Interval 1 Interval 2 Interval 3 Interval 4 Interval 5 Interval 6 Interval 7 Interval 8 N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad 0 20 40 60 80 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 Time (min) E x te ns o m e ter D ef lec ti on ( m m ) f605120301med 0 20 40 60 80 0 50 100 150 Time (min) P A M edo f F a c e Loa d ( M N ) f605120301med Nom inal P A M edof Fac e Loa d

(72)

0 50 100 150 0

50 100 150

(73)

Bottom Panel Analysis -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 0 200 400 600 Slope = -2.60 R2 = 0.58 Extensometer Deflection (mm) M e d o f F a c e L o a d P A ( M N )

-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 0 200 400 600 Slope = -8.55 R2 = 0.70 Extensometer Deflection (mm) M e do f F a c e Lo ad - P A (M N )

-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 0 200 400 600 Slope = -10.41 R2 = 0.58 Extensometer Deflection (mm) M e d o f F a c e L o a d P A ( M N )

N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 0 200 400 600 Slope = -2.60 R2 = 0.58 Extensometer Deflection (mm) M e d o f F a c e L o a d P A ( M N )

-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 0 200 400 600 Slope = -8.55 R2 = 0.70 Extensometer Deflection (mm) M e do f F a c e Lo ad - P A (M N )

-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 0 200 400 600 Slope = -10.41 R2 = 0.58 Extensometer Deflection (mm) M e d o f F a c e L o a d P A ( M N )

(74)

Strain Gauge Results 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Slope = 0.37 R2 = 0.73

LA M e dof F a c e Loa d ( M N ) f605120301med 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Slope = 0.30 R2 = 0.73

P A Medo f F ac e L oad ( M N ) f605120301med Nom inal LA M edof Fac e Lo ad Nom inal P A M edof Fac e Loa d

(75)

May 12 – f605120301 4.1 Event ID – 16 - 2 Crushing 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) Lo ad ( M N ) f605120301med N1R N1L N2R N2L N3R N3L N o min a l Loa d

(76)

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 Slope = -6.55 R2 = 0.80 Extensometer Deflection (mm) LA M edo f F ac e Lo ad ( M N ) f605120301med -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Slope = -5.29 R2 = 0.80 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M edof F ac e Loa d (M N ) f605120301med N omin al LA M edof Fa ce Loa d N o min a l PA M e dof F a c e L oad

(77)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

(78)

May 12 – f605120301 4.2 Event ID – 16 - 4 Crushing 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) Lo ad ( M N ) f605120301med N1R N1L N2R N2L N3R N3L N o min a l Loa d

(79)

-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Slope = -0.96 R2 = 0.09 Extensometer Deflection (mm) LA M e d o f F a c e Lo ad (M N ) f605120301med -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 Slope = -0.78 R2 = 0.09 Extensometer Deflection (mm) PA M e d o f F a c e L o a d ( M N ) f605120301med N omin al LA M edof Fa ce Loa d N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad

(80)

0 50 100 150 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

(81)

May 12 – f605120301 4.3 Event ID – 16 - 5 Creep 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) Lo ad ( M N ) f605120301med N1R N1L N2R N2L N3R N3L N o min a l Loa d

(82)

-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 Slope = -3.21 R2 = 0.91 Extensometer Deflection (mm) LA M ed of F ac e Load ( M N ) f605120301med -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Slope = -3.14 R2 = 0.91 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M edof F ac e Loa d ( M N ) f605120301med N omin al LA M e dof Fa ce Loa d N o min a l PA M e dof F a c e L oad

(83)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

(84)

5 MAY 22 – F605220801 Event ID – 17

Creep

Dynamac event Description

Creep loading from thick FY ice on the N & NE faces caused failure through crushing. As the ice sheet continued to drift, the leading edge started to contact the E face resulting in crushing and substantial sliding toward the south.

