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Passive Elastography : Tomography and Mechanical Characterization of Biological Tissue

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HAL Id: tel-01561565

https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01561565

Submitted on 13 Jul 2017

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Characterization of Biological Tissue

Ali Zorgani

To cite this version:

Ali Zorgani. Passive Elastography : Tomography and Mechanical Characterization of Biological Tis-sue. Bioengineering. Université de Lyon, 2016. English. �NNT : 2016LYSE1191�. �tel-01561565�

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