0 20 40 60 80 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) L oad ( M N ) North Face 0 20 40 60 80 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) L oad ( M N )

North East Face

0 20 40 60 80 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) L oad ( M N ) East Face No m ina l L o ad No m ina l L o ad Nom in a l Loa d

(85)

(86)

-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Slope = -4.37 R2 = 0.92 Extensometer Deflection (mm) LA M edof F a c e L oad (M N ) f605220801med -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Slope = -4.27 R2 = 0.92 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M edof F a c e L oad (M N ) f605220801med N o m in a l PA M edof F a c e L oad N omin al LA M edof Fa ce Loa d

(87)

-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M e do f F a c e Lo ad (M N ) f605220801med Interval 1 Interval 2 Interval 3 Interval 4 Interval 5 Interval 6 Interval 7 Interval 8 N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad 0 20 40 60 80 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 Time (min) E x tens om e te r D ef lec ti on (m m ) f605220801med 0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Time (min) P A M e do f F a c e Lo ad (M N ) f605220801med Nom inal P A M edof Fac e Loa d

(88)

-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

(89)

Bottom Panel Analysis -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 0 100 200 300 400 Slope = -4.27 R2 = 0.92 Extensometer Deflection (mm) M e d o f F a c e L o a d P A ( M N )

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 0 100 200 300 400 Slope = -5.48 R2 = 0.85 Extensometer Deflection (mm) M e do f F a c e Lo ad - P A (M N )

(90)

Strain Gauge Results 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Slope = 0.21 R2 = 0.97

LA M ed of F ac e Lo ad ( M N ) f605220801med 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Slope = 0.20 R2 = 0.97

P A M ed of F a c e Lo ad (M N ) f605220801med N omin al LA M edof Fa ce Loa d N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad

(91)

May 22 – f605220801 5.1 Event ID – 17 - 1 Creep 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) Lo ad ( M N ) f605220801med N1R N1L N2R N2L N3R N3L N o min a l Loa d

(92)

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 Slope = -7.43 R2 = 0.83 Extensometer Deflection (mm) LA M edof F ac e Load ( M N ) f605220801med -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 Slope = -7.26 R2 = 0.83 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M edof F ac e Load ( M N ) f605220801med N omin al L A M edof Fa ce Lo a d N o min a l PA M e dof F a c e L oad -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 Slope = -7.43 R2 = 0.83 Extensometer Deflection (mm) LA M edof F ac e Load ( M N ) f605220801med -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 Slope = -7.26 R2 = 0.83 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M edof F ac e Load ( M N ) f605220801med N omin al L A M edof Fa ce Lo a d N o min a l PA M e dof F a c e L oad

(93)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

(94)

May 22 – f605220801 5.2 Event ID – 17 - 3 Creep 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) Lo ad ( M N ) f605220801med N1R N1L N2R N2L N3R N3L N o min a l Loa d

(95)

-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Slope = -4.20 R2 = 0.95 Extensometer Deflection (mm) LA M ed of F ac e Load ( M N ) f605220801med -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Slope = -4.11 R2 = 0.95 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M edof F ac e Loa d ( M N ) f605220801med N omin al LA M edof Fa ce Loa d N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad

(96)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

(97)

6 MAY 22 – F605221301 Event ID – 18

Crushing

Thick first year ice failed in crushing against the NE caisson face. The western portion of the floe remained stationary while the eastern part crushed and slid along the east face. The western portion began to move again resulting in crushing along the NE face and continued crushing on the E face.

0 50 100 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Time (min) Load ( M N ) North Face 0 50 100 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Time (min) Load ( M N )

North East Face

0 50 100 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Time (min) Load ( M N ) East Face Nomin a l Loa d Nomin a l Loa d Nomin a l Loa d

(98)

(99)

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Slope = -3.96 R2 = 0.82 Extensometer Deflection (mm) LA M edof F ac e Load ( M N ) f605221301med -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Slope = -3.20 R2 = 0.82 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M edof F ac e Load (M N ) f605221301med N o min al LA M edof Fa ce Loa d N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad

(100)

-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M e do f F ac e Lo ad ( M N ) f605221301med Interval 1 Interval 2 Interval 3 Interval 4 Interval 5 Interval 6 Interval 7 Interval 8 N o min a l PA M e d o f F ac e L oad 0 20 40 60 80 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 Time (min) E x tens om et e r D ef lec ti on ( m m ) f605221301med 0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Time (min) P A M e dof F a c e Lo ad ( M N ) f605221301med Nom inal P A M e dof Fac e Loa d

(101)

-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

(102)

Bottom Panel Analysis -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 0 100 200 300 400 Slope = -3.20 R2 = 0.82 Extensometer Deflection (mm) M e d o f F a c e L o a d P A ( M N )

(103)

Strain Gauge Results 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 0 50 100 150 200 250 Slope = 0.32 R2 = 0.93

LA M e dof F ac e Lo ad ( M N ) f605221301med 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 0 50 100 150 200 250 Slope = 0.26 R2 = 0.93

P A M ed of F a c e Loa d ( M N ) f605221301med N omin al LA M edof Fa ce Loa d N omin al PA M edof F ac e L oad

(104)

May 22 – f605221301 6.1 Event ID – 18 – 1 Crushing 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) Lo ad ( M N ) f605221301med N1R N1L N2R N2L N3R N3L N o min a l Loa d

(105)

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 Slope = -13.89 R2 = 0.55 Extensometer Deflection (mm) LA M edof F ac e Lo ad (M N ) f605221301med -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Slope = -11.22 R2 = 0.55 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M edof F ac e Loa d (M N ) f605221301med N omin al LA M edof Fa ce Loa d N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad

(106)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

(107)

May 22 – f605221301 6.2 Event ID – 18 – 2 Crushing 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) Lo ad ( M N ) f605221301med N1R N1L N2R N2L N3R N3L N o min a l Loa d

(108)

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 Slope = -8.16 R2 = 0.80 Extensometer Deflection (mm) LA M ed of F a c e Load ( M N ) f605221301med -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 Slope = -6.59 R2 = 0.80 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M edof F ac e Lo ad (M N ) f605221301med N omin al LA M edof Fa ce Loa d N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad

(109)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

(110)

May 22 – f605221301 6.3 Event ID – 18 – 4 Crushing 56.50 57 57.5 58 58.5 59 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) Lo ad ( M N ) f605221301med N1R N1L N2R N2L N3R N3L N o min a l Loa d

(111)

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Slope = 3.81 R2 = 0.17 Extensometer Deflection (mm) L A M e d o f F a c e L o a d ( M N ) f605221301med -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Slope = 3.07 R2 = 0.17 Extensometer Deflection (mm) PA M e d o f F a c e L o a d ( M N ) f605221301med N omin al LA M edof Fa ce Loa d N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad

(112)

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

(113)

May 22 – f605221301 6.4 Event ID – 18 – 5 Crushing 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) Lo ad ( M N ) f605221301med N1R N1L N2R N2L N3R N3L N o min a l Loa d

(114)

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Slope = -2.62 R2 = 0.12 Extensometer Deflection (mm) LA M edo f F ac e Lo ad ( M N ) f605221301med -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Slope = -2.12 R2 = 0.12 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M edof F ac e Loa d (M N ) f605221301med N omin al LA M edof Fa ce Loa d N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad

(115)

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

(116)

May 22 – f605221301 6.5 Event ID – 18 – 6 Creep 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) Lo ad ( M N ) f605221301med N1R N1L N2R N2L N3R N3L N o min a l Loa d

(117)

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Slope = -2.40 R2 = 0.74 Extensometer Deflection (mm) L A M e dof F a c e L oad (M N ) f605221301med -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Slope = -2.34 R2 = 0.74 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M e dof F a c e L oad (M N ) f605221301med N omin al LA M edof Fa ce Loa d N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad

(118)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

(119)

7 JUNE 2 – F606021301 Event ID – 19

Crushing

Ice Thickness: 2m

A vast floe comprising 8/10 thick and medium first year ice with 2/10 medium multi-year inclusions impacted the Molikpaq. The interaction involved creep loading, crushing and sliding on the E face.

0 20 40 60 80 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) Lo ad (M N ) North Face 0 20 40 60 80 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) Lo ad (M N )

North East Face

0 20 40 60 80 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) Lo ad (M N ) East Face N omin al Loa d Nomin al Loa d Nomin al Loa d

(120)

(121)

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 Slope = -7.87 R2 = 0.25 Extensometer Deflection (mm) L A M e dof F ac e L oad ( M N ) f606021301med -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 Slope = -6.36 R2 = 0.25 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M e dof F ac e L oad ( M N ) f606021301med N omin al L A M edof Fa ce Lo a d N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 Slope = -7.87 R2 = 0.25 Extensometer Deflection (mm) L A M e dof F ac e L oad ( M N ) f606021301med -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 Slope = -6.36 R2 = 0.25 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M e dof F ac e L oad ( M N ) f606021301med N omin al L A M edof Fa ce Lo a d N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad

(122)

-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M e do f F a c e Lo ad (M N ) f606021301med Interval 1 Interval 2 Interval 3 Interval 4 Interval 5 Interval 6 Interval 7 Interval 8 N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad 0 20 40 60 80 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 Time (min) E x ten s om e ter D ef lec ti o n (m m ) f606021301med 0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Time (min) P A M e do f F a c e Lo ad ( M N ) f606021301med Nom inal P A M edof Fac e Loa d

(123)

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

M e d o f F a c e Loa d - P A (M N ) N o m ina l P A M e d o f F a c e Lo a d

(124)

Bottom Panel Analysis -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 0 100 200 300 400 Slope = -6.36 R2 = 0.25 Extensometer Deflection (mm) M e d o f F a c e L o a d P A ( M N )

N o min a l PA M e dof F a c e L oad N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad

(125)

Strain Gauge Results 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Slope = 0.24 R2 = 0.25

L A M e d o f F a c e L o a d ( M N ) f606021301med 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Slope = 0.19 R2 = 0.25

PA M e d o f F a c e L o a d ( M N ) f606021301med N omin al LA M edof Fa ce Loa d N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad

(126)

June 2 – f606021301 7.1 Event ID – 19 – 1 Creep 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) Lo ad ( M N ) f606021301med E1R E1L E2R E2L E3R E3L N o min a l Loa d

(127)

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Slope = -3.70 R2 = 0.75 Extensometer Deflection (mm) LA M edof F ac e Load ( M N ) f606021301med -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Slope = -3.62 R2 = 0.75 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M e dof F ac e Load ( M N ) f606021301med N o min al L A M edof Fa ce L oa d N o min al PA M edof F a c e L oad -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Slope = -3.70 R2 = 0.75 Extensometer Deflection (mm) LA M edof F ac e Load ( M N ) f606021301med -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Slope = -3.62 R2 = 0.75 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M e dof F ac e Load ( M N ) f606021301med N o min al L A M edof Fa ce L oa d N o min al PA M edof F a c e L oad

(128)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55

M e d o f F a c e Loa d - P A (M N ) f606021301med N o mi n a l P A M e do f F a c e L o a d

(129)

June 2 – f606021301 7.2 Event ID – 19 – 2 Crushing 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) Lo ad ( M N ) f606021301med E1R E1L E2R E2L E3R E3L N o min a l Loa d

(130)

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Slope = -11.71 R2 = 0.48 Extensometer Deflection (mm) L A M edo f F ac e L oad ( M N ) f606021301med -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 Slope = -9.46 R2 = 0.48 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M edo f F ac e L oad ( M N ) f606021301med N omin al LA M edo f F a c e Loa d N o min a l PA M e d o f F ac e L oad -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Slope = -11.71 R2 = 0.48 Extensometer Deflection (mm) L A M edo f F ac e L oad ( M N ) f606021301med -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 Slope = -9.46 R2 = 0.48 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M edo f F ac e L oad ( M N ) f606021301med N omin al LA M edo f F a c e Loa d N o min a l PA M e d o f F ac e L oad

(131)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

(132)

June 2 – f606021301 7.3 Event ID – 19 – 4 Crushing 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) Lo ad ( M N ) f606021301med E1R E1L E2R E2L E3R E3L N o min a l Loa d

(133)

-12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 Slope = -34.98 R2 = 0.11 Extensometer Deflection (mm) LA M ed of F a c e Load ( M N ) f606021301med -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 Slope = -28.26 R2 = 0.11 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M edof F ac e Lo ad (M N ) f606021301med N omin al LA M edof Fa ce Loa d N o min al PA M edof F a c e L oad

(134)

0 5 10 15 20 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

M e d o f F a c e Loa d - P A (M N ) f606021301med N o min al PA M edof F a c e L oad

(135)

June 2 – f606021301 7.4 Event ID – 19 – 5 Crushing 49 49.5 50 50.5 51 51.5 52 52.5 53 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) Lo ad ( M N ) f606021301med E1R E1L E2R E2L E3R E3L N o min a l Loa d

(136)

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 Slope = 10.84 R2 = 0.42 Extensometer Deflection (mm) LA M ed of F ac e Load ( M N ) f606021301med -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 Slope = 8.76 R2 = 0.42 Extensometer Deflection (mm) P A M edof F ac e Loa d ( M N ) f606021301med N o min al LA M edof Fa ce Loa d N o min a l PA M edof F a c e L oad

(137)

0 5 10 15 20 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

M e d o f F a c e Loa d - P A (M N ) f606021301med N o mi n a l P A M e do f F a c e L o a d

(138)

June 2 – f606021301 7.5 Event ID – 19 – 7 Crushing 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (min) Lo ad ( M N ) f606021301med E1R E1L E2R E2L E3R E3L N o min a l Loa d